Device for continuous extracorporeal blood purification using target-specific metal nanomagnets

Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles remove donor-specific antibodies (DSA) from patient blood in a first ex vivo proof of principle study

The presence of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) such as antibodies directed against donor class I human leucocyte antigen (e.g., HLA-A) is a major barrier to kidney transplant success. As a proof of concept, functionalized magnetic nanoparticles have been designed to eliminate DSA from saline, blood and plasma of healthy donors and sensitized patients. Specific HLA-A1 protein was covalently bound to functionalized cobalt nanoparticles (fNP), human serum albumin (HSA) as control. fNP were added to anti-HLA class I-spiked saline, spiked volunteers' whole blood, and to whole blood and plasma of sensitized patients ex vivo. Anti-HLA-A1 antibody levels were determined with Luminex technology. Antibodies' median fluorescent intensity (MFI) was defined as the primary outcome. Furthermore, the impact of fNP treatment on blood coagulation and cellular uptake was determined. Treatment with fNP reduced MFI by 97 ± 2% and by 94 ± 4% (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001) in spiked saline and whole blood, respectively. In six known sensitized anti-HLA-A1 positive patients, a reduction of 65 ± 26% (p = 0.002) in plasma and 65 ± 33% (p = 0.012) in whole blood was achieved. No impact on coagulation was observed. A minimal number of nanoparticles was detected in peripheral mononuclear blood cells. The study demonstrates-in a first step-the feasibility of anti-HLA antibody removal using fNP. These pilot data might pave the way for a new personalized DSA removal technology in the future.

Nanotools for Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment

Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death worldwide with high mortality rates and a pathological complexity hindering early and accurate diagnosis. Today, laboratory culture tests are the epitome of pathogen recognition in sepsis. However, their consistency remains an issue of controversy with false negative results often observed. Clinically used blood markers, C reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) are indicators of an acute-phase response and thus lack specificity, offering limited diagnostic efficacy. In addition to poor diagnosis, inefficient drug delivery and the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms constitute significant barriers in antibiotic stewardship and impede effective therapy. These challenges have prompted the exploration for alternative strategies that pursue accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Nanomaterials are examined for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in sepsis. The nanoparticle (NP)-enabled capture of sepsis causative agents and/or sepsis biomarkers in biofluids can revolutionize sepsis diagnosis. From the therapeutic point of view, currently existing nanoscale drug delivery systems have proven to be excellent allies in targeted therapy, while many other nanotherapeutic applications are envisioned. Herein, the most relevant applications of nanomedicine for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of sepsis is reviewed, providing a critical assessment of their potentiality for clinical translation.

The Interplay between Fe3O4 Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles, Sodium Butyrate, and Folic Acid for Intracellular Transport

Combined treatments which use nanoparticles and drugs could be a synergistic strategy for the treatment of a variety of cancers to overcome drug resistance, low efficacy, and high-dose-induced systemic toxicity. In this study, the effects on human colon adenocarcinoma cells of surface modified Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in combination with sodium butyrate (NaBu), added as a free formulation, were examined demonstrating that the co-delivery produced a cytotoxic effect on malignant cells. Two different MNP coatings were investigated: a simple polyethylene glycol (PEG) layer and a mixed folic acid (FA) and PEG layer. Our results demonstrated that MNPs with FA (FA-PEG@MNPs) have a better cellular uptake than the ones without FA (PEG@MNPs), probably due to the presence of folate that acts as an activator of folate receptors (FRs) expression. However, in the presence of NaBu, the difference between the two types of MNPs was reduced. These similar behaviors for both MNPs likely occurred because of the differentiation induced by butyrate that increases the uptake of ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Moreover, we observed a strong decrease of cell viability in a NaBu dose-dependent manner. Taking into account these results, the cooperation of multifunctional MNPs with NaBu, taking into consideration the particular cancer-cell properties, can be a valuable tool for future cancer treatment.

Model of Magnetic Particle Capture Under Physiological Flow Rates for Cytokine Removal During Cardiopulmonary Bypass

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study is to design a physical model of a magnetic filtration system which can separate magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-tagged cytokines from fluid at physiologically relevant flow rates employed during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) procedures.

METHODS

The Navier-Stokes equations for the pressure driven flow in the chamber and the quasistatic stray magnetic field produced by an array of permanent magnets were solved using finite element analysis in COMSOL Multiphysics for 2D and 3D representations of the flow chamber. Parameters affecting the drag and magnetic forces including flow chamber dimensions, high gradient magnet array configurations, and particle properties, were changed and evaluated for their effect on MNP capture.

RESULTS

Flow chamber dimensions which achieve appropriate flow conditions for CPB were identified, and magnetic force within the chamber decreased with increased chamber height. A magnetic "block" array produced the highest magnetic force within the chamber. Polymeric microparticles loaded with MNPs were shown to have increased particle capture with increased hydrodynamic diameter.

CONCLUSION

The model achieved a predicted efficiency up to 100% capture in a single-pass of fluid flowing at 1.75 L/min.

SIGNIFICANCE

This work is an important step in designing a magnetic flow chamber that can remove the magnetically tagged cytokines under high flow employed during CPB. Cytokines have been shown to stimulate the systemic inflammatory response (SIR) associated with CPB and are an established therapeutic target to mitigate the SIR. In the long term, this work aims to guide researchers in the more accurate design of magnetic separation systems.

Hemocompatible magnetic particles with broad-spectrum bacteria capture capability for blood purification

Pathogen capture and removal from whole blood is a new strategy for extracorporeal blood purification, especially in initial treatment of sepsis before pathogen identification. Herein, hemocompatible magnetic particles with broad-spectrum bacteria capture capability were proposed for pathogen removal from whole blood, omitting the necessity of pathogen identification. Firstly, we designed and synthesized a new kind of imidazolium-based ionic liquid with good antibacterial activity, and polydopamine coating was utilized as a hemocompatible platform to immobilize ionic liquids on Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, forming the hemocompatible magnetic particles (Fe₃O₄@PDA-IL). The magnetic particles exhibited good hemocompatibility and performed well in the removal of various species of clinically significant pathogens from human whole blood, including S. aureus, E. coli, and the hard-to-treat bacteria of P. aeruginosa and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, which are the most common pathogens in bloodstream infections. Besides, the Fe₃O₄@PDA-IL particles were also capable to remove bacterial endotoxins from blood, inhibiting further aggravation of sepsis. Overall, we demonstrated the application of hemocompatible magnetic particles in the removal of pathogens and bacterial endotoxins from whole blood via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, without significant effects on blood cells or the activation of coagulation and complement, addressing the feasibility of using imidazolium-based ionic liquids for bacteria capture and removal from whole blood. It would contribute to the development of magnetic separation-based approaches to remove bacteria and bacterial endotoxin for extracorporeal blood purification, especially in initial sepsis therapy before pathogen identification.

Tailoring the Colloidal Stability, Magnetic Separability, and Cytocompatibility of High-Capacity Magnetic Anion Exchangers

Extracorporeal blood purification has been applied to artificially support kidney or liver function. However, convection and diffusion based blood purification systems have limited removal rates for high molecular weight and hydrophobic molecules. This limitation is due to the finite volume of infusion and limited membrane permeability, respectively. Adsorption provides an attractive alternative for the removal of higher molecular weight compounds. The use of adsorption resins containing ion exchanging groups to capture specific molecules has become well-established. Instead of stationary adsorption resins, however, ion exchanging polymers may be immobilized on magnetic particles and serve as freely diffusing, mobile, high capacity solid phase of ion exchange chromatography. While small beads with high surface area are attractive in terms of mass transfer and binding, unifying high capturing capacity with rapid and quantitative bead recovery remains an issue. Therefore, most of the current magnetic ion exchangers are based on micron-sized beads or require long times to separate. In addition to unfavorable magnetic recovery rates, the usually poor cytocompatibility limits their applicability in biomedicine. Here, we report on the synthesis and performance of polycationic polymer coated magnetic nanoflowers (MNF) for highly efficacious anion capturing. We demonstrate accurate control over the polymer content and composition on the beads and show its direct influence on colloidal stability, capturing capacity and magnetic separability. We present the removal of clinically relevant targets by capturing bilirubin with capacities 2-fold higher than previous work as well as quantitative heparin removal. Additionally, we illustrate how copolymerization of poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMEMA) leads to improved cytocompatibility of the polymer-coated MNF capturing agents while retaining high capturing capacities. Taken together, we present a nanoparticle/polymer material, which upon future in vivo validation, unifies high binding capacities and magnetic separability for rapid toxin capturing and hence fulfills key requirements of clinical utility.

Biochemical functionality of magnetic particles as nanosensors: how far away are we to implement them into clinical practice?

Magnetic nanosensors have become attractive instruments for the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases. They represent an efficient carrier system in drug delivery or in transporting contrast agents. For such purposes, magnetic nanosensors are used in vivo (intracorporeal application). To remove specific compounds from blood, magnetic nanosensors act as elimination system, which represents an extracorporeal approach. This review discusses principles, advantages and risks on recent advances in the field of magnetic nanosensors. First, synthesis methods for magnetic nanosensors and possibilities for enhancement of biocompatibility with different coating materials are addressed. Then, attention is devoted to clinical applications, in which nanosensors are or may be used as carrier- and elimination systems in the near future. Finally, risk considerations and possible effects of nanomaterials are discussed when working towards clinical applications with magnetic nanosensors.

Magnetic extraction of toxin binding liposomes; a method to ameliorate drug toxicity? Preliminary in vitro/ in vivo study

AIM

Removal of a toxin from the body once absorbed is usually not possible. We describe the use of magnetite containing pH gradient 'MagnepH' liposomes to overcome limitations preventing removal.

METHODS

MagnepH liposomes were added to albumin solution containing amitriptyline and dosed intravenously in rats prior to amitriptyline injection. Albumin solution or drawn blood was exposed to a magnet and sampled.

RESULTS

One third of amitriptyline was extracted in vitro. In vivo amitriptyline concentrations were 1830 nmol/l (controls) and 10870 nmol/l (MagnepH; n = 2). Amitriptyline extraction increased from 0.6% (control) to 10.4% (MagnepH; 95% CI for difference 2.0-17.6%).

CONCLUSION

MagnepH liposomes sequestered amitriptyline and could then be extracted. This method has potential to ameliorate limitations to extracorporeal removal of toxins in poisoning.

An intravascular magnetic wire for the high-throughput retrieval of circulating tumour cells in vivo

The detection and analysis of rare blood biomarkers is necessary for early diagnosis of cancer and to facilitate the development of tailored therapies. However, current methods for the isolation of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) or nucleic acids present in a standard clinical sample of only 5-10 ml of blood provide inadequate yields for early cancer detection and comprehensive molecular profiling. Here, we report the development of a flexible magnetic wire that can retrieve rare biomarkers from the subject's blood in vivo at a much higher yield. The wire is inserted and removed through a standard intravenous catheter and captures biomarkers that have been previously labelled with injected magnetic particles. In a proof-of-concept experiment in a live porcine model, we demonstrate the in vivo labelling and single-pass capture of viable model CTCs in less than 10 s. The wire achieves capture efficiencies that correspond to enrichments of 10-80 times the amount of CTCs in a 5-ml blood draw, and 500-5,000 times the enrichments achieved using the commercially available Gilupi CellCollector.

Advection Flows-Enhanced Magnetic Separation for High-Throughput Bacteria Separation from Undiluted Whole Blood

A major challenge to scale up a microfluidic magnetic separator for extracorporeal blood cleansing applications is to overcome low magnetic drag velocity caused by viscous blood components interfering with magnetophoresis. Therefore, there is an unmet need to develop an effective method to position magnetic particles to the area of augmented magnetic flux density gradients while retaining clinically applicable throughput. Here, a magnetophoretic cell separation device, integrated with slanted ridge-arrays in a microfluidic channel, is reported. The slanted ridges patterned in the microfluidic channels generate spiral flows along the microfluidic channel. The cells bound with magnetic particles follow trajectories of the spiral streamlines and are repeatedly transferred in a transverse direction toward the area adjacent to a ferromagnetic nickel structure, where they are exposed to a highly augmented magnetic force of 7.68 µN that is much greater than the force (0.35 pN) at the side of the channel furthest from the nickel structure. With this approach, 91.68% ± 2.18% of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bound with magnetic nanoparticles are successfully separated from undiluted whole blood at a flow rate of 0.6 mL h^-1 in a single microfluidic channel, whereas only 23.98% ± 6.59% of E. coli are depleted in the conventional microfluidic device.

Nondestructive in-line sub-picomolar detection of magnetic nanoparticles in flowing complex fluids

Over the last decades, the use of magnetic nanoparticles in research and commercial applications has increased dramatically. However, direct detection of trace quantities remains a challenge in terms of equipment cost, operating conditions and data acquisition times, especially in flowing conditions within complex media. Here we present the in-line, non-destructive detection of magnetic nanoparticles using high performance atomic magnetometers at ambient conditions in flowing media. We achieve sub-picomolar sensitivities measuring ~30 nm ferromagnetic iron and cobalt nanoparticles that are suitable for biomedical and industrial applications, under flowing conditions in water and whole blood. Additionally, we demonstrate real-time surveillance of the magnetic separation of nanoparticles from water and whole blood. Overall our system has the merit of in-line direct measurement of trace quantities of ferromagnetic nanoparticles with so far unreached sensitivities and could be applied in the biomedical field (diagnostics and therapeutics) but also in the industrial sector.

Removal of Cells from Body Fluids by Magnetic Separation in Batch and Continuous Mode: Influence of Bead Size, Concentration, and Contact Time

The magnetic separation of pathogenic compounds from body fluids is an appealing therapeutic concept. Recently, removal of a diverse array of pathogens has been demonstrated using extracorporeal dialysis-type devices. The contact time between the fluid and the magnetic beads in such devices is limited to a few minutes. This poses challenges, particularly if large compounds such as bacteria or cells need to be removed. Here, we report on the feasibility to remove cells from body fluids in a continuous dialysis type of setting. We assessed tumor cell removal efficiencies from physiological fluids with or without white blood cells using a range of different magnetic bead sizes (50-4000 nm), concentrations, and contact times. We show that tumor cells can be quantitatively removed from body fluids within acceptable times (1-2 min) and bead concentrations (0.2 mg per mL). We further present a mathematical model to describe the minimal bead number concentration needed to remove a certain number of cells, in the presence of competing nonspecific uptake. The present study paves the way for investigational studies to assess the therapeutic potential of cell removal by magnetic blood purification in a dialysis-like setting.

Biomedical applications of high gradient magnetic separation: progress towards therapeutic haeomofiltration

High gradient magnetic separation is a well-established technology in the mineral processing industry, and has been used for decades in the bioprocessing industry. Less well known is the increasing role that high gradient magnetic separation is playing in biomedical applications, for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. We review here the state of the art in this emerging field, with a focus on therapeutic haemofiltration, the key enabling technologies relating to the functionalisation of magnetic nanoparticles with target-specific binding agents, and the development of extra-corporeal circuits to enable the in situ filtering of human blood.

In vivo risk evaluation of carbon-coated iron carbide nanoparticles based on short- and long-term exposure scenarios

BACKGROUND

While carbon-encapsulated iron carbide nanoparticles exhibit strong magnetic properties appealing for biomedical applications, potential side effects of such materials remain comparatively poorly understood. Here, we assess the effects of iron-based nanoparticles in an in vivo long-term study in mice with observation windows between 1 week and 1 year.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Functionalized (PEG or IgG) carbon-encapsulated platinum-spiked iron carbide nanoparticles were injected intravenously in mice (single or repeated dose administration).

RESULTS

One week after administration, magnetic nanoparticles were predominantly localized in organs of the reticuloendothelial system, particularly the lung and liver. After 1 year, particles were still present in these organs, however, without any evident tissue alterations, such as inflammation, fibrosis, necrosis or carcinogenesis. Importantly, reticuloendothelial system organs presented with normal function.

CONCLUSION

This long-term exposure study shows high in vivo compatibility of intravenously applied carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles suggesting continuing investigations on such materials for biomedical applications.

Theranostic body fluid cleansing: rationally designed magnetic particles enable capturing and detection of bacterial pathogens

We show theoretical and experimental considerations on bacteria capturing and enrichment via magnetic separation enabling integrated diagnosis and treatment of blood stream infections.

Future Avenues to Decrease Uremic Toxin Concentration

In this article, we review approaches for decreasing uremic solute concentrations in chronic kidney disease and in particular, in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The rationale to do so is the straightforward relation between concentration and biological (toxic) effect for most toxins. The first section is devoted to extracorporeal strategies (kidney replacement therapy). In the context of high-flux hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration, we discuss increasing dialyzer blood and dialysate flows, frequent and/or extended dialysis, adsorption, bioartificial kidney, and changing physical conditions within the dialyzer (especially for protein-bound toxins). The next section focuses on the intestinal generation of uremic toxins, which in return is stimulated by uremic conditions. Therapeutic options are probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and intestinal sorbents. Current data are conflicting, and these issues need further study before useful therapeutic concepts are developed. The following section is devoted to preservation of (residual) kidney function. Although many therapeutic options may overlap with therapies provided before ESRD, we focus on specific aspects of ESRD treatment, such as the risks of too-strict blood pressure and glycemic regulation and hemodynamic changes during dialysis. Finally, some recommendations are given on how research might be organized with regard to uremic toxins and their effects, removal, and impact on outcomes of uremic patients.

Magnetic separation-based blood purification: a promising new approach for the removal of disease-causing compounds?

Recent studies report promising results regarding extracorporeal magnetic separation-based blood purification for the rapid and selective removal of disease-causing compounds from whole blood. High molecular weight compounds, bacteria and cells can be eliminated from blood within minutes, hence offering novel treatment strategies for the management of intoxications and blood stream infections. However, risks associated with incomplete particle separation and the biological consequences of particles entering circulation remain largely unclear. This article discusses the promising future of magnetic separation-based purification while keeping important safety considerations in mind.

Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for enhanced intracellular drug transport

New multicomponent biocompatible MNPs are designed as intracellular vectors to in situ load antitumor drugs and transport them inside cells.

Rapid surface-biostructure interaction analysis using strong metal-based nanomagnets

Nanomaterials are increasingly suggested for the selective adsorption and extraction of complex compounds in biomedicine. Binding of the latter requires specific surface modifications of the nanostructures. However, even complicated macromolecules such as proteins can afford affinities toward basic surface characteristics such as hydrophobicity, topology, and electrostatic charge. In this study, we address these more basic physical interactions. In a model system, the interaction of bovine serum albumin and amyloid β 42 fibrillar aggregates with carbon-coated cobalt nanoparticles, functionalized with various polymers differing in character, was studied. The possibility of rapid magnetic separation upon binding to the surface represents a valuable tool for studying surface interactions and selectivities. We find that the surface interaction of Aβ 42 fibrillar aggregates is mostly hydrophobic in nature. Because bovine serum albumin (BSA) is conformationally adaptive, it is known to bind surfaces with widely differing properties (charge, topology, and hydrophobicity). However, the rate of tight binding (no desorption upon washing) can vary largely depending on the extent of necessary conformational changes for a specific surface. We found that BSA can only bind slowly to polyethylenimine-coated nanomagnets. Under competitive conditions (high excess BSA compared to that for β 42 fibrillar aggregates), this effect is beneficial for targeting the fibrillar species. These findings highlight the possibility of selective extractions from complex media when advantageous basic physical surface properties are chosen.

Nanomagnet-based removal of lead and digoxin from living rats

In a number of clinical conditions such as intoxication, bacteraemia or autoimmune diseases the removal of the disease-causing factor from blood would be the most direct cure. However, physicochemical characteristics of the target compounds limit the applicability of classical filtration and diffusion-based processes. In this work, we present a first in vivo magnetic blood purification rodent animal model and demonstrate its ability to rapidly clear toxins from blood circulation using two model toxins with stable plasma levels (lead (Pb(2+)) and digoxin). Ultra-strong functionalized metal nanomagnets are employed to eliminate the toxin from whole blood in an extracorporeal circuit. In the present experimental demonstration over 40% of the toxin (i.e. lead or digoxin) was removed within the first 10 minutes and over 75% within 40 minutes. After capturing the target substance, a magnetic trap prevents the toxin-loaded nanoparticles from entering the blood circulation. Elemental analysis and magnetic hysteresis measurements confirm full particle recovery by simple magnetic separation (residual particle concentration below 1 μg mL(-1) (detection limit)). We demonstrate that magnetic separation-based blood purification offers rapid blood cleaning from noxious agents, germs or other deleterious materials with relevance to a number of clinical conditions. Based on this new approach, current blood purification technologies can be extended to efficiently remove disease-causing factors, e.g. overdosed drugs, bacteria or cancer cells without being limited by filter cut-offs or column surface saturation.

Synthesis of trisubstituted ureas by a multistep sequence utilizing recyclable magnetic reagents and scavengers

Unprecedented magnetic borohydride exchange (mBER), magnetic Wang aldehyde (mWang) and magnetic amine resins were prepared from highly magnetic polymer-coated cobalt or iron nanoparticles. Microwave irradiation was used to obtain excellent degrees of functionalization (>95 %) and loadings (up to 3.0 mmol  g(-1)) in short reaction times of 15 min or less. A small library of ureas and thioureas was synthesized by the exclusive application of these magnetic resins. As a first step, a reductive amination of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes was carried out with mBER. The excess of primary amine needed to complete the reaction was subsequently scavenged selectively by mWang. Simple magnetic decantation from the resins resulted in secondary amines in good to excellent yields and purities. The used magnetic resins were efficiently regenerated and reused for the next run. In a second step, the secondary amines were converted to trisubstituted (thio)ureas in excellent yields and purities by stirring with an excess of iso(thio)cyanate, which was scavenged by addition of the magnetic amine resin after completion of the reaction. The whole reaction sequence is carried out without any purification apart from magnetic decantation; moreover, conventional magnetic stirring can be used as opposed to the vortexing required for polystyrene resins.

Endotoxin removal by magnetic separation-based blood purification

This work describes a magnetic separation-based approach using polymyxin B-functionalized metal alloy nanomagnets for the rapid elimination of endotoxins from human blood in vitro and functional assays to evaluate the biological relevance of the blood purification process. Playing a central role in gram-negative sepsis, bacteria-derived endotoxins are attractive therapeutic targets. However, both direct endotoxin detection in and removal from protein-rich fluids remains challenging. We present the synthesis and functionalization of ultra-magnetic cobalt/iron alloy nanoparticles and a magnetic separation-based approach using polymyxin B-functionalized nanomagnets to remove endotoxin from human blood in vitro. Conventional chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assays confirm decreased endotoxin activity in purified compared to untreated samples. Functional assays assessing key steps in host defense against bacteria show an attenuated inflammatory mediator expression from human primary endothelial cells in response to purified blood samples compared to untreated blood and less chemotactic activity. Exposing Escherichia coli-positive blood samples to polymyxin B-functionalized nanomagnets even impairs the ability of gram-negative bacteria to form colony forming units, thus making magnetic separation based blood purification a promising new approach for future sepsis treatment.

2, 2'-(Phenylazanediyl) diacetic acid modified Fe3O4@PEI for selective removal of cadmium ions from blood

A water-dispersible and supermagnetic nanocomposite (PAD-PEG-Fe(3)O(4)@PEI) has been successfully synthesized using polyethylenimine (PEI, Mol MW = 10000) coated supermagnetic Fe(3)O(4)-NH(2) which was modified with 2, 2'-(phenylazanediyl) diacetic acid (PAD) through the bridge of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, Mol MW = 2000). The average particle size of PAD-PEG-Fe(3)O(4)@PEI was determined by TEM, and was about 50 nm. From magnetic hysteresis cycles for PAD-PEG-Fe(3)O(4)@PEI at room temperature, the saturation magnetization (Ms) was shown to be 58.14 emu g(-1). Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP) analysis showed that the designed magnetic nanocomposite can remove 98% and 80% of Cd(2+) from water and blood, respectively.