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Shen H, Chen Y, Xu M, Zhou J, Huang C, Wang Z, Shao Y, Zhang H, Lu Y, Li S, Fu Z. Cellular senescence gene TACC3 associated with colorectal cancer risk via genetic and DNA methylated alteration. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1499-1513. [PMID: 38480537 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Cell senescence genes play a vital role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, a process that may involve the triggering of genetic variations and reversible phenotypes caused by epigenetic modifications. However, the specific regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Using CellAge and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases and in-house RNA-seq data, DNA methylation-modified cellular senescence genes (DMCSGs) were validated by Support Vector Machine and correlation analyses. In 1150 cases and 1342 controls, we identified colorectal cancer risk variants in DMCSGs. The regulatory effects of gene, variant, and DNA methylation were explored through dual-luciferase and 5-azacytidine treatment experiments, complemented by multiple database analyses. Biological functions of key gene were evaluated via cell proliferation assays, SA-β-gal staining, senescence marker detection, and immune infiltration analyses. The genetic variant rs4558926 in the downstream of TACC3 was significantly associated with colorectal cancer risk (OR = 1.35, P = 3.22 × 10-4). TACC3 mRNA expression increased due to rs4558926 C > G and decreased DNA methylation levels. The CpG sites in the TACC3 promoter region were regulated by rs4558926. TACC3 knockdown decreased proliferation and senescence in colorectal cancer cells. In addition, subjects with high-TACC3 expression presented an immunosuppressive microenvironment. These findings provide insights into the involvement of genetic variants of cellular senescence genes in the development and progression of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyang Shen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Menghuan Xu
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jieyu Zhou
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changzhi Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenling Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Shao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongqiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunfei Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuwei Li
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zan Fu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Saatci O, Sahin O. TACC3: a multi-functional protein promoting cancer cell survival and aggressiveness. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:2637-2655. [PMID: 38197196 PMCID: PMC10936615 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2024.2302243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
TACC3 is the most oncogenic member of the transforming acidic coiled-coil domain-containing protein (TACC) family. It is one of the major recruitment factors of distinct multi-protein complexes. TACC3 is localized to spindles, centrosomes, and nucleus, and regulates key oncogenic processes, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and stemness. Recently, TACC3 inhibition has been identified as a vulnerability in highly aggressive cancers, such as cancers with centrosome amplification (CA). TACC3 has spatiotemporal functions throughout the cell cycle; therefore, targeting TACC3 causes cell death in mitosis and interphase in cancer cells with CA. In the clinics, TACC3 is highly expressed and associated with worse survival in multiple cancers. Furthermore, TACC3 is a part of one of the most common fusions of FGFR, FGFR3-TACC3 and is important for the oncogenicity of the fusion. A detailed understanding of the regulation of TACC3 expression, its key partners, and molecular functions in cancer cells is vital for uncovering the most vulnerable tumors and maximizing the therapeutic potential of targeting this highly oncogenic protein. In this review, we summarize the established and emerging interactors and spatiotemporal functions of TACC3 in cancer cells, discuss the potential of TACC3 as a biomarker in cancer, and therapeutic potential of its inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Saatci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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3
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Lax E, Do Carmo S, Enuka Y, Sapozhnikov DM, Welikovitch LA, Mahmood N, Rabbani SA, Wang L, Britt JP, Hancock WW, Yarden Y, Szyf M. Methyl-CpG binding domain 2 (Mbd2) is an epigenetic regulator of autism-risk genes and cognition. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:259. [PMID: 37443311 PMCID: PMC10344909 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Methyl-CpG-Binding Domain Protein family has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. The Methyl-CpG-binding domain 2 (Mbd2) binds methylated DNA and was shown to play an important role in cancer and immunity. Some evidence linked this protein to neurodevelopment. However, its exact role in neurodevelopment and brain function is mostly unknown. Here we show that Mbd2-deficiency in mice (Mbd2-/-) results in deficits in cognitive, social and emotional functions. Mbd2 binds regulatory DNA regions of neuronal genes in the hippocampus and loss of Mbd2 alters the expression of hundreds of genes with a robust down-regulation of neuronal gene pathways. Further, a genome-wide DNA methylation analysis found an altered DNA methylation pattern in regulatory DNA regions of neuronal genes in Mbd2-/- mice. Differentially expressed genes significantly overlap with gene-expression changes observed in brains of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) individuals. Notably, downregulated genes are significantly enriched for human ortholog ASD risk genes. Observed hippocampal morphological abnormalities were similar to those found in individuals with ASD and ASD rodent models. Hippocampal Mbd2 knockdown partially recapitulates the behavioral phenotypes observed in Mbd2-/- mice. These findings suggest that Mbd2 is a novel epigenetic regulator of genes that are associated with ASD in humans. Mbd2 loss causes behavioral alterations that resemble those found in ASD individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Lax
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Sonia Do Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yehoshua Enuka
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Daniel M Sapozhnikov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lindsay A Welikovitch
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Niaz Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shafaat A Rabbani
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Liqing Wang
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Britt
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wayne W Hancock
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Saatci O, Akbulut O, Cetin M, Sikirzhytski V, Uner M, Lengerli D, O'Quinn EC, Romeo MJ, Caliskan B, Banoglu E, Aksoy S, Uner A, Sahin O. Targeting TACC3 represents a novel vulnerability in highly aggressive breast cancers with centrosome amplification. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1305-1319. [PMID: 36864125 PMCID: PMC10154422 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosome amplification (CA) is a hallmark of cancer that is strongly associated with highly aggressive disease and worse clinical outcome. Clustering extra centrosomes is a major coping mechanism required for faithful mitosis of cancer cells with CA that would otherwise undergo mitotic catastrophe and cell death. However, its underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully described. Furthermore, little is known about the processes and players triggering aggressiveness of cells with CA beyond mitosis. Here, we identified Transforming Acidic Coiled-Coil Containing Protein 3 (TACC3) to be overexpressed in tumors with CA, and its high expression is associated with dramatically worse clinical outcome. We demonstrated, for the first time, that TACC3 forms distinct functional interactomes regulating different processes in mitosis and interphase to ensure proliferation and survival of cancer cells with CA. Mitotic TACC3 interacts with the Kinesin Family Member C1 (KIFC1) to cluster extra centrosomes for mitotic progression, and inhibition of this interaction leads to mitotic cell death via multipolar spindle formation. Interphase TACC3 interacts with the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex (HDAC2 and MBD2) in nucleus to inhibit the expression of key tumor suppressors (e.g., p21, p16 and APAF1) driving G1/S progression, and its inhibition blocks these interactions and causes p53-independent G1 arrest and apoptosis. Notably, inducing CA by p53 loss/mutation increases the expression of TACC3 and KIFC1 via FOXM1 and renders cancer cells highly sensitive to TACC3 inhibition. Targeting TACC3 by guide RNAs or small molecule inhibitors strongly inhibits growth of organoids and breast cancer cell line- and patient-derived xenografts with CA by induction of multipolar spindles, mitotic and G1 arrest. Altogether, our results show that TACC3 is a multifunctional driver of highly aggressive breast tumors with CA and that targeting TACC3 is a promising approach to tackle this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Saatci
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Ozge Akbulut
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Metin Cetin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Vitali Sikirzhytski
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Meral Uner
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Lengerli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elizabeth C O'Quinn
- Translational Science Laboratory, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Martin J Romeo
- Translational Science Laboratory, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Burcu Caliskan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erden Banoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sercan Aksoy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Uner
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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5
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Tang FL, Zhang XG, Ke PY, Liu J, Zhang ZJ, Hu DM, Gu J, Zhang H, Guo HK, Zang QW, Huang R, Ma YL, Kwan P. MBD5 regulates NMDA receptor expression and seizures by inhibiting Stat1 transcription. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106103. [PMID: 36997128 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is considered to result from an imbalance between excitation and inhibition of the central nervous system. Pathogenic mutations in the methyl-CpG binding domain protein 5 gene (MBD5) are known to cause epilepsy. However, the function and mechanism of MBD5 in epilepsy remain elusive. Here, we found that MBD5 was mainly localized in the pyramidal cells and granular cells of mouse hippocampus, and its expression was increased in the brain tissues of mouse models of epilepsy. Exogenous overexpression of MBD5 inhibited the transcription of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 gene (Stat1), resulting in increased expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit 1 (GluN1), 2A (GluN2A) and 2B (GluN2B), leading to aggravation of the epileptic behaviour phenotype in mice. The epileptic behavioural phenotype was alleviated by overexpression of STAT1 which reduced the expression of NMDARs, and by the NMDAR antagonist memantine. These results indicate that MBD5 accumulation affects seizures through STAT1-mediated inhibition of NMDAR expression in mice. Collectively, our findings suggest that the MBD5-STAT1-NMDAR pathway may be a new pathway that regulates the epileptic behavioural phenotype and may represent a new treatment target.
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Ocañas SR, Ansere VA, Tooley KB, Hadad N, Chucair-Elliott AJ, Stanford DR, Rice S, Wronowski B, Pham KD, Hoffman JM, Austad SN, Stout MB, Freeman WM. Differential Regulation of Mouse Hippocampal Gene Expression Sex Differences by Chromosomal Content and Gonadal Sex. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4669-4702. [PMID: 35589920 PMCID: PMC9119800 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Common neurological disorders, like Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and autism, display profound sex differences in prevalence and clinical presentation. However, sex differences in the brain with health and disease are often overlooked in experimental models. Sex effects originate, directly or indirectly, from hormonal or sex chromosomal mechanisms. To delineate the contributions of genetic sex (XX v. XY) versus gonadal sex (ovaries v. testes) to the epigenomic regulation of hippocampal sex differences, we used the Four Core Genotypes (FCG) mouse model which uncouples chromosomal and gonadal sex. Transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses of ~ 12-month-old FCG mouse hippocampus, revealed genomic context-specific regulatory effects of genotypic and gonadal sex on X- and autosome-encoded gene expression and DNA modification patterns. X-chromosomal epigenomic patterns, classically associated with X-inactivation, were established almost entirely by genotypic sex, independent of gonadal sex. Differences in X-chromosome methylation were primarily localized to gene regulatory regions including promoters, CpG islands, CTCF binding sites, and active/poised chromatin, with an inverse relationship between methylation and gene expression. Autosomal gene expression demonstrated regulation by both genotypic and gonadal sex, particularly in immune processes. These data demonstrate an important regulatory role of sex chromosomes, independent of gonadal sex, on sex-biased hippocampal transcriptomic and epigenomic profiles. Future studies will need to further interrogate specific CNS cell types, identify the mechanisms by which sex chromosomes regulate autosomes, and differentiate organizational from activational hormonal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Ocañas
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13thStreet, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Victor A Ansere
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13thStreet, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kyla B Tooley
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13thStreet, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Ana J Chucair-Elliott
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13thStreet, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - David R Stanford
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13thStreet, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Shannon Rice
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13thStreet, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Benjamin Wronowski
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kevin D Pham
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13thStreet, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jessica M Hoffman
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Steven N Austad
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael B Stout
- Aging & Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13thStreet, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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High Expression of TACC3 Is Associated with the Poor Prognosis and Immune Infiltration in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:8789515. [PMID: 35855850 PMCID: PMC9288335 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8789515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) has been recognized as one of the commonest aggressive malignant tumors occurring in humans. The transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 3 (TACC3) seems to be a probable prognostic marker and treatment target for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nevertheless, there exist no reports on the association between TACC3 and immunotherapy or other therapeutic interventions in LUAD. Methods Premised on the data accessed from The Cancer Genome Atlas- (TCGA-) LUAD, we carried out bioinformatics analysis. The TACC3 expression in LUAD was analyzed utilizing the GEPIA. A survival module was constructed to evaluate the effect of TACC3 on the survival of patients with LUAD. Logistic regression was undertaken to examine the relationship between TACC3 expression and clinical factors. Protein-protein interaction analysis was performed in the GeneMANIA database, and enrichment analysis and identification of predicted signaling pathways were performed using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes. Additionally, the Cox regression was used to assess the clinicopathologic features linked to the overall survival in TCGA patients. Lastly, we investigated the link between TACC3 and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) through CIBERSORT and the “Correlation” module of GEPIA. The association between TACC3 gene expression and drug response was analyzed using the CellMiner database to predict drug sensitivity. Results The outcomes illustrated that TACC3 was upregulated and considerably correlated with dismal prognosis in LUAD patients. Moreover, the multivariate Cox regression analysis depicted TACC3 as an independent prognostic marker in LUAD patients. It was also revealed that the expression of TACC3 was related to clinical stage (P = 0.014), age (P = 0.002), and T classification (P ≤ 0.018). Moreover, we discovered that the expression of TACC3 was considerably linked to a wide range of TIICs, especially the T cells and NK cells. Single-cell results found that TACC3 was mainly expressed in the immune cells (especially tprolif cells) and malignant cells. TACC3 gene expression was positively correlated with TMB and MSI, and TACC3 may provide a prediction of the efficacy of immunotherapy. Moreover, the correlation analysis between TACC3 gene expression and immune checkpoint gene expression revealed that TACC3 may coordinate the activities of these ICP genes in different signal transduction pathways. TACC3 is related to biological progress (BP), cellular component (CC), and molecular function (MF). The pathways involved in the interaction network involving TACC3 include nonhomologous end-joining, RNA transport, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, homologous recombination, and nucleotide excision repair. Furthermore, we investigated the association between the expression of TACC3 and the use of antitumor drugs, and TACC3 was positively correlated with response to most drugs. Conclusion The findings from this research offer robust proof that the expression of TACC3 could be a prognostic marker correlated with TIICs in LUAD. TACC3 can also provide new ideas for immunotherapy as a potential therapeutic target.
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Targeting HNRNPM Inhibits Cancer Stemness and Enhances Antitumor Immunity in Wnt-activated Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1413-1447. [PMID: 35158098 PMCID: PMC8938476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cancer stemness and immune evasion are closely associated and play critical roles in tumor development and resistance to immunotherapy. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms that coordinate this association. METHODS The expressions of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (HNRNPM) in 240 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) samples, public databases, and liver development databases were analyzed. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to explore the associations between stem-cell transcription factors and HNRNPM. HNRNPM-regulated alternative splicing (AS) and its binding motif were identified by RNA-seq and RIP-seq. HNRNPM-specific antisense oligonucleotides were developed to explore potential therapeutic targets in HCC. CD8+ T cells that were co-cultured with tumor cells were sorted by flow cytometry assays. RESULTS We identified an elevated oncofetal splicing factor in HCC, HNRNPM, that unifies and regulates the positive association between cancer stemness and immune evasion. HNRNPM knockdown abolished HCC tumorigenesis and diminished cancer stem cell properties in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, HNRNPM regulated the AS of MBD2 by binding its flanking introns, whose isoforms played opposing roles. Although MBD2a and MBD2c competitively bound to CpG islands in the FZD3 promoter, MBD2a preferentially increased FZD3 expression and then activated the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Interestingly, FZD3 and β-catenin further provided additional regulation by targeting OCT4 and SOX2. We found that HNRNPM inhibition significantly promoted CD8+ T cell activation and that HNRNPM- antisense oligonucleotides effectively inhibited WNT/β-catenin to enhance anti-programmed cell death protein-1 immunotherapy by promoting CD8+ T cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS HNRNPM has a tumor-intrinsic function in generating an immunosuppressive HCC environment through an AS-dependent mechanism and demonstrates proof of the concept of targeting HNRNPM in tailoring HCC immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Liu Z, Sun L, Cai Y, Shen S, Zhang T, Wang N, Wu G, Ma W, Li ST, Suo C, Hao Y, Jia WD, Semenza GL, Gao P, Zhang H. Hypoxia-Induced Suppression of Alternative Splicing of MBD2 Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis via Activation of FZD1. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1265-1278. [PMID: 33402389 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is responsible for the majority of breast cancer-related deaths, however, the mechanisms underlying metastasis in this disease remain largely elusive. Here we report that under hypoxic conditions, alternative splicing of MBD2 is suppressed, favoring the production of MBD2a, which facilitates breast cancer metastasis. Specifically, MBD2a promoted, whereas its lesser known short form MBD2c suppressed metastasis. Activation of HIF1 under hypoxia facilitated MBD2a production via repression of SRSF2-mediated alternative splicing. As a result, elevated MBD2a outcompeted MBD2c for binding to promoter CpG islands to activate expression of FZD1, thereby promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Strikingly, clinical data reveal significantly correlated expression of MBD2a and MBD2c with the invasiveness of malignancy, indicating opposing roles for MBD2 splicing variants in regulating human breast cancer metastasis. Collectively, our findings establish a novel link between MBD2 switching and tumor metastasis and provide a promising therapeutic strategy and predictive biomarkers for hypoxia-driven breast cancer metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE: This study defines the opposing roles and clinical relevance of MBD2a and MBD2c, two MBD2 alternative splicing products, in hypoxia-driven breast cancer metastasis. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/5/1265/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoji Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Linchong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Cancer and Stem Cell Metabolism, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongping Cai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shengqi Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Nana Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Gongwei Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wenhao Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shi-Ting Li
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Caixia Suo
- Laboratory of Cancer and Stem Cell Metabolism, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijie Hao
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei-Dong Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Gregg L Semenza
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ping Gao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Laboratory of Cancer and Stem Cell Metabolism, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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10
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Hernandez-Vargas H, Goldsmith C, Mathot P, Dante R. Stromal-associated cytokines bias the interplay between gene expression and DNA methylation in human breast cancers. Epigenetics 2019; 15:511-523. [PMID: 31838945 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1699893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In human tumours, the crosstalk between cancer cells and their microenvironment is involved in tumour progression, metastasis and resistance to anti-cancer therapies. Among the factors involved in this exchange of information pro-inflammatory cytokines seem to play a crucial role. We observed that a group of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 1-beta (IL1b), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa), preferentially activated genes exhibiting a high basal methylation level at their transcription start sites, in the human breast cancer cell line MCF7. In human breast tumours, these responding genes were also hypermethylated, and some of them (N = 104) were differentially methylated across human breast tumour samples (The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort). While their expression was positively correlated with the stromal content of the tumours and the expression of stromal-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines, the expression of this subset of genes was negatively correlated with their methylation level at their 5' end. Nevertheless, while the methylation level of this subset of genes was not correlated with the stromal cell content of the tumours, this negative correlation was partially lost in tumours with high stromal cell content. Consistently, we observed that the methylation level in this subset of genes influenced the correlation between gene expression and stromal cell content. Thus, these data indicated that the stromal component of breast tumours should be taken into account for DNA methylation and gene expression studies and suggest an additional pathway, via DNA methylation, in the cross-talk between cancer cells and their microenvironment in human breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Department of Immunity, Virus and Inflammation, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Inserm U 1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon CEDEX 08, France.,Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Chloe Goldsmith
- Department of Immunity, Virus and Inflammation, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Inserm U 1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Pauline Mathot
- Dependence Receptors Cancer and Development Laboratory, Department of Signaling of Tumoral Escape, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Inserm U 1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Robert Dante
- Dependence Receptors Cancer and Development Laboratory, Department of Signaling of Tumoral Escape, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Inserm U 1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
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11
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Mahmood N, Rabbani SA. DNA Methylation Readers and Cancer: Mechanistic and Therapeutic Applications. Front Oncol 2019; 9:489. [PMID: 31245293 PMCID: PMC6579900 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a major epigenetic process that regulates chromatin structure which causes transcriptional activation or repression of genes in a context-dependent manner. In general, DNA methylation takes place when methyl groups are added to the appropriate bases on the genome by the action of "writer" molecules known as DNA methyltransferases. How these methylation marks are read and interpreted into different functionalities represents one of the main mechanisms through which the genes are switched "ON" or "OFF" and typically involves different types of "reader" proteins that can recognize and bind to the methylated regions. A tightly balanced regulation exists between the "writers" and "readers" in order to mediate normal cellular functions. However, alterations in normal methylation pattern is a typical hallmark of cancer which alters the way methylation marks are written, read and interpreted in different disease states. This unique characteristic of DNA methylation "readers" has identified them as attractive therapeutic targets. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge on the different classes of DNA methylation "readers" identified thus far along with their normal biological functions, describe how they are dysregulated in cancer, and discuss the various anti-cancer therapies that are currently being developed and evaluated for targeting these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Shafaat A Rabbani
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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12
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Adult Neural Stem Cell Multipotency and Differentiation Are Directed by the Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein MBD1. J Neurosci 2018; 37:4228-4230. [PMID: 28424299 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0411-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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TACC3 transcriptionally upregulates E2F1 to promote cell growth and confer sensitivity to cisplatin in bladder cancer. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:72. [PMID: 29358577 PMCID: PMC5833822 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that transforming acidic coiled-coil 3 (TACC3) is deregulated in a broad spectrum of cancers. In the present study, we reported that TACC3 was markedly elevated in bladder cancer, especially in muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBCs). The upregulation of TACC3 was positively associated with tumor invasiveness, grade, T stage, and progression in patients with bladder cancer. Furthermore, a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with bladder cancer whose tumors had high TACC3 expression experienced a dismal prognosis compared with patients whose tumors had low TACC3 expression. Functional studies have found that TACC3 is a prerequisite for the development of malignant characteristics of bladder cancer cells, including cell proliferation and invasion. Moreover, TACC3 promoted G1/S transition, which was mediated via activation of the transcription of E2F1, eventually enhancing cell proliferation. Notably, the overexpression of TACC3 or E2F1 indicates a high sensitivity to cisplatin. Taken together, these findings define a tumor-supportive role for TACC3, which may also serve as a prognostic and therapeutic indicator in bladder cancers.
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14
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Mathot P, Grandin M, Devailly G, Souaze F, Cahais V, Moran S, Campone M, Herceg Z, Esteller M, Juin P, Mehlen P, Dante R. DNA methylation signal has a major role in the response of human breast cancer cells to the microenvironment. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e390. [PMID: 29058695 PMCID: PMC5668886 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have a crucial role in tumor initiation, metastasis and therapeutic resistance by secreting various growth factors, cytokines, protease and extracellular matrix components. Soluble factors secreted by CAFs are involved in many pathways including inflammation, metabolism, proliferation and epigenetic modulation, suggesting that CAF-dependent reprograming of cancer cells affects a large set of genes. This paracrine signaling has an important role in tumor progression, thus deciphering some of these processes could lead to relevant discoveries with subsequent clinical implications. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the changes in gene expression patterns associated with the cross-talk between breast cancer cells and the stroma. From RNAseq data obtained from breast cancer cell lines grown in presence of CAF-secreted factors, we identified 372 upregulated genes, exhibiting an expression level positively correlated with the stromal content of breast cancer specimens. Furthermore, we observed that gene expression changes were not mediated through significant DNA methylation changes. Nevertheless, CAF-secreted factors but also stromal content of the tumors remarkably activated specific genes characterized by a DNA methylation pattern: hypermethylation at transcription start site and shore regions. Experimental approaches (inhibition of DNA methylation, knockdown of methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays) indicated that this set of genes was epigenetically controlled. These data elucidate the importance of epigenetics marks in the cancer cell reprogramming induced by stromal cell and indicated that the interpreters of the DNA methylation signal have a major role in the response of the cancer cells to the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mathot
- Dependence Receptors, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Inserm U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - M Grandin
- Dependence Receptors, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Inserm U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - G Devailly
- Department of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
| | - F Souaze
- Cell survival and tumor escape in breast cancer Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research Nantes-Angers UMR 892 Inserm-6299 CNRS/Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - V Cahais
- Epigenetics Group, IARC, Lyon, France
| | - S Moran
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Campone
- Cell survival and tumor escape in breast cancer Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research Nantes-Angers UMR 892 Inserm-6299 CNRS/Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Z Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, IARC, Lyon, France
| | - M Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
- Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Juin
- Cell survival and tumor escape in breast cancer Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research Nantes-Angers UMR 892 Inserm-6299 CNRS/Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - P Mehlen
- Dependence Receptors, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Inserm U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - R Dante
- Dependence Receptors, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Inserm U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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15
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Acetylation- and Methylation-Related Epigenetic Proteins in the Context of Their Targets. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8080196. [PMID: 28783137 PMCID: PMC5575660 DOI: 10.3390/genes8080196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleosome surface is covered with multiple modifications that are perpetuated by eight different classes of enzymes. These enzymes modify specific target sites both on DNA and histone proteins, and these modifications have been well identified and termed “epigenetics”. These modifications play critical roles, either by affecting non-histone protein recruitment to chromatin or by disturbing chromatin contacts. Their presence dictates the condensed packaging of DNA and can coordinate the orderly recruitment of various enzyme complexes for DNA manipulation. This genetic modification machinery involves various writers, readers, and erasers that have unique structures, functions, and modes of action. Regarding human disease, studies have mainly focused on the genetic mechanisms; however, alteration in the balance of epigenetic networks can result in major pathologies including mental retardation, chromosome instability syndromes, and various types of cancers. Owing to its critical influence, great potential lies in developing epigenetic therapies. In this regard, this review has highlighted mechanistic and structural interactions of the main epigenetic families with their targets, which will help to identify more efficient and safe drugs against several diseases.
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16
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Li Q, Ye L, Guo W, Wang M, Huang S, Peng X. Overexpression of TACC3 is correlated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in prostate cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:872-878. [PMID: 28336437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming acidic coiled-coil (TACC3), a member of the TACC family, has been shown to be deregulated in various cancers and involved in tumor progression. However, its biological role and molecular mechanism in prostate cancer (PCa) have not been elucidated. Herein, we reported that TACC3 was markedly upregulated in metastatic PCa. The upregulation of TACC3 was significantly associated with the metastasis status, tumor stage, total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, and Gleason score in patients with PCa. Moreover, a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with PCa who had high TACC3 expression experienced shorter disease-free survival than patients with a low TACC3 expression. In addition, the knockdown of TACC3 dramatically reduced the migratory speed and invasiveness of PCa cells. Furthermore, silencing TACC3 markedly suppressed the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Taken together, these findings uncover a supportive role for TACC3 in PCa metastasis, which is mediated by the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that TACC3 may serve as a prognostic marker in patients with metastatic PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiji Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liping Ye
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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17
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Zhou DS, Wang HB, Zhou ZG, Zhang YJ, Zhong Q, Xu L, Huang YH, Yeung SC, Chen MS, Zeng MS. TACC3 promotes stemness and is a potential therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016. [PMID: 26219398 PMCID: PMC4695177 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3 (TACC3) is essential for cell mitosis and transcriptional functions. In the present study, we first demonstrated that both TACC3 protein and mRNA levels were elevated in HCC tissue samples compared with non-cancerous tissue biopsies according to western blot analyses, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays. Moreover, high TACC3 expression was positively correlated with poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) (p < 0.001). Using HCC cell lines, we then demonstrated that either TACC3 knockdown or treatment with the potential TACC3 inhibitor KHS101 suppressed cell growth and sphere formation as well as the expression of stem cell transcription factors, including Bmi1, c-Myc and Nanog. Silencing TACC3 may suppress the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, which regulate cancer stem cell-like characteristics. Taken together, these data suggest that TACC3 is enriched in HCC and that TACC3 down-regulation inhibits the proliferation, clonogenicity, and cancer stem cell-like phenotype of HCC cells. KHS101, a TACC3 inhibitor, may serve as a novel therapeutic agent for HCC patients with tumors characterized by high TACC3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Zhou
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Bo Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Guo Zhou
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yao-Jun Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhong
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Li Xu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Hua Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sai-Ching Yeung
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Ambulatory Treatment and Emergency Care, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Min-Shan Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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18
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Wood KH, Zhou Z. Emerging Molecular and Biological Functions of MBD2, a Reader of DNA Methylation. Front Genet 2016; 7:93. [PMID: 27303433 PMCID: PMC4880565 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that is essential for many biological processes and is linked to diseases such as cancer. Methylation is usually associated with transcriptional silencing, but new research has challenged this model. Both transcriptional activation and repression have recently been found to be associated with DNA methylation in a context-specific manner. How DNA methylation patterns are interpreted into different functional output remains poorly understood. One mechanism involves the protein ‘readers’ of methylation, which includes the methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) family of proteins. This review examines the molecular and biological functions of MBD2, which binds to CpG methylation and is an integral part of the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NuRD) complex. MBD2 has been linked to immune system function and tumorigenesis, yet little is known about its functions in vivo. Recent studies have found the MBD2 protein is ubiquitously expressed, with relatively high levels in the lung, liver, and colon. Mbd2 null mice surprisingly show relatively mild phenotypes compared to mice with loss of function of other MBD proteins. This evidence has previously been interpreted as functional redundancy between the MBD proteins. Here, we examine and contextualize research that suggests MBD2 has unique properties and functions among the MBD proteins. These functions translate to recently described roles in the development and differentiation of multiple cell lineages, including pluripotent stem cells and various cell types of the immune system, as well as in tumorigenesis. We also consider possible models for the dynamic interactions between MBD2 and NuRD in different tissues in vivo. The functions of MBD2 may have direct therapeutic implications for several areas of human disease, including autoimmune conditions and cancer, in addition to providing insights into the actions of NuRD and chromatin regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen H Wood
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Zhaolan Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
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19
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Du Q, Luu PL, Stirzaker C, Clark SJ. Methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins: readers of the epigenome. Epigenomics 2015; 7:1051-73. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How DNA methylation is interpreted and influences genome regulation remains largely unknown. Proteins of the methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) family are primary candidates for the readout of DNA methylation as they recruit chromatin remodelers, histone deacetylases and methylases to methylated DNA associated with gene repression. MBD protein binding requires both functional MBD domains and methyl-CpGs; however, some MBD proteins also bind unmethylated DNA and active regulatory regions via alternative regulatory domains or interaction with the nucleosome remodeling deacetylase (NuRD/Mi-2) complex members. Mutations within MBD domains occur in many diseases, including neurological disorders and cancers, leading to loss of MBD binding specificity to methylated sites and gene deregulation. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge about MBD proteins and their role as readers of the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics & Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Phuc-Loi Luu
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics & Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Clare Stirzaker
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics & Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Susan J Clark
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics & Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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20
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Yun M, Rong J, Lin ZR, He YL, Zhang JX, Peng ZW, Tang LQ, Zeng MS, Zhong Q, Ye S. High expression of transforming acidic coiled coil-containing protein 3 strongly correlates with aggressive characteristics and poor prognosis of gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1397-405. [PMID: 26133271 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming acidic coiled coil-containing protein 3 (TACC3) is well understood to regulate mitotic spindle dynamics and centrosome integrity during mitosis. TACC3 has been suggested to be deregulated in a variety of human malignancies and may be involved in the process of cancer progression. The aim of the present study was to determine the status of TACC3 expression in gastric cancer (GC) and to clarify its clinical/prognostic significance. In the present study, we applied quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blotting to examine TACC3 mRNA/protein expression in paired GC tissues and matched adjacent non-malignant tissues. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on a large cohort of 186 postoperative GC samples. Chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression modelling were used to analyse the data. Upregulated mRNA and protein expression levels of TACC3 were observed in the majority of the GC tissues based on qPCR and western blotting compared to the adjacent non-cancerous gastric tissues. Specific IHC staining for TACC3 was predominantly identified in the cytoplasm of the cancer cells. A high expression of TACC3 was detected in 102 of the 186 (54.8%) tissue samples and was significantly associated with the extracapsular extension of the tumour (P<0.001), tumour relapse (P<0.001) and shortened overall survival in GC (P<0.001). Further analysis demonstrated that the TACC3 expression level stratified the patient outcome in stage II (P=0.040), stage III (P<0.001), T3/4 (P<0.001), N positive (P<0.001) and poorly differentiated/undifferentiated tumour subgroups (P<0.001). The Cox regression analysis suggested that a high expression of TACC3 was an independent prognostic factor for GC patients. The measurement of TACC3 protein expression may be beneficial for predicting clinical outcomes for GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jian Rong
- Department of Extracorporeal Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Rui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Long He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Xing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Wei Peng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Quan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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21
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Weaver ICG, Hellstrom IC, Brown SE, Andrews SD, Dymov S, Diorio J, Zhang TY, Szyf M, Meaney MJ. The methylated-DNA binding protein MBD2 enhances NGFI-A (egr-1)-mediated transcriptional activation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0513. [PMID: 25135974 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in maternal care in the rat influence the epigenetic state and transcriptional activity of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene in the hippocampus. The mechanisms underlying this maternal effect remained to be defined, including the nature of the relevant maternally regulated intracellular signalling pathways. We show here that increased maternal licking/grooming (LG), which stably enhances hippocampal GR expression, paradoxically increases hippocampal expression of the methyl-CpG binding domain protein-2 (MBD2) and MBD2 binding to the exon 17 GR promoter. Knockdown experiments of MBD2 in hippocampal primary cell culture show that MBD2 is required for activation of exon 17 GR promoter. Ectopic co-expression of nerve growth factor-inducible protein A (NGFI-A) with MBD2 in HEK 293 cells with site-directed mutagenesis of the NGFI-A response element within the methylated exon 17 GR promoter supports the hypothesis that MBD2 collaborates with NGFI-A in binding and activation of this promoter. These data suggest a possible mechanism linking signalling pathways, which are activated by behavioural stimuli and activation of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C G Weaver
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 0A8
| | - Ian C Hellstrom
- Lumder Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3 Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Shelley E Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Oslar Promenade, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Stephen D Andrews
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Oslar Promenade, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Sergiy Dymov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Oslar Promenade, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Josie Diorio
- Lumder Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3 Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Tie-Yuan Zhang
- Lumder Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3 Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0G4 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Oslar Promenade, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Lumder Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3 Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0G4
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Alvarado S, Mak T, Liu S, Storey KB, Szyf M. Dynamic changes in global and gene-specific DNA methylation during hibernation in adult thirteen-lined ground squirrels, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:1787-95. [PMID: 25908059 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.116046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hibernating mammals conserve energy in the winter by undergoing prolonged bouts of torpor, interspersed with brief arousals back to euthermia. These bouts are accompanied by a suite of reversible physiological and biochemical changes; however, much remains to be discovered about the molecular mechanisms involved. Given the seasonal nature of hibernation, it stands to reason that underlying plastic epigenetic mechanisms should exist. One such form of epigenomic regulation involves the reversible modification of cytosine bases in DNA by methylation. DNA methylation is well known to be a mechanism that confers upon DNA its cellular identity during differentiation in response to innate developmental cues. However, it has recently been hypothesized that DNA methylation also acts as a mechanism for adapting genome function to changing external environmental and experiential signals over different time scales, including during adulthood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that DNA methylation is altered during hibernation in adult wild animals. This study evaluated global changes in DNA methylation in response to hibernation in the liver and skeletal muscle of thirteen-lined ground squirrels along with changes in expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1/3B) and methyl binding domain proteins (MBDs). A reduction in global DNA methylation occurred in muscle during torpor phases whereas significant changes in DNMTs and MBDs were seen in both tissues. We also report dynamic changes in DNA methylation in the promoter of the myocyte enhancer factor 2C (mef2c) gene, a candidate regulator of metabolism in skeletal muscle. Taken together, these data show that genomic DNA methylation is dynamic across torpor-arousal bouts during winter hibernation, consistent with a role for this regulatory mechanism in contributing to the hibernation phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Alvarado
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Suite 1309, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6; Sackler program in Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University
| | - Timothy Mak
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Suite 1309, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6; Sackler program in Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University
| | - Sara Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Suite 1309, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6; Sackler program in Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Suite 1309, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6; Sackler program in Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University
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Alteration of Scn3a expression is mediated via CpG methylation and MBD2 in mouse hippocampus during postnatal development and seizure condition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:1-9. [PMID: 25459751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression of sodium channel SCN3A, an embryonic-expressed gene, has been identified in epileptic tissues, which is believed to contribute to the development of epilepsy. However, the regulatory mechanism of SCN3A expression under epileptic condition is still unknown. Here we showed a high level of Scn3a mRNA expression in mouse embryonic hippocampus with gradually decreasing to a low level during the postnatal development and a methylation of a specific CpG site (-39C) in the Scn3a promoter was increased in hippocampus during postnatal development, corresponding to the downregulation of Scn3a expression. Furthermore, in vitro methylation and -39C>T mutation of the Scn3a promoter decreased the reporter gene expression, suggesting an important role of the -39C site in regulating gene expression. We then demonstrated that the sequence containing -39C was a MBD2-binding motif and the CpG methylation of the promoter region increased the capability of MBD2's binding to the motif. Knockdown of MBD2 in mouse N1E-115 cells led to the -39C methylation and the downregulation of Scn3a transcription by decreasing the Scn3a promoter activity. In the hippocampus of seizure mice, the expressions of Scn3a and Mbd2 were upregulated after 10-day KA treatment. At the same time point, the -39C site was demethylated and the capability of MBD2's binding to the Scn3a promoter motif was decreased. Taken together, these findings suggest that CpG methylation and MBD2 are involved in altering Scn3a expression during postnatal development and seizure condition.
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Cheishvili D, Chik F, Li CC, Bhattacharya B, Suderman M, Arakelian A, Hallett M, Rabbani SA, Szyf M. Synergistic effects of combined DNA methyltransferase inhibition and MBD2 depletion on breast cancer cells; MBD2 depletion blocks 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine-triggered invasiveness. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2436-46. [PMID: 25178277 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-azaCdR) not only inhibits growth of non-invasive breast cancer cells but also increases their invasiveness through induction of pro-metastatic genes. Methylated DNA binding protein 2 (MBD2) is involved in silencing methylated tumor suppressor genes as well as activation of pro-metastatic genes. In this study, we show that a combination of MBD2 depletion and DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) inhibition in breast cancer cells results in a combined effect in vitro and in vivo, enhancing tumor growth arrest on one hand, while inhibiting invasiveness triggered by 5-azaCdR on the other hand. The combined treatment of MBD2 depletion and 5-azaCdR suppresses and augments distinct gene networks that are induced by DNMT inhibition alone. These data point to a potential new approach in targeting the DNA methylation machinery by combination of MBD2 and DNMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cheishvili
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University and
| | - Flora Chik
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University and
| | - Chen Chen Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University and
| | - Bishnu Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University and Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Developmental Psychobiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada, McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Matthew Suderman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University and Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Developmental Psychobiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada, McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Ani Arakelian
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, 687 Pine Avenue West, Room H4.67, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Michael Hallett
- McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Shafaat A Rabbani
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, 687 Pine Avenue West, Room H4.67, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University and Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Developmental Psychobiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada,
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25
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Tao Y, Wu Q, Guo X, Zhang Z, Shen Y, Wang F. MBD5 regulates iron metabolism via methylation-independent genomic targeting of Fth1 through KAT2A in mice. Br J Haematol 2014; 166:279-91. [PMID: 24750026 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin plays important roles in iron metabolism and controls iron absorption in the intestine. The ferritin subunits ferritin heavy chain (Fth1) and ferritin light chain (Ftl1) are tightly regulated at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. However, mechanisms of maintaining stable, basal expression of Fth1 are poorly understood. Here, we show that global deletion of Mbd5 in mice induces an iron overload phenotype. Liver and serum iron levels in Mbd5(-/-) mice were 3·2-fold and 1·5-fold higher respectively, than wild-type littermates; moreover, serum ferritin was increased >5-fold in the Mbd5(-/-) mice. Mbd5 encodes a member of the methyl-CpG binding domain family; however, the precise function of this gene is poorly understood. Here, we found that intestinal Fth1 mRNA levels were decreased in Mbd5(-/-) mice. Loss of Fth1 expression in the intestine could lead to iron over-absorption. Furthermore, deleting Mbd5 specifically in the intestine resulted in a phenotype similar to that of conditional deletion of Fth1 mice. An Fth1 promoter-report luciferase assay indicated that overexpression of Mbd5 enhanced Fth1 transcription in a dose-dependent manner. Histone H4 acetylation of the Fth1 promoter was reduced in the intestine of Mbd5(-/-) mice and further analysis showed that histone acetyltransferase KAT2A was essential for MBD5-induced Fth1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Tao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Pontes TB, Chen ES, Gigek CO, Calcagno DQ, Wisnieski F, Leal MF, Demachki S, Assumpção PP, Artigiani R, Lourenço LG, Burbano RR, Arruda Cardoso Smith M. Reduced mRNA expression levels of MBD2 and MBD3 in gastric carcinogenesis. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:3447-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Thakur HC, Singh M, Nagel-Steger L, Kremer J, Prumbaum D, Fansa EK, Ezzahoini H, Nouri K, Gremer L, Abts A, Schmitt L, Raunser S, Ahmadian MR, Piekorz RP. The centrosomal adaptor TACC3 and the microtubule polymerase chTOG interact via defined C-terminal subdomains in an Aurora-A kinase-independent manner. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:74-88. [PMID: 24273164 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.532333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer-associated, centrosomal adaptor protein TACC3 (transforming acidic coiled-coil 3) and its direct effector, the microtubule polymerase chTOG (colonic and hepatic tumor overexpressed gene), play a crucial function in centrosome-driven mitotic spindle assembly. It is unclear how TACC3 interacts with chTOG. Here, we show that the C-terminal TACC domain of TACC3 and a C-terminal fragment adjacent to the TOG domains of chTOG mediate the interaction between these two proteins. Interestingly, the TACC domain consists of two functionally distinct subdomains, CC1 (amino acids (aa) 414-530) and CC2 (aa 530-630). Whereas CC1 is responsible for the interaction with chTOG, CC2 performs an intradomain interaction with the central repeat region of TACC3, thereby masking the TACC domain before effector binding. Contrary to previous findings, our data clearly demonstrate that Aurora-A kinase does not regulate TACC3-chTOG complex formation, indicating that Aurora-A solely functions as a recruitment factor for the TACC3-chTOG complex to centrosomes and proximal mitotic spindles. We identified with CC1 and CC2, two functionally diverse modules within the TACC domain of TACC3 that modulate and mediate, respectively, TACC3 interaction with chTOG required for spindle assembly and microtubule dynamics during mitotic cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish C Thakur
- From the Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie II, Medizinische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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28
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Alvarado S, Wyglinski J, Suderman M, Andrews SA, Szyf M. Methylated DNA binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) coordinately silences gene expression through activation of the microRNA hsa-mir-496 promoter in breast cancer cell line. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74009. [PMID: 24204564 PMCID: PMC3812180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylated DNA binding protein 2 (MBD2) binds methylated promoters and suppresses transcription in cis through recruitment of a chromatin modification repressor complex. We show here a new mechanism of action for MBD2: suppression of gene expression indirectly through activation of microRNA hsa-mir-496. Overexpression of MBD2 in breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A results in induced expression and demethylation of hsa-mir-496 while depletion of MBD2 in a human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 results in suppression of hsa-mir-496. Activation of hsa-mir-496 by MBD2 is associated with silencing of several of its target genes while depletion of MBD2 leads to induction of hsa-mir-496 target genes. Depletion of hsa-mir-496 by locked nucleic acid (LNA) antisense oligonucleotide leads to activation of these target genes in MBD2 overexpressing cells supporting that hsa-mir-496 is mediating in part the effects of MBD2 on gene expression. We demonstrate that MBD2 binds the promoter of hsa-mir-496 in MCF-10A, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells and that it activates an in vitro methylated hsa-mir-496 promoter driving a CG-less luciferase reporter in a transient transfection assay. The activation of hsa-mir-496 is associated with reduced methylation of the promoter. Taken together these results describe a novel cascade for gene regulation by DNA methylation whereby activation of a methylated microRNA by MBD2 that is associated with loss of methylation triggers repression of downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Alvarado
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joanne Wyglinski
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew Suderman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephen A. Andrews
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Developmental Psychobiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Stefanska B, Suderman M, Machnes Z, Bhattacharyya B, Hallett M, Szyf M. Transcription onset of genes critical in liver carcinogenesis is epigenetically regulated by methylated DNA-binding protein MBD2. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2738-49. [PMID: 23955541 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously delineated genes whose promoters are hypomethylated and induced in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. The purpose of this study was to establish the players that regulate these genes in liver cancer cells. We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation with methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 (MBD2), RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA) antibodies and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation in HepG2 liver cancer cells treated with scrambled small interfering RNA (siRNA) and siRNA to MBD2 or CEBPA. We then hybridized DNA to microarrays spanning the entire coding sequences, introns and regulatory regions of several hundred HCC-hypomethylated genes. These analyses reveal that MBD2 binds a significant fraction of the hypomethylated genes, determines RNA pol II binding and DNA methylation state. MBD2 binding can result in promoter activation and hypomethylation or in repression. In activated target genes, MBD2 colocalizes with the transcription factor CEBPA, and MBD2 binding at these positions is reduced upon CEBPA depletion. Significant fraction of MBD2 effects on DNA methylation and transcription appears to be indirect since changes occur upon MBD2 depletion in genes where no MBD2 binding was detected. Our study delineates the rules governing the interaction of MBD2 with its targets and the consequences to RNA pol II binding and DNA methylation states. This has important implications for understanding the role of DNA methylation in cancer and targeting DNA methylation proteins in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Stefanska
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Ha GH, Kim JL, Breuer EKY. TACC3 is essential for EGF-mediated EMT in cervical cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70353. [PMID: 23936413 PMCID: PMC3731346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The third member of transforming acidic coiled-coil protein (TACC) family, TACC3, has been shown to be an important player in the regulation of centrosome/microtubule dynamics during mitosis and found to be deregulated in a variety of human malignancies. Our previous studies have suggested that TACC3 may be involved in cervical cancer progression and chemoresistance, and its overexpression can induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) signal transduction pathways. However, the upstream mechanisms of TACC3-mediated EMT and its functional/clinical importance in human cervical cancer remain elusive. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to be a potent inducer of EMT in cervical cancer and associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. In this study, we found that TACC3 is overexpressed in cervical cancer and can be induced upon EGF stimulation. The induction of TACC3 by EGF is dependent on the tyrosine kinase activity of the EGF receptor (EGFR). Intriguingly, depletion of TACC3 abolishes EGF-mediated EMT, suggesting that TACC3 is required for EGF/EGFR-driven EMT process. Moreover, Snail, a key player in EGF-mediated EMT, is found to be correlated with the expression of TACC3 in cervical cancer. Collectively, our study highlights a novel function for TACC3 in EGF-mediated EMT process and suggests that targeting of TACC3 may be an attractive strategy to treat cervical cancers driven by EGF/EGFR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hyoung Ha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jung-Lye Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eun-Kyoung Yim Breuer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Ha GH, Kim JL, Breuer EKY. Transforming acidic coiled-coil proteins (TACCs) in human cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 336:24-33. [PMID: 23624299 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fine-tuned regulation of the centrosome/microtubule dynamics during mitosis is essential for faithful cell division. Thus, it is not surprising that deregulations in this dynamic network can contribute to genomic instability and tumorigenesis. Indeed, centrosome loss or amplification, spindle multipolarity and aneuploidy are often found in a majority of human malignancies, suggesting that defects in centrosome and associated microtubules may be directly or indirectly linked to cancer. Therefore, future research to identify and characterize genes required for the normal centrosome function and microtubule dynamics may help us gain insight into the complexity of cancer, and further provide new avenues for prognostic, diagnostics and therapeutic interventions. Members of the transforming acidic coiled-coil proteins (TACCs) family are emerging as important players of centrosome and microtubule-associated functions. Growing evidence indicates that TACCs are involved in the progression of certain solid tumors. Here, we will discuss our current understanding of the biological function of TACCs, their relevance to human cancer and possible implications for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hyoung Ha
- Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Ha GH, Park JS, Breuer EKY. TACC3 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the activation of PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling pathways. Cancer Lett 2013; 332:63-73. [PMID: 23348690 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3 (TACC3) is a member of the TACC family, essential for mitotic spindle dynamics and centrosome integrity during mitosis. Mounting evidence suggests that deregulation of TACC3 is associated with various types of human cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which TACC3 contributes to the development of cancer remain largely unknown. Here, we propose a novel mechanism by which TACC3 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). By modulating the expression of TACC3, we found that overexpression of TACC3 leads to changes in cell morphology, proliferation, transforming capability, migratory/invasive behavior as well as the expression of EMT-related markers. Moreover, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) signaling pathways are critical for TACC3-mediated EMT process. Notably, depletion of TACC3 is sufficient to suppress EMT phenotype. Collectively, our findings identify TACC3 as a driver of tumorigenesis as well as an inducer of oncogenic EMT and highlight its overexpression as a potential therapeutic target for preventing EMT-associated tumor progression and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hyoung Ha
- Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Williams SV, Hurst CD, Knowles MA. Oncogenic FGFR3 gene fusions in bladder cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 22:795-803. [PMID: 23175443 PMCID: PMC3554204 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3) is activated by mutation or over-expression in many bladder cancers. Here, we identify an additional mechanism of activation via chromosomal re-arrangement to generate constitutively activated fusion genes. FGFR3–transforming acid coiled coil 3 (TACC3) fusions resulting from 4p16.3 re-arrangements and a t(4;7) that generates a FGFR3-BAI1-associated protein 2-like 1 (BAIAP2L1) fusion were identified in 4 of 43 bladder tumour cell lines and 2 of 32 selected tissue samples including the tumour from which one of the cell lines was derived. These are highly activated and transform NIH-3T3 cells. The FGFR3 component is identical in all cases and lacks the final exon that includes the phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCγ1) binding site. Expression of the fusions in immortalized normal human urothelial cells (NHUC) induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway but not PLCγ1. A protein with loss of the terminal region alone was not as highly activated as the fusion proteins, indicating that the fusion partners are essential. The TACC3 fusions retain the TACC domain that mediates microtubule binding and the BAIAP2L1 fusion retains the IRSp53/MIM domain (IMD) that mediates actin binding and Rac interaction. As urothelial cell lines with FGFR3 fusions are extremely sensitive to FGFR-selective agents, the presence of a fusion gene may aid in selection of patients for FGFR-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah V Williams
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Stefanowicz D, Hackett TL, Garmaroudi FS, Günther OP, Neumann S, Sutanto EN, Ling KM, Kobor MS, Kicic A, Stick SM, Paré PD, Knight DA. DNA methylation profiles of airway epithelial cells and PBMCs from healthy, atopic and asthmatic children. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44213. [PMID: 22970180 PMCID: PMC3435400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic inflammation is commonly observed in a number of conditions that are associated with atopy including asthma, eczema and rhinitis. However, the genetic, environmental or epigenetic factors involved in these conditions are likely to be different. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, can be influenced by the environment and result in changes to gene expression. OBJECTIVES To characterize the DNA methylation pattern of airway epithelial cells (AECs) compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and to discern differences in methylation within each cell type amongst healthy, atopic and asthmatic subjects. METHODS PBMCs and AECs from bronchial brushings were obtained from children undergoing elective surgery for non-respiratory conditions. The children were categorized as atopic, atopic asthmatic, non-atopic asthmatic or healthy controls. Extracted DNA was bisulfite treated and 1505 CpG loci across 807 genes were analyzed using the Illumina GoldenGate Methylation Cancer Panel I. Gene expression for a subset of genes was performed using RT-PCR. RESULTS We demonstrate a signature set of CpG sites that are differentially methylated in AECs as compared to PBMCs regardless of disease phenotype. Of these, 13 CpG sites were specific to healthy controls, 8 sites were only found in atopics, and 6 CpGs were unique to asthmatics. We found no differences in the methylation status of PBMCs between disease phenotypes. In AECs derived from asthmatics compared to atopics, 8 differentially methylated sites were identified including CpGs in STAT5A and CRIP1. We demonstrate STAT5A gene expression is decreased whereas CRIP1 gene expression is elevated in the AECs from asthmatic compared to both healthy and atopic subjects. DISCUSSION We characterized a cell specific DNA methylation signature for AECs compared to PBMCs regardless of asthmatic or atopic status. Our data highlight the importance of understanding DNA methylation in the epithelium when studying the epithelial contribution to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Stefanowicz
- James Hogg Research Centre at the Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- James Hogg Research Centre at the Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Farshid S. Garmaroudi
- James Hogg Research Centre at the Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Oliver P. Günther
- Prevention of Organ Failure Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah Neumann
- Department of Medical Genetics Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erika N. Sutanto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kak-Ming Ling
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael S. Kobor
- Department of Medical Genetics Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Stick
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter D. Paré
- James Hogg Research Centre at the Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Darryl A. Knight
- James Hogg Research Centre at the Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Szyf M. The early life social environment and DNA methylation: DNA methylation mediating the long-term impact of social environments early in life. Epigenetics 2011; 6:971-8. [PMID: 21772123 DOI: 10.4161/epi.6.8.16793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although epidemiological data provides evidence that there is an interaction between genetics (nature) and the social and physical environments (nurture) in human development; the main open question remains the mechanism. The pattern of distribution of methyl groups in DNA is different from cell-type to cell type and is conferring cell specific identity on DNA during cellular differentiation and organogenesis. This is an innate and highly programmed process. However, recent data suggests that DNA methylation is not only involved in cellular differentiation but that it is also involved in modulation of genome function in response to signals from the physical, biological and social environments. We propose that modulation of DNA methylation in response to environmental cues early in life serves as a mechanism of life-long genome "adaptation" that molecularly embeds the early experiences of a child ("nurture") in the genome ("nature"). There is an emerging line of data supporting this hypothesis in rodents, non-human primates and humans that will be reviewed here. However, several critical questions remain including the identification of mechanisms that transmit the signals from the social environment to the DNA methylation/demethylation enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University Montreal CA, USA.
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Day JJ, Sweatt JD. Cognitive neuroepigenetics: a role for epigenetic mechanisms in learning and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96:2-12. [PMID: 21195202 PMCID: PMC3111867 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although long-lasting behavioral memories have long been thought to require equally persistent molecular changes, little is known about the biochemical underpinnings of memory storage and maintenance. Increasing evidence now suggests that long-term behavioral change may be associated with epigenetic regulation of transcription in the central nervous system. In this review, we present evidence that changes in DNA methylation contribute to memory formation and maintenance, consider how DNA methylation affects readout of memory-related genes, and discuss how these changes may be important in the large-scale context of memory circuits. Finally, we discuss potential challenges involved in examining epigenetic changes in the brain and highlight how epigenetic mechanisms may be relevant for other cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Day
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
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Rao X, Zhong J, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Yang P, Wang MH, Fulton DJ, Shi H, Dong Z, Wang D, Wang CY. Loss of methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 enhances endothelial angiogenesis and protects mice against hind-limb ischemic injury. Circulation 2011; 123:2964-74. [PMID: 21670230 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.966408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite intensive investigation, how DNA methylation influences endothelial function remains poorly understood. We used methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 (MBD2), an interpreter for DNA methylome-encoded information, to dissect the impact of DNA methylation on endothelial function in both physiological and pathophysiological states. METHODS AND RESULTS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells under normal conditions express moderate levels of MBD2, but knockdown of MBD2 by siRNA significantly enhanced angiogenesis and provided protection against H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis. Remarkably, Mbd2(-/-) mice were protected against hind-limb ischemia evidenced by the significant improvement in perfusion recovery, along with increased capillary and arteriole formation. Loss of MBD2 activated endothelial survival and proangiogenic signals downstream of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling characterized by an increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression, along with enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation and BCL-2 expression. Mechanistic studies confirmed the methylation of CpG elements in the eNOS and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 promoter. MBD2 binds to these methylated CpG elements and suppresses eNOS promoter activity. On ischemic insult, key endothelial genes such as eNOS and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 undergo a DNA methylation turnover, and MBD2 interprets the changes of DNA methylation to suppress their expressions. Moreover, MBD2 modulation of eNOS expression is likely confined to endothelial cells because nonendothelial cells such as splenocytes fail to express eNOS after loss of MBD2. CONCLUSIONS We provided direct evidence supporting that DNA methylation regulates endothelial function, which forms the molecular basis for understanding how environmental insults (epigenetic factor) affect the genome to modify disease susceptibility. Because MBD2 itself does not affect the methylation of DNA and is dispensable for normal physiology in mice, it could be a viable epigenetic target for modulating endothelial function in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoquan Rao
- Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, China
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Szyf M. DNA methylation, the early-life social environment and behavioral disorders. J Neurodev Disord 2011; 3:238-49. [PMID: 21484196 PMCID: PMC3261271 DOI: 10.1007/s11689-011-9079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the outstanding questions in behavioral disorders is untangling the complex relationship between nurture and nature. Although epidemiological data provide evidence that there is an interaction between genetics (nature) and the social and physical environments (nurture) in a spectrum of behavioral disorders, the main open question remains the mechanism. Emerging data support the hypothesis that DNA methylation, a covalent modification of the DNA molecule that is a component of its chemical structure, serves as an interface between the dynamic environment and the fixed genome. We propose that modulation of DNA methylation in response to environmental cues early in life serves as a mechanism of life-long genome adaptation. Under certain contexts, this adaptation can turn maladaptive resulting in behavioral disorders. This hypothesis has important implications on understanding, predicting, preventing, and treating behavioral disorders including autism that will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada,
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Szyf M. The implications of DNA methylation for toxicology: toward toxicomethylomics, the toxicology of DNA methylation. Toxicol Sci 2011; 120:235-55. [PMID: 21297083 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying agents that have long-term deleterious impact on health but exhibit no immediate toxicity is of prime importance. It is well established that long-term toxicity of chemicals could be caused by their ability to generate changes in the DNA sequence through the process of mutagenesis. Several assays including the Ames test and its different modifications were developed to assess the mutagenic potential of chemicals (Ames, B. N., Durston, W. E., Yamasaki, E., and Lee, F. D. (1973a). Carcinogens are mutagens: a simple test system combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 2281-2285; Ames, B. N., Lee, F. D., and Durston, W. E. (1973b). An improved bacterial test system for the detection and classification of mutagens and carcinogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 782-786). These tests have also been employed for assessing the carcinogenic potential of compounds. However, the DNA molecule contains within its chemical structure two layers of information. The DNA sequence that bears the ancestral genetic information and the pattern of distribution of covalently bound methyl groups on cytosines in DNA. DNA methylation patterns are generated by an innate program during gestation but are attuned to the environment in utero and throughout life including physical and social exposures. DNA function and health could be stably altered by exposure to environmental agents without changing the sequence, just by changing the state of DNA methylation. Our current screening tests do not detect agents that have long-range impact on the phenotype without altering the genotype. The realization that long-range damage could be caused without changing the DNA sequence has important implications on the way we assess the safety of chemicals, drugs, and food and broadens the scope of definition of toxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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Epigenetic regulation of the neural transcriptome: the meaning of the marks. Nat Neurosci 2010; 13:1313-8. [PMID: 20975754 DOI: 10.1038/nn1110-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of epigenetics provides neurobiologists with candidate mechanisms for experience-dependent changes in gene transcription. The ability to realize the potential of epigenetics in defining the causal pathways lying between environmental signals, transcriptional regulation and neural function will depend on moving beyond correlational studies focusing on individual epigenetic marks. Here we attempt to provide a conceptual framework for integrative research on nucleotide sequence, chromatin modifications, RNA signaling and their interactions in understanding experience-dependent phenotypic plasticity. Studies in genomic imprinting may serve as an existing model for such approaches.
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Angrisano T, Sacchetti S, Natale F, Cerrato A, Pero R, Keller S, Peluso S, Perillo B, Avvedimento VE, Fusco A, Bruni CB, Lembo F, Santoro M, Chiariotti L. Chromatin and DNA methylation dynamics during retinoic acid-induced RET gene transcriptional activation in neuroblastoma cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:1993-2006. [PMID: 20952403 PMCID: PMC3064803 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well known that RET gene is strongly activated by retinoic acid (RA) in neuroblastoma cells, the mechanisms underlying such activation are still poorly understood. Here we show that a complex series of molecular events, that include modifications of both chromatin and DNA methylation state, accompany RA-mediated RET activation. Our results indicate that the primary epigenetic determinants of RA-induced RET activation differ between enhancer and promoter regions. At promoter region, the main mark of RET activation was the increase of H3K4me3 levels while no significant changes of the methylation state of H3K27 and H3K9 were observed. At RET enhancer region a bipartite chromatin domain was detected in unstimulated cells and a prompt demethylation of H3K27me3 marked RET gene activation upon RA exposure. Moreover, ChIP experiments demonstrated that EZH2 and MeCP2 repressor complexes were associated to the heavily methylated enhancer region in the absence of RA while both complexes were displaced during RA stimulation. Finally, our data show that a demethylation of a specific CpG site at the enhancer region could favor the displacement of MeCP2 from the heavily methylated RET enhancer region providing a novel potential mechanism for transcriptional regulation of methylated RA-regulated loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Angrisano
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare and Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale CNR, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II' 80131 Naples, Italy
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Szyf M. DNA methylation and demethylation probed by small molecules. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2010; 1799:750-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Joulie M, Miotto B, Defossez PA. Mammalian methyl-binding proteins: What might they do? Bioessays 2010; 32:1025-32. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Transforming acidic coiled-coil protein-3 (Tacc3) acts as a negative regulator of Notch signaling through binding to CDC10/Ankyrin repeats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 400:606-12. [PMID: 20804727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have identified the transforming acidic coiled-coil protein-3 (Tacc3) as a binding partner for Notch4/Int3 and were able to show that it binds to the intracellular domain (ICD) of all members of the Notch receptor family. Members of the Tacc family reside at the centrosomes and associates with microtubules. Recent studies suggest that Tacc3 also contributes to the regulation of gene transcription. Tacc3 specifically interacts with the Notch4/Int3 CDC10/Ankyrin repeats and to a lesser extent, with residues C-terminal to these repeats in the ICD. Dual label immunofluorescence of mouse mammary tissue shows Tacc3 co-localizes with the Notch3 ICD. Co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous Notch and Tacc3 proteins from NIH3T3 cell extracts, lung and mammary gland confirms that these two proteins interact under physiological conditions. In addition, knock down of Tacc3 in NIH3T3 cells leads to the up-regulation of Hey2, a target gene for Notch signaling. The affinity of Tacc3 binding to Notch4/Int3 ICD is similar to that between Rbpj and Notch4/Int3 ICD. Notch4/Int3 ICD-Tacc3 interaction results in the inhibition of transcription from a Hes1-Luciferase reporter vector in COS-1 cells. The inhibition was reversed in these cells by increasing the levels of Rbpj. Taken together, these results suggest that Tacc3 is a negative regulator of the Notch signaling pathway.
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Guyot R, Vincent S, Bertin J, Samarut J, Ravel-Chapuis P. The transforming acidic coiled coil (TACC1) protein modulates the transcriptional activity of the nuclear receptors TR and RAR. BMC Mol Biol 2010; 11:3. [PMID: 20078863 PMCID: PMC2822774 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-11-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transcriptional activity of Nuclear hormone Receptors (NRs) is regulated by interaction with coactivator or corepressor proteins. Many of these cofactors have been shown to have a misregulated expression or to show a subcellular mislocalization in cancer cell lines or primary tumors. Therefore they can be factors involved in the process of oncogenesis. Results We describe a novel NR coregulator, TACC1, which belongs to the Transforming Acidic Coiled Coil (TACC) family. The interaction of TACC1 with Thyroid Hormone Receptors (TR) and several other NRs has been shown in a yeast two-hybrid screen and confirmed by GST pulldown, colocalization and co-immunoprecipitation experiments. TACC1 interacts preferentially with unliganded NRs. In F9 cells, endogenous TACC1 localized in the chromatin-enriched fraction of the nucleus and interacted with Retinoid Acid Receptors (RARα) in the nucleus. TACC1 depletion in the cell led to decreased RARα and TRα ligand-dependent transcriptional activity and to delocalization of TR from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Conclusions From these experimental studies we propose that TACC1 might be a scaffold protein building up a transcriptional complex around the NRs we studied. This function of TACC1 might account for its involvement in several forms of tumour development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Guyot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Universitéde Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Bogdanović O, Veenstra GJC. DNA methylation and methyl-CpG binding proteins: developmental requirements and function. Chromosoma 2009; 118:549-65. [PMID: 19506892 PMCID: PMC2729420 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-009-0221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification in the genomes of higher eukaryotes. In vertebrates, DNA methylation occurs predominantly on the CpG dinucleotide, and approximately 60% to 90% of these dinucleotides are modified. Distinct DNA methylation patterns, which can vary between different tissues and developmental stages, exist on specific loci. Sites of DNA methylation are occupied by various proteins, including methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) proteins which recruit the enzymatic machinery to establish silent chromatin. Mutations in the MBD family member MeCP2 are the cause of Rett syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, whereas other MBDs are known to bind sites of hypermethylation in human cancer cell lines. Here, we review the advances in our understanding of the function of DNA methylation, DNA methyltransferases, and methyl-CpG binding proteins in vertebrate embryonic development. MBDs function in transcriptional repression and long-range interactions in chromatin and also appear to play a role in genomic stability, neural signaling, and transcriptional activation. DNA methylation makes an essential and versatile epigenetic contribution to genome integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozren Bogdanović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Peset I, Vernos I. The TACC proteins: TACC-ling microtubule dynamics and centrosome function. Trends Cell Biol 2008; 18:379-88. [PMID: 18656360 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A major quest in cell biology is to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the high plasticity of the microtubule network at different stages of the cell cycle, and during and after differentiation. Initial reports described the centrosomal localization of proteins possessing transforming acidic coiled-coil (TACC) domains. This discovery prompted several groups to examine the role of TACC proteins during cell division, leading to indications that they are important players in this complex process in different organisms. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of TACC proteins in the regulation of microtubule dynamics, and we highlight the complexity of centrosome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Peset
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
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48
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Szyf M. DNA demethylation and cancer metastasis: therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:519-31. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.5.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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49
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Tshuikina M, Nilsson K, Öberg F. Positive histone marks are associated with active transcription from a methylated ICSBP/IRF8 gene. Gene 2008; 410:259-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Oliveri RS, Kalisz M, Schjerling CK, Andersen CY, Borup R, Byskov AG. Evaluation in mammalian oocytes of gene transcripts linked to epigenetic reprogramming. Reproduction 2007; 134:549-58. [PMID: 17890290 DOI: 10.1530/rep-06-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mature mammalian metaphase II (MII) oocyte has a unique ability to reprogram sperm chromatin and support early embryonic development. This feature even extends to the epigenetic reprogramming of a terminally differentiated cell nucleus as observed in connection with somatic cell nuclear transfer. Epigenetic nuclear reprogramming is highly linked to chromatin structure and includes covalent modifications of DNA and core histone proteins as well as reorganization of higher-order chromatin structure. A group of conserved enzymes mediating DNA methylation, methyl-CpG-binding protein (MeCP), histone acetylation and methylation, and chromatin remodeling are extensively involved in epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian cells. Using the oligonucleotide microarray technique, the present study compared the expression levels of 86 genes associated with epigenetic reprogramming in murinein vivomatured MII oocytes with that of germinal vesicle oocytes. Correlation between biological replicates was high. A total of 57 genes with potential reprogramming effect were detected. In MII oocytes, four genes were significant up-regulated, whereas 18 were down-regulated and 35 unchanged. The significantly regulated genes were validated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. For example, MII oocytes showed a significant down-regulation of oocyte-specific maintenance DNA methyltransferase, Dnmt1o, and up-regulation of MeCP transcript, methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2. Furthermore, histone acetyltransferases were proportionally overrepresented when compared with histone deacetylases. These data elucidate for the first time some of the mechanisms that the oocyte may employ to reprogram a foreign genome either in form of a spermatozoa or a somatic nucleus and may thus be of importance for advancing the fields of stem cell research and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto S Oliveri
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Children, Women and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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