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Mateus DMR, Ferraz E, Perna V, Sales P, Hipólito-Correia V. Essential oils and extracts of plants as biocides against microorganisms isolated from the ruins of the Roman city of Conímbriga (Portugal). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:40669-40677. [PMID: 37326731 PMCID: PMC11189986 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biodeterioration of monumental complexes is in large part due to the proliferation of various microorganisms that attack the physical-chemical structures of support materials. Various conservation and restoration interventions use commercial biocides of synthetic origin, which exhibit some human and environmental toxicity and sometimes side effects on support materials. The main objective of this work is the assessment of new biocides obtained from endemic Mediterranean plants, to be used in the preservation of cultural heritage with the goal of contributing to the sustainable use of ecosystems and to the development of Mediterranean local communities. The biocidal potential of essential oils (EOs) and solvent extracts (SEs) (ethanol and n-hexane) obtained from four plants were evaluated: Thymus mastichina (Tm), Mentha pulegium (Mp), Foeniculum vulgare (Fv), and Lavandula viridis (Lv). Microorganisms collected at an emblematic site of Portuguese cultural heritage, the ruins of the Roman city of Conímbriga, were used to evaluate the biocidal activity of the EOs and SEs. It can be concluded that (i) SEs did not exhibit fungicidal nor bactericidal activity, except for one fungus specie; (ii) biocidal activity of EOs depends on the microorganism specie. The EOs showed a relative average biocidal activity (when compared to the commercial biocide Biotin T (1% v/v)) of 64%, 32%, 30%, and 25% for Mp, Fv, Lv, and Tm. On carbonate rocks, the application of Fv and Mp EOs up to 3 layers do not promote significant color/tonality changes in the surface of the rock. And the application of three layers of Lv and four layers of Fv, Mp, and Lv OEs only promote the occurrence of blurs or stains (variation of tonality) on rocks that presents very low porosity. It can also be noted that the EO of Mp has the broadest spectrum of activity. The results allow considering the use of Mp, Fv, Lv, and Tm EOs as valid alternatives to commercial biocides, providing a prospective application in the field of green conservation of building heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina M R Mateus
- Technology, Restoration and Arts Enhancement Center (TECHN&ART), Instituto Politécnico de Tomar, Quinta Do Contador, Estrada da Serra, 2300-313, Tomar, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo Ferraz
- Technology, Restoration and Arts Enhancement Center (TECHN&ART), Instituto Politécnico de Tomar, Quinta Do Contador, Estrada da Serra, 2300-313, Tomar, Portugal
| | - Vera Perna
- Instituto Politécnico de Tomar, Quinta Do Contador, Estrada da Serra, 2300-313, Tomar, Portugal
| | - Pedro Sales
- Museu Monográfico de Conímbriga, 3150-220, Condeixa-a-Velha, Portugal
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Viegas C, Cervantes R, Dias M, Gomes B, Pena P, Carolino E, Twarużek M, Kosicki R, Soszczyńska E, Viegas S, Caetano LA, Pinheiro AC. Unveiling the Occupational Exposure to Microbial Contamination in Conservation–Restoration Settings. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081595. [PMID: 36014012 PMCID: PMC9415782 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Assuring a proper environment for the fulfillment of professional activities is one of the Sustainable Development Goals and is contemplated in the One Health approach assumed by the World Health Organization. This particular study is applied to an often neglected sector of our society—the conservators/restorers—despite the many health issues reported by these professionals. Three different specialties (textiles, paintings and wood sculpture) and locations were selected for evaluation by placement of electrostatic dust cloths. After treatment of the samples, bacterial and fungal contamination were assessed, as well as mycotoxin determination, the presence of azole-resistant strains and cytotoxicity of the microorganisms encountered. Bacteria were only present in one of medias used and showed relatively low numbers. The highest level of contamination by fungi was identified in one of the textiles settings. The textile area also showed the highest variability for fungi. Aspergillus sp. are one indicator of possible environmental issues, and A. sections Fumigati and Circumdati were particularly relevant in two of the settings and identified in all of them. No mycotoxins were detected and the large majority of the fungi identified were non-cytotoxic. Overall, these can be considered low-contaminated environments but attention should be given to the Aspergillus sp. contamination. Additional studies are needed not only to make these results more robust, but also to test if the environmental sampling alone is the best approach in a setting where there is very little movement and dust displacement and where professionals are in very close proximity to the artefacts being treated, which may suggest the existence of a micro-atmosphere worth evaluating and comparing to the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Viegas
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politgy Research Center, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Renata Cervantes
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politgy Research Center, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Dias
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politgy Research Center, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bianca Gomes
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politgy Research Center, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pena
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politgy Research Center, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Carolino
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politgy Research Center, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Robert Kosicki
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Soszczyńska
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Susana Viegas
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politgy Research Center, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Liliana Aranha Caetano
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politgy Research Center, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.uLisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Pinheiro
- HERCULES Laboratory—Cultural Heritage Protection Studies, University of Evora, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva, 8, 7000-809 Evora, Portugal
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Minotti D, Vergari L, Proto MR, Barbanti L, Garzoli S, Bugli F, Sanguinetti M, Sabatini L, Peduzzi A, Rosato R, Bellardi MG, Mattarelli P, De Luca D, Di Vito M. Il Silenzio: The First Renaissance Oil Painting on Canvas from the Uffizi Museum Restored with a Safe, Green Antimicrobial Emulsion Based on Citrus aurantium var. amara Hydrolate and Cinnamomum zeylanicum Essential Oil. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020140. [PMID: 35205894 PMCID: PMC8874936 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Preserving artworks from the attacks of biodeteriogens is a primary duty of humanity. Nowadays, restorers use chemicals potentially dangerous for both artworks and human health. The purpose of this work was to find a green and safe formulation based on natural substances with fungicidal activity to restore ancient oil paintings, particularly “Il Silenzio” (by Jacopo Zucchi) preserved at the Uffizi Museum in Florence, Italy. The study was divided into two phases. First phase (in vitro study): three essential oils (EOs) and four hydrolates (Hys) were analysed by GC-mass spectrometry and in vitro tested against six ATCC strains of molds. An emulsion based on the more active natural compounds was tested on aged and unaged canvases samples to evaluate both their fungicidal activity and the impact on chemical-physical parameters. Finally, an in vivo toxicity test performed on the Galleria mellonella model assessed the safety for health. Second phase (in situ application): the emulsion was sprayed on the back of the painting and left to act for 24 h. Biodeteriogens present on the “Il Silenzio” painting were microbiologically identified before and after the treatment. The emulsion formulated with C. zeylanicum EO and C. aurantium var. amara Hy showed the best antifungal activity both in vitro and in situ without altering the chemical-physical characteristics of paintings. Furthermore, no in vivo toxicity was shown. For the first time, a green antimicrobial emulsion based on Hy and EO, safe for operators, was used to decontaminate an artwork colonised by fungi before the restoration practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Minotti
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza della Repubblica, 13, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (D.M.); (L.V.); (D.D.L.)
| | - Lara Vergari
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza della Repubblica, 13, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (D.M.); (L.V.); (D.D.L.)
| | - Maria Rita Proto
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.P.); (L.B.); (M.G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Barbanti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.P.); (L.B.); (M.G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Bugli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (R.R.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (R.R.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigia Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Sezione di Farmacologia e Igiene, Università Degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy;
| | - Alice Peduzzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Roberto Rosato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Maria Grazia Bellardi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.P.); (L.B.); (M.G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Paola Mattarelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.P.); (L.B.); (M.G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Daphne De Luca
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza della Repubblica, 13, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (D.M.); (L.V.); (D.D.L.)
| | - Maura Di Vito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (R.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-30154964
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Biologically Derived Gels for the Cleaning of Historical and Artistic Metal Heritage. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the general global rise of attention and research to seek greener attitudes, the field of cultural heritage (CH) makes no exception. In the last decades, an increasing number of sustainable and biologically based solutions have been proposed for the protection and care of artworks. Additionally, the safety of the target artwork and the operator must be kept as core goals. Within this scenario, new products and treatments should be explored and implemented in the common conservation praxes. Therefore, this review addressing metal heritage is aimed to report biologically derived gel formulations already proposed for this specific area as reliable tools for cleaning. Promising bio-gel-based protocols, still to be implemented in metal conservation, are also presented to promote their investigation by stakeholders in metal conservation. After an opening overview on the common practices for cleaning metallic surfaces in CH, the focus will be moved onto the potentialities of gel-alternatives and in particular of ones with a biological origin. In more detail, we displayed water-gels (i.e., hydrogels) and solvent-gels (i.e., organogels) together with particular attention to bio-solvents. The discussion is closed in light of the state-of-the-art and future perspectives.
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Semenzin E, Giubilato E, Badetti E, Picone M, Volpi Ghirardini A, Hristozov D, Brunelli A, Marcomini A. Guiding the development of sustainable nano-enabled products for the conservation of works of art: proposal for a framework implementing the Safe by Design concept. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:26146-26158. [PMID: 31280439 PMCID: PMC6717188 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology provides innovative and promising solutions for the conservation of cultural heritage, but the development and application of new nano-enabled products pose concerns regarding their human health and environmental risks. To address these issues, we propose a sustainability framework implementing the Safe by Design concept to support product developers in the early steps of product development, with the aim to provide safer nano-formulations for conservation, while retaining their functionality. In addition, this framework can support the assessment of sustainability of new products and their comparison to their conventional chemical counterparts if any. The goal is to promote the selection and use of safer and more sustainable nano-based products in different conservation contexts. The application of the proposed framework is illustrated through a hypothetical case which provides a realistic example of the methodological steps to be followed, tailored and iterated along the decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Semenzin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy.
| | - Elisa Giubilato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Elena Badetti
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Marco Picone
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Annamaria Volpi Ghirardini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Danail Hristozov
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Brunelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
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Kanceljak-Macan B, Trošić I, Varnai VM, Pavičić I, Macan J. Induced sputum evaluation in restorers and conservators of cultural heritage. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2012; 67:229-238. [PMID: 23074980 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2011.619217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine induced sputum (IS) cells profile from restorers/conservators of cultural heritage (restorers) with no lower airway symptoms and normal ventilatory lung function. The study involved 22 restorers and 48 control workers. Medical interview, physical examination, spirometry, skin prick testing to inhalatory allergens, and IS collection were performed. Compared with control workers, restorers demonstrated higher percentage of neutrophils (34% vs 15.5%; p = .004). This pattern was found only in male workers. They had almost 9 times greater chance to have increased proportion of sputum neutrophils than male controls (odds ratio [OR] 8.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.98-40.7). The mobilization of eosinophils or macrophages into the airways was not established regardless of workers sex. Additional gender difference in sputum cells distribution was found for occupationally unexposed subjects, with higher proportion of sputum neutrophils in women.
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