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Mirzazadeh A, Facente SN, Burk K, Kahn JG, Morris MD. Hepatitis C mortality trends in San Francisco: can we reach elimination targets? Ann Epidemiol 2022; 65:59-64. [PMID: 34700016 PMCID: PMC9293250 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common blood-borne infection in the United States, and a leading cause of liver disease, transplant, and mortality. CDC HCV elimination goals include reducing HCV-related mortality by 65% (from 2015) by 2030. METHODS We used vital registry data (CDC WONDER) to estimate overall and demographic-specific HCV-related mortality from 1999 to 2019 in San Francisco and then used an exponential model to project progress toward HCV elimination. Local trends were compared to state and national trends. RESULTS Between 1999 and 2019, there were 1819 HCV-related deaths in San Francisco, representing an overall age-adjusted mortality rate of 9.4 (95% CI 9.0, 9.9) per 100,000 population. The age-adjusted HCV-related mortality rates were significantly higher among males (13.7), persons aged 55 years and older (28.0), Black and/or African Americans (32.2) compared to other racial groups, and Hispanic/Latinos (11.6) compared to non-Hispanic and/or Latinos. Overall and in most subgroups, mortality rates were lowest between 2015 and 2019. Since 2015, San Francisco observed a significantly larger reduction in agbe-adjusted HCV-related mortality than California or the U.S. Projected age-adjusted HCV-related mortality rates for San Francisco for 2020 and 2030 were 4.7 (95% CI 3.5, 6.2) and 1.1 (95% CI 0.7, 1.8), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Based on trends between 2015 and 2019, San Francisco, California, and the U.S. are projected to achieve 65% reduction in HCV-mortality at or before 2030. Based on current trends, San Francisco is projected to achieve this goal earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mirzazadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco,Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco,Corresponding author. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, CA 94158. (A. Mirzazadeh)
| | - Shelley N. Facente
- Facente Consulting, San Francisco, CA,School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Katie Burk
- Community Health Equity and Promotion Branch, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA
| | - James G. Kahn
- Philip R Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Meghan D. Morris
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco,Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco,School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
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Mitchell SA, Woods-Giscombe C, Kneipp SM, Beeber LS, Kulbok PA. Social determinants of smoking in women from low-income rural backgrounds: Findings from a photovoice study. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2021; 35:56-65. [PMID: 33593516 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Star A Mitchell
- St. David's School of Nursing, Texas State University, 100 Bobcat Way, Round Rock, TX 78655, United States of America.
| | - Cheryl Woods-Giscombe
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrington Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
| | - Shawn M Kneipp
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrington Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
| | - Linda S Beeber
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrington Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
| | - Pamela A Kulbok
- School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States of America.
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Mathew AR, Yang E, Avery EF, Crane MM, Lange-Maia BS, Lynch EB. Trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, and tobacco use: Does church attendance buffer negative effects? JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:2364-2374. [PMID: 32789875 PMCID: PMC7654728 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic stress and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are overrepresented in urban African American communities, and associated with health risk behaviors such as tobacco use. Support and resources provided by churches may reduce trauma-related health risks. In the current study, we assessed weekly church attendance as a moderator of relations between (a) traumatic event exposure and probable PTSD, and (b) probable PTSD and tobacco use. Data were drawn from a health surveillance study conducted in seven churches located in Chicago's West Side. Participants (N = 1015) were adults from churches as well as the surrounding community. Trauma exposure was reported by 62% of participants, with 25% of those who experienced trauma reporting probable PTSD. Overall, more than one-third of participants (37.2%) reported current tobacco use. As compared with non-weekly church attendance, weekly church attendance was associated with a lower likelihood of PTSD (odds ratio [OR] = 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.26-0.62; p < .0001) and lower tobacco use overall (OR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.16-0.30; p < .0001), but did not moderate the effect of trauma exposure on risk of PTSD, or the effect of PTSD on tobacco use. Findings support church attendance as a potential buffer of trauma-related stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Mathew
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center
| | - Eric Yang
- Center for Community Health Equity, Rush University Medical Center
| | | | - Melissa M. Crane
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center
| | - Brittney S. Lange-Maia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center
- Center for Community Health Equity, Rush University Medical Center
| | - Elizabeth B. Lynch
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center
- Center for Community Health Equity, Rush University Medical Center
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Malburg CM, Fucinari J, Ruterbusch JJ, Ledgerwood DM, Beebe-Dimmer JL, Schwartz AG, Cote ML. Continued smoking in African American cancer survivors: The Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors Cohort. Cancer Med 2020; 9:7763-7771. [PMID: 32822118 PMCID: PMC7571811 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco cessation among those recently diagnosed with cancer is important to improve their prognosis, yet, many cancer survivors continue to smoke. The epidemiology of tobacco use differs by race and ethnicity, and limited cessation research has been conducted in African American (AA) populations. Here, we assess demographic and clinical variables associated with continued smoking in AAs after a cancer diagnosis. The Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors study is a cohort comprised of AA cancer survivors with breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers. Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors data were utilized from survivors who completed their baseline survey within 18 months of cancer diagnosis (n = 1145); 18% (n = 356) reported smoking at the time of cancer diagnosis, and 57% of these (n = 203) continued to smoke after their diagnosis. Logistic regression models were used to assess factors associated with continued smoking. Living with a smoker (odds ratio [OR] = 2.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.64, 4.70), higher cumulative years of smoking (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.05, for each year), and a prostate cancer diagnosis (OR = 7.35, 95% CI: 3.89, 13.89) were all associated with increased odds of continued smoking. Survivors with higher social well-being scores (measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy, a quality of life assessment) were more likely to quit smoking after diagnosis (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.00). These findings highlight the continued need for personalized cessation strategies to be incorporated into treatment plans for cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Malburg
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Juliana Fucinari
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Julie J Ruterbusch
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - David M Ledgerwood
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Substance Abuse Research Division, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer L Beebe-Dimmer
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ann G Schwartz
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michele L Cote
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Detroit, MI, USA
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Jao NC, Veluz-Wilkins AK, Smith MJ, Carroll AJ, Blazekovic S, Leone FT, Tyndale RF, Schnoll RA, Hitsman B. Does menthol cigarette use moderate the effect of nicotine metabolism on short-term smoking cessation? Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2017; 25:216-222. [PMID: 28493744 PMCID: PMC5454571 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) has been shown to predict response to the transdermal nicotine patch, such that faster nicotine metabolism is associated with a lower abstinence rate. Menthol cigarette use, versus nonmenthol cigarette use, slows nicotine metabolism and therefore may attenuate the effect of NMR on smoking abstinence. In this study, we evaluated whether cigarette type (menthol vs. nonmenthol) modified the association between NMR and short-term abstinence. This was a secondary analysis examining treatment in the first 8 weeks of 21 mg/day nicotine patch therapy in a completed clinical trial (n = 474). Menthol cigarette use was based on self-report. NMR was defined dichotomously (0 = fast, 1 = slow) to distinguish between fast (≥0.47) versus slow NMR. Using logistic regression analysis, we tested whether cigarette type moderated the association between NMR and bioverified 7-day point prevalence abstinence at Week 8. Covariates include nicotine dependence, age, race, and gender. Three hundred two participants reported smoking menthol cigarettes, of which 234 (77%) were classified as slow NMR. Among the 172 nonmenthol smokers, 136 were classified as slow NMR (79%). Contrary to our expectations, the NMR ×Cigarette Type interaction effect on abstinence was not significant (odds ratio [OR] = 0.91, p = .86). Excluding the interaction variable, fast NMR was associated with decreased likelihood of abstinence (OR = 0.55, p = .03), but menthol cigarette use was not (OR = 1.15, p = .56). Further exploration of risk factors among menthol cigarette smokers, especially among racially diverse and light smokers, could clarify the association between menthol cigarette use and poorer smoking outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C. Jao
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
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Abstract
Objectives Research indicates youth e-cigarette use may lead to the use of conventional cigarettes, but the specific effects of flavored e-cigarettes-which greatly appeal to youth-are unknown. Therefore, this study examines how flavored e-cigarette use predicts cigarette smoking susceptibility among youth non-smokers. Methods We used 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey to explore the relationship between current e-cigarette use (non-use, flavored and plain e-cigarette use) and smoking susceptibility among 18,392 youth non-smokers (ages 11-18 years). Results Overall, 2.2% and 2.1% of non-smoking youth currently used plain and flavored e-cigarettes. Compared to 30.0% of non-users, 61.1% and 74.1% of plain and flavored e-cigarette users reported smoking susceptibility. Flavored e-cigarette users were more likely to be susceptible than plain e-cigarette users (AOR=1.7, p< .001) and non-users (AOR=3.8, p< .0001). The magnitude of the relationship between flavored e-cigarette use and smoking susceptibility was significantly higher for females (AOR=6.5, p< .01) than males (AOR=2.5, p< .01). Conclusions Flavored more so than plain e-cigarette use is strongly associated with smoking susceptibility among non-smoking youth. Flavored e-cigarettes are recruiting females and those with low smoking-risk profile to experiment conventional cigarettes. Legislative efforts to ban e-cigarettes with child-friendly flavors should be enhanced.
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Giovino GA, Gardiner PS. Understanding Tobacco Use Behaviors Among African Americans: Progress, Critical Gaps, and Opportunities. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18 Suppl 1:S1-6. [PMID: 26980859 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although multiple factors likely influence the differences between African Americans (AAs) and whites in cardiovascular disease and lung cancer mortality rates, historical patterns of tobacco use, particularly cigarette smoking, are the major contributors. This issue of Nicotine & Tobacco Research presents original research, a review, and commentaries that will serve to advance our understanding of several relevant behavioral similarities and differences between AAs and whites. BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS Here, we illustrate how the diverging trends in cigarette smoking between AA and white high school seniors observed since the mid-1970s were influenced by patterns of ever use and current use among ever users. During 1977 to 2014, the percentage of current users among ever users was higher, but less variable, among whites than AAs. Among adults, trends in self-reported cigarette smoking among non-Hispanic AAs and non-Hispanic whites are available since 1978. The trends observed were likely due in part to the maturation of the high school senior cohorts from the 1970s and 1980s when AA smoking rates declined sharply relative to whites. Later age of initiation among AAs and less quitting among older AAs, relative to whites, also contribute. CONCLUSIONS Further research on multiple topics, including the continuation of use among ever users, use of multiple combusted and noncombusted products, provision of cessation support services, influence of discrimination, and validity of self-report would expand the science base. Strategies to reduce the marketing and availability of menthol and other characterizing flavorings and to enrich environments would promote the public's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Giovino
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY;
| | - Phillip S Gardiner
- Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program, University of California, Office of the President, Oakland, CA
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Abstract
UNLABELLED This commentary draws on the articles contained in this special African American youth and adult tobacco use supplement to better understand the apparent paradox of low youth smoking rates and high adult smoking rates. Implications for tobacco use prevention and control are discussed. IMPLICATIONS This commentary introduces the reader to the topics and questions addressed in the supplement and urges an invigorated public health response to address tobacco-caused disease and death in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula E Bauer
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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