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Aggarwal PR, Pramitha L, Choudhary P, Singh RK, Shukla P, Prasad M, Muthamilarasan M. Multi-omics intervention in Setaria to dissect climate-resilient traits: Progress and prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:892736. [PMID: 36119586 PMCID: PMC9470963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.892736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Millets constitute a significant proportion of underutilized grasses and are well known for their climate resilience as well as excellent nutritional profiles. Among millets, foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and its wild relative green foxtail (S. viridis) are collectively regarded as models for studying broad-spectrum traits, including abiotic stress tolerance, C4 photosynthesis, biofuel, and nutritional traits. Since the genome sequence release, the crop has seen an exponential increase in omics studies to dissect agronomic, nutritional, biofuel, and climate-resilience traits. These studies have provided first-hand information on the structure, organization, evolution, and expression of several genes; however, knowledge of the precise roles of such genes and their products remains elusive. Several open-access databases have also been instituted to enable advanced scientific research on these important crops. In this context, the current review enumerates the contemporary trend of research on understanding the climate resilience and other essential traits in Setaria, the knowledge gap, and how the information could be translated for the crop improvement of related millets, biofuel crops, and cereals. Also, the review provides a roadmap for studying other underutilized crop species using Setaria as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Rani Aggarwal
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Lydia Pramitha
- School of Agriculture and Biosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pooja Choudhary
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Pooja Shukla
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - Mehanathan Muthamilarasan
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Sorgini CA, Roberts LM, Sullivan M, Cousins AB, Baxter I, Studer AJ. The genetic architecture of leaf stable carbon isotope composition in Zea mays and the effect of transpiration efficiency on leaf elemental accumulation. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6321231. [PMID: 34544133 PMCID: PMC8661388 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
With increased demand on freshwater resources for agriculture, it is imperative that more water-use efficient crops are developed. Leaf stable carbon isotope composition, δ13C, is a proxy for transpiration efficiency and a possible tool for breeders, but the underlying mechanisms effecting δ13C in C4 plants are not known. It has been suggested that differences in specific leaf area (SLA), which potentially reflects variation in internal CO2 diffusion, can impact leaf δ13C. Furthermore, although it is known that water movement is important for elemental uptake, it is not clear how manipulation of transpiration for increased water-use efficiency may impact nutrient accumulation. Here, we characterize the genetic architecture of leaf δ13C and test its relationship to SLA and the ionome in five populations of maize. Five significant QTL for leaf δ13C were identified, including novel QTL as well as some that were identified previously in maize kernels. One of the QTL regions contains an Erecta-like gene, the ortholog of which has been shown to regulate transpiration efficiency and leaf δ13C in Arabidopsis. QTL for δ13C were located in the same general chromosome region, but slightly shifted, when comparing data from two different years. Our data does not support a relationship between δ13C and SLA, and of the 19 elements analyzed, only a weak correlation between molybdenum and δ13C was detected. Together these data add to the genetic understanding of leaf δ13C in maize and suggest that improvements to plant water use may be possible without significantly influencing elemental homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A Sorgini
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lucas M Roberts
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Madsen Sullivan
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Ivan Baxter
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Anthony J Studer
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Eggels S, Blankenagel S, Schön CC, Avramova V. The carbon isotopic signature of C 4 crops and its applicability in breeding for climate resilience. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1663-1675. [PMID: 33575820 PMCID: PMC8205923 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Carbon isotope discrimination is a promising trait for indirect screening for improved water use efficiency of C4 crops. In the context of a changing climate, drought is one of the major factors limiting plant growth and yield. Hence, breeding efforts are directed toward improving water use efficiency (WUE) as a key factor in climate resilience and sustainability of crop production. As WUE is a complex trait and its evaluation is rather resource consuming, proxy traits, which are easier to screen and reliably reflect variation in WUE, are needed. In C3 crops, a trait established to be indicative for WUE is the carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of plant material, which reflects the preferential assimilation of the lighter carbon isotope 12C over 13C during photosynthesis. In C4 crops, carbon fixation is more complex and δ13C thus depends on many more factors than in C3 crops. Recent physiological and genetic studies indicate a correlation between δ13C and WUE also in C4 crops, as well as a colocalization of quantitative trait loci for the two traits. Moreover, significant intraspecific variation as well as a medium to high heritability of δ13C has been shown in some of the main C4 crops, such as maize, sorghum and sugarcane, indicating its potential for indirect selection and breeding. Further research on physiological, genetic and environmental components influencing δ13C is needed to support its application in improving WUE and making C4 crops resilient to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Eggels
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Sonja Blankenagel
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Chris-Carolin Schön
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Viktoriya Avramova
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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Jiménez-Morillo NT, Palma V, Garcia R, Dias CB, Cabrita MJ. Combination of Stable Isotope Analysis and Chemometrics to Discriminate Geoclimatically and Temporally the Virgin Olive Oils from Three Mediterranean Countries. Foods 2020; 9:E1855. [PMID: 33322669 PMCID: PMC7763173 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of the isotopic composition of virgin olive oil (VOO) allows the evaluation of authenticity and geographical origin, being an important tool against fraud. This study aimed to assess if VOOs produced in three Mediterranean regions could be discriminated on the basis of multivariate statistical analysis of geoclimatic and isotopic data. A total of 138 geo-referenced VOO samples from Portugal, France and Turkey from two different cultivation years were collected. The isotopic composition (δ13C, δ2H and δ18O) of VOOs was obtained using an elemental analyzer coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS). One-way analysis of variance for δ13C, δ2H and δ18O showed some significant differences either between crop years or geoclimatic conditions. Based on multiple regression analyses using meteorological and geographical parameters, a meteoric water line for olive oil from Portugal, France and Turkey, in two harvest years, were created to assess the impact of climate change on their δ2H and δ18O values. Principal component analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis, used to sort samples according to geoclimatic origin, performed best for French and Portuguese olive oils. In light of the results, multivariate isotopic analysis of VOO samples may discriminate not only between geoclimatic regions but also among cultivation years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicasio T. Jiménez-Morillo
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (N.T.J.-M.); (R.G.)
| | - Vera Palma
- HERCULES, Universidade de Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, 7000-089 Évora, Portugal; (V.P.); (C.B.D.)
| | - Raquel Garcia
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (N.T.J.-M.); (R.G.)
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Cristina Barrocas Dias
- HERCULES, Universidade de Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, 7000-089 Évora, Portugal; (V.P.); (C.B.D.)
- Departamento de Química, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria João Cabrita
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (N.T.J.-M.); (R.G.)
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
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Sonawane BV, Cousins AB. Mesophyll CO 2 conductance and leakiness are not responsive to short- and long-term soil water limitations in the C 4 plant Sorghum bicolor. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1590-1602. [PMID: 32438487 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Breeding economically important C4 crops for enhanced whole-plant water-use efficiency (WUEplant ) is needed for sustainable agriculture. WUEplant is a complex trait and an efficient phenotyping method that reports on components of WUEplant , such as intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi , the rate of leaf CO2 assimilation relative to water loss via stomatal conductance), is needed. In C4 plants, theoretical models suggest that leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13 C), when the efficiency of the CO2 -concentrating mechanism (leakiness, ϕ) remains constant, can be used to screen for WUEi . The limited information about how ϕ responds to water limitations confines the application of δ13 C for WUEi screening of C4 crops. The current research aimed to test the response of ϕ to short- or long-term moderate water limitations, and the relationship of δ13 C with WUEi and WUEplant , by addressing potential mesophyll CO2 conductance (gm ) and biochemical limitations in the C4 plant Sorghum bicolor. We demonstrate that gm and ϕ are not responsive to short- or long-term water limitations. Additionally, δ13 C was not correlated with gas-exchange estimates of WUEi under short- and long-term water limitations, but showed a significant negative relationship with WUEplant . The observed association between the δ13 C and WUEplant suggests an intrinsic link of δ13 C with WUEi in this C4 plant, and can potentially be used as a screening tool for WUEplant in sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasaheb V Sonawane
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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6
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Ellsworth PZ, Feldman MJ, Baxter I, Cousins AB. A genetic link between leaf carbon isotope composition and whole-plant water use efficiency in the C 4 grass Setaria. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:1234-1248. [PMID: 31968138 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetic selection for whole-plant water use efficiency (yield per transpiration; WUEplant ) in any crop-breeding programme requires high-throughput phenotyping of component traits of WUEplant such as intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi ; CO2 assimilation rate per stomatal conductance). Measuring WUEi by gas exchange measurements is laborious and time consuming and may not reflect an integrated WUEi over the life of the leaf. Alternatively, leaf carbon stable isotope composition (δ13 Cleaf ) has been suggested as a potential time-integrated proxy for WUEi that may provide a tool to screen for WUEplant . However, a genetic link between δ13 Cleaf and WUEplant in a C4 species has not been well established. Therefore, to determine if there is a genetic relationship in a C4 plant between δ13 Cleaf and WUEplant under well watered and water-limited growth conditions, a high-throughput phenotyping facility was used to measure WUEplant in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population created between the C4 grasses Setaria viridis and S. italica. Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) for δ13 Cleaf were found and co-localized with transpiration, biomass accumulation, and WUEplant . Additionally, WUEplant for each of the δ13 Cleaf QTL allele classes was negatively correlated with δ13 Cleaf , as would be predicted when WUEi influences WUEplant . These results demonstrate that δ13 Cleaf is genetically linked to WUEplant , likely to be through their relationship with WUEi , and can be used as a high-throughput proxy to screen for WUEplant in these C4 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Z Ellsworth
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Max J Feldman
- Donald Danforth Plant Sciences Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ivan Baxter
- Donald Danforth Plant Sciences Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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7
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Zhang Y, Chen T, Pei H, Li S, Chen C, Xu G. Similar potential of foliar δ 13C and silicon levels for inferring local climate information in the Tibetan Plateau region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135461. [PMID: 31810680 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) are widely used as climate proxies for assessing and predicting climatic information at an annual resolution. However, the detailed information in the isotopes that results from intra-annual climate scenarios and is associated with mineral accumulation remains unclear. Combined with investigations of elements and ash contents, variations in foliar δ13C in relation to annual, winter and summer climate scenarios were investigated in a dendroclimatologically important tree species Sabina przewalskii Kom. Foliar δ13C exhibited a significant negative correlation with mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation and mean annual relative humidity as well as significant positive correlations with elevation. Climatic factors in winter and summer have opposite effects on the variation of δ13C. The beneficial mineral element Si had a significant positive correlation with foliar δ13C, whereas the essential mineral elements K, Ca, and Mg did not. Specifically, Si and δ13C have similar correlations with climate factors and elevation. These results suggest that measurement of Si content has a similar potential to δ13C for use as an alternative climate indicator when detailed climatic information may otherwise be limited and provide a basis for understanding the integration of δ13C in plant responses to climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youfu Zhang
- Department of Biological Science and Ecology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, The Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 73000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huijuan Pei
- Lanzhou Information Center, The Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 73000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shanjia Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Ecology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, The Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 73000, People's Republic of China.
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Leaf Gas Exchange, Plant Water Relations and Water Use Efficiency of Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp. Inoculated with Rhizobia under Different Soil Water Regimes. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Impact of soil water regimes on physiological responses and water use efficiency (WUE) for Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. (cowpea) inoculated with rhizobia still remains implicit. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to examine the leaf gas exchange, abscisic acid (ABA) and hydraulic signaling, WUE and carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ13C and δ18O) of cowpea under different soil water levels. The treatments included soil water regimes at three levels (90%, 70%, and 50% of soil water holding capacity (SWHC)) and two inoculation forms (inoculated and non-inoculated with rhizobia). The results showed that across the inoculation treatments, reduced soil water regimes depressed both stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthesis (An) of the leaves, nonetheless, the decrease of gs was more pronounced compared with the reduction in An. Consequently, the intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) was improved in the treatments under decreased soil water conditions. Plant WUE was also improved when soil water contents decreased as exemplified by the increased leaf δ13C and δ18O, indicating the enhanced plant WUE was mainly attributed to the decrease of gs. Significant interactions between soil water regimes and rhizobia treatments for root water potential (RWP), leaf water potential (LWP), and gs were found due to the different responses of rhizobia to varied soil water regimes. Inoculation could improve plant water status and gs under 70% and 90% SWHC compared to 50% SWHC with negative effect from rhizobia. A moderate soil water regime is suggested for cowpea production in terms of high WUE with a minor biomass reduction.
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9
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Twohey RJ, Roberts LM, Studer AJ. Leaf stable carbon isotope composition reflects transpiration efficiency in Zea mays. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:475-484. [PMID: 30351458 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for food production and predicted climate change scenarios highlight the need for improvements in crop sustainability. The efficient use of water will become increasingly important for rain-fed agricultural crops even in fertile regions that have historically received ample precipitation. Improvements in water-use efficiency in Zea mays have been limited, and warrant a renewed effort aided by molecular breeding approaches. Progress has been constrained by the difficulty of measuring water-use in a field environment. The stable carbon isotope composition (δ13 C) of the leaf has been proposed as an integrated signature of carbon fixation with a link to stomatal conductance. However, additional factors affecting leaf δ13 C exist, and a limited number of studies have explored this trait in Z. mays. Here we present an extensive characterization of leaf δ13 C in Z. mays. Significant variation in leaf δ13 C exists across diverse lines of Z. mays, which we show to be heritable across several environments. Furthermore, we examine temporal and spatial variation in leaf δ13 C to determine the optimum sampling time to maximize the use of leaf δ13 C as a trait. Finally, our results demonstrate the relationship between transpiration and leaf δ13 C in the field and the greenhouse. Decreasing transpiration and soil moisture are associated with decreasing leaf δ13 C. Taken together these results outline a strategy for using leaf δ13 C and reveal its usefulness as a measure of transpiration efficiency under well-watered conditions rather than a predictor of performance under drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Twohey
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Lucas M Roberts
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Anthony J Studer
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Feldman MJ, Ellsworth PZ, Fahlgren N, Gehan MA, Cousins AB, Baxter I. Components of Water Use Efficiency Have Unique Genetic Signatures in the Model C 4 Grass Setaria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:699-715. [PMID: 30093527 PMCID: PMC6181048 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and water use are interrelated processes influenced by genetically controlled morphological and biochemical characteristics. Improving plant water use efficiency (WUE) to sustain growth in different environments is an important breeding objective that can improve crop yields and enhance agricultural sustainability. However, genetic improvement of WUE using traditional methods has proven difficult due to the low throughput and environmental heterogeneity of field settings. To overcome these limitations, this study utilizes a high-throughput phenotyping platform to quantify plant size and water use of an interspecific Setaria italica × Setaria viridis recombinant inbred line population at daily intervals in both well-watered and water-limited conditions. Our findings indicate that measurements of plant size and water use are correlated strongly in this system; therefore, a linear modeling approach was used to partition this relationship into predicted values of plant size given water use and deviations from this relationship at the genotype level. The resulting traits describing plant size, water use, and WUE all were heritable and responsive to soil water availability, allowing for a genetic dissection of the components of plant WUE under different watering treatments. Linkage mapping identified major loci underlying two different pleiotropic components of WUE. This study indicates that alleles controlling WUE derived from both wild and domesticated accessions can be utilized to predictably modulate trait values given a specified precipitation regime in the model C4 genus Setaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J Feldman
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Patrick Z Ellsworth
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Noah Fahlgren
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Malia A Gehan
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Ivan Baxter
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
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