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Viana J, Souza J, Rocha R, Santos A, Freitas A. Identification of avoidable patients at triage in a Paediatric Emergency Department: a decision support system using predictive analytics. BMC Emerg Med 2024; 24:149. [PMID: 39155373 PMCID: PMC11331632 DOI: 10.1186/s12873-024-01029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crowding has been a longstanding issue in emergency departments. To address this, a fast-track system for avoidable patients is being implemented in the Paediatric Emergency Department where our study is conducted. Our goal is to develop an optimized Decision Support System that helps in directing patients to this fast track. We evaluated various Machine Learning models, focusing on a balance between complexity, predictive performance, and interpretability. METHODS This is a retrospective study considering all visits to a university-affiliated metropolitan hospital's PED between 2014 and 2019. Using information available at the time of triage, we trained several models to predict whether a visit is avoidable and should be directed to a fast-track area. RESULTS A total of 507,708 visits to the PED were used in the training and testing of the models. Regarding the outcome, 41.6% of the visits were considered avoidable. Except for the classification made by triage rules, i.e. considering levels 1,2, and 3 as non-avoidable and 4 and 5 as avoidable, all models had similar results in model's evaluation metrics, e.g. Area Under the Curve ranging from 74% to 80%. CONCLUSIONS Regarding predictive performance, the pruned decision tree had evaluation metrics results that were comparable to the other ML models. Furthermore, it offers a low complexity and easy to implement solution. When considering interpretability, a paramount requisite in healthcare since it relates to the trustworthiness and transparency of the system, the pruned decision tree excels. Overall, this paper contributes to the growing body of research on the use of machine learning in healthcare. It highlights practical benefits for patients and healthcare systems of the use ML-based DSS in emergency medicine. Moreover, the obtained results can potentially help to design patients' flow management strategies in PED settings, which has been sought as a solution for addressing the long-standing problem of overcrowding.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Viana
- CINTESIS - Centre for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200 - 319, Portugal.
| | - Júlio Souza
- CINTESIS - Centre for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Engineering - Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ruben Rocha
- Serviço de Pediatria / Urgência Pediátrica, UAG da Mulher E da Criança, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Almeida Santos
- Serviço de Pediatria / Urgência Pediátrica, UAG da Mulher E da Criança, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ginecologia-Obstetrícia e Pediatria, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Freitas
- CINTESIS - Centre for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200 - 319, Portugal
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Montoro-Pérez N, Montejano-Lozoya R, Escribano S, Richart-Martínez M. Factors associated with non-urgent presentations in the paediatric emergency department using Andersen's behavioural model: A cross-sectional descriptive study. J Clin Nurs 2024; 33:3172-3187. [PMID: 38258512 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.17004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the rate of NUPs and associated factors in the PED of the 'Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe' in Valencia (Spain) using Andersen's Behavioural Model. METHODS We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study using Andersen's Behavioural Model in parents visiting the PED with their children at the 'Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe' in Valencia (Spain). RESULTS The study involved a total of 530 participants, of whom 419 (79%) had made an NUP. The predisposing factors identified were: (I) paediatric patients brought in by their fathers (OR = 0.460; p = 0.005), (II) lower educational attainment (OR = 3.841; p = 0.000), (III) first-time parenthood (OR = 2.335; p = 0.000) and (IV) higher parental stress (OR = 1.974; p = 0.023). The enabling factors included: (I) responsibility for a significant part of the childcare shared with others (OR = 0.348; p = 0.041) and (II) the perception that PEDs provide better care than primary care (PC) services (OR = 1.628; p = 0.005). The need factors were: (I) existing chronic illness in the child seeking care (OR = 0.343; p = 0.000) and (II) the perceived severity of the urgency (OR = 0.440; p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS The NUP rates found in this study are similar to those found internationally. In accordance with Andersen's Behavioural Model, we identify predisposing, enabling and need factors to explain the multifactorial nature of NUPs in PEDs. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Identifying the factors associated with NUPs enables interventions to be targeted at those groups most likely to engage in NUPs, thereby optimising the functioning of the PED and improving the well-being of children and families. These interventions should focus on improving parental health literacy, providing education on making appropriate decisions about accessing health services and recognising severe symptoms in children, as well as improving access to high-quality PC services. Providing support to parents during the transition to parenthood would also be beneficial. REPORTING METHOD This paper adheres to the STROBE initiative guidelines. CONTRIBUTION FROM PATIENTS OR MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC Participants, who voluntarily agreed to take part, contributed to the study by completing a paper-based questionnaire containing all the study variables as prepared by the research team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Montoro-Pérez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Person-Centred Care and Health Outcomes Innovation Group, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
- GREIACC Research Group La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Escribano
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Person-Centred Care and Health Outcomes Innovation Group, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Miguel Richart-Martínez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Person-Centred Care and Health Outcomes Innovation Group, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
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Astle V, Borland ML, Betts K, Erickson S, Gowen B. Assessing the predictors for paediatric intensive care unit for inter-hospital transfer patients on high-flow nasal cannula or continuous positive airway pressure ventilation at a tertiary Australian paediatric hospital. Emerg Med Australas 2024. [PMID: 38973490 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to assess the predictors of need for paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission for inter-hospital transfer patients to a tertiary paediatric hospital ED on high flow (HF) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ventilation. METHODS Single-centre retrospective study of patients transferred to the state's tertiary paediatric hospital. Demographic information and disease management information was obtained. RESULTS Between October 2021 and September 2022, 53 patients were transferred to the tertiary hospital on HF or CPAP. Of these, 23 required admission to PICU. Those admitted to PICU had a higher median fraction of inspired oxygen than those not admitted (0.4 vs 0.3, respectively, P = 0.013). Patients transported by road (vs flight) were more likely (20/23 patients, RR = 3.15, P = 0.016) to be admitted to PICU (56% vs 18%). Those who had received CPAP prior to or during transfer were more likely to require PICU admission (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that children who require CPAP to manage their respiratory disease are more likely to require PICU care on transfer to the tertiary paediatric hospital. In addition, those patients being transferred from secondary metropolitan hospitals after a trial of HF are also likely to require PICU care. This suggests that these patients should be directly admitted to PICU, allowing for improved patient experience and flow as well as reducing unnecessary ED resource utilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Astle
- Emergency Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Meredith Louise Borland
- Emergency Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Divisions of Emergency Medicine and Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kim Betts
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon Erickson
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Belinda Gowen
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Maleki S, Dede-Bamfo N, Ekren E, Mohammadalizadehkorde M, Villagran M. Mapping Access to Children's Hospitals in Texas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:140. [PMID: 38397631 PMCID: PMC10888133 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Vehicle access, travel time, and distance to hospitals and emergency rooms with sufficient patient beds are critical healthcare accessibility measures, especially for children who require specific pediatric services. In a large state like Texas with vast rural areas and limited public transit infrastructure, 75% of the children live over an hour from the closest facility that provides pediatric emergency services or specialty care. In view of this challenge, this study first sought to map the prevailing geographical accessibility to children's hospitals and, second, to model the hospital beds per capita for each hospital's service area within the state of Texas. The results showed disparities in accessing emergency pediatric care, especially in rural areas. However, despite major metro areas recording better geographical accessibility to pediatric healthcare, residents in these areas may experience limited hospital bed availability. The findings indicate an urgent need for more pediatric healthcare services in rural Texas. Given the increasing population growth in metro areas and their surroundings, there is also a need for the expansion of healthcare infrastructure in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Maleki
- Translational Health Research Center, Texas State University, 151 Stagecoach Trail, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (E.E.); (M.V.)
| | - Nathaniel Dede-Bamfo
- Alkek One, University Libraries, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA;
| | - Elizabeth Ekren
- Translational Health Research Center, Texas State University, 151 Stagecoach Trail, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (E.E.); (M.V.)
| | | | - Melinda Villagran
- Translational Health Research Center, Texas State University, 151 Stagecoach Trail, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (E.E.); (M.V.)
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Leung S, McDonald E, Watson A, Doan Q, Desai N. Community healthcare appointments as an alternative to emergency department assessment: an exploration of family acceptability and preferences. CAN J EMERG MED 2023; 25:984-991. [PMID: 37851318 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-023-00605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pediatric emergency departments are overcrowded, in part due to many non-emergent visits. We aimed to assess the proportion of parents interested in leaving the pediatric emergency department (ED) prior to physician assessment if they could be offered a scheduled community healthcare appointment. We explored differences in care children received in the ED stratified by interest in a community healthcare appointment and parents' reasons when they were not interested. METHODS We conducted a 14-item survey within the pediatric ED at a Canadian tertiary care teaching hospital to assess parents' interest if a program offered community healthcare appointments and we determined preferred appointment characteristics. All parents presenting with children triaged as CTAS 2-5 who met eligibility criteria were approached by a research assistant prior to physician assessment. Surveys were paired with the medical chart outlining the care received. Descriptive statistics and a regression model were used to describe characteristics of families and care received among those who were and were not interested in a community healthcare appointment. RESULTS In total, 403 surveys were completed. Overall, 236 participants (58.6%; 95% CI 53.8-63.4) were interested in a community healthcare appointment. In general, parents who were interested in a community healthcare appointment were younger and presented with younger children compared to those who were not interested. Among those interested, there was a preference to have the appointment with a pediatrician or family physician, timely access to an appointment, and appointments scheduled outside of regular business hours. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that there is interest in an alternative care access model positioned to reduce pediatric ED congestion. We found that parents would be interested in leaving the pediatric ED in favor of a community healthcare appointment, provided it was with a physician and available in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Leung
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erica McDonald
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Amy Watson
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Quynh Doan
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neil Desai
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Kappy B, McKinley K, Chamberlain J, Badolato GM, Podolsky RH, Bond G, Schultz TR, Isbey S. Leaving Without Being Seen From the Pediatric Emergency Department: A New Baseline. J Emerg Med 2023; 65:e237-e249. [PMID: 37659902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left without being seen (LWBS) rates are an important quality metric for pediatric emergency departments (EDs), with high-acuity LWBS children representing a patient safety risk. Since July 2021, our ED experienced a surge in LWBS after the most stringent COVID-19 quarantine restrictions ended. OBJECTIVE We assessed changes in LWBS rates and examined associations of system factors and patient characteristics with LWBS. METHODS We performed a retrospective study in a large, urban pediatric ED for all arriving patients, comparing the following three time-periods: before COVID-19 (PRE, January 2018-February 2020), during early COVID-19 (COVID, March 2020-June 2021), and after the emergence of COVID-19 variants and re-emergence of seasonal viruses (POST, July 2021-December 2021). We compared descriptive statistics of daily LWBS rates, patient demographic characteristics, and system characteristics. Negative binomial (system factors) and logistic regression (patient characteristics) models were developed to evaluate the associations between system factors and LWBS, and patient characteristics and LWBS, respectively. RESULTS Mean daily LWBS rates changed from 1.8% PRE to 1.4% COVID to 10.7% during POST. Rates increased across every patient demographic and triage level during POST, despite a decrease in daily ED volume compared with PRE. LWBS rates were significantly associated with patients with an Emergency Severity Index score of 2, mean ED census, and staff productivity within multiple periods. Patient characteristics associated with LWBS included lower assigned triage levels and arrival between 8 pm and 4 am. CONCLUSIONS LWBS rates have shown a large and sustained increase since July 2021, even for high-acuity patients. We identified system factors that may provide opportunities to reduce LWBS. Further work should develop strategies to prevent LWBS in at-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Kappy
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Kenneth McKinley
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - James Chamberlain
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Gia M Badolato
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Robert H Podolsky
- Division of Biostatistics and Study Methodology, Center for Translational Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Gregory Bond
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Theresa Ryan Schultz
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Sarah Isbey
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
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Park JM, McDonald E, Buren Y, McInnes G, Doan Q. Assessing the reliability of pediatric emergency medicine billing code assignment for future consideration as a proxy workload measure. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290679. [PMID: 37624824 PMCID: PMC10456198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prediction of pediatric emergency department (PED) workload can allow for optimized allocation of resources to improve patient care and reduce physician burnout. A measure of PED workload is thus required, but to date no variable has been consistently used or could be validated against for this purpose. Billing codes, a variable assigned by physicians to reflect the complexity of medical decision making, have the potential to be a proxy measure of PED workload but must be assessed for reliability. In this study, we investigated how reliably billing codes are assigned by PED physicians, and factors that affect the inter-rater reliability of billing code assignment. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study was completed to determine the reliability of billing code assigned by physicians (n = 150) at a quaternary-level PED between January 2018 and December 2018. Clinical visit information was extracted from health records and presented to a billing auditor, who independently assigned a billing code-considered as the criterion standard. Inter-rater reliability was calculated to assess agreement between the physician-assigned versus billing auditor-assigned billing codes. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were used to assess the association between covariables of interest and inter-rater reliability. RESULTS Overall, we found substantial inter-rater reliability (AC2 0.72 [95% CI 0.64-0.8]) between the billing codes assigned by physicians compared to those assigned by the billing auditor. Adjusted logistic regression models controlling for Pediatric Canadian Triage and Acuity scores, disposition, and time of day suggest that clinical trainee involvement is significantly associated with increased inter-rater reliability. CONCLUSIONS Our work identified that there is substantial agreement between PED physician and a billing auditor assigned billing codes, and thus are reliably assigned by PED physicians. This is a crucial step in validating billing codes as a potential proxy measure of pediatric emergency physician workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Park
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Erica McDonald
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yijinmide Buren
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gord McInnes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Quynh Doan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Shaw V, Yu A, Parsons M, Olsen T, Walker C. Acute assessment services for patient flow assistance in hospital emergency departments. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 7:CD014553. [PMID: 37439227 PMCID: PMC10334694 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014553.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency departments (EDs) are facing serious and significant issues in the delivery of effective and efficient care to patients. Acute assessment services have been implemented at many hospitals internationally to assist in maintaining patient flow for identified groups of patients attending the ED. Identifying the risks and benefits, and optimal configurations of these services may be beneficial to those wishing to utilise an acute assessment service to improve patient flow. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of acute assessment services on patient flow following attendance at a hospital ED. SEARCH METHODS We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Embase and two trials registers on 24 September 2022 to identify studies. No restrictions were imposed on publication year, publication type, or publication language. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies eligible for inclusion were randomised trials and cluster-randomised trials with at least two intervention and two control sites. Participants were adults (as defined by study authors) receiving care either in the ED or the acute assessment service, where both were based in the hospital setting. The comparison was hospital-based acute assessment services with usual, ED-only care. The outcomes of this review were mortality at time point closest to 30 days, length of stay in the service (in minutes), and waiting time to see a doctor (in minutes). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed the standard procedures of Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care for this review (https://epoc.cochrane.org/resources). MAIN RESULTS We identified a total of 5754 records in the search. Following assessment of 3609 de-duplicated records, none were found to be eligible for inclusion in this review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS At present there are no randomised controlled trials exploring the effects of acute assessment services on patient flow in hospital-based emergency departments compared to usual, ED-only care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Shaw
- Department of Nursing, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - An Yu
- Infrastructure and investment, Te Whatu Ora, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Parsons
- Faculty of Health, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Tava Olsen
- Melbourne Business School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cameron Walker
- Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Freire GC, Diong C, Gandhi S, Saunders N, Neuman MI, Freedman SB, Friedman JN, Cohen E. Variation in low-value radiograph use for children in the emergency department: a cross-sectional study of administrative databases. CMAJ Open 2022; 10:E889-E899. [PMID: 36220182 PMCID: PMC9578750 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20210140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiograph use contributes to low-value care for children in emergency departments (EDs), but little is known about systemic factors associated with their use. This study compares low-value radiograph use across ED settings by hospital type, pediatric volumes and physician specialty. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of routinely collected administrative data. We included children (age 0-18 yr) discharged from EDs in Ontario, Canada, between 2010 and 2019 with diagnoses of bronchiolitis, asthma, abdominal pain and constipation. Multiple clinical practice guidelines recommend against routine radiograph use in these conditions. Logistic regression evaluated odds of low-value radiograph by ED setting (pediatric academic [referent], adult academic, community with or without pediatric consultation services), pediatric volume and physician specialty (pediatric emergency medicine [PEM, referent], emergency medicine [EM], family medicine with EM training, pediatrics, family medicine), adjusting for demographic, clinical and provider characteristics. We used generalized estimating equations to account for clustering by ED. RESULTS Of the total 9 862 787 eligible pediatric ED discharges in Ontario, 60 914 children had bronchiolitis, 141 921 asthma, 333 332 abdominal pain and 110 514 constipation; 26.0% received low-value radiographs. Compared with pediatric EDs and PEM physicians (referents), patients with bronchiolitis were most likely to have a chest radiograph in adult academic EDs (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 5.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.6-5.6]) and by family physicians with EM training (adjusted OR 4.8 [95% CI 4.5-5.1]). Patients with asthma were more likely to have a chest radiograph in adult academic EDs (adjusted OR 3.0 [95% CI 2.8-3.2]) and by EM physicians (adjusted OR 2.8 [95% CI 2.6-3.0]). Patients with abdominal pain and constipation were more likely to have abdominal radiographs in community hospitals with pediatric consultation (adjusted OR 1.6 [95% CI 1.6-1.7] and 2.3 [95% CI 2.3-2.4], respectively) and by family physicians with EM training (adjusted OR 1.6 [95% CI 1.6-1.7] and 2.1 [95% CI 2.0-2.2], respectively). INTERPRETATION Over the decade-long study period, low-value radiograph use was frequent for children with 4 common conditions seen in Ontario EDs. Quality improvement initiatives aimed at reducing unnecessary radiographs in children should focus on EM physicians practising in EDs that primarily treat adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle C Freire
- Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Division of Pediatric Medicine (Saunders, Friedman, Cohen), Department of Pediatrics (Freire, Saunders, Friedman, Cohen), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Saunders, Cohen), Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute; ICES (Diong, Gandhi, Saunders, Cohen); Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (Saunders, Cohen), University of Toronto; Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children (Cohen), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Neuman), Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics (Neuman), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine (Freedman), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Christina Diong
- Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Division of Pediatric Medicine (Saunders, Friedman, Cohen), Department of Pediatrics (Freire, Saunders, Friedman, Cohen), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Saunders, Cohen), Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute; ICES (Diong, Gandhi, Saunders, Cohen); Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (Saunders, Cohen), University of Toronto; Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children (Cohen), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Neuman), Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics (Neuman), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine (Freedman), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Sima Gandhi
- Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Division of Pediatric Medicine (Saunders, Friedman, Cohen), Department of Pediatrics (Freire, Saunders, Friedman, Cohen), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Saunders, Cohen), Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute; ICES (Diong, Gandhi, Saunders, Cohen); Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (Saunders, Cohen), University of Toronto; Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children (Cohen), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Neuman), Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics (Neuman), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine (Freedman), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Natasha Saunders
- Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Division of Pediatric Medicine (Saunders, Friedman, Cohen), Department of Pediatrics (Freire, Saunders, Friedman, Cohen), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Saunders, Cohen), Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute; ICES (Diong, Gandhi, Saunders, Cohen); Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (Saunders, Cohen), University of Toronto; Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children (Cohen), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Neuman), Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics (Neuman), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine (Freedman), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Mark I Neuman
- Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Division of Pediatric Medicine (Saunders, Friedman, Cohen), Department of Pediatrics (Freire, Saunders, Friedman, Cohen), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Saunders, Cohen), Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute; ICES (Diong, Gandhi, Saunders, Cohen); Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (Saunders, Cohen), University of Toronto; Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children (Cohen), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Neuman), Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics (Neuman), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine (Freedman), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Stephen B Freedman
- Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Division of Pediatric Medicine (Saunders, Friedman, Cohen), Department of Pediatrics (Freire, Saunders, Friedman, Cohen), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Saunders, Cohen), Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute; ICES (Diong, Gandhi, Saunders, Cohen); Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (Saunders, Cohen), University of Toronto; Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children (Cohen), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Neuman), Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics (Neuman), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine (Freedman), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Jeremy N Friedman
- Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Division of Pediatric Medicine (Saunders, Friedman, Cohen), Department of Pediatrics (Freire, Saunders, Friedman, Cohen), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Saunders, Cohen), Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute; ICES (Diong, Gandhi, Saunders, Cohen); Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (Saunders, Cohen), University of Toronto; Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children (Cohen), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Neuman), Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics (Neuman), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine (Freedman), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Eyal Cohen
- Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Division of Pediatric Medicine (Saunders, Friedman, Cohen), Department of Pediatrics (Freire, Saunders, Friedman, Cohen), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Saunders, Cohen), Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute; ICES (Diong, Gandhi, Saunders, Cohen); Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (Saunders, Cohen), University of Toronto; Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children (Cohen), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Neuman), Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics (Neuman), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine (Freedman), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
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10
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Leonard F, Gilligan J, Barrett MJ. Development of a low‐dimensional model to predict admissions from triage at a pediatric emergency department. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2022; 3:e12779. [PMID: 35859857 PMCID: PMC9286530 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to develop and internally validate a low‐dimensional model to predict outcomes (admission or discharge) using commonly entered data up to the post‐triage process to improve patient flow in the pediatric emergency department (ED). In hospital settings where electronic data are limited, a low‐dimensional model with fewer variables may be easier to implement. Methods This prognostic study included ED attendances in 2017 and 2018. The Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining methodology was followed. Eligibility criteria was applied to the data set, splitting into 70% train and 30% test. Sampling techniques were compared. Gradient boosting machine (GBM), logistic regression, and naïve Bayes models were created. Variables of importance were obtained from the model with the highest area under the curve (AUC) and used to create a low‐dimensional model. Results Eligible attendances totaled 72,229 (15% admission rate). The AUC was 0.853 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.846–0.859) for GBM, 0.845 (95% CI, 0.838–0.852) for logistic regression and 0.813 (95% CI, 0.806–0.821) for naïve Bayes. Important predictors in the GBM model used to create a low‐dimensional model were presenting complaint, triage category, referral source, registration month, location type (resuscitation/other), distance traveled, admission history, and weekday (AUC 0.835 [95% CI, 0.829‐0.842]). Conclusions Admission and discharge probability can be predicted early in a pediatric ED using 8 variables. Future work could analyze the false positives and false negatives to gain an understanding of the implementation of these predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Leonard
- Business Intelligence Unit Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin Dublin Ireland
| | - John Gilligan
- School of Computer Science Technological University Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Michael J. Barrett
- Department of Paediatric Emergency Medicine Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin Dublin Ireland
- Women's and Children's Health School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
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11
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Nonurgent Visits to the Pediatric Emergency Department before and during the First Peak of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Pediatr 2022; 2022:7580546. [PMID: 35242194 PMCID: PMC8886764 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7580546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonurgent visits in pediatric Emergency Departments are a growing burden. In order to find predictors for those nonurgent visits, we performed a retrospective analysis of unscheduled visits at the Pediatric Emergency Department of the University Hospital of Bonn, Germany, in the year 2017. Additionally, we compared these findings to unscheduled visits during the first peak of the worldwide pandemic of the Coronavirus disease 2019, to see if there would be an effect on nonurgent pediatric Emergency Department attendances. Methods For our retrospective cohort study, we analyzed more than 5.000 visits at the pediatric Emergency Department of the University Hospital of Bonn, Germany, before and during the first peak of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of the Coronavirus disease 2019, particularly with regard to their urgency. Data included gender, age, zip code, urgency, and preexisting conditions. Results Our study shows that more than half of unscheduled pediatric Emergency Department visits (69%) at the University Hospital in Bonn are for nonurgent reasons, with short living distance being a factor to present children to a pediatric Emergency Department, even with minor complaints. During the first peak of the pandemic of the Coronavirus disease 2019, nonurgent visits decreased significantly, potentially due to hesitation to attend a pediatric Emergency Department with minor issues, fearing an infection with SARS-CoV-2 at the hospital. Conclusion Many people use pediatric Emergency Departments for nonemergency complaints. In order to address the reasons for nonurgent visits to pediatric Emergency Departments and to prevent parents from doing so, further studies and targeted education concepts for parents are needed.
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12
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Pediatric ED departmental complexity: a different approach to the concept of ED crowding. CAN J EMERG MED 2022; 24:318-324. [PMID: 35146700 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-022-00261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emergency department (ED) crowding is a significant problem in Canada and internationally and is associated with the potential for patient harm. Although pediatric patients represent a significant proportion of overall ED visits, there is limited research on pediatric ED crowding. The Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians defines department crowding as a mismatch between the required and available resources to provide timely emergency care. We propose that rather than crowding, it is better to think of ED patient populations as being more or less "complex" as defined by proxies of the human and physical resources needed for patient management. The study objectives are to explore the utility of a simple and easily available retrospective metric of ED complexity, and to assess the relationship this measure has on patient outcomes in a pediatric ED. METHODS Using administrative data from a tertiary care pediatric ED, we developed a departmental complexity score based on patient registration number, triage acuity, and departmental length of stay as a proxy for the resources necessary to provide ED care. We then explored the relationship between this departmental complexity score and clinical care indices. RESULTS The score shows a strong relationship with the number of patients who left without being seen by a physician, as well as time to initial MD assessment, both measures which have been used to represent ED crowding in previous research. We found no association between our departmental complexity score and adverse impacts on patient care outcomes of hospital admission, pediatric ICU admission, or patients returning to the ED within 72 h of leaving. CONCLUSIONS The departmental complexity score has promise as a retrospective measure of departmental resource requirement and may have a role in the ongoing assessment of patient flow.
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13
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Nash KA, Kimia A, Fleegler EW, Guedj R. Equitable and Timely Care of Febrile Neonates: A Cross-Sectional Study. Pediatr Emerg Care 2021; 37:e1351-e1357. [PMID: 32011559 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In pediatric emergency departments (EDs), racial/ethnic minorities are less likely to receive needed and timely care; however, clinical protocols have the potential to mitigate disparities. Neonatal fever management is protocolized in many EDs, but the timeliness to antibiotic administration is likely variable. We investigated the timeliness of antibiotic administration for febrile neonates and whether timeliness was associated with patients' race/ethnicity. METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional study of febrile neonates evaluated in one pediatric ED that uses an evidence-based guideline for the management of neonatal fever between March 2010 and December 2015. Primary outcome was time from ED arrival to antibiotic administration. Analysis of variance tests compared mean time with antibiotic administration across race/ethnicity. Multivariable linear regression investigated racial/ethnic differences in time to antibiotic administration after adjusting for patient demographics, timing of visit, the number of physicians involved, and ED census. RESULTS We evaluated 317 febrile neonates. Of the 269 patients with racial/ethnic data (84.9%), 54% were white non-Hispanic, 13% were black non-Hispanic, and 23% were Hispanic. The mean time to antibiotic administration was 204 minutes (range = 51-601 minutes). There was no significant association between patient race/ethnicity and time to first antibiotic administration. Emergency department census was significantly associated with timeliness. CONCLUSIONS There was a 10-hour range in the time to antibiotic administration for febrile neonates; however, variability in timeliness did not differ by race or ethnicity. This study demonstrates the need to further examine the role of protocols in mitigating disparities as well as factors that influence timeliness in antibiotic administration to febrile neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Nash
- From the Yale National Clinician Scholars Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Amir Kimia
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Eric W Fleegler
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
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14
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Menon NVB, Jayashree M, Nallasamy K, Angurana SK, Bansal A. Bed Utilization and Overcrowding in a High-Volume Tertiary Level Pediatric Emergency Department. Indian Pediatr 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-021-2278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Parental administration of inhaled short-acting beta agonists in the pediatric emergency department: a survey of family perspectives. CAN J EMERG MED 2021; 23:663-667. [PMID: 34061344 PMCID: PMC8167832 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-021-00087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of children with an asthma exacerbation includes timely systemic corticosteroids and frequent short-acting beta-agonist therapy. In selected patients, inhaled short-acting beta-agonist administration by parents may promote comfort, constitute an educational opportunity for the family, and safely reduce provider workload. Our objective was to evaluate parental satisfaction and perceived safety of this new approach. METHOD This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in a tertiary pediatric ED. We investigated patient and parent perspectives on a newly implemented parental short-acting beta-agonist administration program. A convenience sample of families participating in this program was approached for study enrolment. The primary outcome was the proportion of parents and children who were satisfied with the program. We also evaluated the program's safety and impact on asthma education as reported by parents. RESULTS From February 2019 to March 2020, 72 of 74 (97%) families approached for enrolment participated in the survey. A vast majority (95%) of parents appreciated the program and 93% would participate again. Among children > 7 years, 86% preferred receiving inhaled short-acting beta-agonist by their parents rather than by a healthcare provider. Nearly all parents (96%) found the program to be "safe" or "very safe". Some participants reported improvements in their inhaler administration technique (25%) and ability to recognize their child's respiratory distress (25%). CONCLUSION A novel parental short-acting beta-agonist administration program in the pediatric ED was widely appreciated by participating families. Parents perceived it as being safe, educational, and contributing to their child's comfort.
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Brockett-Walker C, Lall M, Evans DD, Heron S. Racial Bias Among Emergency Providers: Strategies to Mitigate Its Adverse Effects. Adv Emerg Nurs J 2021; 43:89-101. [PMID: 33915556 DOI: 10.1097/tme.0000000000000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Research to Practice column presents an analysis of current and controversial research findings with implications for practice change relevant to emergency care settings. This review critiques Johnson et al.'s (2016) investigation, titled "The Impact of Cognitive Stressors in the Emergency Department on Physician Implicit Racial Bias," that examined emergency department characteristics and stressors and their effects on physician racial bias and decision making. Their findings suggest that unconscious biases can affect clinical decisions when providers experience increased cognitive stress. The implications are significant for emergency providers as resources are especially strained during the COVID-19 pandemic and as the adverse effects of unconscious bias on health disparities and patient outcomes have become clearly apparent. Implicit bias training (IBT) is recommended for emergency providers and has significant implications for medical and nurse educators in executing and evaluating IBT outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Brockett-Walker
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (Drs Brockett-Walker and Evans); and Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (Drs Lall and Heron)
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Leonard F, Gilligan J, Barrett MJ. Predicting Admissions From a Paediatric Emergency Department - Protocol for Developing and Validating a Low-Dimensional Machine Learning Prediction Model. Front Big Data 2021; 4:643558. [PMID: 33937750 PMCID: PMC8085432 DOI: 10.3389/fdata.2021.643558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Patients boarding in the Emergency Department can contribute to overcrowding, leading to longer waiting times and patients leaving without being seen or completing their treatment. The early identification of potential admissions could act as an additional decision support tool to alert clinicians that a patient needs to be reviewed for admission and would also be of benefit to bed managers in advance bed planning for the patient. We aim to create a low-dimensional model predicting admissions early from the paediatric Emergency Department. Methods and Analysis: The methodology Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) will be followed. The dataset will comprise of 2 years of data, ~76,000 records. Potential predictors were identified from previous research, comprising of demographics, registration details, triage assessment, hospital usage and past medical history. Fifteen models will be developed comprised of 3 machine learning algorithms (Logistic regression, naïve Bayes and gradient boosting machine) and 5 sampling methods, 4 of which are aimed at addressing class imbalance (undersampling, oversampling, and synthetic oversampling techniques). The variables of importance will then be identified from the optimal model (selected based on the highest Area under the curve) and used to develop an additional low-dimensional model for deployment. Discussion: A low-dimensional model comprised of routinely collected data, captured up to post triage assessment would benefit many hospitals without data rich platforms for the development of models with a high number of predictors. Novel to the planned study is the use of data from the Republic of Ireland and the application of sampling techniques aimed at improving model performance impacted by an imbalance between admissions and discharges in the outcome variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Leonard
- Business Intelligence Unit, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Gilligan
- School of Computer Science, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael J Barrett
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Shaw VM, Yu A, Parsons M, Olsen T, Walker C. Acute assessment services for patient flow assistance in hospital emergency departments. Hippokratia 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Shaw
- School of Nursing; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - An Yu
- School of Nursing; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Matthew Parsons
- Faculty of Health; The University of Waikato; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Tava Olsen
- Information Systems and Operations Management; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Cameron Walker
- Engineering Science; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
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Valipoor S, Hatami M, Hakimjavadi H, Akçalı E, Swan WA, De Portu G. Data-Driven Design Strategies to Address Crowding and Boarding in an Emergency Department: A Discrete-Event Simulation Study. HERD-HEALTH ENVIRONMENTS RESEARCH & DESIGN JOURNAL 2020; 14:161-177. [PMID: 33176477 DOI: 10.1177/1937586720969933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To address prolonged lengths of stay (LOS) in a Level 1 trauma center, we examined the impact of implementing two data-driven strategies with a focus on the physical environment. BACKGROUND Crowding in emergency departments (EDs) is a widely reported problem leading to increased service times and patients leaving without being seen. METHODS Using ED historical data and expert estimates, we created a discrete-event simulation model. We analyzed the likely impact of initiating care and boarding patients in the hallway (hallway care) instead of the exam rooms and adding a dedicated triage space for patients who arrive by emergency medical services (EMS triage) to decrease hallway congestion. The scenarios were compared in terms of LOS, time spent in exam rooms and hallway spaces, service time, blocked time, and utilization rate. RESULTS The hallway care scenario resulted in significantly lower LOS and exam room time only for EMS patients but when implemented along with the EMS triage scenario, a significantly lower LOS and exam room time was observed for all patients (EMS and walk-in). The combination of two simulated scenarios resulted in significant improvements in other flow metrics as well. CONCLUSIONS Our findings discourage boarding of admitted patients in ED exam rooms. If space limitations require that admitted patients be placed in ED hallways, designers and planners should consider enabling hallway spaces with features recommended in this article. Alternative locations for boarding should be prioritized in or out of the ED. Our findings also encourage establishing a triage area dedicated to EMS patients in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabboo Valipoor
- Department of Interior Design, College of Design, Construction & Planning, 3463University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mohsen Hatami
- M. E. Rinker, Sr. School of Construction Management, College of Design, Construction & Planning, 3463University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hesamedin Hakimjavadi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, 3463University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Elif Akçalı
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, 3463University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Giuliano De Portu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, 3463University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Rosychuk RJ, Rowe BH. Type of facility influences lengths of stay of children presenting to high volume emergency departments. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:500. [PMID: 33131492 PMCID: PMC7604957 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency department crowding may impact patient and provider outcomes. We describe emergency department crowding metrics based on presentations by children to different categories of high volume emergency departments in Alberta, Canada. METHODS This population-based retrospective study extracted all presentations made by children (age < 18 years) during April 2010 to March 2015 to 15 high volume emergency departments: five regional, eight urban, and two academic/teaching. Time to physician initial assessment, and length of stay for discharges and admissions were calculated based on the start of presentation and emergency department facility. Multiple metrics, including the medians for hourly, facility-specific time to physician initial assessment and length of stay were obtained. RESULTS About half (51.2%) of the 1,124,119 presentations were made to the two academic/teaching emergency departments. Males presented more than females (53.6% vs 46.4%) and the median age was 5 years. Pediatric presentations to the three categories of emergency departments had mostly similar characteristics; however, urban and academic/teaching emergency departments had more severe triage scores and academic/teaching emergency departments had higher admissions. Across all emergency departments, the medians of the metrics for time to physician initial assessment, length of stay for discharges and for admission were 1h11min, 2h21min, and 6h29min, respectively. Generally, regional hospitals had shorter times than urban and academic/teaching hospitals. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric presentations to high volume emergency departments in this province suggest similar delays to see providers; however, length of stay for discharges and admissions were shorter in regional emergency departments. Crowding is more common in urban and especially academic emergency departments and the impact of crowding on patient outcomes requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda J Rosychuk
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, 3-524 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada.
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Brian H Rowe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R7, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Cai X, Wu J, Chen J, Sun J, Li P. The "two-step four-level + " pediatric triage method in a medical center in Southern China. J SPEC PEDIATR NURS 2020; 25:e12305. [PMID: 32702207 DOI: 10.1111/jspn.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Because the quality of medical resources is extremely uneven across China, it is nearly impossible to implement a unified emergency triage program. The aim of the study is to examine triage using the "two-step four-level+ " triage model in a hospital in Southern China, with an emphasis on hand, foot, and mouth disease. DESIGN AND METHODS This was a retrospective study of all patients seen in the pediatric emergency room (ER) between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2018, at the Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center. The "two-step and four-level+ " was manually implemented in 2012, and an electronic triage system was developed and applied since 2015. Emergency quality control indicators were analyzed. RESULTS There were 645,473 patients triaged at the pediatric ER between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018. After the first step, 17,444 patients were classified as unstable, including 6546 (1.01%) Level I patients, 10,898 (1.69%) Level II patients, 210,368 (32.5%) Level III patients, and 417,661 (64.8%) Level IV patients. After triage implementation, the stay time of the patient in the pediatric ER decreased each year (all p < .05) and shortened to 20.3 ± 2.2 h in 2018. Compared with 2012-2014, the mortality of 2015-2018 decreased by 21.1%, the rate of unexpected resuscitation was 0%, and the complaints of overcrowding decreased (all p < .05). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS This "two-step four-level+ " triage method can improve the medical care quality of pediatric ER in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Cai
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinxia Wu
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiechan Chen
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiqing Li
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Doan Q, Wong H, Meckler G, Johnson D, Stang A, Dixon A, Sawyer S, Principi T, Kam AJ, Joubert G, Gravel J, Jabbour M, Guttmann A. The impact of pediatric emergency department crowding on patient and health care system outcomes: a multicentre cohort study. CMAJ 2020; 191:E627-E635. [PMID: 31182457 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.181426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency department overcrowding has been associated with increased odds of hospital admission and mortality after discharge from the emergency department in predominantly adult cohorts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between crowding and the odds of several adverse outcomes among children seen at a pediatric emergency department. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving all children visiting 8 Canadian pediatric emergency departments across 4 provinces between 2010 and 2014. We analyzed the association between mean departmental length of stay for each index visit and hospital admission within 7 days or death within 14 days of emergency department discharge, as well as hospital admission at index visit and return visits within 7 days, using mixed-effects logistic regression modelling. RESULTS A total of 1 931 465 index visits occurred across study sites over the 5-year period, with little variation in index visit hospital admission or median length of stay. Hospital admission within 7 days of discharge and 14-day mortality were low across provinces (0.8%-1.5% and < 10 per 100 000 visits, respectively), and their association with mean departmental length of stay varied by triage categories and across sites but was not significant. There were increased odds of hospital admission at the index visit with increasing departmental crowding among visits triaged to Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) score 1-2 (odds ratios [ORs] ranged from 1.01 to 1.08) and return visits among patients with a CTAS score of 4-5 discharged at the index visit at some sites (ORs ranged from 1.00 to 1.06). INTERPRETATION Emergency department crowding was not significantly associated with hospital admission within 7 days of the emergency department visit or mortality in children. However, it was associated with increased hospital admission at the index visit for the sickest children, and with return visits to the emergency department for those less sick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Doan
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
| | - Hubert Wong
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Garth Meckler
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - David Johnson
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Antonia Stang
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Andrew Dixon
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Scott Sawyer
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Tania Principi
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - April J Kam
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Gary Joubert
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Jocelyn Gravel
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Mona Jabbour
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Astrid Guttmann
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
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Nicholson E, Doherty E, Somanadhan S, Guerin S, Schreiber J, Bury G, Kroll T, Raley M, McAuliffe E. Health inequities in unscheduled healthcare for children with intellectual disabilities in Ireland: a study protocol. HRB Open Res 2020; 3:3. [PMID: 32832849 PMCID: PMC7431971 DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.12973.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 03/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Health inequities for children with intellectual disabilities (ID) are prevalent within different health systems, and children with ID have shorter life expectancies than the general population, higher mortality rates before the age of 17 and have a greater risk of potentially preventable hospitalisations. A health systems approach to research in this area provides a useful means through which research can inform policy and practice to ensure people with ID receive equitable healthcare; however, there is a paucity of evidence regarding how to address differences that have been described in the literature to date. The overall aim of this research is to establish the extent of health inequities for children with ID in Ireland compared to children without ID with respect to their utilisation of primary care and rates of hospitalisation, and to gain a better understanding of what influences utilisation of primary care and ED services in this population. Methods and analysis: The design of this research adopts a mixed-methods approach: statistical analysis of health data to determine the extent of health inequities in relation to healthcare utilisation; discrete choice experiments to explore General Practitioners' decision making and parental preferences for optimal care; and concept mapping to develop consensus between stakeholders on how to address current healthcare inequities. Discussion: By applying a systems lens to the issue of health inequities for children with ID, the research hopes to gain a thorough understanding of the varying components that can contribute to the maintenance of such healthcare inequities. A key output from the research will be a set of feasible solutions and interventions that can address health inequities for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Nicholson
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education and Innovation in Health Systems (IRIS), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Edel Doherty
- J.E. Cairnes School of Business and Economics, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Suja Somanadhan
- UCD School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Guerin
- UCD Centre for Disability Studies, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Gerard Bury
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Thilo Kroll
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education and Innovation in Health Systems (IRIS), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Meredith Raley
- Disability Federation of Ireland, Fumbally Court, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Eilish McAuliffe
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education and Innovation in Health Systems (IRIS), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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24
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Abbadessa MKF. Call to Action: The Need for Best Practices for Boarding the Pediatric Intensive Care Patient in the Emergency Department. J Emerg Nurs 2020; 46:150-153. [PMID: 31983462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Valitutti F, Zenzeri L, Mauro A, Pacifico R, Borrelli M, Muzzica S, Boccia G, Tipo V, Vajro P. Effect of Population Lockdown on Pediatric Emergency Room Demands in the Era of COVID-19. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:521. [PMID: 33072657 PMCID: PMC7530634 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and population lockdown on pediatric ED consultations. Methods: A cross-sectional study on pediatric emergency department consultations before and during the current COVID-19 pandemic (March-May 2019 vs. March-May 2020) was performed in two hospitals in the Campania region (Southern Italy) [i.e., Salerno University Hospital (Salerno) and Pediatric Regional Referral Emergency Hub "AORN Santobono-Pausillipon" (Naples)]. Results: 29,368 consecutive ED pediatric patients (13,430 females; mean age ± SD = 5.4 ± 4.7 years) were seen in March-May 2019 and 9,133 (4,494 females; mean age ± SD = 5.9 ± 4.2 years) in March-May 2020. Resuscitation/emergency and urgent care pediatric ED consultations were 1,388 (4.7%, 95% CI 4.5-4.9) in the 2019 trimester, while they were 648 (7.1%, 95% CI 6.6-7.6) in the 2020 trimester (p < 0.01). Mean pediatric ED daily consultations were 326.3 (95% CI 299.9-352.7) in the considered period of 2019 and 101.4 (95%CI 77.9-124.9) in the same period of 2020 (p < 0.001). COVID-19 nasal swabs were performed for 385 children; of those, six resulted positive and four of them were hospitalized. Conclusions: This work provides a unique snapshot of the pediatric EDs demands in the era of COVID-19. We witnessed a significant reduction of non-urgent health care demands during the pandemic but an increase of more severe urgent cases. The COVID-19 pandemic and the following lockdown unveiled the inappropriateness of the majority of pediatric ED consultations. Nevertheless, the current scenario highlighted the need for appropriate and timely clinical evaluations in the pediatric primary care to tackle late and more severe diagnoses in EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Valitutti
- Pediatric Unit, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Salerno, Italy.,EBRIS (European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno), Salerno, Italy
| | - Letizia Zenzeri
- Emergency Pediatric Department, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Mauro
- Emergency Pediatric Department, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Pacifico
- Pediatric Unit, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Salerno, Italy
| | - Micaela Borrelli
- Pediatric Surgery Unit, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Salerno, Italy
| | - Stefania Muzzica
- Emergency Pediatric Department, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Boccia
- Hospital Hygiene and Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tipo
- Emergency Pediatric Department, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Vajro
- Pediatric Unit, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Salerno, Italy.,Clinical Pediatrics Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
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Drouin O, D'Angelo A, Gravel J. Impact of wait time during a first pediatric emergency room visit on likelihood of revisit in the next year. Am J Emerg Med 2019; 38:890-894. [PMID: 31300177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pediatric emergency departments (ED) develop strategies to decrease wait time. Yet, lowering wait times may incite patients to come back, and increase patient volume. We aim to determine if wait time in a first visit influenced the likelihood of a revisit to the same setting. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of children with a first visit to a single pediatric ED between November 1st 2016, and October 31st 2017. First visit was defined as no visit in the same ED in the previous 12 months. The primary outcome was the occurrence of a revisit at the same ED within 12 months of the first visit. Our main predictor was the wait time at the first visit for primary evaluation by a physician. We used multivariable logistic regression models to adjust for potential risk factors (age, triage level, day of visit and disposition). RESULTS Among 85,844 ED visits during the study period, 36,844 were first visits and fulfilled inclusion/exclusion criteria. Median wait time was 101 min (interquartile range: 56-177 min). Among those with a first visit, 11,351 (30.8%) had a revisit within 12 months. In multivariable analysis, each one hour increase in wait time was associated with a lower probability of revisit (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.91-0.94). CONCLUSIONS Shorter wait time was associated with higher likelihood of a revisit to the same ED in the following 12 months. Strategies to reduce wait times should take into consideration possible concomitant increase in patient volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Drouin
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Antonio D'Angelo
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Gravel
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Nicholson E, McDonnell T, Hamza M, Barrett M, Brunsdon C, Bury G, Charlton M, Collins C, Deasy C, De Brun A, Fitzsimons J, Galligan M, Hensey C, Kiernan F, McAuliffe E. Factors that influence family and parental preferences and decision making for unscheduled paediatric healthcare: a systematic review protocol. HRB Open Res 2019; 2:11. [PMID: 32104777 PMCID: PMC7016877 DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.12897.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a plethora of factors that dictate where parents and families choose to seek unscheduled healthcare for their child; and the complexity of these decisions can present a challenge for policy makers and healthcare planners as these behaviours can have a significant impact on resources in the health system. The systematic review will seek to identify the factors that influence parents’ and families’ preferences and decision making when seeking unscheduled paediatric healthcare. Five databases will be searched for published studies (CINAHL, PubMed, SCOPUS, PsycInfo, EconLit) and grey literature will also be searched. Inclusion and exclusion criteria will be applied and articles assessed for quality. A narrative approach will be used to synthesise the evidence that emerges from the review. By collating the factors that influence decision-making and attendance at these services, the review can inform future health policies and strategies seeking to expand primary care to support the provision of accessible and responsive care. The systematic review will also inform the design of a discrete choice experiment (DCE) which will seek to determine parental and family preferences for unscheduled paediatric healthcare. Policies that seek to expand primary care and reduce hospital admissions from emergency departments need to be cognisant of the nuanced and complex factors that govern patients’ behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Nicholson
- UCD School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Therese McDonnell
- UCD School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Moayed Hamza
- UCD School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Barrett
- Chilren's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland.,UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Christopher Brunsdon
- National Centre for Geocomputation, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
| | - Gerard Bury
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Martin Charlton
- National Centre for Geocomputation, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
| | - Claire Collins
- Irish College of General Practitioners, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Aoife De Brun
- UCD School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Fitzsimons
- Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Marie Galligan
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Conor Hensey
- Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Fiona Kiernan
- UCD Geary Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eilish McAuliffe
- UCD School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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28
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Nicholson E, McDonnell T, Hamza M, Barrett M, Brunsdon C, Bury G, Charlton M, Collins C, Deasy C, De Brun A, Fitzsimons J, Galligan M, Hensey C, Kiernan F, McAuliffe E. Factors that influence family and parental preferences and decision making for unscheduled paediatric healthcare: a systematic review protocol. HRB Open Res 2019. [DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.12897.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a plethora of factors that dictate where parents and families choose to seek unscheduled healthcare for their child; and the complexity of these decisions can present a challenge for policy makers and healthcare planners as these behaviours can have a significant impact on resources in the health system. The systematic review will seek to identify the factors that influence parents’ and families’ preferences and decision making when seeking unscheduled paediatric healthcare. Five databases will be searched for published studies (CINAHL, PubMed, SCOPUS, PsycInfo, EconLit) and grey literature will also be searched. Inclusion and exclusion criteria will be applied and articles assessed for quality. A narrative approach will be used to synthesise the evidence that emerges from the review. By collating the factors that influence decision-making and attendance at these services, the review can inform future health policies and strategies seeking to expand primary care to support the provision of accessible and responsive care. The systematic review will also inform the design of a discrete choice experiment (DCE) which will seek to determine parental and family preferences for unscheduled paediatric healthcare. Policies such as Sláintecare that seek to expand primary care and reduce hospital admissions from emergency departments need to be cognisant of the nuanced and complex factors that govern patients’ behaviour.
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Doan Q, Wong H, Meckler G, Johnson D, Stang A, Dixon A, Sawyer S, Principi T, Kam AJ, Joubert G, Gravel J, Jabbour M, Guttmann A. The impact of pediatric emergency department crowding on patient and health care system outcomes: a multicentre cohort study. CMAJ 2019; 191:E627-E635. [PMID: 31182457 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.181426/-/dc1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency department overcrowding has been associated with increased odds of hospital admission and mortality after discharge from the emergency department in predominantly adult cohorts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between crowding and the odds of several adverse outcomes among children seen at a pediatric emergency department. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving all children visiting 8 Canadian pediatric emergency departments across 4 provinces between 2010 and 2014. We analyzed the association between mean departmental length of stay for each index visit and hospital admission within 7 days or death within 14 days of emergency department discharge, as well as hospital admission at index visit and return visits within 7 days, using mixed-effects logistic regression modelling. RESULTS A total of 1 931 465 index visits occurred across study sites over the 5-year period, with little variation in index visit hospital admission or median length of stay. Hospital admission within 7 days of discharge and 14-day mortality were low across provinces (0.8%-1.5% and < 10 per 100 000 visits, respectively), and their association with mean departmental length of stay varied by triage categories and across sites but was not significant. There were increased odds of hospital admission at the index visit with increasing departmental crowding among visits triaged to Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) score 1-2 (odds ratios [ORs] ranged from 1.01 to 1.08) and return visits among patients with a CTAS score of 4-5 discharged at the index visit at some sites (ORs ranged from 1.00 to 1.06). INTERPRETATION Emergency department crowding was not significantly associated with hospital admission within 7 days of the emergency department visit or mortality in children. However, it was associated with increased hospital admission at the index visit for the sickest children, and with return visits to the emergency department for those less sick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Doan
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
| | - Hubert Wong
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Garth Meckler
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - David Johnson
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Antonia Stang
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Andrew Dixon
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Scott Sawyer
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Tania Principi
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - April J Kam
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Gary Joubert
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Jocelyn Gravel
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Mona Jabbour
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Astrid Guttmann
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Doan, Meckler), University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health (Wong), University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (Doan, Meckler), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Johnson, Stang), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta; Stollery Children's Hospital, and Women and Children's Health Research Institute (Dixon), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (Sawyer), University of Manitoba; Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Sawyer), Winnipeg, Man.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Principi), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Principi), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Kam), McMaster University; McMaster Children's Hospital (Kam), Hamilton, Ont.; Paediatric Emergency Medicine (Joubert), Western University; Children's Hospital of Western Ontario (Joubert), London, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Gravel), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine (Gravel), Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Jabbour), University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Jabbour), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Guttmann); Department of Paediatrics (Guttmann), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
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