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Gupta A, Hwang BJ, Benyamien-Roufaeil D, Jain S, Liu S, Gonzales R, Brown RA, Zalzman M, Lu AL, Lu AL. Mammalian MutY Homolog (MYH or MUTYH) is Critical for Telomere Integrity under Oxidative Stress. OBM GERIATRICS 2022; 6:196. [PMID: 35812693 PMCID: PMC9267527 DOI: 10.21926/obm.geriatr.2202196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres consist of special features and proteins to protect the ends of each chromosome from deterioration and fusion. The telomeric DNA repeats are highly susceptible to oxidative damage that can accelerate telomere shortening and affect telomere integrity. Several DNA repair factors including MYH/MUTYH DNA glycosylase, its interacting partners Rad9/Rad1/Hus1 checkpoint clamp, and SIRT6 aging regulator, are associated with the telomeres. MYH prevents C:G to A:T mutation by removing adenine mispaired with a frequent oxidative DNA lesion, 8-oxoguanine. Here, we show that hMYH knockout (KO) human HEK-293T cells are more sensitive to H2O2 treatment, have higher levels of DNA strand breaks and shorter telomeres than the control hMYH +/+ cells. SIRT6 foci increase at both the global genome and at telomeric regions in H2O2-treated hMYH +/+ cells. However, in untreated hMYH KO HEK-293T cells, SIRT6 foci only increase at the global genome, but not at the telomeric regions. In addition, the hMYH KO HEK-293T cells have increased extra-chromosomal and intra-chromosomal telomeres compared to the control cells, even in the absence of H2O2 treatment. After H2O2 treatment, the frequency of extra-chromosomal telomeres increased in control HEK-293T cells. Remarkably, in H2O2-treated hMYH KO cells, the frequencies of extra-chromosomal telomeres, intra-chromosomal telomeres, and telomere fusions are further increased. We further found that the sensitivity to H2O2 and shortened telomeres of hMYH KO cells, are restored by expressing wild-type hMYH, and partially rescued by expressing hMYHQ324H mutant (defective in Hus1 interaction only), but not by expressing hMYHV315A mutant (defective in both SIRT6 and Hus1 interactions). Thus, MYH interactions with SIRT6 and Hus1 are critical for maintaining cell viability and telomeric stability. Therefore, the failure to coordinate 8-oxoG repair is detrimental to telomere integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Gupta
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bor-Jang Hwang
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Sara Jain
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sophie Liu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rex Gonzales
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Brown
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michal Zalzman
- University of Maryland School of Medicine; The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine; Marlene and Stewart Greenbaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - A-Lien Lu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine; Marlene and Stewart Greenbaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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An ordered assembly of MYH glycosylase, SIRT6 protein deacetylase, and Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 checkpoint clamp at oxidatively damaged telomeres. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:17761-17785. [PMID: 32991318 PMCID: PMC7585086 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the base excision repair pathway, MYH/MUTYH DNA glycosylase prevents mutations by removing adenine mispaired with 8-oxoG, a frequent oxidative lesion. MYH glycosylase activity is enhanced by Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 (9-1-1) checkpoint clamp and SIRT6 histone/protein deacetylase. Here, we show that MYH, SIRT6, and 9-1-1 are recruited to confined oxidatively damaged regions on telomeres in mammalian cells. Using different knockout cells, we show that SIRT6 responds to damaged telomeres very early, and then recruits MYH and Hus1 following oxidative stress. However, the recruitment of Hus1 to damaged telomeres is partially dependent on SIRT6. The catalytic activities of SIRT6 are not important for SIRT6 response but are essential for MYH recruitment to damaged telomeres. Compared to wild-type MYH, the recruitment of hMYHV315A mutant (defective in both SIRT6 and Hus1 interactions), but not hMYHQ324H mutant (defective in Hus1 interaction only), to damaged telomeres is severely reduced. The formation of MYH/SIRT6/9-1-1 complex is of biological significance as interrupting their interactions can increase cell's sensitivity to H2O2 and/or elevate cellular 8-oxoG levels after H2O2 treatment. Our results establish that SIRT6 acts as an early sensor of BER enzymes and both SIRT6 and 9-1-1 serve critical roles in DNA repair to maintain telomere integrity.
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3
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Senghore T, Chien HT, Wang WC, Chen YX, Young CK, Huang SF, Yeh CC. Predictive value of genetic variants XRCC1 rs1799782, APEX1 rs1760944, and MUTYH rs3219489 for adjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy outcomes in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2020; 20:813-822. [PMID: 32461665 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-020-0170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations in DNA base excision repair (BER) genes may affect tumor sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thus, we investigated the effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in key BER pathway genes on clinical outcomes in male patients who received concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Seven SNPs from XRCC1, OGG1, APEX1, and MUTYH were genotyped using the Sequenom iPLEX MassARRAY system in samples from 319 men with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma. The disease-free survival (DFS) rates of the MUTYH rs3219489 genotypes and those of the other genotypes differed significantly (log-rank test p = 0.027). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that the MUTYH rs3219489 GG genotype was associated with poor DFS (recessive model: hazard ratio [HR] = 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.31-3.10; p = 0.002). The CT + TT genotypes of XRCC1 rs1799782 (dominant model: HR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.43-0.99; p = 0.044) and GG genotype of APEX1 rs1760944 (recessive model: HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.00-2.70; p = 0.050) were associated with overall survival (OS). Carrying the two risk genotypes, CC and GG of XRCC1 rs1799782 and APEX1 rs1760944, respectively, (HR = 2.95, 95% CI = 1.47-5.88; p = 0.002) increased mortality risk. Our findings showed that carrying the two risk genotypes of XRCC1 rs1799782 and APEX1 rs1760944 was associated with poor OS, while the GG genotype of MUTYH rs3219489 was associated with poor DFS. Patients carrying the risk genotypes may not benefit from CCRT; therefore, they will need alternative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Senghore
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, School of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of The Gambia, Independence Drive, Banjul, P. O. Box 1646, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Huei-Tzu Chien
- Department of Public Health, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Wang
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - You-Xin Chen
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Young
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, 20401, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Fu Huang
- Department of Public Health, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Ching Yeh
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11696, Taiwan.
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4
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Raetz AG, David SS. When you're strange: Unusual features of the MUTYH glycosylase and implications in cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 80:16-25. [PMID: 31203172 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MUTYH is a base-excision repair glycosylase that removes adenine opposite 8-oxoguanine (OG). Variants of MUTYH defective in functional activity lead to MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP), which progresses to cancer with very high penetrance. Whole genome and whole exome sequencing studies have found MUTYH deficiencies in an increasing number of cancer types. While the canonical OG:A repair activity of MUTYH is well characterized and similar to bacterial MutY, here we review more recent evidence that MUTYH has activities independent of OG:A repair and appear centered on the interdomain connector (IDC) region of MUTYH. We summarize evidence that MUTYH is involved in rapid DNA damage response (DDR) signaling, including PARP activation, 9-1-1 and ATR signaling, and SIRT6 activity. MUTYH alters survival and DDR to a wide variety of DNA damaging agents in a time course that is not consistent with the formation of OG:A mispairs. Studies that suggest MUTYH inhibits the repair of alkyl-DNA damage and cyclopyrimidine dimers (CPDs) is reviewed, and evidence of a synthetic lethal interaction with mismatch repair (MMR) is summarized. Based on these studies we suggest that MUTYH has evolved from an OG:A mispair glycosylase to a multifunctional scaffold for DNA damage response signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Raetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Sheila S David
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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5
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Bonjoch L, Mur P, Arnau-Collell C, Vargas-Parra G, Shamloo B, Franch-Expósito S, Pineda M, Capellà G, Erman B, Castellví-Bel S. Approaches to functionally validate candidate genetic variants involved in colorectal cancer predisposition. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 69:27-40. [PMID: 30935834 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most next generation sequencing (NGS) studies identified candidate genetic variants predisposing to colorectal cancer (CRC) but do not tackle its functional interpretation to unequivocally recognize a new hereditary CRC gene. Besides, germline variants in already established hereditary CRC-predisposing genes or somatic variants share the same need when trying to categorize those with relevant significance. Functional genomics approaches have an important role in identifying the causal links between genetic architecture and phenotypes, in order to decipher cellular function in health and disease. Therefore, functional interpretation of identified genetic variants by NGS platforms is now essential. Available approaches nowadays include bioinformatics, cell and molecular biology and animal models. Recent advances, such as the CRISPR-Cas9, ZFN and TALEN systems, have been already used as a powerful tool with this objective. However, the use of cell lines is of limited value due to the CRC heterogeneity and its close interaction with microenvironment. Access to tridimensional cultures or organoids and xenograft models that mimic the in vivo tissue architecture could revolutionize functional analysis. This review will focus on the application of state-of-the-art functional studies to better tackle new genes involved in germline predisposition to this neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Bonjoch
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Mur
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), ONCOBELL Program, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Coral Arnau-Collell
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gardenia Vargas-Parra
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), ONCOBELL Program, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Bahar Shamloo
- Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Department, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sebastià Franch-Expósito
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pineda
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), ONCOBELL Program, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Gabriel Capellà
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), ONCOBELL Program, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Batu Erman
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sergi Castellví-Bel
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Nuñez NN, Khuu C, Babu CS, Bertolani SJ, Rajavel AN, Spear JE, Armas JA, Wright JD, Siegel JB, Lim C, David SS. The Zinc Linchpin Motif in the DNA Repair Glycosylase MUTYH: Identifying the Zn 2+ Ligands and Roles in Damage Recognition and Repair. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13260-13271. [PMID: 30208271 PMCID: PMC6443246 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The DNA base excision repair (BER) glycosylase MUTYH prevents DNA mutations by catalyzing adenine (A) excision from inappropriately formed 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG):A mismatches. The importance of this mutation suppression activity in tumor suppressor genes is underscored by the association of inherited variants of MUTYH with colorectal polyposis in a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome known as MUTYH-associated polyposis, or MAP. Many of the MAP variants encompass amino acid changes that occur at positions surrounding the two-metal cofactor-binding sites of MUTYH. One of these cofactors, found in nearly all MUTYH orthologs, is a [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster coordinated by four Cys residues located in the N-terminal catalytic domain. We recently uncovered a second functionally relevant metal cofactor site present only in higher eukaryotic MUTYH orthologs: a Zn2+ ion coordinated by three Cys residues located within the extended interdomain connector (IDC) region of MUTYH that connects the N-terminal adenine excision and C-terminal 8-oxoG recognition domains. In this work, we identified a candidate for the fourth Zn2+ coordinating ligand using a combination of bioinformatics and computational modeling. In addition, using in vitro enzyme activity assays, fluorescence polarization DNA binding assays, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and cell-based rifampicin resistance assays, the functional impact of reduced Zn2+ chelation was evaluated. Taken together, these results illustrate the critical role that the "Zn2+ linchpin motif" plays in MUTYH repair activity by providing for proper engagement of the functional domains on the 8-oxoG:A mismatch required for base excision catalysis. The functional importance of the Zn2+ linchpin also suggests that adjacent MAP variants or exposure to environmental chemicals may compromise Zn2+ coordination, and ability of MUTYH to prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole N. Nuñez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Cindy Khuu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - C. Satheesan Babu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan R. O. C
| | - Steve J. Bertolani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Anisha N. Rajavel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Jensen E. Spear
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Jeremy A. Armas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Jon D. Wright
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan R. O. C
| | - Justin B. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Carmay Lim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan R. O. C
| | - Sheila S. David
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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7
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Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Darband SG, Kaviani M, Mihanfar A, Aghazadeh Attari J, Yousefi B, Majidinia M. DNA damage response and repair in colorectal cancer: Defects, regulation and therapeutic implications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 69:34-52. [PMID: 30055507 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response, a key factor involved in maintaining genome integrity and stability, consists of several kinase-dependent signaling pathways, which sense and transduce DNA damage signal. The severity of damage appears to determine DNA damage responses, which can include cell cycle arrest, damage repair and apoptosis. A number of recent studies have demonstrated that defection in signaling through this network is thought to be an underlying mechanism behind the development and progression of various types of human malignancies, including colorectal cancer. In this review, colorectal cancer and its molecular pathology as well as DNA damage response is briefly introduced. Finally, the involvement of key components of this network in the initiation/progression, prognosis, response to treatment and development of drug resistance is comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saber Ghazizadeh Darband
- Danesh Pey Hadi Co., Health Technology Development Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Kaviani
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ainaz Mihanfar
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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8
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Tan SC. Low penetrance genetic polymorphisms as potential biomarkers for colorectal cancer predisposition. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3010. [PMID: 29424105 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading form of cancer in both males and females. Early detection of individuals at risk of colorectal cancer allows proper treatment and management of the disease to be implemented, which can potentially reduce the burden of colorectal cancer incidence, morbidity and mortality. In recent years, the role of genetic susceptibility factors in mediating predisposition to colorectal cancer has become more and more apparent. Identification of high-frequency, low-penetrance genetic polymorphisms associated with the cancer has therefore emerged as an important approach which can potentially aid prediction of colorectal cancer risk. However, the overwhelming amount of genetic epidemiology data generated over the past decades has made it difficult for one to assimilate the information and determine the exact genetic polymorphisms that can potentially be used as biomarkers for colorectal cancer. This review comprehensively consolidates, based primarily on results from meta-analyses, the recent progresses in the search of colorectal cancer-associated genetic polymorphisms, and discusses the possible mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Cheng Tan
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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9
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Majumdar C, Nuñez NN, Raetz AG, Khuu C, David SS. Cellular Assays for Studying the Fe-S Cluster Containing Base Excision Repair Glycosylase MUTYH and Homologs. Methods Enzymol 2018; 599:69-99. [PMID: 29746250 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many DNA repair enzymes, including the human adenine glycosylase MUTYH, require iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster cofactors for DNA damage recognition and subsequent repair. MUTYH prokaryotic and eukaryotic homologs are a family of adenine (A) glycosylases that cleave A when mispaired with the oxidatively damaged guanine lesion, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (OG). Faulty OG:A repair has been linked to the inheritance of missense mutations in the MUTYH gene. These inherited mutations can result in the onset of a familial colorectal cancer disorder known as MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP). While in vitro studies can be exceptional at unraveling how MutY interacts with its OG:A substrate, cell-based assays are needed to provide a cellular context to these studies. In addition, strategic comparison of in vitro and in vivo studies can provide exquisite insight into the search, selection, excision process, and the coordination with protein partners, required to mediate full repair of the lesion. A commonly used assay is the rifampicin resistance assay that provides an indirect evaluation of the intrinsic mutation rate in Escherichia coli (E. coli or Ec), read out as antibiotic-resistant cell growth. Our laboratory has also developed a bacterial plasmid-based assay that allows for direct evaluation of repair of a defined OG:A mispair. This assay provides a means to assess the impact of catalytic defects in affinity and excision on overall repair. Finally, a mammalian GFP-based reporter assay has been developed that more accurately models features of mammalian cells. Taken together, these assays provide a cellular context to the repair activity of MUTYH and its homologs that illuminates the role these enzymes play in preventing mutations and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole N Nuñez
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alan G Raetz
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Cindy Khuu
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sheila S David
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
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10
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D'Errico M, Parlanti E, Pascucci B, Fortini P, Baccarini S, Simonelli V, Dogliotti E. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA glycosylases: From function to disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:278-291. [PMID: 27932076 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with a growing number of diseases that span from cancer to neurodegeneration. Most oxidatively induced DNA base lesions are repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathway which involves the action of various DNA glycosylases. There are numerous genome wide studies attempting to associate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with predispositions to various types of disease; often, these common variants do not have significant alterations in their biochemical function and do not exhibit a convincing phenotype. Nevertheless several lines of evidence indicate that SNPs in DNA repair genes may modulate DNA repair capacity and contribute to risk of disease. This overview provides a convincing picture that SNPs of DNA glycosylases that remove oxidatively generated DNA lesions are susceptibility factors for a wide disease spectrum that includes besides cancer (particularly lung, breast and gastrointestinal tract), cochlear/ocular disorders, myocardial infarction and neurodegenerative disorders which can be all grouped under the umbrella of oxidative stress-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria D'Errico
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Parlanti
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Pascucci
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria, Km 29,300, 00016 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Fortini
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Baccarini
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Simonelli
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenia Dogliotti
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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11
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Talhaoui I, Matkarimov BT, Tchenio T, Zharkov DO, Saparbaev MK. Aberrant base excision repair pathway of oxidatively damaged DNA: Implications for degenerative diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:266-277. [PMID: 27890638 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In cellular organisms composition of DNA is constrained to only four nucleobases A, G, T and C, except for minor DNA base modifications such as methylation which serves for defence against foreign DNA or gene expression regulation. Interestingly, this severe evolutionary constraint among other things demands DNA repair systems to discriminate between regular and modified bases. DNA glycosylases specifically recognize and excise damaged bases among vast majority of regular bases in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. However, the mismatched base pairs in DNA can occur from a spontaneous conversion of 5-methylcytosine to thymine and DNA polymerase errors during replication. To counteract these mutagenic threats to genome stability, cells evolved special DNA repair systems that target the non-damaged DNA strand in a duplex to remove mismatched regular DNA bases. Mismatch-specific adenine- and thymine-DNA glycosylases (MutY/MUTYH and TDG/MBD4, respectively) initiated BER and mismatch repair (MMR) pathways can recognize and remove normal DNA bases in mismatched DNA duplexes. Importantly, in DNA repair deficient cells bacterial MutY, human TDG and mammalian MMR can act in the aberrant manner: MutY and TDG removes adenine and thymine opposite misincorporated 8-oxoguanine and damaged adenine, respectively, whereas MMR removes thymine opposite to O6-methylguanine. These unusual activities lead either to mutations or futile DNA repair, thus indicating that the DNA repair pathways which target non-damaged DNA strand can act in aberrant manner and introduce genome instability in the presence of unrepaired DNA lesions. Evidences accumulated showing that in addition to the accumulation of oxidatively damaged DNA in cells, the aberrant DNA repair can also contribute to cancer, brain disorders and premature senescence. For example, the aberrant BER and MMR pathways for oxidized guanine residues can lead to trinucleotide expansion that underlies Huntington's disease, a severe hereditary neurodegenerative syndrome. This review summarises the present knowledge about the aberrant DNA repair pathways for oxidized base modifications and their possible role in age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtissam Talhaoui
- Groupe «Réparation de l'ADN», Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS UMR8200, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, F-94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Bakhyt T Matkarimov
- National laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Thierry Tchenio
- LBPA, UMR8113 ENSC - CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - Dmitry O Zharkov
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Murat K Saparbaev
- Groupe «Réparation de l'ADN», Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS UMR8200, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, F-94805 Villejuif Cedex, France.
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12
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Banda DM, Nuñez NN, Burnside MA, Bradshaw KM, David SS. Repair of 8-oxoG:A mismatches by the MUTYH glycosylase: Mechanism, metals and medicine. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:202-215. [PMID: 28087410 PMCID: PMC5457711 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) may infringe on the passing of pristine genetic information by inducing DNA inter- and intra-strand crosslinks, protein-DNA crosslinks, and chemical alterations to the sugar or base moieties of DNA. 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) is one of the most prevalent DNA lesions formed by RONS and is repaired through the base excision repair (BER) pathway involving the DNA repair glycosylases OGG1 and MUTYH in eukaryotes. MUTYH removes adenine (A) from 8-oxoG:A mispairs, thus mitigating the potential of G:C to T:A transversion mutations from occurring in the genome. The paramount role of MUTYH in guarding the genome is well established in the etiology of a colorectal cancer predisposition syndrome involving variants of MUTYH, referred to as MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP). In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding how MUTYH structure and related function participate in the manifestation of human disease such as MAP. Here we focus on the importance of MUTYH's metal cofactor sites, including a recently discovered "Zinc linchpin" motif, as well as updates to the catalytic mechanism. Finally, we touch on the insight gleaned from studies with MAP-associated MUTYH variants and recent advances in understanding the multifaceted roles of MUTYH in the cell, both in the prevention of mutagenesis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Banda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Nicole N Nuñez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Michael A Burnside
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Katie M Bradshaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Sheila S David
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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13
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A Specific Mutational Signature Associated with DNA 8-Oxoguanine Persistence in MUTYH-defective Colorectal Cancer. EBioMedicine 2017; 20:39-49. [PMID: 28551381 PMCID: PMC5478212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
8-Oxoguanine, a common mutagenic DNA lesion, generates G:C>T:A transversions via mispairing with adenine during DNA replication. When operating normally, the MUTYH DNA glycosylase prevents 8-oxoguanine-related mutagenesis by excising the incorporated adenine. Biallelic MUTYH mutations impair this enzymatic function and are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) in MUTYH-Associated Polyposis (MAP) syndrome. Here, we perform whole-exome sequencing that reveals a modest mutator phenotype in MAP CRCs compared to sporadic CRC stem cell lines or bulk tumours. The excess G:C>T:A transversion mutations in MAP CRCs exhibits a novel mutational signature, termed Signature 36, with a strong sequence dependence. The MUTYH mutational signature reflecting persistent 8-oxoG:A mismatches occurs frequently in the APC, KRAS, PIK3CA, FAT4, TP53, FAT1, AMER1, KDM6A, SMAD4 and SMAD2 genes that are associated with CRC. The occurrence of Signature 36 in other types of human cancer indicates that DNA 8-oxoguanine-related mutations might contribute to the development of cancer in other organs.
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14
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Matkarimov BT, Saparbaev MK. Aberrant DNA glycosylase-initiated repair pathway of free radicals in-duced DNA damage: implications for age-related diseases and natural aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Marabelli M, Molinaro V, Abou Khouzam R, Berrino E, Panero M, Balsamo A, Venesio T, Ranzani GN. Colorectal Adenomatous Polyposis: Heterogeneity of Susceptibility Gene Mutations and Phenotypes in a Cohort of Italian Patients. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:777-785. [PMID: 27705013 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Colorectal adenomatous polyposis entailing cancer predisposition is caused by constitutional mutations in different genes. APC is associated with the familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP/AFAP) and MUTYH with the MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP), while POLE and POLD1 mutations cause the polymerase proofreading-associated polyposis (PPAP). METHODS We screened for mutations in patients with multiple adenomas/FAP: 121 patients were analyzed for APC and MUTYH mutations, and 36 patients were also evaluated for POLE and POLD1 gene mutations. RESULTS We found 20 FAP/AFAP, 15 MAP, and no PPAP subjects: pathogenic mutations proved to be heterogeneous, and included 5 APC and 1 MUTYH novel mutations. The mutation detection rate was significantly different between patients with 5-100 polyps and those with >100 polyps (p = 8.154 × 10-7), with APC mutations being associated with an aggressive phenotype (p = 1.279 × 10-9). Mean age at diagnosis was lower in FAP/AFAP compared to MAP (p = 3.055 × 10-4). Mutation-negative probands showed a mean age at diagnosis that was significantly higher than FAP/AFAP (p = 3.46986 × 10-7) and included 45.3% of patients with <30 polyps and 70.9% of patients with no family history. CONCLUSIONS This study enlarges the APC and MUTYH mutational spectra, and also evaluated variants of uncertain significance, including the MUTYH p.Gln338His mutation. Moreover this study underscores the phenotypic heterogeneity and genotype-phenotype correlations in a cohort of Italian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Marabelli
- 1 Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia , Pavia, Italy
| | - Valeria Molinaro
- 1 Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia , Pavia, Italy
| | - Raefa Abou Khouzam
- 1 Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia , Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Mara Panero
- 2 Candiolo Cancer Institute , FPO-IRCCS, Torino, Italy
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16
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Komine K, Shimodaira H, Takao M, Soeda H, Zhang X, Takahashi M, Ishioka C. Functional Complementation Assay for 47 MUTYH Variants in a MutY-Disrupted Escherichia coli Strain. Hum Mutat 2016; 36:704-11. [PMID: 25820570 PMCID: PMC4682456 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP) is an adenomatous polyposis transmitted in an autosomal-recessive pattern, involving biallelic inactivation of the MUTYH gene. Loss of a functional MUTYH protein will result in the accumulation of G:T mismatched DNA caused by oxidative damage. Although p.Y179C and p.G396D are the two most prevalent MUTYH variants, more than 200 missense variants have been detected. It is difficult to determine whether these variants are disease-causing mutations or single-nucleotide polymorphisms. To understand the functional consequences of these variants, we generated 47 MUTYH gene variants via site-directed mutagenesis, expressed the encoded proteins in MutY-disrupted Escherichia coli, and assessed their abilities to complement the functional deficiency in the E. coli by monitoring spontaneous mutation rates. Although the majority of variants exhibited intermediate complementation relative to the wild type, some variants severely interfered with this complementation. However, some variants retained functioning similar to the wild type. In silico predictions of functional effects demonstrated a good correlation. Structural prediction of MUTYH based on the MutY protein structure allowed us to interpret effects on the protein stability or catalytic activity. These data will be useful for evaluating the functional consequences of missense MUTYH variants detected in patients with suspected MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Komine
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Shimodaira
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masashi Takao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Soeda
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masanobu Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chikashi Ishioka
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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17
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Cilli P, Ventura I, Minoprio A, Meccia E, Martire A, Wilson SH, Bignami M, Mazzei F. Oxidized dNTPs and the OGG1 and MUTYH DNA glycosylases combine to induce CAG/CTG repeat instability. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:5190-203. [PMID: 26980281 PMCID: PMC4914090 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansion underlies several neurodegenerative disorders including Huntington's disease (HD). Accumulation of oxidized DNA bases and their inefficient processing by base excision repair (BER) are among the factors suggested to contribute to TNR expansion. In this study, we have examined whether oxidation of the purine dNTPs in the dNTP pool provides a source of DNA damage that promotes TNR expansion. We demonstrate that during BER of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxodG) in TNR sequences, DNA polymerase β (POL β) can incorporate 8-oxodGMP with the formation of 8-oxodG:C and 8-oxodG:A mispairs. Their processing by the OGG1 and MUTYH DNA glycosylases generates closely spaced incisions on opposite DNA strands that are permissive for TNR expansion. Evidence in HD model R6/2 mice indicates that these DNA glycosylases are present in brain areas affected by neurodegeneration. Consistent with prevailing oxidative stress, the same brain areas contained increased DNA 8-oxodG levels and expression of the p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase. Our in vitro and in vivo data support a model where an oxidized dNTPs pool together with aberrant BER processing contribute to TNR expansion in non-replicating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Cilli
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy Department of Science, University Roma Tre, 00154 Roma, Italy
| | - Ilenia Ventura
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Minoprio
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Ettore Meccia
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Martire
- Department of Drug Safety and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Samuel H Wilson
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Margherita Bignami
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Filomena Mazzei
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
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18
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Cilli P, Minoprio A, Bossa C, Bignami M, Mazzei F. Formation and Repair of Mismatches Containing Ribonucleotides and Oxidized Bases at Repeated DNA Sequences. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26259-69. [PMID: 26338705 PMCID: PMC4646274 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular pool of ribonucleotide triphosphates (rNTPs) is higher than that of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates. To ensure genome stability, DNA polymerases must discriminate against rNTPs and incorporated ribonucleotides must be removed by ribonucleotide excision repair (RER). We investigated DNA polymerase β (POL β) capacity to incorporate ribonucleotides into trinucleotide repeated DNA sequences and the efficiency of base excision repair (BER) and RER enzymes (OGG1, MUTYH, and RNase H2) when presented with an incorrect sugar and an oxidized base. POL β incorporated rAMP and rCMP opposite 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxodG) and extended both mispairs. In addition, POL β was able to insert and elongate an oxidized rGMP when paired with dA. We show that RNase H2 always preserves the capacity to remove a single ribonucleotide when paired to an oxidized base or to incise an oxidized ribonucleotide in a DNA duplex. In contrast, BER activity is affected by the presence of a ribonucleotide opposite an 8-oxodG. In particular, MUTYH activity on 8-oxodG:rA mispairs is fully inhibited, although its binding capacity is retained. This results in the reduction of RNase H2 incision capability of this substrate. Thus complex mispairs formed by an oxidized base and a ribonucleotide can compromise BER and RER in repeated sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Cilli
- From the Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma and the Department of Science, University Roma Tre, 00154 Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Minoprio
- From the Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma and
| | - Cecilia Bossa
- From the Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma and
| | - Margherita Bignami
- From the Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma and
| | - Filomena Mazzei
- From the Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma and
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19
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Distinct functional consequences of MUTYH variants associated with colorectal cancer: Damaged DNA affinity, glycosylase activity and interaction with PCNA and Hus1. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 34:39-51. [PMID: 26377631 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MUTYH is a base excision repair (BER) enzyme that prevents mutations in DNA associated with 8-oxoguanine (OG) by catalyzing the removal of adenine from inappropriately formed OG:A base-pairs. Germline mutations in the MUTYH gene are linked to colorectal polyposis and a high risk of colorectal cancer, a syndrome referred to as MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP). There are over 300 different MUTYH mutations associated with MAP and a large fraction of these gene changes code for missense MUTYH variants. Herein, the adenine glycosylase activity, mismatch recognition properties, and interaction with relevant protein partners of human MUTYH and five MAP variants (R295C, P281L, Q324H, P502L, and R520Q) were examined. P281L MUTYH was found to be severely compromised both in DNA binding and base excision activity, consistent with the location of this variation in the iron-sulfur cluster (FCL) DNA binding motif of MUTYH. Both R295C and R520Q MUTYH were found to have low fractions of active enzyme, compromised affinity for damaged DNA, and reduced rates for adenine excision. In contrast, both Q324H and P502L MUTYH function relatively similarly to WT MUTYH in both binding and glycosylase assays. However, P502L and R520Q exhibited reduced affinity for PCNA (proliferation cell nuclear antigen), consistent with their location in the PCNA-binding motif of MUTYH. Whereas, only Q324H, and not R295C, was found to have reduced affinity for Hus1 of the Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 complex, despite both being localized to the same region implicated for interaction with Hus1. These results underscore the diversity of functional consequences due to MUTYH variants that may impact the progression of MAP.
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20
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Hwang BJ, Jin J, Gao Y, Shi G, Madabushi A, Yan A, Guan X, Zalzman M, Nakajima S, Lan L, Lu AL. SIRT6 protein deacetylase interacts with MYH DNA glycosylase, APE1 endonuclease, and Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 checkpoint clamp. BMC Mol Biol 2015; 16:12. [PMID: 26063178 PMCID: PMC4464616 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-015-0041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SIRT6, a member of the NAD+-dependent histone/protein deacetylase family, regulates genomic stability, metabolism, and lifespan. MYH glycosylase and APE1 are two base excision repair (BER) enzymes involved in mutation avoidance from oxidative DNA damage. Rad9–Rad1–Hus1 (9–1–1) checkpoint clamp promotes cell cycle checkpoint signaling and DNA repair. BER is coordinated with the checkpoint machinery and requires chromatin remodeling for efficient repair. SIRT6 is involved in DNA double-strand break repair and has been implicated in BER. Here we investigate the direct physical and functional interactions between SIRT6 and BER enzymes. Results We show that SIRT6 interacts with and stimulates MYH glycosylase and APE1. In addition, SIRT6 interacts with the 9-1-1 checkpoint clamp. These interactions are enhanced following oxidative stress. The interdomain connector of MYH is important for interactions with SIRT6, APE1, and 9–1–1. Mutagenesis studies indicate that SIRT6, APE1, and Hus1 bind overlapping but different sequence motifs on MYH. However, there is no competition of APE1, Hus1, or SIRT6 binding to MYH. Rather, one MYH partner enhances the association of the other two partners to MYH. Moreover, APE1 and Hus1 act together to stabilize the MYH/SIRT6 complex. Within human cells, MYH and SIRT6 are efficiently recruited to confined oxidative DNA damage sites within transcriptionally active chromatin, but not within repressive chromatin. In addition, Myh foci induced by oxidative stress and Sirt6 depletion are frequently localized on mouse telomeres. Conclusions Although SIRT6, APE1, and 9-1-1 bind to the interdomain connector of MYH, they do not compete for MYH association. Our findings indicate that SIRT6 forms a complex with MYH, APE1, and 9-1-1 to maintain genomic and telomeric integrity in mammalian cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12867-015-0041-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Jang Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Ying Gao
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, No.1 Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Guoli Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,University of Maryland School of Nursing, 655 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Amrita Madabushi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Natural and Physical Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Baltimore City Community College, 801 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Austin Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Michal Zalzman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 16 South Eutaw Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Satoshi Nakajima
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| | - Li Lan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| | - A-Lien Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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21
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Goto M, Shinmura K, Matsushima Y, Ishino K, Yamada H, Totsuka Y, Matsuda T, Nakagama H, Sugimura H. Human DNA glycosylase enzyme TDG repairs thymine mispaired with exocyclic etheno-DNA adducts. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 76:136-46. [PMID: 25151120 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation directly reacts with DNA and produces various exocyclic etheno-base DNA adducts, some of which are considered to contribute to carcinogenesis. However, the system for repairing them in humans is largely unknown. We hypothesized that etheno-DNA adducts are repaired by base excision repair initiated by DNA glycosylase. To test this hypothesis, we examined the activities of the DNA glycosylase proteins OGG1, SMUG1, TDG, NEIL1, MUTYH, NTH1, MPG, and UNG2 against double-stranded oligonucleotides containing 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine (εA), 3,N(4)-ethenocytosine (εC), butanone-ethenocytosine (BεC), butanone-ethenoguanine (BεG), heptanone-ethenocytosine (HεC), or heptanone-ethenoguanine (HεG) using a DNA cleavage assay. We found that TDG is capable of removing thymine that has mispaired with εC, BεC, BεG, HεC, or HεG in vitro. We next examined the effect of TDG against etheno-DNA adducts in human cells. TDG-knockdown cells exhibited the following characteristics: (a) higher resistance to cell death caused by the induction of etheno-DNA adducts; (b) lower repair activity for εC; and (c) a modest acceleration of mutations caused by εC, compared with the rate in control cells. All these characteristics suggest that TDG exerts a repair activity against etheno-DNA adducts in human cells. These results suggest that TDG has novel repair activities toward etheno-DNA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Goto
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi Ward, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shinmura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi Ward, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Matsushima
- Department of Chemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi Ward, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kousuke Ishino
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Department of Pathology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yamada
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi Ward, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yukari Totsuka
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tomonari Matsuda
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakagama
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sugimura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi Ward, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
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22
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Castillejo A, Vargas G, Castillejo MI, Navarro M, Barberá VM, González S, Hernández-Illán E, Brunet J, Ramón y Cajal T, Balmaña J, Oltra S, Iglesias S, Velasco A, Solanes A, Campos O, Sánchez Heras AB, Gallego J, Carrasco E, González Juan D, Segura A, Chirivella I, Juan MJ, Tena I, Lázaro C, Blanco I, Pineda M, Capellá G, Soto JL. Prevalence of germline MUTYH mutations among Lynch-like syndrome patients. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:2241-50. [PMID: 24953332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Individuals with tumours showing mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency not linked to germline mutations or somatic methylation of MMR genes have been recently referred as having 'Lynch-like syndrome' (LLS). The genetic basis of these LLS cases is unknown. MUTYH-associated polyposis patients show some phenotypic similarities to Lynch syndrome patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of germline MUTYH mutations in a large series of LLS patients. METHODS Two hundred and twenty-five probands fulfilling LLS criteria were included in this study. Screening of MUTYH recurrent mutations, whole coding sequencing and a large rearrangement analysis were undertaken. Age, sex, clinical, pathological and molecular characteristics of tumours including KRAS mutations were assessed. RESULTS We found a prevalence of 3.1% of MAP syndrome in the whole series of LLS (7/225) and 3.9% when only cases fulfilling clinical criteria were considered (7/178). Patients with MUTYH biallelic mutations had more adenomas than monoallelic (P=0.02) and wildtype patients (P<0.0001). Six out of nine analysed tumours from six biallelic MUTYH carriers harboured KRAS-p.G12C mutation. This mutation was found to be associated with biallelic MUTYH germline mutation when compared with reported series of unselected colorectal cancer cohorts (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS A proportion of unexplained LLS cases is caused by biallelic MUTYH mutations. The obtained results further justify the inclusion of MUTYH in the diagnostic strategy for Lynch syndrome-suspected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Castillejo
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Elche University Hospital, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gardenia Vargas
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Matilde Navarro
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sara González
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Joan Brunet
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IdIBGI, Girona, Spain
| | | | | | - Silvestre Oltra
- Genetics Department, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sílvia Iglesias
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela Velasco
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IdIBGI, Girona, Spain
| | - Ares Solanes
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Campos
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Beatriz Sánchez Heras
- Genetic Counselling in Cancer, Hereditary Cancer Program, Elche University Hospital, Elche, Alicante, Spain; Department of Medical Oncology, Elche University Hospital, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier Gallego
- Department of Medical Oncology, Elche University Hospital, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | - Angel Segura
- Genetic Counselling in Cancer, Hereditary Cancer Program, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Chirivella
- Genetic Counselling in Cancer, Hereditary Cancer Program, Clinical University Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Juan
- Genetic Counselling in Cancer, Hereditary Cancer Program, Valencian Institute of Oncology, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Tena
- Genetic Counselling in Cancer, Hereditary Cancer Program, Provincial Hospital of Castellón, Castellón, Spain
| | - Conxi Lázaro
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Blanco
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pineda
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Capellá
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Soto
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Elche University Hospital, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
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23
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Grasso F, Giacomini E, Sanchez M, Degan P, Gismondi V, Mazzei F, Varesco L, Viel A, Bignami M. Genetic instability in lymphoblastoid cell lines expressing biallelic and monoallelic variants in the human MUTYH gene. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3843-52. [PMID: 24569162 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The MUTYH DNA glycosylase counteracts mutagenesis by removing adenine misincorporated opposite DNA 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG). Biallelic germline mutations in MUTYH cause the autosomal recessive MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP). The impact on genetic instability of the p.Tyr179Cys and p.Arg245His MUTYH variants was evaluated in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from MAP patients and their relatives in comparison to wild-type LCLs. No difference in MUTYH expression was identified between wild type and LCLs with the p.Tyr179Cys, while the p.Arg245His mutation was associated with an unstable MUTYH protein. LCLs homozygous for the p.Tyr179Cys or the p.Arg245His variant contained increased DNA 8-oxodG levels and exhibited a mutator phenotype at the PIG-A gene. The extent of the increased spontaneous mutation frequency was 3-fold (range 1.6- to 4.6-fold) in four independent LCLs carrying the p.Tyr179Cys variant, while a larger increase (6-fold) was observed in two p.Arg245His LCLs. A similar hypermutability and S-phase delay following treatment with KBrO3 was observed in LCLs homozygous for either variant. When genetic instability was investigated in monoallelic p.Arg245His carriers, mutant frequencies showed an increase which is intermediate between wild-type and homozygous cells, whereas the mutator effect in heterozygous p.Tyr179Cys LCLs was similar to that in homozygotes. These findings indicate that the type of MUTYH mutation can affect the extent of genome instability associated with MUTYH inactivation. In addition, the mild spontaneous mutator phenotype observed in monoallelic carriers highlights the biological importance of this gene in the protection of the genome against endogenous DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Giacomini
- Experimental Oncology 1, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Viviana Gismondi
- Unit of Hereditary Cancer, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Liliana Varesco
- Unit of Hereditary Cancer, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Viel
- Experimental Oncology 1, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
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24
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Hwang BJ, Shi G, Lu AL. Mammalian MutY homolog (MYH or MUTYH) protects cells from oxidative DNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 13:10-21. [PMID: 24315136 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
MutY DNA glycosylase homologs (MYH or MUTYH) reduce G:C to T:A mutations by removing misincorporated adenines or 2-hydroxyadenines paired with guanine or 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxo-G). Mutations in the human MYH (hMYH) gene are associated with the colorectal cancer predisposition syndrome MYH-associated polyposis. To examine the function of MYH in human cells, we regulated MYH gene expression by knockdown or overproduction. MYH knockdown human HeLa cells are more sensitive to the killing effects of H2O2 than the control cells. In addition, hMYH knockdown cells have altered cell morphology, display enhanced susceptibility to apoptosis, and have altered DNA signaling activation in response to oxidative stress. The cell cycle progression of hMYH knockdown cells is also different from that of the control cells following oxidative stress. Moreover, hMYH knockdown cells contain higher levels of 8-oxo-G lesions than the control cells following H2O2 treatment. Although MYH does not directly remove 8-oxo-G, MYH may generate favorable substrates for other repair enzymes. Overexpression of mouse Myh (mMyh) in human mismatch repair defective HCT15 cells makes the cells more resistant to killing and refractory to apoptosis by oxidative stress than the cells transfected with vector. In conclusion, MYH is a vital DNA repair enzyme that protects cells from oxidative DNA damage and is critical for a proper cellular response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Jang Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Gouli Shi
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - A-Lien Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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25
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Mazzei F, Viel A, Bignami M. Role of MUTYH in human cancer. Mutat Res 2013; 743-744:33-43. [PMID: 23507534 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
MUTYH, a human ortholog of MutY, is a post-replicative DNA glycosylase, highly conserved throughout evolution, involved in the correction of mismatches resulting from a faulty replication of the oxidized base 8-hydroxyguanine (8-oxodG). In particular removal of adenine from A:8-oxodG mispairs by MUTYH activity is followed by error-free base excision repair (BER) events, leading to the formation of C:8-oxodG base pairs. These are the substrate of another BER enzyme, the OGG1 DNA glycosylase, which then removes 8-oxodG from DNA. Thus the combined action of OGG1 and MUTYH prevents oxidative damage-induced mutations, i.e. GC->TA transversions. Germline mutations in MUTYH are associated with a recessively heritable colorectal polyposis, now referred to as MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP). Here we will review the phenotype(s) associated with MUTYH inactivation from bacteria to mammals, the structure of the MUTYH protein, the molecular mechanisms of its enzymatic activity and the functional characterization of MUTYH variants. The relevance of these results will be discussed to define the role of specific human mutations in colorectal cancer risk together with the possible role of MUTYH inactivation in sporadic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Mazzei
- Department of Environment, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Viel
- Experimental Oncology 1, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Via F.Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Margherita Bignami
- Department of Environment, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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