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Yang Z, Yang J, Mao Y, Li MD. Investigation of the genetic effect of 56 tobacco-smoking susceptibility genes on DNA methylation and RNA expression in human brain. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:924062. [PMID: 36061282 PMCID: PMC9433921 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.924062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although various susceptibility genes have been revealed to influence tobacco smoking, the underlying regulatory mechanisms between genetic variants and smoking are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated cis-expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTLs) and methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTLs) for 56 candidate smoking-linked genes using the BrainCloud cohort samples. An eQTL was revealed to significantly affect EGLN2 expression in the European sample and two mQTLs were respectively detected in CpG sites in NRXN1 and CYP2A7. Interestingly, we found for the first time that the minor allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3745277 located in CYP2A7P1 (downstream of CYP2B6) significantly decreased methylation at the CpG site for CYP2A7 (cg25427638; P = 5.31 × 10-7), reduced expression of CYP2B6 (P = 0.03), and lowered the percentage of smokers (8.8% vs. 42.3%; Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.14, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.02-0.62; P = 4.47 × 10-3) in a dominant way for the same cohort sample. Taken together, our findings resulted from analyzing genetic variation, DNA methylation, mRNA expression, and smoking status together using the same participants revealed a regulatory mechanism linking mQTLs to the smoking phenotype. Moreover, we demonstrated the presence of different regulatory effects of low-frequency and common variants on mRNA expression and DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiekun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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El-Boraie A, Tanner JA, Zhu AZX, Claw KG, Prasad B, Schuetz EG, Thummel KE, Fukunaga K, Mushiroda T, Kubo M, Benowitz NL, Lerman C, Tyndale RF. Functional characterization of novel rare CYP2A6 variants and potential implications for clinical outcomes. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 15:204-220. [PMID: 34476898 PMCID: PMC8742641 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP2A6 activity, phenotyped by the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), is a predictor of several smoking behaviors, including cessation and smoking‐related disease risk. The heritability of the NMR is 60–80%, yet weighted genetic risk scores (wGRSs) based on common variants explain only 30–35%. Rare variants (minor allele frequency <1%) are hypothesized to explain some of this missing heritability. We present two targeted sequencing studies where rare protein‐coding variants are functionally characterized in vivo, in silico, and in vitro to examine this hypothesis. In a smoking cessation trial, 1687 individuals were sequenced; characterization measures included the in vivo NMR, in vitro protein expression, and metabolic activity measured from recombinant proteins. In a human liver bank, 312 human liver samples were sequenced; measures included RNA expression, protein expression, and metabolic activity from extracted liver tissue. In total, 38 of 47 rare coding variants identified were novel; characterizations ranged from gain‐of‐function to loss‐of‐function. On a population level, the portion of NMR variation explained by the rare coding variants was small (~1%). However, upon incorporation, the accuracy of the wGRS was improved for individuals with rare protein‐coding variants (i.e., the residuals were reduced), and approximately one‐third of these individuals (12/39) were re‐assigned from normal to slow metabolizer status. Rare coding variants can alter an individual’s CYP2A6 activity; their integration into wGRSs through precise functional characterization is necessary to accurately assess clinical outcomes and achieve precision medicine for all. Investigation into noncoding variants is warranted to further explain the missing heritability in the NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Boraie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Andy Z X Zhu
- Department of Quantitative Translational Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katrina G Claw
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Erin G Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Koya Fukunaga
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Michiaki Kubo
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Department of Psychiatry, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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El-Boraie A, Tyndale RF. The Role of Pharmacogenetics in Smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:599-606. [PMID: 34165800 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Smoking continues to be the leading preventable contributor to death worldwide. Twin studies have suggested a significant genetic contribution underlying most smoking behaviors (40-70% heritability estimates). Candidate gene studies of smoking phenotypes have identified several pharmacogenes implicated in nicotine's pharmacokinetics (CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2A13, FMOs, UGTs, and OCT2), and nicotine's pharmacodynamic response in the central nervous system (nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, as well as through the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems). Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have confirmed the role of certain pharmacogenes through hypothesis-free approaches. Furthermore, pharmacogenes that alter the efficacy of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies, including nicotine replacement therapies, bupropion, and varenicline, may also impact quitting success. In this brief review we highlight the role of pharmacogenes in smoking behaviors, such as smoking status, consumption, nicotine dependence, spontaneous quitting, and altered abstinence to pharmacotherapies; We provide examples from initial candidate gene associations and subsequent GWAS. The genes CYP2A6 and the CHRNA5-A3-B4 confer the most replicated sources of genetic variation in smoking behaviors, likely due to their importance in nicotine's pharmacology. We will also provide examples of genetic scoring approaches, and the role of rare variants in explaining a portion of the missing heritability in smoking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Boraie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Icick R, Forget B, Cloëz-Tayarani I, Pons S, Maskos U, Besson M. Genetic susceptibility to nicotine addiction: Advances and shortcomings in our understanding of the CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster contribution. Neuropharmacology 2020; 177:108234. [PMID: 32738310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, robust human genetic findings have been instrumental in elucidating the heritable basis of nicotine addiction (NA). They highlight coding and synonymous polymorphisms in a cluster on chromosome 15, encompassing the CHRNA5, CHRNA3 and CHRNB4 genes, coding for three subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). They have inspired an important number of preclinical studies, and will hopefully lead to the definition of novel drug targets for treating NA. Here, we review these candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and their direct implication in human brain function and NA-related phenotypes. We continue with a description of preclinical work in transgenic rodents that has led to a mechanistic understanding of several of the genetic hits. We also highlight important issues with regards to CHRNA3 and CHRNB4 where we are still lacking a dissection of their role in NA, including even in preclinical models. We further emphasize the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived models for the analysis of synonymous and intronic variants on a human genomic background. Finally, we indicate potential avenues to further our understanding of the role of this human genetic variation. This article is part of the special issue on 'Contemporary Advances in Nicotine Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Icick
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France; Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis, Lariboisière, Fernand Widal, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75010, France; INSERM UMR-S1144, Paris, F-75006, France; FHU "NOR-SUD", Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75001, France
| | - Benoît Forget
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France; Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Isabelle Cloëz-Tayarani
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France; FHU "NOR-SUD", Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75001, France
| | - Stéphanie Pons
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France; FHU "NOR-SUD", Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75001, France
| | - Uwe Maskos
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France; FHU "NOR-SUD", Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75001, France
| | - Morgane Besson
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France; FHU "NOR-SUD", Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75001, France.
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5
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Melzer AC, Golden SE, Wiener RS, Iaccarino JM, Slatore CG. A Brief Report of Smoking Behaviors in Patients with Incidental Pulmonary Nodules: Associations with Communication and Risk Perception. Tob Use Insights 2019; 12:1179173X19839059. [PMID: 31019369 PMCID: PMC6466466 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x19839059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Incidental pulmonary nodules (IPNs) are commonly found on routine chest
imaging. Little is known about smoking behaviors among patients with IPNs or
characteristics of patient-clinician communication that may contribute to
these behaviors. We assessed the association of patient characteristics and
communication quality with smoking behaviors and stage of change for tobacco
cessation among patients with IPNs. Materials and methods: Prospective, repeated-measures, cohort study of current smokers and past-year
quitters with IPNs treated within the Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care
System. Eligible patients had newly reported, incidental nodules <3 cm
planned for non-urgent computed tomography (CT) follow-up. Our primary
outcomes were changes in amount smoked and stage of change for tobacco
cessation throughout the follow-up period. We used multivariable-adjusted
generalized estimating equations for analyses. Results: We identified 37 current smokers and 9 recent quitters. By the final visit, 8
of 36 (22%) baseline smokers had quit and 2 of 7 (29%) recent quitters had
resumed smoking. Of 40 respondents, 23 (58%) reported receiving any tobacco
treatment (recommendation to quit, medication, and/or behavioral treatment)
at least once during follow-up. We found no significant associations of
high-quality communication, patient distress, self-perceived risk of lung
cancer, and self-reported clinician-recommended smoking cessation
interventions with decrease in amount smoked or positive stage of
change. Conclusions: Many smokers and recent quitters with IPNs quit during follow-up, though
nearly half reported no quit support. We found no association between
communication quality or quit support and decreased smoking. The intensity
of tobacco treatment offered may have been insufficient to affect
behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Melzer
- Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Healthcare System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sara E Golden
- Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Renda Soylemez Wiener
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Bedford VA Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Iaccarino
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher G Slatore
- Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
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6
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O'Dowd EL, Baldwin DR. Lung cancer screening-low dose CT for lung cancer screening: recent trial results and next steps. Br J Radiol 2017; 91:20170460. [PMID: 28749712 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Screening for lung cancer using low-dose CT has already been implemented in North America following the results of the National Lung Screening Trial. Outside North America, clinicians and researchers are addressing issues that may have a major impact on the success of screening programmes by reviewing results of existing trials and by designing new research and pilot programmes. This review summarizes the work that has been done to try to answer the remaining questions and highlights potential barriers which may affect screening uptake and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Louise O'Dowd
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - David R Baldwin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
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Pedersen JH, Sørensen JB, Saghir Z, Fløtten Ø, Brustugun OT, Ashraf H, Strand TE, Friesland S, Koyi H, Ek L, Nyrén S, Bergman P, Jekunen A, Nieminen EM, Gudbjartsson T. Implementation of lung cancer CT screening in the Nordic countries. Acta Oncol 2017; 56:1249-1257. [PMID: 28571524 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2017.1329592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We review the current knowledge of CT screening for lung cancer and present an expert-based, joint protocol for the proper implementation of screening in the Nordic countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experts representing all the Nordic countries performed literature review and concensus for a joint protocol for lung cancer screening. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Areas of concern and caution are presented and discussed. We suggest to perform CT screening pilot studies in the Nordic countries in order to gain experience and develop specific and safe protocols for the implementation of such a program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Holst Pedersen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery RT Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Benn Sørensen
- Department of Oncology, Finsen Centre/Rigshospitalet Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zaigham Saghir
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Øystein Fløtten
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Haukeland universitetssjukehus, Bergen, Norway
| | - Odd Terje Brustugun
- Section of Oncology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Haseem Ashraf
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Radiology, Akershus University Hospital, Loerenskog, Norway
| | | | - Signe Friesland
- Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hirsh Koyi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gävle Hospital, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Lars Ek
- Department of Heart and Lung Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Sven Nyrén
- Department of Thoraxradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Bergman
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antti Jekunen
- Vaasa Oncology Clinic, Turku University, Turku, Finland
| | - Eeva-Maija Nieminen
- Helsinki University, Helsinki University Hospital, Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomas Gudbjartsson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Landspitli University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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8
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Hubacek J, Pankova A, Stepankova L, Zvolska K, Adamkova V, Lanska V, Kralikova E. SNPs within CHRNA5-A3-B4 and CYP2A6/B6 are associated with smoking dependence but not with tobacco dependence treatment outcomes in the Czech population. Gene 2017; 606:35-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tanner NT, Kanodra NM, Gebregziabher M, Payne E, Halbert CH, Warren GW, Egede LE, Silvestri GA. The Association between Smoking Abstinence and Mortality in the National Lung Screening Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:534-41. [PMID: 26502000 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201507-1420oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Smoking is the largest contributor to lung cancer risk, and those who continue to smoke after diagnosis have a worse survival. Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) reduces mortality in high-risk individuals. Smoking cessation is an essential component of a high-quality screening program. OBJECTIVES To quantify the effects of smoking history and abstinence on mortality in high-risk individuals who participated in the NLST (National Lung Screening Trial). METHODS This is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (NLST). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Measurements included self-reported demographics, medical and smoking history, and lung cancer-specific and all-cause mortality. Cox regression was used to study the association of mortality with smoking status and pack-years. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were examined for differences in survival based on trial arm and smoking status. Current smokers had an increased lung cancer-specific (hazard ratio [HR], 2.14-2.29) and all-cause mortality (HR, 1.79-1.85) compared with former smokers irrespective of screening arm. Former smokers in the control arm abstinent for 7 years had a 20% mortality reduction comparable with the benefit reported with LDCT screening in the NLST. The maximum benefit was seen with the combination of smoking abstinence at 15 years and LDCT screening, which resulted in a 38% reduction in lung cancer-specific mortality (HR, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.76). CONCLUSIONS Seven years of smoking abstinence reduced lung cancer-specific mortality at a magnitude comparable with LDCT screening. This reduction was greater when abstinence was combined with screening, highlighting the importance of smoking cessation efforts in screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole T Tanner
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine.,2 Health Equity and Rural Outreach Innovation Center, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Hospital, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Mulugeta Gebregziabher
- 3 Department of Public Health Sciences.,2 Health Equity and Rural Outreach Innovation Center, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Hospital, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Chanita Hughes Halbert
- 4 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Hollings Cancer Center.,2 Health Equity and Rural Outreach Innovation Center, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Hospital, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Graham W Warren
- 5 Department of Radiation Oncology.,6 Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, and
| | - Leonard E Egede
- 7 Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and.,2 Health Equity and Rural Outreach Innovation Center, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Hospital, Charleston, South Carolina
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Melroy-Greif WE, Stitzel JA, Ehringer MA. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: upregulation, age-related effects and associations with drug use. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:89-107. [PMID: 26351737 PMCID: PMC4780670 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that exogenously bind nicotine. Nicotine produces rewarding effects by interacting with these receptors in the brain's reward system. Unlike other receptors, chronic stimulation by an agonist induces an upregulation of receptor number that is not due to increased gene expression in adults; while upregulation also occurs during development and adolescence there have been some opposing findings regarding a change in corresponding gene expression. These receptors have also been well studied with regard to human genetic associations and, based on evidence suggesting shared genetic liabilities between substance use disorders, numerous studies have pointed to a role for this system in comorbid drug use. This review will focus on upregulation of these receptors in adulthood, adolescence and development, as well as the findings from human genetic association studies which point to different roles for these receptors in risk for initiation and continuation of drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney E. Melroy-Greif
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerry A. Stitzel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Marissa A. Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
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