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Zou TF, Liu ZG, Cao PC, Zheng SH, Guo WT, Wang TX, Chen YL, Duan YJ, Li QS, Liao CZ, Xie ZL, Han JH, Yang XX. Fisetin treatment alleviates kidney injury in mice with diabetes-exacerbated atherosclerosis through inhibiting CD36/fibrosis pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:2065-2074. [PMID: 37225845 PMCID: PMC10545759 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes-related vascular complications include diabetic cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy, etc. DN can promote the process of end-stage renal disease. On the other hand, atherosclerosis accelerates kidney damage. It is really an urge to explore the mechanisms of diabetes-exacerbated atherosclerosis as well as new agents for treatment of diabetes-exacerbated atherosclerosis and the complications. In this study we investigated the therapeutic effects of fisetin, a natural flavonoid from fruits and vegetables, on kidney injury caused by streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic atherosclerosis in low density lipoprotein receptor deficient (LDLR-/-) mice. Diabetes was induced in LDLR-/- mice by injecting STZ, and the mice were fed high-fat diet (HFD) containing fisetin for 12 weeks. We found that fisetin treatment effectively attenuated diabetes-exacerbated atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we showed that fisetin treatment significantly ameliorated atherosclerosis-enhanced diabetic kidney injury, evidenced by regulating uric acid, urea and creatinine levels in urine and serum, and ameliorating morphological damages and fibrosis in the kidney. In addition, we found that the improvement of glomerular function by fisetin was mediated by reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) and inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, fisetin treatment reduced accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the kidney by inhibiting the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), fibronectin and collagens, while enhancing matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP2) and MMP9, which was mainly mediated by inactivating transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/SMAD family member 2/3 (Smad2/3) pathways. In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, we demonstrated that the therapeutic effects of fisetin on kidney fibrosis resulted from inhibiting CD36 expression. In conclusion, our results suggest that fisetin is a promising natural agent for the treatment of renal injury caused by diabetes and atherosclerosis. We reveal that fisetin is an inhibitor of CD36 for reducing the progression of kidney fibrosis, and fisetin-regulated CD36 may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Feng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Pei-Chang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shi-Hong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Wen-Tong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Tian-Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yuan-Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Ya-Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Qing-Shan Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Chen-Zhong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zhou-Ling Xie
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Ji-Hong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China.
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Zhang F, Liu J, Yu J, Sun W, Wang Y, Fan T, Sun Y, Han X. Effect of Nephropathy Prescription I on the Expression of Angptl3 and Podocyte-Associated Protein in Mice with Adriamycin-Induced Nephropathy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:9921679. [PMID: 38149181 PMCID: PMC10751164 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9921679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of Nephropathy Prescription I on the expression of angptl3, nephrin, and podocin, in addition to its protective effects on podocytes in mice with adriamycin-induced nephropathy. Methods BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the control (C), adriamycin (Model or M), adriamycin + Nephropathy Prescription I (M + Z), adriamycin + prednisone acetate (M + S), and adriamycin + Nephropathy Prescription I + prednisone acetate groups (M + Z + S). All mice except those in the C group in the experimental groups were treated with a single tail vein injection of adriamycin. The urine albumin-creatinine ratio was measured before model establishment and on the 7th day, 14th day, 21st day, and 28th day of doxorubicin injection. All the mice were sacrificed on the 29th day. Blood samples were collected to observe biochemical indicators in the serum. The morphological structure and podocyte ultrastructure in the kidney were observed using light and electron microscopy, respectively. The expression of angptl3, nephrin, and podocin at the mRNA and protein levels was detected by real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Results Following modeling with adriamycin, albuminuria was observed in urine samples in the first week, and the urinary protein/creatinine ratio increased maximally in the fourth week in the M group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the urinary protein/creatinine ratio significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the third week in the (M + Z) group compared to that in the M group. Similarly, this ratio decreased in the (M + S) and (M + Z + S) groups compared to that in the M group throughout the experiment. Compared with the C group, serum albumin content and the expression of nephrin and podocin decreased (P < 0.05), whereas blood lipid level and the expression of angptl3 increased (P < 0.05) in the M group. Glomerular foot process fusion was observed in this group using electron microscopy. In all the intervention groups, serum albumin content and the expression of nephrin and podocin increased (P < 0.05), whereas blood lipid level and the expression of angptl3 decreased (P < 0.05), with alleviated glomerular foot process injury observed particularly in the (M + Z + S) group. Conclusion The Nephropathy Prescription I can alleviate albuminuria, increase serum albumin levels, lower blood lipid levels, and reduce the fusion of foot processes of podocytes in mice with adriamycin-induced nephropathy. The protective effects of the Nephropathy Prescription I may function by reducing Angptl3 expression and increasing nephrin and podocin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhang
- Children's Hosptial of Fudan University Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Junchao Liu
- Children's Hosptial of Fudan University Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Children's Hosptial of Fudan University Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Children's Hosptial of Fudan University Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Children's Hosptial of Fudan University Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Teng Fan
- Children's Hosptial of Fudan University Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Children's Hosptial of Fudan University Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xinghui Han
- Children's Hosptial of Fudan University Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201102, China
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Gholaminejad A, Fathalipour M, Roointan A. Comprehensive analysis of diabetic nephropathy expression profile based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis algorithm. BMC Nephrol 2021; 22:245. [PMID: 34215202 PMCID: PMC8252307 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-021-02447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the major complication of diabetes mellitus, and leading cause of end-stage renal disease. The underlying molecular mechanism of DN is not yet completely clear. The aim of this study was to analyze a DN microarray dataset using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) algorithm for better understanding of DN pathogenesis and exploring key genes in the disease progression. Methods The identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in DN dataset GSE47183 were introduced to WGCNA algorithm to construct co-expression modules. STRING database was used for construction of Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of the genes in all modules and the hub genes were identified considering both the degree centrality in the PPI networks and the ranked lists of weighted networks. Gene ontology and Reactome pathway enrichment analyses were performed on each module to understand their involvement in the biological processes and pathways. Following validation of the hub genes in another DN dataset (GSE96804), their up-stream regulators, including microRNAs and transcription factors were predicted and a regulatory network comprising of all these molecules was constructed. Results After normalization and analysis of the dataset, 2475 significant DEGs were identified and clustered into six different co-expression modules by WGCNA algorithm. Then, DEGs of each module were subjected to functional enrichment analyses and PPI network constructions. Metabolic processes, cell cycle control, and apoptosis were among the top enriched terms. In the next step, 23 hub genes were identified among the modules in genes and five of them, including FN1, SLC2A2, FABP1, EHHADH and PIPOX were validated in another DN dataset. In the regulatory network, FN1 was the most affected hub gene and mir-27a and REAL were recognized as two main upstream-regulators of the hub genes. Conclusions The identified hub genes from the hearts of co-expression modules could widen our understanding of the DN development and might be of targets of future investigations, exploring their therapeutic potentials for treatment of this complicated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alieh Gholaminejad
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fathalipour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Amir Roointan
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Taherkhani A, Farrokhi Yekta R, Mohseni M, Saidijam M, Arefi Oskouie A. Chronic kidney disease: a review of proteomic and metabolomic approaches to membranous glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and IgA nephropathy biomarkers. Proteome Sci 2019; 17:7. [PMID: 31889913 PMCID: PMC6925425 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-019-0155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a global health problem annually affecting millions of people around the world. It is a comprehensive syndrome, and various factors may contribute to its occurrence. In this study, it was attempted to provide an accurate definition of chronic kidney disease; followed by focusing and discussing on molecular pathogenesis, novel diagnosis approaches based on biomarkers, recent effective antigens and new therapeutic procedures related to high-risk chronic kidney disease such as membranous glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and IgA nephropathy, which may lead to end-stage renal diseases. Additionally, a considerable number of metabolites and proteins that have previously been discovered and recommended as potential biomarkers of various CKDs using ‘-omics-’ technologies, proteomics, and metabolomics were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Taherkhani
- 1Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Maede Mohseni
- 3Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- 1Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Arefi Oskouie
- 4Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Miraji MK, Cheng Y, Ge S, Xu G. Identification of primary genes in glomeruli compartment of immunoglobulin A nephropathy by bioinformatic analysis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7067. [PMID: 31355054 PMCID: PMC6645034 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study is aimed to explore the specific genes which are responsible for the manifestation of Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Gene expression profiles GSE37460, GSE93798 and GSE104948 were analyzed using biological informatics methods to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in IgAN glomeruli samples which were then compared to normal control samples. Subsequently, the DEGs were overlapped to explore genes with significant expression in at least two profiles. Finally, the enrichment analysis was conducted and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed for the overlapping DEGs. A total of 28 genes were up-regulated and 10 genes were down-regulated. The up-regulated genes including CD44 and FN1 were chiefly involved in extracellular matrix receptors interaction pathway. In addition, CX3CR1 and CCL4 were associated with chemokine signaling pathway. ITGB2, PTPRC, FN1, and FCER1G were hub genes with a high degree of interaction in the PPI network. Therefore, this study identified many significant genes associated with extracellular matrix expansion and inflammatory mechanism which may be the novel biomarker and target candidates in IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khamis Miraji
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yichun Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuwang Ge
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Modulatory effects of fibronectin on calcium oxalate crystallization, growth, aggregation, adhesion on renal tubular cells, and invasion through extracellular matrix. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:235-246. [PMID: 30701361 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectin, an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, has been thought to be involved in pathogenic mechanisms of kidney stone disease, especially calcium oxalate (CaOx) type. Nevertheless, its precise roles in modulation of CaOx crystal remained unclear. We thus performed a systematic evaluation of effects of fibronectin on CaOx monohydrate (COM) crystal (the major causative chemical crystal in kidney stone formation) in various stages of kidney stone pathogenesis, including crystallization, crystal growth, aggregation, adhesion onto renal tubular cells, and invasion through ECM in renal interstitium. The data showed that fibronectin significantly decreased crystallization, growth and adhesive capability of COM crystals in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, COM crystal aggregation and invasion through ECM migration chamber were significantly enhanced by fibronectin in a dose-dependent fashion. Sequence analysis revealed three calcium-binding and six oxalate-binding domains in fibronectin. Immunofluorescence study confirmed binding of fibronectin to COM crystals. Additionally, calcium- and oxalate-affinity assays confirmed depletion of both calcium and oxalate ions after incubation with fibronectin. Moreover, calcium-saturated and oxalate-saturated forms of fibronectin markedly reduced the modulatory activities of fibronectin on COM crystallization, crystal growth, aggregation, and adhesion onto the cells. These data strongly indicate the dual functions of fibronectin, which serves as an inhibitor for COM crystallization, crystal growth and adhesion onto renal tubular cells, but on the other hand, acts as a promoter for COM crystal aggregation and invasion through ECM. Finally, its COM crystal modulatory activities are most likely mediated through binding with calcium and oxalate ions on the crystals and in their environment.
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Lin YC, Hwu Y, Huang GS, Hsiao M, Lee TT, Yang SM, Lee TK, Chen NY, Yang SS, Chen A, Ka SM. Differential synchrotron X-ray imaging markers based on the renal microvasculature for tubulointerstitial lesions and glomerulopathy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3488. [PMID: 28615647 PMCID: PMC5471266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High resolution synchrotron microtomography capable of revealing microvessels in three dimensional (3D) establishes distinct imaging markers of mouse kidney disease strongly associated to renal tubulointerstitial (TI) lesions and glomerulopathy. Two complementary mouse models of chronic kidney disease (CKD), unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), were used and five candidates of unique 3D imaging markers were identified. Our characterization to differentially reflect the altered microvasculature of renal TI lesions and/or glomerulopathy demonstrated these image features can be used to differentiate the disease status and the possible cause therefore qualified as image markers. These 3D imaging markers were further correlated with the histopathology and renal microvessel-based molecular study using antibodies against vascular endothelial cells (CD31), the connective tissue growth factor or the vascular endothelial growth factor. We also found that these 3D imaging markers individually characterize the development of renal TI lesions or glomerulopathy, quantitative and integrated use of all of them provide more information for differentiating the two renal conditions. Our findings thus establish a practical strategy to characterize the CKD-associated renal injuries by the microangiography-based 3D imaging and highlight the impact of dysfunctional microvasculature as a whole on the pathogenesis of the renal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeukuang Hwu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Shu Huang
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Tse Lee
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Min Yang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Kuo Lee
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Yow Chen
- National Center for High-Performance Computing, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Sen Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ann Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shuk-Man Ka
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, Academy of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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The experimental model of nephrotic syndrome induced by Doxorubicin in rodents: an update. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:287-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Yang SM, Hua KF, Lin YC, Chen A, Chang JM, Kuoping Chao L, Ho CL, Ka SM. Citral is renoprotective for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis and activating Nrf2 pathway in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74871. [PMID: 24069362 PMCID: PMC3775727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is considered to be associated with oxidative stress, mononuclear leukocyte recruitment and infiltration, and matrix production and/or matrix degradation, although the exact etiology and pathogenic pathways remain to be determined. Establishment of a pathogenesis-based therapeutic strategy for the disease is clinically warranted. Citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal), a major active compound in Litseacubeba, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, can inhibit oxidant activity, macrophage and NF-κB activation. In the present study, first, we used a mouse model of FSGS with the features of glomerular epithelial hyperplasia lesions (EPHLs), a key histopathology index of progression of FSGS, peri-glomerular inflammation, and progressive glomerular hyalinosis/sclerosis. When treated with citral for 28 consecutive days at a daily dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight by gavage, the FSGS mice showed greatly reduced EPHLs, glomerular hyalinosis/sclerosis and peri-glomerular mononuclear leukocyte infiltration, suggesting that citral may be renoprotective for FSGS and act by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis and early activating the Nrf2 pathway. Meanwhile, a macrophage model involved in anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities was employed and confirmed the beneficial effects of citral on the FSGS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Min Yang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Chuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ann Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jia-Ming Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Evaluation Platform, Development Center for Biotechnology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Louis Kuoping Chao
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chen-Lung Ho
- Division of Wood Cellulose, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shuk-Man Ka
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- * E-mail: ;
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de Mik SML, Hoogduijn MJ, de Bruin RW, Dor FJMF. Pathophysiology and treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: the role of animal models. BMC Nephrol 2013; 14:74. [PMID: 23547922 PMCID: PMC3637050 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a kidney disease with progressive glomerular scarring and a clinical presentation of nephrotic syndrome. FSGS is a common primary glomerular disorder that causes renal dysfunction which progresses slowly over time to end-stage renal disease. Most cases of FSGS are idiopathic Although kidney transplantation is a potentially curative treatment, 40% of patients have recurrence of FSGS after transplantation. In this review a brief summary of the pathogenesis causing FSGS in humans is given, and a variety of animal models used to study FSGS is discussed. These animal models include the reduction of renal mass by resecting 5/6 of the kidney, reduction of renal mass due to systemic diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia or SLE, drug-induced FSGS using adriamycin, puromycin or streptozotocin, virus-induced FSGS, genetically-induced FSGS such as via Mpv-17 inactivation and α-actinin 4 and podocin knockouts, and a model for circulating permeability factors. In addition, an animal model that spontaneously develops FSGS is discussed. To date, there is no exact understanding of the pathogenesis of idiopathic FSGS, and there is no definite curative treatment. One requirement facilitating FSGS research is an animal model that resembles human FSGS. Most animal models induce secondary forms of FSGS in an acute manner. The ideal animal model for primary FSGS, however, should mimic the human primary form in that it develops spontaneously and has a slow chronic progression. Such models are currently not available. We conclude that there is a need for a better animal model to investigate the pathogenesis and potential treatment options of FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvana M L de Mik
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Tsai PY, Ka SM, Chao TK, Chang JM, Lin SH, Li CY, Kuo MT, Chen P, Chen A. Antroquinonol reduces oxidative stress by enhancing the Nrf2 signaling pathway and inhibits inflammation and sclerosis in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1503-16. [PMID: 21376112 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis are involved in the development and progression of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), a common form of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome that represents a therapeutic challenge because it has a poor response to steroids. Antroquinonol (Antroq), a purified compound, is a major active component of a mushroom, namely Antrodia camphorata, that grows in the camphor tree in Taiwan, and it has inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production and inflammatory reactions. We hypothesized that Antroq might ameliorate FSGS renal lesions by modulating the pathogenic pathways of oxidative stress, inflammation, and glomerular sclerosis in the kidney. We demonstrate that Antroq significantly (1) attenuates proteinuria, renal dysfunction, and glomerulopathy, including epithelial hyperplasia lesions and podocyte injury; (2) reduces oxidative stress, leukocyte infiltration, and expression of fibrosis-related proteins in the kidney; (3) increases renal nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and glutathione peroxidase activity; and (4) inhibits renal nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and decreases levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in serum and kidney tissue in a mouse FSGS model. Our data suggest that Antroq might be a potential therapeutic agent for FSGS, acting by boosting Nrf2 activation and suppressing NF-κB-dependent inflammatory and TGF-β1-mediated fibrosis pathways in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Zou MS, Yu J, Zhou JH, Nie GM, Ding DS, Luo LM, Xu HT, He WS. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ameliorates podocytopenia in rats with adriamycin-induced nephropathy. Intern Med 2010; 49:2677-86. [PMID: 21173542 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.4174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of α3β1 integrin and α/β-dystroglycan in protective effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on podocytes in rats with adriamycin-induced nephropathy. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group (NC), nephropathy group (NE), and nephropathy+1,25(OH)2D3 group (ND). Rats in NE and ND group were injected intravenously with adriamycin (0.1 mg/10 g body weight) to induce nephropathy, and those in ND group were then subcutaneously treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 for 8 weeks. Urinary protein level, number of urine podocytes, foot process width and glomerulosclerotic index were determined. Nephrin and podocin mRNA and protein expressions were determined by RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. Podocyte density and expressions of α3β1 integrin and α/β-dystroglycan (DG) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and western blot, respectively. RESULTS The increase in proteinuria, podocyturia and width of foot process in NE group were ameliorated after treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 for 8 weeks. The glomerulosclerotic index was significantly decreased in ND group when compared with NE group. The podocyte density in ND group (10.3±1.64 cells/glomerulus) was significantly higher than that in NE group (8.43±1.75 cells/glomerulus) (p=0.008). 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment could significantly up-regulate the mRNA and protein expressions of nephrin and podocin, and the protein expressions of α3β1 integrin and α/β-DG. CONCLUSION The expressions of nephrin, podocin, α3β1 integrin and α/β-DG were decreased in rats with nephropathy. However, 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment could significantly up-regulate the expressions of nephrin, podocin, α3β1 integrin and α/β-DG proteins which might suppress podocyte detachment and podocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-shu Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Miyamoto T, Tamura M, Kabashima N, Serino R, Shibata T, Furuno Y, Miyazaki M, Baba R, Sato N, Doi Y, Okazaki M, Otsuji Y. An integrin-activating peptide, PHSRN, ameliorates inhibitory effects of conventional peritoneal dialysis fluids on peritoneal wound healing. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 25:1109-19. [PMID: 19926720 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioincompatible peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDFs) cause pathological changes in the peritoneal membrane, related to membrane dysfunction and progressive peritoneal fibrosis. We investigated the effects of Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Asn (PHSRN) peptide, one of the fibronectin cell-binding domains that activates integrins and reinforces wound healing, on peritoneal remodelling in a rat peritoneal injury model undergoing peritoneal dialysis. METHODS The peritoneal mesothelial monolayer was removed by a stripping procedure in rats receiving conventional high glucose-containing PDF supplemented with or without PHSRN or control His-Ser-Pro-Asn-Hrg (HSPNR) peptides. Effects of PHSRN on cell motility and signalling molecules were examined in cultured rat peritoneal mesothelial cells (RPMCs) and normal rat kidney fibroblasts (NRKs). RESULTS The cytokeratin- and HBME-1-positive mesothelial cell monolayer was selectively removed by the procedure. By day 6, HBME-1-positive cells had regenerated to 53.3 +/- 6.5% of the peritoneal surface in the control group. Regeneration of the mesothelial layer was delayed in the PDF group (35.2 +/- 10.2%, P < 0.05), but PHSRN reversed the effects of PDF (51.7 +/- 9.6%, P < 0.05). PDF treatment increased thickening of granulomatous submesothelial tissue and numbers of ED1-, CD31- and alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells, but PHSRN ameliorated these effects. HSPNR had no effects on mesothelial regeneration or peritoneal wound healing. PHSRN, but not HSPNR, recovered glucose-induced inhibition of cell motility and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and its downstream p130(Cas) in RPMCs and NRKs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PHSRN has beneficial effects on peritoneal regeneration by reducing the inhibitory effects of conventional PDF on integrin-mediated wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Miyamoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Huang TH, Shui HA, Ka SM, Tang BL, Chao TK, Chen JS, Lin YF, Chen A. Rab 23 is expressed in the glomerulus and plays a role in the development of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 24:743-54. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Otaki Y, Miyauchi N, Higa M, Takada A, Kuroda T, Gejyo F, Shimizu F, Kawachi H. Dissociation of NEPH1 from nephrin is involved in development of a rat model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F1376-87. [PMID: 18715943 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00075.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a disease showing severe proteinuria, and the disease progresses to end-stage kidney failure in many cases. However, the pathogenic mechanism of FSGS is not well understood. The slit diaphragm (SD), which bridges the neighboring foot processes of glomerular epithelial cells, is understood to function as a barrier of the glomerular capillary wall. To investigate the role of SD dysfunction in the development of FSGS, we analyzed the expression of SD-associated molecules in rat adriamycin-induced nephropathy, a mimic of FSGS. The staining of the SD molecules nephrin, podocin, and NEPH1 had already shifted to a discontinuous dotlike pattern at the initiation phase of the disease, when neither proteinuria nor any morphological alterations were detected yet. The alteration of NEPH1 expression was the most evident among the molecules examined, and NEPH1 was dissociated from nephrin at the initiation phase. On day 28, when severe proteinuria was detected and sclerotic changes were already observed, alteration of the expressions of nephrin, podocin, and NEPH1 worsened, but no alteration in the expression of other SD-associated molecules or other podocyte molecules was detected. It is postulated that the dissociation of NEPH1 from nephrin initiates proteinuria and that the SD alteration restricted in these molecules plays a critical role in the development of sclerotic changes in FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Otaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Nephrology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
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Shui HA, Ka SM, Yang SM, Lin YF, Lo YF, Chen A. Osteopontin as an injury marker expressing in epithelial hyperplasia lesions helpful in prognosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Transl Res 2007; 150:216-22. [PMID: 17900509 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is characterized by typical sclerosis but also shows other non-sclerotic lesions that provide prognostic informations. The glomerular epithelial hyperplasia lesion (EPHL) that develops earlier than the sclerotic lesions is a key determinant of progression of FSGS. However, the relationship among EPHL, glomeular sclerosis, and macrophage infiltration in FSGS is unclear, and the EPHL-associated markers helpful for prognosis of FSGS have still not been completely identified. Here, we performed clinicopathologic, immunochemical, and molecular analyses to examine whether osteopontin (OPN), a macrophage chemokine, is an injury marker of EPHLs correlating with glomerular sclerosis and macrophage mobilization. First, the FSGS model was induced in Balb/c mice by a single injection of adriamycin, and consecutive sclerosis changes were evaluated. In parallel, we used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses to determine levels of OPN in isolated glomeruli and urine, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was applied to assess the OPN expression in EPHLs and macrophage infiltration around the glomeruli. Our results showed that, within glomeruli, OPN expressed restrictedly within EPHL; the OPN mRNA and protein of glomeruli increased on day 11, correlating well with the early EPHL, and following sclerosis and macrophage infiltration. In addition, immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of OPN greatly highlighted early glomerular EPHLs, helping microscopic identification of EPHLs. We propose that the OPN expression in EPHLs could contribute to the progression of FSGS by recruiting macrophage toward the compromised glomeruli. Detection of OPN in glomeruli and urine could be helpful in prognosis of FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ai Shui
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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