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Rhimi W, Theelen B, Boekhout T, Aneke CI, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Conventional therapy and new antifungal drugs against Malassezia infections. Med Mycol 2021; 59:215-234. [PMID: 33099634 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia yeasts are commensal microorganisms occurring on the skin of humans and animals causing dermatological disorders or systemic infections in severely immunocompromised hosts. Despite attempts to control such yeast infections with topical and systemic antifungals, recurrence of clinical signs of skin infections as well as treatment failure in preventing or treating Malassezia furfur fungemia have been reported most likely due to wrong management of these infections (e.g., due to early termination of treatment) or due to the occurrence of resistant phenomena. Standardized methods for in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests of these yeasts are still lacking, thus resulting in variable susceptibility profiles to azoles among Malassezia spp. and a lack of clinical breakpoints. The inherent limitations to the current pharmacological treatments for Malassezia infections both in humans and animals, stimulated the interest of the scientific community to discover new, effective antifungal drugs or substances to treat these infections. In this review, data about the in vivo and in vitro antifungal activity of the most commonly employed drugs (i.e., azoles, polyenes, allylamines, and echinocandins) against Malassezia yeasts, with a focus on human bloodstream infections, are summarized and their clinical implications are discussed. In addition, the usefulness of alternative compounds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Rhimi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Bart Theelen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chioma Inyang Aneke
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Corona A, Vercelli A, Bruni N, Guidi E, Cornegliani L. In vitro activity of lactoferricin solution against Malassezia pachydermatis from otitis externa in dogs and cats. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:316-e86. [PMID: 34009660 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malassezia pachydermatis is a commensal organism of the skin, yet it may induce dermatitis and/or otitis. Lactoferricin (Lfcin) is an antimicrobial peptide obtained by the pepsin-mediated digestion of lactoferrin, a multifunctional innate-defence milk protein. The antibacterial activity of Lfcin is thought to cause alteration of bacterial membrane permeability, thus inducing cell death. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antifungal activity of different dilutions of Lfcin solution against M. pachydermatis strains isolated from ears of dogs and cats with otitis externa. METHODS AND MATERIALS Fifty clinical Malassezia isolates from 40 dogs and 10 cats were tested. A dilution method in microtitre plates was used starting with a 20% Lfcin water solution. The different dilutions were 2:1 (13.3%), 1:1 (10%), 1:2 (6.7%), 1:5 (3.3%) and 1:10 (1.8%). Results were expressed as the value at which the growth of 50% (minimal fungicidal concentration MFC50 ) and 90% (MFC90 ) of yeast cells was inhibited. RESULTS All strains showed susceptibility to 20% Lfcin solution (100%). With 1:5 and 1:10 dilutions corresponding to 3.3% and 1.8% Lfcin solutions, all strains showed resistance. The MFC50 and MFC90 values were observed at 13.3% and 20% Lfcin solutions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results indicated that Lfcin solution exhibits the antimicrobial activity specific to antimicrobial peptides. In particular, the 20% solution can be effective in killing M. pachydermatis isolated strains. Some susceptibilities also are evident at lower concentrations of ≤6.7% for four strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Corona
- Città di Torino" Veterinary Clinic, c.so Traiano 99/c, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Vercelli
- Città di Torino" Veterinary Clinic, c.so Traiano 99/c, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Natascia Bruni
- Pharmaceutical Institute "Candioli", Via Manzoni 2, 10092 Beinasco, Italy
| | - Eleonora Guidi
- Città di Torino" Veterinary Clinic, c.so Traiano 99/c, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Cornegliani
- Città di Torino" Veterinary Clinic, c.so Traiano 99/c, 10135 Turin, Italy
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Ferrari L, Martelli P, Saleri R, De Angelis E, Ferrarini G, Cavalli V, Passeri B, Bazzoli G, Ogno G, Magliani W, Borghetti P. An engineered anti-idiotypic antibody-derived killer peptide (KP) early activates swine inflammatory monocytes, CD3 +CD16 + natural killer T cells and CD4 +CD8α + double positive CD8β + cytotoxic T lymphocytes associated with TNF-α and IFN-γ secretion. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 72:101523. [PMID: 32758800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the early modulation of the phenotype and cytokine secretion in swine immune cells treated with an engineered killer peptide (KP) based on an anti-idiotypic antibody functionally mimicking a yeast killer toxin. The influence of KP on specific immunity was investigated using porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as ex vivo antigens. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy pigs were stimulated with KP and with a scramble peptide for 20 min, 1, 4 and 20 h or kept unstimulated. The cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and ELISA. The same time-periods were used for KP pre-incubation/co-incubation to determine the effect on virus-recalled interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secreting cell (SC) frequencies and single cell IFN-γ productivity using ELISPOT. KP induced an early dose-dependent shift to pro-inflammatory CD172α+CD14+high monocytes and an increase of CD3+CD16+ natural killer (NK) T cells. KP triggered CD8α and CD8β expression on classical CD4-CD8αβ+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and double positive (DP) CD4+CD8α+ Th memory cells (CD4+CD8α+low CD8β+low). A fraction of DP cells also expressed high levels of CD8α. The two identified DP CD4+CD8α+high CD8β+low/+high CTL subsets were associated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IFN-γ secretion. KP markedly boosted the reactivity and cross-reactivity of PRRSV type-1- and PCV2b-specific IFN-γ SC. The results indicate the efficacy of KP in stimulating Th1-biased immunomodulation and support studies of KP as an immunomodulator or vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Roberta Saleri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Giulia Ferrarini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Passeri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Bazzoli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Giulia Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Walter Magliani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
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Schlemmer KB, Jesus FPK, Loreto ÉS, Tondolo JSM, Ledur PC, Dallabrida A, da Silva TM, Kommers GD, Alves SH, Santurio JM. An experimental murine model of otitis and dermatitis caused by Malassezia pachydermatis. Mycoses 2018; 61:954-958. [PMID: 30106183 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a malasseziosis model in immunocompromised Swiss mice. For this model, the mice were immunosuppressed with a combination of cyclophosphamide at 150 mg/kg and hydrocortisone acetate at 250 mg/kg. Two groups were formed according to the site of inoculation. Dermatitis group received an intradermal injection of 5 × 106 cell/mouse at a shaved dorsal region, while the otitis group received the same inoculum in the middle ear. Five animals/group were euthanised at different times, and the skin and ear were histopathologically analysed. During the first euthanasia, which occurred after inoculation, microscopic examination showed that all mice presented budding yeast-like in a tissue sample. The presence of yeasts decreased over time being undetected on the 17th day (dermatitis group) and the 21st day (otitis group) after inoculation. This is the first murine model for malasseziosis that can be useful for evaluating new treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine B Schlemmer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Francielli P K Jesus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Érico S Loreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Juliana S M Tondolo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Pauline C Ledur
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Andressa Dallabrida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Taiara M da Silva
- Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Glaucia D Kommers
- Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Sydney H Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Janio M Santurio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Ferrari L, Borghetti P, Ferrarini G, De Angelis E, Canelli E, Ogno G, Catella A, Ciociola T, Magliani W, Martelli P. Phenotypic modulation of porcine CD14+ monocytes, natural killer/natural killer T cells and CD8αβ+ T cell subsets by an antibody-derived killer peptide (KP). Res Vet Sci 2016; 109:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
The yeasts constitute a large group of microorganisms characterized by the ability to grow and survive in different and stressful conditions and then to colonize a wide range of environmental and human ecosystems. The competitive traits against other microorganisms have attracted increasing attention from scientists, who proposed their successful application as bioprotective agents in the agricultural, food and medical sectors. These antagonistic activities rely on the competition for nutrients, production and tolerance of high concentrations of ethanol, as well as the synthesis of a large class of antimicrobial compounds, known as killer toxins, which showed clearly a large spectrum of activity against food spoilage microorganisms, but also against plant, animal and human pathogens. This review describes the antimicrobial mechanisms involved in the antagonistic activity, their applications in the processed and unprocessed food sectors, as well as the future perspectives in the development of new bio-drugs, which may overcome the limitations connected to conventional antimicrobial and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Muccilli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L'analisi dell'Economia Agraria-Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrumicoltura e le Colture Mediterranee, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, CT, Italy.
| | - Cristina Restuccia
- Di3A-Dipatimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 98, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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Magliani W, Giovati L, Ciociola T, Sperindè M, Santinoli C, Conti G, Conti S, Polonelli L. Antibodies as a source of anti-infective peptides: an update. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1163-75. [PMID: 26119210 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on antibodies (Abs) and their function in immune protection, with particular emphasis on microbicidal Abs. Some aspects of Abs and Ab-drug conjugates as targeting therapeutic agents are also discussed. The main aim, however, is devoted to Ab-derived peptides modulating functions of the immune system and to the latest experimental evidence of Abs as a source of anti-infective and antitumor peptides derived from their complementarity determining regions and constant regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Magliani
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological & Translational Sciences, Microbiology & Virology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Giovati
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological & Translational Sciences, Microbiology & Virology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Tecla Ciociola
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological & Translational Sciences, Microbiology & Virology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Sperindè
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological & Translational Sciences, Microbiology & Virology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Santinoli
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological & Translational Sciences, Microbiology & Virology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Conti
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological & Translational Sciences, Microbiology & Virology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Conti
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological & Translational Sciences, Microbiology & Virology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Luciano Polonelli
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological & Translational Sciences, Microbiology & Virology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
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Ciociola T, Giovati L, Sperindè M, Magliani W, Santinoli C, Conti G, Conti S, Polonelli L. Peptides from the inside of the antibodies are active against infectious agents and tumours. J Pept Sci 2015; 21:370-8. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tecla Ciociola
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Laura Giovati
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Martina Sperindè
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Walter Magliani
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Claudia Santinoli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Giorgio Conti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Stefania Conti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Luciano Polonelli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences; University of Parma; Parma Italy
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Ciociola T, Magliani W, Giovati L, Sperindè M, Santinoli C, Conti G, Conti S, Polonelli L. Antibodies as an unlimited source of anti-infective, anti-tumour and immunomodulatory peptides. Sci Prog 2014; 97:215-33. [PMID: 25549407 PMCID: PMC10365341 DOI: 10.3184/003685014x14049273183515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) are emerging as an important class of therapeutic agents for the treatment of various human diseases, often conjugated to drugs or toxic substances. In recent years, the incidence of cancer and infectious diseases has increased dramatically making it imperative to discover new effective therapeutic molecules. Among these, small peptides are arousing great interest. Synthetic peptides, representative of variable and constant region fragments of Abs, were proved to exert in vitro, ex vivo and/or in vivo anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-tumour and/or immunomodulatory activities, mediated by different mechanisms of action and regardless of the specificity and isotype of the Ab. Some of these synthetic peptides possess the ability to spontaneously and reversibly self-assemble in an organised network of fibril-like structure. Ab fragments may represent a novel model of targeted anti-infective and anti-tumour auto-delivering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tecla Ciociola
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Walter Magliani
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Giovati
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Sperindè
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Santinoli
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Conti
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Conti
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Luciano Polonelli
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
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