1
|
Zhu J, Gilbert RG. Starch molecular structure and diabetes. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 344:122525. [PMID: 39218548 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Starch is a primary source of food energy for human beings. Its chain-length distribution (CLD) is a major structural feature influencing physiologically-important properties, such as digestibility and palatability, of starch-containing foods. Diabetes, which is of epidemic proportions in many countries, is related to the rate of starch digestion in foods. Isoforms of three biosynthesis enzymes, starch synthase, starch branching enzymes and debranching enzymes, control the CLDs of starch, which can be measured by methods such as size-exclusion chromatography and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. Fitting observed CLDs to biosynthesis-based models based on the ratios of the activities of those isoforms yields biosynthesis-related parameters describing CLD features. This review examines CLD measurement, fitting CLDs to models, relations between CLDs, the occurrence and management of diabetes, and how plant breeders can develop varieties to optimize digestibility and palatability together, to develop starch-based foods with both a lower risk of diabetes and acceptable taste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yan H, Zhang W, Wang Y, Jin J, Xu H, Fu Y, Shan Z, Wang X, Teng X, Li X, Wang Y, Hu X, Zhang W, Zhu C, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang R, Zhang J, Cai Y, You X, Chen J, Ge X, Wang L, Xu J, Jiang L, Liu S, Lei C, Zhang X, Wang H, Ren Y, Wan J. Rice LIKE EARLY STARVATION1 cooperates with FLOURY ENDOSPERM6 to modulate starch biosynthesis and endosperm development. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1892-1912. [PMID: 38262703 PMCID: PMC11062441 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
In cereal grains, starch is synthesized by the concerted actions of multiple enzymes on the surface of starch granules within the amyloplast. However, little is known about how starch-synthesizing enzymes access starch granules, especially for amylopectin biosynthesis. Here, we show that the rice (Oryza sativa) floury endosperm9 (flo9) mutant is defective in amylopectin biosynthesis, leading to grains exhibiting a floury endosperm with a hollow core. Molecular cloning revealed that FLO9 encodes a plant-specific protein homologous to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) LIKE EARLY STARVATION1 (LESV). Unlike Arabidopsis LESV, which is involved in starch metabolism in leaves, OsLESV is required for starch granule initiation in the endosperm. OsLESV can directly bind to starch by its C-terminal tryptophan (Trp)-rich region. Cellular and biochemical evidence suggests that OsLESV interacts with the starch-binding protein FLO6, and loss-of-function mutations of either gene impair ISOAMYLASE1 (ISA1) targeting to starch granules. Genetically, OsLESV acts synergistically with FLO6 to regulate starch biosynthesis and endosperm development. Together, our results identify OsLESV-FLO6 as a non-enzymatic molecular module responsible for ISA1 localization on starch granules, and present a target gene for use in biotechnology to control starch content and composition in rice endosperm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hancong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yushuang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rongqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yue Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoman You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyuan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiahuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Cailin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jin SK, Xu LN, Leng YJ, Zhang MQ, Yang QQ, Wang SL, Jia SW, Song T, Wang RA, Tao T, Liu QQ, Cai XL, Gao JP. The OsNAC24-OsNAP protein complex activates OsGBSSI and OsSBEI expression to fine-tune starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:2224-2240. [PMID: 37432878 PMCID: PMC10579716 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Starch accounts for up to 90% of the dry weight of rice endosperm and is a key determinant of grain quality. Although starch biosynthesis enzymes have been comprehensively studied, transcriptional regulation of starch-synthesis enzyme-coding genes (SECGs) is largely unknown. In this study, we explored the role of a NAC transcription factor, OsNAC24, in regulating starch biosynthesis in rice. OsNAC24 is highly expressed in developing endosperm. The endosperm of osnac24 mutants is normal in appearance as is starch granule morphology, while total starch content, amylose content, chain length distribution of amylopectin and the physicochemical properties of the starch are changed. In addition, the expression of several SECGs was altered in osnac24 mutant plants. OsNAC24 is a transcriptional activator that targets the promoters of six SECGs; OsGBSSI, OsSBEI, OsAGPS2, OsSSI, OsSSIIIa and OsSSIVb. Since both the mRNA and protein abundances of OsGBSSI and OsSBEI were decreased in the mutants, OsNAC24 functions to regulate starch synthesis mainly through OsGBSSI and OsSBEI. Furthermore, OsNAC24 binds to the newly identified motifs TTGACAA, AGAAGA and ACAAGA as well as the core NAC-binding motif CACG. Another NAC family member, OsNAP, interacts with OsNAC24 and coactivates target gene expression. Loss-of-function of OsNAP led to altered expression in all tested SECGs and reduced the starch content. These results demonstrate that the OsNAC24-OsNAP complex plays key roles in fine-tuning starch synthesis in rice endosperm and further suggest that manipulating the OsNAC24-OsNAP complex regulatory network could be a potential strategy for breeding rice cultivars with improved cooking and eating quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kui Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Na Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Jia Leng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Qiu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Qing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shui-Lian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Wen Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Song
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-An Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Quan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Ping Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Irshad A, Guo H, Xiong H, Xie Y, Jin H, Gu J, Wang C, Yu L, Wen X, Zhao S, Liu L. Evaluation of altered starch mutants and identification of candidate genes responsible for starch variation in wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:377. [PMID: 37528349 PMCID: PMC10391901 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of mutation through chemical mutagenesis is a novel approach for preparing diverse germplasm. Introduction of functional alleles in the starch biosynthetic genes help in the improvement of the quality and yield of cereals. RESULTS In the present study, a set of 350 stable mutant lines were used to evaluate dynamic variation of the total starch contents. A megazyme kits were used for measuring the total starch content, resistant starch, amylose, and amylopectin content. Analysis of variance showed significant variation (p < 0.05) in starch content within the population. Furthermore, two high starch mutants (JE0173 and JE0218) and two low starch mutants (JE0089 and JE0418) were selected for studying different traits. A multiple comparison test showed that significant variation in all physiological and morphological traits, with respect to the parent variety (J411) in 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. The quantitative expression of starch metabolic genes revealed that eleven genes of JE0173 and twelve genes of JE0218 had consistent expression in high starch mutant lines. Similarly, in low starch mutant lines, eleven genes of JE0089 and thirteen genes of JE0418 had consistent expression in all stages of seed development. An additional two candidate genes showed over-expression (PHO1, PUL) in the high starch mutant lines, indicating that other starch metabolic genes may also contribute to the starch biosynthesis. The overexpression of SSII, SSIII and SBEI in JE0173 may be due to presence of missense mutations in these genes and SSI also showed overexpression which may be due to 3-primer_UTR variant. These mutations can affect the other starch related genes and help to increase the starch content in this mutant line (JE0173). CONCLUSIONS This study screened a large scale of mutant population and identified mutants, could provide useful genetic resources for the study of starch biosynthesis and genetic improvement of wheat in the future. Further study will help to understand new genes which are responsible for the fluctuation of total starch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Irshad
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Centre of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huijun Guo
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Centre of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongchun Xiong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Centre of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongdun Xie
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Centre of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiayu Gu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Centre of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chaojie Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Centre of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Liqun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xianghui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shirong Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Centre of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Luxiang Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Centre of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu J, Bai Y, Gilbert RG. Effects of the Molecular Structure of Starch in Foods on Human Health. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112263. [PMID: 37297507 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch provides approximately half of humans' food energy, and its structural features influence human health. The most important structural feature is the chain length distribution (CLD), which affects properties such as the digestibility of starch-containing foods. The rate of digestion of such foods has a strong correlation with the prevalence and treatment of diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity. Starch CLDs can be divided into multiple regions of degrees of polymerization, wherein the CLD in a given region is predominantly, but not exclusively, formed by a particular set of starch biosynthesis enzymes: starch synthases, starch branching enzymes and debranching enzymes. Biosynthesis-based models have been developed relating the ratios of the various enzyme activities in each set to the CLD component produced by that set. Fitting the observed CLDs to these models yields a small number of biosynthesis-related parameters, which, taken together, describe the entire CLD. This review highlights how CLDs can be measured and how the model-based parameters obtained from fitting these distributions are related to the properties of starch-based foods significant for health, and it considers how this knowledge could be used to develop plant varieties to provide foods with improved properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yeming Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang N, Deng Y, Zhang L, Wan Y, Lei T, Yang Y, Wu C, Du H, Feng P, Yin W, He G. UDP-glucose epimerase 1, moonlighting as a transcriptional activator, is essential for tapetum degradation and male fertility in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:829-848. [PMID: 36926693 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple enzymes perform moonlighting functions distinct from their main roles. UDP-glucose epimerases (UGEs), a subclass of isomerases, catalyze the interconversion of UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) and UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal). We identified a rice male-sterile mutant, osuge1, with delayed tapetum degradation and abortive pollen. The mutant osuge1 protein lacked UDP-glucose epimerase activity, resulting in higher UDP-Gal content and lower UDP-Glc levels in the osuge1 mutant compared with the wild type. Interestingly, we discovered that OsUGE1 participates in the TIP2/bHLH142-TDR-EAT1/DTD transcriptional regulatory cascade involved in tapetum degradation, in which TIP2 and TDR regulate the expression of OsUGE1 while OsUGE1 regulates the expression of EAT1. In addition, we found that OsUGE1 regulates the expression of its own gene by directly binding to an E-box element in the OsUGE1 promoter. Collectively, our results indicate that OsUGE1 not only functions as a UDP-glucose epimerase but also moonlights as a transcriptional activator to promote tapetum degradation, revealing a novel regulatory mechanism of rice reproductive development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yingchun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yimin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hai Du
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City and Southwest University, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ping Feng
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wuzhong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guanghua He
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Matsushima R, Hisano H, Galis I, Miura S, Crofts N, Takenaka Y, Oitome NF, Ishimizu T, Fujita N, Sato K. FLOURY ENDOSPERM 6 mutations enhance the sugary phenotype caused by the loss of ISOAMYLASE1 in barley. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:94. [PMID: 37010621 PMCID: PMC10070237 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Barley double mutants in two genes involved in starch granule morphology, HvFLO6 and HvISA1, had impaired starch accumulation and higher grain sugar levels than either single mutant. Starch is a biologically and commercially important glucose polymer synthesized by plants as semicrystalline starch granules (SGs). Because SG morphology affects starch properties, mutants with altered SG morphology may be useful in breeding crops with desirable starch properties, including potentially novel properties. In this study, we employed a simple screen for mutants with altered SG morphology in barley (Hordeum vulgare). We isolated mutants that formed compound SGs together with the normal simple SGs in the endosperm and found that they were allelic mutants of the starch biosynthesis genes ISOAMYLASE1 (HvISA1) and FLOURY ENDOSPERM 6 (HvFLO6), encoding starch debranching enzyme and CARBOHYDRATE-BINDING MODULE 48-containing protein, respectively. We generated the hvflo6 hvisa1 double mutant and showed that it had significantly reduced starch biosynthesis and developed shrunken grains. In contrast to starch, soluble α-glucan, phytoglycogen, and sugars accumulated to higher levels in the double mutant than in the single mutants. In addition, the double mutants showed defects in SG morphology in the endosperm and in the pollen. This novel genetic interaction suggests that hvflo6 acts as an enhancer of the sugary phenotype caused by hvisa1 mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hisano
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yuto Takenaka
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishimizu
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Suzuki N, Abiko M, Yano H, Koda T, Nishioka A, Fujita N. Effect of Shearing and Heat Milling Treatment Temperature on the Crystallinity, Thermal Properties, and Molecular Structure of Rice Starch. Foods 2023; 12:1041. [PMID: 36900557 PMCID: PMC10001028 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice flour is produced by various methods for use in the food industry, but little is known about how the structure of starch is affected during rice flour production. In this study, the crystallinity, thermal properties, and structure of starch in rice flour were investigated after treatment with a shearing and heat milling machine (SHMM) at different temperatures (10-150 °C). Both the crystallinity and gelatinization enthalpy of starch showed an inverse relationship with the treatment temperature; rice flour treated with the SHMM at higher temperatures showed lower crystallinity and gelatinization enthalpy than that treated at lower temperatures. Next, the structure of undegraded starch in the SHMM-treated rice flour was analyzed by gel permeation chromatography. A significant reduction in the molecular weight of amylopectin was observed at high treatment temperatures. Chain length distribution analysis showed that the proportion of long chains (degree of polymerization (DP) > 30) in rice flour decreased at temperatures ≥ 30 °C. By contrast, the molecular weight of amylose did not decrease. In summary, the SHMM treatment of rice flour at high temperatures resulted in starch gelatinization, and the amylopectin molecular weight decreased independently, due to the cleavage of amorphous regions connecting the amylopectin clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Suzuki
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City 010-0195, Akita, Japan;
| | - Marin Abiko
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa City 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan; (M.A.); (H.Y.); (T.K.); (A.N.)
| | - Hiroko Yano
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa City 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan; (M.A.); (H.Y.); (T.K.); (A.N.)
| | - Tomonori Koda
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa City 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan; (M.A.); (H.Y.); (T.K.); (A.N.)
| | - Akihiro Nishioka
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa City 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan; (M.A.); (H.Y.); (T.K.); (A.N.)
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City 010-0195, Akita, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Effect of Heading Date on the Starch Structure and Grain Yield of Rice Lines with Low Gelatinization Temperature. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810783. [PMID: 36142691 PMCID: PMC9502985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early flowering trait is essential for rice cultivars grown at high latitude since delayed flowering leads to seed development at low temperature, which decreases yield. However, early flowering at high temperature promotes the formation of chalky seeds with low apparent amylose content and high starch gelatinization temperature, thus affecting grain quality. Deletion of starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) shows inverse effects of high temperature, and the ss2a mutant shows higher apparent amylose content and lower gelatinization temperature. Heading date 1 (Hd1) is the major regulator of flowering time, and a nonfunctional hd1 allele is required for early flowering. To understand the relationship among heading date, starch properties, and yield, we generated and characterized near-isogenic rice lines with ss2a Hd1, ss2a Hd1 hd1, and ss2a hd1 genotypes. The ss2a Hd1 line showed the highest plant biomass; however, its grain yield varied by year. The ss2a Hd1 hd1 showed higher total grain weight than ss2a hd1. The ss2a hd1 line produced the lowest number of premature seeds and showed higher gelatinization temperature and lower apparent amylose content than ss2a Hd1. These results highlight Hd1 as the candidate gene for developing high-yielding rice cultivars with the desired starch structure.
Collapse
|
10
|
Miura S, Narita M, Crofts N, Itoh Y, Hosaka Y, Oitome NF, Abe M, Takahashi R, Fujita N. Improving Agricultural Traits While Maintaining High Resistant Starch Content in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:28. [PMID: 35662383 PMCID: PMC9167398 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistant starch (RS) is beneficial for human health. Loss of starch branching enzyme IIb (BEIIb) increases the proportion of amylopectin long chains, which greatly elevates the RS content. Although high RS content cereals are desired, an increase in RS content is often accompanied by a decrease in seed weight. To further increase the RS content, genes encoding active-type starch synthase (SS) IIa, which elongates amylopectin branches, and high expression-type granule-bound SSI (GBSSI), which synthesizes amylose, were introduced into the be2b mutant rice. This attempt increased the RS content, but further improvement of agricultural traits was required because of a mixture of indica and japonica rice phonotype, such as different grain sizes, flowering times, and seed shattering traits. In the present study, the high RS lines were backcrossed with an elite rice cultivar, and the starch properties of the resultant high-yielding RS lines were analyzed. RESULTS The seed weight of high RS lines was greatly improved after backcrossing, increasing up to 190% compared with the seed weight before backcrossing. Amylopectin structure, gelatinization temperature, and RS content of high RS lines showed almost no change after backcrossing. High RS lines contained longer amylopectin branch chains than the wild type, and lines with active-type SSIIa contained a higher proportion of long amylopectin chains compared with the lines with less active-SSIIa, and thus showed higher gelatinization temperature. Although the RS content of rice varied with the cooking method, those of high RS lines remained high after backcrossing. The RS contents of cooked rice of high RS lines were high (27-35%), whereas that of the elite parental rice was considerably low (< 0.7%). The RS contents of lines with active-type SSIIa and high-level GBSSI expression in be2b or be2b ss3a background were higher than those of lines with less-active SSIIa. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that backcrossing high RS rice lines with elite rice cultivars could increase the seed weight, without compromising the RS content. It is likely that backcrossing introduced loci enhancing seed length and width as well as loci promoting early flowering for ensuring an optimum temperature during RS biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Maiko Narita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Yuki Itoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko F. Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Misato Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Rika Takahashi
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sreenivasulu N, Zhang C, Tiozon RN, Liu Q. Post-genomics revolution in the design of premium quality rice in a high-yielding background to meet consumer demands in the 21st century. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100271. [PMID: 35576153 PMCID: PMC9251384 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice is critical for determining its economic value in the marketplace and promoting consumer acceptance. It has therefore been of paramount importance in rice breeding programs. Here, we highlight advances in genetic studies of ECQ and discuss prospects for further enhancement of ECQ in rice. Innovations in gene- and genome-editing techniques have enabled improvements in rice ECQ. Significant genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been shown to regulate starch composition, thereby affecting amylose content and thermal and pasting properties. A limited number of genes/QTLs have been identified for other ECQ properties such as protein content and aroma. Marker-assisted breeding has identified rare alleles in diverse genetic resources that are associated with superior ECQ properties. The post-genomics-driven information summarized in this review is relevant for augmenting current breeding strategies to meet consumer preferences and growing population demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nese Sreenivasulu
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños 4030, Philippines.
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Rhowell N Tiozon
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños 4030, Philippines; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Crofts N, Satoh Y, Miura S, Hosaka Y, Abe M, Fujita N. Active-type starch synthase (SS) IIa from indica rice partially complements the sugary-1 phenotype in japonica rice endosperm. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:325-342. [PMID: 34287741 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of higher SSIIa activity to mild-type isa1 mutant by crossing results in restoration of crystallinity, starch granule structure, and production of plump seeds. Isoamylase 1 (ISA1) removes improper α-1, 6 glycosidic branches of amylopectin generated by starch branching enzymes and is essential for the formation of proper amylopectin structure. Rice isa1 (sug-1) mutants in japonica cultivar with less-active starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) and low granule-bound SSI (GBSSI) expression display wrinkled seed phenotype by accumulating water-soluble phytoglycogen instead of insoluble amylopectin. Expression of active SSIIa in transgenic rice produced with a severe-type isa1 mutant accumulated some insoluble glucan with weak B-type crystallinity at the periphery of seeds but their seeds remained wrinkled. To see whether introduction of high levels of SSIIa and/or GBSSI can restore the grain filling of the mild-type sug-1 mutant (EM653), new rice lines (SS2a gbss1L isa1, ss2aL GBSS1 isa1, and SS2a GBSS1 isa1) were generated by crossing japonica isa1 mutant (ss2aL gbss1L isa1) with wild type indica rice (SS2a GBSS1 ISA1). The results showed that SS2a gbss1L isa1 and SS2a GBSS1 isa1 lines generated chalky plump seeds accumulating insoluble amylopectin-like glucans with an increase in DP 13-35, while ss2aL GBSS1 isa1 generated wrinkly seeds and accumulated soluble glucans enriched with DP < 13. Scanning electron microscopic observation of cross-section of the seeds showed that SS2a gbss1L isa1 and SS2a GBSS1 isa1 produced wild type-like polygonal starch granules. These starches showed the A-type crystallinity comparable to the wild type, while the japonica isa1 mutant and the transgenic rice do not show any or little crystallinity, respectively. These results indicate that introduction of higher SSIIa activity can mostly complements the mild-type sug-1 phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Satoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Misato Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Singh A, Mathan J, Yadav A, K. Goyal A, Chaudhury A. Molecular and Transcriptional Regulation of Seed Development in Cereals: Present Status and Future Prospects. CEREAL GRAINS - VOLUME 1 2021. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
Cereals are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, oils and protein, making them the world’s most important source of nutrition. The influence of rising global population, as well as the emergence and spread of disease, has the major impact on cereal production. To meet the demand, there is a pressing need to increase cereal production. Optimal seed development is a key agronomical trait that contributes to crop yield. The seed development and maturation is a complex process that includes not only embryo and endosperm development, but also accompanied by huge physiological, biochemical, metabolic, molecular and transcriptional changes. This chapter discusses the growth of cereal seed and highlights the novel biological insights, with a focus on transgenic and new molecular breeding, as well as biotechnological intervention strategies that have improved crop yield in two major cereal crops, primarily wheat and rice, over the last 21 years (2000–2021).
Collapse
|
14
|
Wakabayashi Y, Morita R, Aoki N. Metabolic factors restricting sink strength in superior and inferior spikelets in high-yielding rice cultivars. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 266:153536. [PMID: 34619558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many high-yielding rice cultivars with large sink size (total number of spikelet per unit area × mean grain weight) have been developed, but some japonica cultivars developed in Japan often fail to attain the expected high yield due to low sink strength of spikelets. Although there is natural variation in sink strength of spikelets among high-yielding cultivars, metabolic factors involved in the natural variation and relationships of sink strength in spikelets with final percentage of filled spikelets are not fully understood. In the present study, we examined cultivar differences in sink strength for superior and inferior spikelets (i.e. earlier fertilizing spikelets with faster growth and later fertilizing ones with slower growth, respectively) in a panicle, using each spikelet at 10 d after the onset of development (10 DAD) when starch accumulation in endosperm was actively proceeding. Nine high-yielding cultivars were used: five japonica-dominant and four indica-dominant cultivars. Cultivar differences were observed in starch contents at 10 DAD in each spikelet type, and indica cultivars had higher starch contents than japonica cultivars in both superior and inferior spikelets. In addition, starch contents at 10 DAD were closely related to percentage of filled grains at maturity in both spikelet types. The activities of sucrose synthase (SUS) and uridine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP), and the protein levels of phosphorylase 1 (Pho1), were higher in indica than japonica cultivars, and were positively correlated with starch contents at 10 DAD for both superior and inferior spikelets; although metabolic states, revealed from relations between intermediate metabolites and starch contents, differed among spikelet types. Consequently, it was considered that SUS and UGP at the step from sucrose cleavage to adenosine diphosphoglucose synthesis, and Pho1 at the starch biosynthesis step, were key metabolic factors involved in cultivar differences of sink strength (ability to synthesize starch).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Morita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naohiro Aoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shoaib N, Liu L, Ali A, Mughal N, Yu G, Huang Y. Molecular Functions and Pathways of Plastidial Starch Phosphorylase (PHO1) in Starch Metabolism: Current and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910450. [PMID: 34638789 PMCID: PMC8509025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch phosphorylase is a member of the GT35-glycogen-phosphorylase superfamily. Glycogen phosphorylases have been researched in animals thoroughly when compared to plants. Genetic evidence signifies the integral role of plastidial starch phosphorylase (PHO1) in starch biosynthesis in model plants. The counterpart of PHO1 is PHO2, which specifically resides in cytosol and is reported to lack L80 peptide in the middle region of proteins as seen in animal and maltodextrin forms of phosphorylases. The function of this extra peptide varies among species and ranges from the substrate of proteasomes to modulate the degradation of PHO1 in Solanum tuberosum to a non-significant effect on biochemical activity in Oryza sativa and Hordeum vulgare. Various regulatory functions, e.g., phosphorylation, protein–protein interactions, and redox modulation, have been reported to affect the starch phosphorylase functions in higher plants. This review outlines the current findings on the regulation of starch phosphorylase genes and proteins with their possible role in the starch biosynthesis pathway. We highlight the gaps in present studies and elaborate on the molecular mechanisms of phosphorylase in starch metabolism. Moreover, we explore the possible role of PHO1 in crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noman Shoaib
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (N.S.); (L.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Lun Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (N.S.); (L.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Asif Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Nishbah Mughal
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (N.S.); (L.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Guowu Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (N.S.); (L.L.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (Y.H.); Tel.: +86-180-0803-9351 (G.Y.); +86-028-8629-0868 (Y.H.)
| | - Yubi Huang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (N.S.); (L.L.); (N.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (Y.H.); Tel.: +86-180-0803-9351 (G.Y.); +86-028-8629-0868 (Y.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Han X, Wen H, Luo Y, Yang J, Xiao W, Ji X, Xie J. Effects of α-amylase and glucoamylase on the characterization and function of maize porous starches. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
17
|
Selvaraj R, Singh AK, Singh VK, Abbai R, Habde SV, Singh UM, Kumar A. Superior haplotypes towards development of low glycemic index rice with preferred grain and cooking quality. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10082. [PMID: 33980871 PMCID: PMC8115083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing trends in the occurrence of diabetes underline the need to develop low glycemic index (GI) rice with preferred grain quality. In the current study, a diverse set of 3 K sub-panel of rice consisting of 150 accessions was evaluated for resistant starch and predicted glycemic index, including nine other quality traits under transplanted situation. Significant variations were noticed among the accessions for the traits evaluated. Trait associations had shown that amylose content possess significant positive and negative association with resistant starch and predicted glycemic index. Genome-wide association studies with 500 K SNPs based on MLM model resulted in a total of 41 marker-trait associations (MTAs), which were further confirmed and validated with mrMLM multi-locus model. We have also determined the allelic effect of identified MTAs for 11 targeted traits and found favorable SNPs for 8 traits. A total of 11 genes were selected for haplo-pheno analysis to identify the superior haplotypes for the target traits where haplotypes ranges from 2 (Os10g0469000-GC) to 15 (Os06g18720-AC). Superior haplotypes for RS and PGI, the candidate gene Os06g11100 (H4-3.28% for high RS) and Os08g12590 (H13-62.52 as intermediate PGI). The identified superior donors possessing superior haplotype combinations may be utilized in Haplotype-based breeding to developing next-generation tailor-made high quality healthier rice varieties suiting consumer preference and market demand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramchander Selvaraj
- IRRI South Asia Hub (IRRI-SAH), ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arun Kumar Singh
- IRRI South Asia Hub (IRRI-SAH), ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vikas Kumar Singh
- IRRI South Asia Hub (IRRI-SAH), ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ragavendran Abbai
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Sonali Vijay Habde
- South-Asia Regional Centre (SARC), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Varanasi, India
| | - Uma Maheshwar Singh
- South-Asia Regional Centre (SARC), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Varanasi, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- IRRI South Asia Hub (IRRI-SAH), ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru, Hyderabad, India.
- South-Asia Regional Centre (SARC), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Varanasi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhu J, Zhang CQ, Xu J, Gilbert RG, Liu Q. Identification of Structure-Controlling Rice Biosynthesis Enzymes. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2148-2159. [PMID: 33914519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The main enzymes controlling the chain-length distributions (CLDs) of starches are starch synthases (SSs), starch branching enzymes (SBEs), and debranching enzymes (DBEs), which have various isoforms, denoted as SSI, SSII-1, etc. Different isozymes dominate the CLD in different ranges of degrees of polymerization (DPs). Models have been developed for the CLDs in terms of the activities of isoforms of these enzymes, in terms of two parameters: βi, which is the ratio of the activity of SBE to that of SS in set i, and hi, which is the relative activity of SS in that set. These provide good fits to data but without specifying which isozymes are in set i. Here, CLDs for amylopectin and amylose synthesis in rice endosperm are explored. Molecular weight distributions of the different chains formed in 87 rice varieties were obtained using size-exclusion chromatography following enzymatic debranching (converting a complex branched macromolecule to linear polymers), and fitted by the biosynthesis-based models. The mutants of each isoform among tested rice varieties were identified by amino-acid mutations in coding sequences based on the extraction and analysis of whole gene sequences. The significant differences between mutant groups of different isoforms indicate that SSI, SSII-3, SSIII-1, SSIII-2, and SBEI as well as GBSSI (an isozyme of granule-bound starch synthase) belong to the enzymes sets that control amylose biosynthesis. Further, GBSSI is in the enzyme sets that control amylopectin chains. This enables specification of all isozymes and the DP range, which they dominate, over the entire DP range. As the CLD controls many functional properties of rice, this can help breeders target and develop improved rice species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Chang-Quan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 9 100081, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang L, Feng P, Deng Y, Yin W, Wan Y, Lei T, He G, Wang N. Decreased Vascular Bundle 1 affects mitochondrial and plant development in rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:13. [PMID: 33492479 PMCID: PMC7835275 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-021-00454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria are vital regulators of plant growth and development, constitute the predominant source of ATP, and participate in multiple anabolic and catabolic metabolic pathways. But the mechanism by which dysfunctional mitochondria affect plant growth remains unknown, and more mitochondria-defective mutants need to be identified. RESULTS A mitochondria-defective mutant decreased vascular bundle 1 (dvb1) was isolated from rice mutant library mutagenized by EMS (ethylmethane sulfonate), which shows dwarfism, narrow leaves, short branches, few vascular bundles, and low fertility. Map-based cloning, genetic complementation, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that DVB1 encodes a structural protein classified in the Mic10 family and is required for the formation of cristae in mitochondria, and was primarily expressed in vascular bundles. The DVB1 protein is partially localized in the mitochondria and capable of forming dimers and polymers. Comparing with the wild type, disruption of amino acid metabolism and increased auxin synthesis were observed in dvb1 mutant which also showed increased sensitivity to the mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS DVB1 belongs to Mic10 family and DVB1 is partially localized in the mitochondria. Further studies indicated that DVB1 is important for mitochondrial and plant development in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ping Feng
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yao Deng
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wuzhong Yin
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yingchun Wan
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Guanghua He
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Nan Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Miura S, Koyama N, Crofts N, Hosaka Y, Abe M, Fujita N. Generation and Starch Characterization of Non-Transgenic BEI and BEIIb Double Mutant Rice (Oryza sativa) with Ultra-High Level of Resistant Starch. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:3. [PMID: 33409744 PMCID: PMC7788159 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cereals high in resistant starch (RS) are gaining popularity, as their intake is thought to help manage diabetes and prediabetes. Number of patients suffering from diabetes is also increasing in Asian countries where people consume rice as a staple food, hence generation of practically growable high RS rice line has been anticipated. It is known that suppression of starch branching enzyme (BE) IIb increases RS content in cereals. To further increase RS content and for more practical use, we generated a non-transgenic be1 be2b double mutant rice (Oryza sativa) line, which completely lacked both proteins, by crossing a be1 mutant with a be2b mutant. RESULTS The be1 be2b mutant showed a decrease in intermediate amylopectin chains and an increase in long amylopectin chains compared with be2b. The amylose content of be1 be2b mutant (51.7%) was the highest among all pre-existing non-transgenic rice lines. To understand the effects of chewing cooked rice and cooking rice flour on RS content, RS content of mashed and un-mashed cooked rice as well as raw and gelatinized rice flour were measured using be1 be2b and its parent mutant lines. The RS contents of mashed cooked rice and raw rice flour of be1 be2b mutant (28.4% and 35.1%, respectively) were 3-fold higher than those of be2b mutant. Gel-filtration analyses of starch treated with digestive enzymes showed that the RS in be1 be2b mutant was composed of the degradation products of amylose and long amylopectin chains. Seed weight of be1 be2b mutant was approximately 60% of the wild type and rather heavier than that of be2b mutant. CONCLUSIONS The endosperm starch in be1 be2b double mutant rice were enriched with long amylopectin chains. This led to a great increase in RS content in cooked rice grains and rice flour in be1 be2b compared with be2b single mutant. be1 be2b generated in this study must serve as a good material for an ultra-high RS rice cultivar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Nana Koyama
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Misato Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Smith AM, Zeeman SC. Starch: A Flexible, Adaptable Carbon Store Coupled to Plant Growth. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:217-245. [PMID: 32075407 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Research in the past decade has uncovered new and surprising information about the pathways of starch synthesis and degradation. This includes the discovery of previously unsuspected protein families required both for processes and for the long-sought mechanism of initiation of starch granules. There is also growing recognition of the central role of leaf starch turnover in making carbon available for growth across the day-night cycle. Sophisticated systems-level control mechanisms involving the circadian clock set rates of nighttime starch mobilization that maintain a steady supply of carbon until dawn and modulate partitioning of photosynthate into starch in the light, optimizing the fraction of assimilated carbon that can be used for growth. These discoveries also uncover complexities: Results from experiments with Arabidopsis leaves in conventional controlled environments are not necessarily applicable to other organs or species or to growth in natural, fluctuating environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ghosh B, Lahiri D, Nag M, Dash S, Ray RR. Bio characterization of purified isoamylase fromRhizopus oryzae. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 50:453-459. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1706561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Banita Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Kolkata, India
| | - Dibyajit Lahiri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Moupriya Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Sudipta Dash
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Rina Rani Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gurunathan S, Ramadoss BR, Mudili V, Siddaiah C, Kalagatur NK, Bapu JRK, Mohan CD, Alqarawi AA, Hashem A, Abd_Allah EF. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Starch Biosynthetic Genes Associated With Increased Resistant Starch Concentration in Rice Mutant. Front Genet 2019; 10:946. [PMID: 31803220 PMCID: PMC6872638 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistant Starch (RS), plays a crucial role in human health and nutrition by controlling glucose metabolism. RS or dietary fibre content in rice is low because it goes through a variety of process before it is ready for cooking and consumption. Hence, this study was carried out to develop a rice mutant with increased RS. The rice mutant (γ278) with increased RS was developed by utilizing gamma (γ) rays as a mutagen. Mutant γ278 was characterized for mutations in the starch biosynthetic genes viz., GBSSI, SSI, SSIIa, SSIIIa, SBEIa, and SBEIIb to reveal the functional mutations/variations led to high RS content in rice. A total of 31 sequence variants/mutations in six genes were identified. We report the discovery of three deleterious mutation/variants each in GBSSI, SSIIa, and SSIIIa with the potential to increase RS content in rice. Further, wild × mutant crosses were made to develop an F2 population to study the effect of combination of deleterious mutations. The SNP (GBSSI:ssIIa:ssIIIa) combination responsible for high RS content in F2 population was identified and recorded highest amylose content (AC) (26.18%) and RS (8.68%) content. In conclusion, this marker combination will be highly useful to develop a rice variety with increased RS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Gurunathan
- Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
- DRDO-BU-Centre for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Venkataramana Mudili
- DRDO-BU-Centre for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Abdulaziz A. Alqarawi
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology, Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li E, Hasjim J, Gilding EK, Godwin ID, Li C, Gilbert RG. The Role of Pullulanase in Starch Biosynthesis, Structure, and Thermal Properties by Studying Sorghum with Increased Pullulanase Activity. STARCH-STARKE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201900072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationJiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
- The University of QueenslandCentre for Nutrition and Food SciencesQueensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Jovin Hasjim
- The University of QueenslandCentre for Nutrition and Food SciencesQueensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Edward K. Gilding
- The University of QueenslandSchool of Agriculture and Food SciencesBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Ian D. Godwin
- The University of QueenslandSchool of Agriculture and Food SciencesBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Cheng Li
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety of Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009Jiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationJiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
- The University of QueenslandCentre for Nutrition and Food SciencesQueensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety of Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009Jiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
You X, Zhang W, Hu J, Jing R, Cai Y, Feng Z, Kong F, Zhang J, Yan H, Chen W, Chen X, Ma J, Tang X, Wang P, Zhu S, Liu L, Jiang L, Wan J. FLOURY ENDOSPERM15 encodes a glyoxalase I involved in compound granule formation and starch synthesis in rice endosperm. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:345-359. [PMID: 30649573 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
FLO15encodes a plastidic glyoxalase I protein, OsGLYI7, which affects compound starch granule formation and starch synthesis in rice endosperm. Starch synthesis in rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm is a sophisticated process, and its underlying molecular machinery still remains to be elucidated. Here, we identified and characterized two allelic rice floury endosperm 15 (flo15) mutants, both with a white-core endosperm. The flo15 grains were characterized by defects in compound starch granule development, along with decreased starch content. Map-based cloning of the flo15 mutants identified mutations in OsGLYI7, which encodes a glyoxalase I (GLYI) involved in methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification. The mutations of FLO15/OsGLYI7 resulted in increased MG content in flo15 developing endosperms. FLO15/OsGLYI7 localizes to the plastids, and the in vitro GLYI activity derived from flo15 was significantly decreased relative to the wild type. Moreover, the expression of starch synthesis-related genes was obviously altered in the flo15 mutants. These findings suggest that FLO15 plays an important role in compound starch granule formation and starch synthesis in rice endosperm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman You
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinlong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruonan Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yue Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhiming Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fei Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haigang Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xingang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaojie Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Linglong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Seung D, Smith AM. Starch granule initiation and morphogenesis-progress in Arabidopsis and cereals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:771-784. [PMID: 30452691 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Starch, the major storage carbohydrate in plants, is synthesized in plastids as semi-crystalline, insoluble granules. Many organs and cell types accumulate starch at some point during their development and maturation. The biosynthesis of the starch polymers, amylopectin and amylose, is relatively well understood and mostly conserved between organs and species. However, we are only beginning to understand the mechanism by which starch granules are initiated, and the factors that control the number of granules per plastid and the size/shape of granules. Here, we review recent progress in understanding starch granule initiation and morphogenesis. In Arabidopsis, granule initiation requires several newly discovered proteins with specific locations within the chloroplast, and also on the availability of maltooligosaccharides which act as primers for initiation. We also describe progress in understanding granule biogenesis in the endosperm of cereal grains-within which there is large interspecies variation in granule initiation patterns and morphology. Investigating whether this diversity results from differences between species in the functions of known proteins, and/or from the presence of novel, unidentified proteins, is a promising area of future research. Expanding our knowledge in these areas will lead to new strategies for improving the quality of cereal crops by modifying starch granule size and shape in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Seung
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Panpetch P, Field RA, Limpaseni T. Cloning of the full-length isoamylase3 gene from cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz 'KU50' and its heterologous expression in E. coli. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:281-286. [PMID: 30240990 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Isoamylase (EC.3.2.1.68), an essential enzyme in starch metabolism, catalyses the cleavage of α-1,6 glucosidic linkages of branched α-polyglucans such as beta-limit dextrin and amylopectin, but not pullulan. Three different isoamylase isoforms have been reported in plants and algae. We herein report on the first success in preparation of full-length isoamylase3 gene (MeISA3) of cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz 'KU50' from 5' Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (5' RACE). The MeISA3 was cloned to pET21b and expressed in E. coli. The HistrapTM-purified rMeISA3 appeared as a single band protein with approximate molecular size of 75 kDa on SDS-PAGE and Western blot, while 80 kDa was shown by gel filtration chromatography. This indicated the existence of a monomeric enzyme. Biochemical characterisation of rMeISA3 showed that the enzyme was specific towards beta-limit dextrin, with optimal activity at 37 °C pH 6.0. Activity of rMeISA3 could be significantly promoted by Mg2+ and Co2+. rMeISA3 debranched glucan chains of amylopectin were confirmed by HPAEC-PAD analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawinee Panpetch
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Tipaporn Limpaseni
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sawada T, Itoh M, Nakamura Y. Contributions of Three Starch Branching Enzyme Isozymes to the Fine Structure of Amylopectin in Rice Endosperm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1536. [PMID: 30405671 PMCID: PMC6206275 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Three starch branching enzyme (BE) isozymes, BEI, BEIIa, and BEIIb, are involved in starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm. Past in vivo and in vitro studies have suggested that each BE isozyme plays a distinct role in forming the fine structure of amylopectin. To elucidate more details of their roles, we prepared DNA constructs in which all the possible combinations of the expressions of these three isozymes were suppressed in developing rice endosperm. Analysis of the chain-length distributions of amylopectin produced under these various conditions confirmed the contributions of the individual BE isozymes to the fine structure of amylopectin in rice endosperm. Among these isozymes, the impact of loss of BEIIb activity on amylopectin fine structure was most remarkable and indicated that it plays a specific role in the synthesis of short chains with a 6-13 degree of polymerization (DP). The contribution of BEI to the amylopectin synthesis was unclear when only BEI activity was reduced. It was clear, however, when both BEI and BEIIb activities were substantially inhibited. The DP11-22 intermediate chains were markedly reduced in the ΔBEI/BEIIb line compared with the ΔBEIIb line, indicating that BEI plays a distinct role in the synthesis of these intermediate chains. Although no substantial change in amylopectin chain profile was detected in the ΔBEIIa line, the role of BEIIa could be deciphered by analyzing amylopectin fine structure from the ΔBEI/BEIIa/BEIIb line in comparison to that from ΔBEI/BEIIb line. This strongly suggests that BEIIa compensates for the role of BEI, rather than that of BEIIb, by forming intermediate chains of DP11-22. In addition, the new possibility that BEIIa is involved in the formation of starch granules in rice endosperm was suggested because the onset temperature for gelatinization of starch granules in the ΔBEIIa/BEIIb line was significantly higher than that in the ΔBEIIb line. In summary, the present study highlights the distinct roles of BEI, BEIIa, and BEIIb in the synthesis of amylopectin in developing rice endosperm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Sawada
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Mizuho Itoh
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, Akita, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang H, Zhang Y, Sun L, Xu P, Tu R, Meng S, Wu W, Anis GB, Hussain K, Riaz A, Chen D, Cao L, Cheng S, Shen X. WB1, a Regulator of Endosperm Development in Rice, Is Identified by a Modified MutMap Method. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082159. [PMID: 30042352 PMCID: PMC6121324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormally developed endosperm strongly affects rice (Oryza sativa) appearance quality and grain weight. Endosperm formation is a complex process, and although many enzymes and related regulators have been identified, many other related factors remain largely unknown. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a recessive mutation of White Belly 1 (WB1), which regulates rice endosperm development, using a modified MutMap method in the rice mutant wb1. The wb1 mutant develops a white-belly endosperm and abnormal starch granules in the inner portion of white grains. Representative of the white-belly phenotype, grains of wb1 showed a higher grain chalkiness rate and degree and a lower 1000-grain weight (decreased by ~34%), in comparison with that of Wild Type (WT). The contents of amylose and amylopectin in wb1 significantly decreased, and its physical properties were also altered. We adopted the modified MutMap method to identify 2.52 Mb candidate regions with a high specificity, where we detected 275 SNPs in chromosome 4. Finally, we identified 19 SNPs at 12 candidate genes. Transcript levels analysis of all candidate genes showed that WB1 (Os04t0413500), encoding a cell-wall invertase, was the most probable cause of white-belly endosperm phenotype. Switching off WB1 with the CRISPR/cas9 system in Japonica cv. Nipponbare demonstrates that WB1 regulates endosperm development and that different mutations of WB1 disrupt its biological function. All of these results taken together suggest that the wb1 mutant is controlled by the mutation of WB1, and that the modified MutMap method is feasible to identify mutant genes, and could promote genetic improvement in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lianping Sun
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Peng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ranran Tu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shuai Meng
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weixun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Galal Bakr Anis
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China.
- Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Kafr Elsheikh 33717, Egypt.
| | - Kashif Hussain
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Aamiar Riaz
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Daibo Chen
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Liyong Cao
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shihua Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xihong Shen
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Miura S, Crofts N, Saito Y, Hosaka Y, Oitome NF, Watanabe T, Kumamaru T, Fujita N. Starch Synthase IIa-Deficient Mutant Rice Line Produces Endosperm Starch With Lower Gelatinization Temperature Than Japonica Rice Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:645. [PMID: 29868097 PMCID: PMC5962810 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The gelatinization temperature of endosperm starch in most japonica rice cultivars is significantly lower than that in most indica rice cultivars. This is because three single nucleotide polymorphisms in the Starch synthase (SS) IIa gene in japonica rice cultivars (SSIIaJ ) significantly reduce SSIIa activity, resulting in an increase in amylopectin short chains with degree of polymerization (DP) ≤ 12 compared to indica rice cultivars (SSIIaI ). SSIIa forms a trimeric complex with SSI and starch branching enzyme (BE) IIb in maize and japonica rice, which is likely important for the biosynthesis of short and intermediate amylopectin chains (DP ≤ 24) within the amylopectin cluster. It was unknown whether the complete absence of SSIIa further increases amylopectin short chains and reduces gelatinization temperature and/or forms altered protein complexes due to the lack of a suitable mutant. Here, we identify the SSIIa-deficient mutant rice line EM204 (ss2a) from a screen of ca. 1,500 plants of the rice cultivar Kinmaze (japonica) that were subjected to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis. The SSIIa gene in EM204 was mutated at the boundary between intron 5 and exon 6, which generated a guanine to adenine mutation and resulted in deletion of exon 6 in the mRNA transcript. SSIIa activity and SSIIa protein in developing endosperm of EM204 were not detected by native-PAGE/SS activity staining and native-PAGE/immunoblotting, respectively. SSIIa protein was completely absent in mature seeds. Gel filtration chromatography of soluble protein extracted from developing seeds showed that the SSI elution pattern in EM204 was altered and more SSI was eluted around 300 kDa, which corresponds with the molecular weight of trimeric complexes in wild type. The apparent amylose content of EM204 rice grains was higher than that in its parent Kinmaze. EM204 also had higher content of amylopectin short chains (DP ≤ 12) than Kinmaze, which reduced the gelatinization temperature of EM204 starch by 5.6°C compared to Kinmaze. These results indicate that EM204 starch will be suitable for making foods and food additives that easily gelatinize and slowly retrograde.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan
| | - Yuhi Saito
- Rice Research Center, Kameda Seika Co., Ltd., Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan
| | - Naoko F. Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Kumamaru
- Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hayashi M, Crofts N, Oitome NF, Fujita N. Analyses of starch biosynthetic protein complexes and starch properties from developing mutant rice seeds with minimal starch synthase activities. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:59. [PMID: 29636002 PMCID: PMC5894220 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch is the major component of cereal grains and is composed of essentially linear amylose and highly branched amylopectin. The properties and composition of starch determine the use and value of grains and their products. Starch synthase (SS) I, SSIIa, and SSIIIa play central roles in amylopectin biosynthesis. These three SS isozymes also affect seed development, as complete loss of both SSI and SSIIIa under reduced SSIIa activity in rice lead to sterility, whereas presence of minimal SSI or SSIIIa activity is sufficient for generating fertile seeds. SSs, branching enzymes, and/or debranching enzymes form protein complexes in cereal. However, the relationship between starch properties and the formation of protein complexes remain largely unknown. To better understand this phenomenon, properties of starch and protein complex formation were analyzed using developing mutant rice seeds (ss1 L /ss2a L /ss3a) in which all three major SS activities were reduced. RESULTS The SS activity of ss1 L /ss2a L /ss3a was 25%-30% that of the wild-type. However, the grain weight of ss1 L /ss2a L /ss3a was 89% of the wild-type, 55% of which was starch, showing considerable starch synthesis. The reduction of soluble SS activity in ss1 L /ss2a L /ss3a resulted in increased levels of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and granule-bound starch synthase I, which are responsible for substrate synthesis and amylose synthesis, respectively. Together, these features led to an increase in apparent amylose content (34%) in ss1 L /ss2a L /ss3a compared with wild-type (20%). Gel filtration chromatography of the soluble proteins in ss1 L /ss2a L /ss3a showed that the majority of the starch biosynthetic enzymes maintained the similar elution patterns as wild-type, except that the amounts of high-molecular-weight SSI (> 300 kDa) were reduced and SSIIa of approximately 200-300 kDa were present instead of those > 440 kDa, which predominate in wild-type. Immuno-precipitation analyses suggested that the interaction between the starch biosynthetic enzymes maybe reduced or weaker than in wild-type. CONCLUSIONS Although major SS isozymes were simultaneously reduced in ss1 L /ss2a L /ss3a rice, active protein complexes were formed with a slightly altered pattern, suggesting that the assembly of protein complexes may be complemented among the SS isozymes. In addition, ss1 L /ss2a L /ss3a maintained the ability to synthesize starch and accumulated less amylopectin and more amylose in starch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Hayashi
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Panpetch P, Field RA, Limpaseni T. Heterologous co-expression in E. coli of isoamylase genes from cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz 'KU50' achieves enzyme-active heteromeric complex formation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:417-427. [PMID: 29380100 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cloning of two isoamylase genes, MeISA1 and MeISA2, from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tubers, accompanied by their co-expression in E. coli demonstrates a requirement for heteromeric complex formation to achieve debranching activity. Starch debranching enzyme (DBE) or isoamylase (ISA) (EC.3.2.1.68), an important enzyme in starch metabolism, catalyses the hydrolysis of α-1,6 glycosidic linkages of amylopectin. Isoforms of ISAs have been reported in higher plants and algae (Fujita et al. in Planta 208:283-293, 1999; Hussain et al. in Plant Cell 15:133-149, 2003; Ishizaki et al. in Agric Biol Chem 47:771-779, 1983; Mouille et al. in Plant Cell 8:1353-1366, 1996). In the current work, cassava ISA genes were isolated from cDNA generated from total RNA from tubers of Manihot esculanta Crantz cultivar KU50. MeISA1 and MeISA2 were successfully amplified and cloned into a pETDuet1 vector. The putative MeISA1 and MeISA2 proteins comprised 763 and 882 amino acids, with substantial similarity to StISA1 and StISA2 from potato (84.4% and 68.9%, respectively). Recombinant MeISA1 and MeISA2 were co-expressed in Escherichia coli SoluBL21 (DE3). HistrapTM-Purified rMeISA1 and rMeISA2 showed approximate molecular weights of 87 and 99 kDa, respectively, by SDS-PAGE. Debranching activity was only detectable in the column fractions where both recombinant ISA isoforms were present. The heteromeric DBE from crude extracts of 4-5 h induced cultures analysed by gel filtration chromatography and western blot showed combinations of rMeISA1 and rMeISA2 at ratios of 1:1 to 4:1. Pooled fractions with DBE activity were used for enzyme characterisation, which showed that the enzyme was specific for amylopectin, with optimum activity at 37 °C and pH 7.0. Enzyme activity was enhanced by Co2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, but was strongly inhibited by Cu2+. Debranched amylopectin products showed chain length distributions typical of plant DBE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawinee Panpetch
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Tipaporn Limpaseni
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nagaprabha P, Devisetti R, Bhattacharya S. Physicochemical and microstructural characterisation of green gram and foxtail millet starch gels. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 55:782-791. [PMID: 29391644 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The starch and starch gels from green gram (GG) and foxtail millet (FM) were characterised for their physicochemical, thermal and microstructural characteristics; the features of shape and size were determined by image analysis. Both GG and FM formed well-set gels at 9% concentration of starch. The fracture strain of the gels was between 78 and 80% indicating non-brittle gels. The peak temperatures of the native flour of GG (74.9 °C) and FM (75.7 °C) were significantly higher than their corresponding starch samples (72.2 and 75.0 °C). The conclusion temperatures of the FM native flour (81.2 °C) and starch (79.4 °C) samples were higher than the native GG flour (79.9 °C) and GG starch (77.1 °C) samples. Starches were nearly spherical as the roundness values were between 0.88 and 0.95. Green gram starch was pentagonal having an average diameter of 3.9-9.2 µm while foxtail millet starch was spherical with a diameter of 4.9-10.1 µm. The freeze-dried GG and FM starch gels showed cellular structure containing organised hexagonal pores, bound by thin pore walls; the GG starch gels deviated from the circular shape as they had the highest elongation value of 4.21. The thicker pore walls were observed for GG starch gels (0.88 μm) compared to that of FM samples (0.57 μm). The higher pore wall thickness in the case of GG gel showed the formation of junction zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Nagaprabha
- Grain Science and Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020 India
| | - Rajesh Devisetti
- Grain Science and Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020 India
| | - Sila Bhattacharya
- Grain Science and Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020 India
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lee Y, Choi MS, Lee G, Jang S, Yoon MR, Kim B, Piao R, Woo MO, Chin JH, Koh HJ. Sugary Endosperm is Modulated by Starch Branching Enzyme IIa in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 10:33. [PMID: 28730411 PMCID: PMC5519516 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-017-0172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch biosynthesis is one of the most important pathways that determine both grain quality and yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Sugary endosperm, sugary-1 (sug-1), is a mutant trait for starch biosynthesis. Rice plants carrying sug-1 produce grains that accumulate water-soluble carbohydrates instead of starch, even after maturity. Although this trait enhances the diversity of grain quality, sugary endosperm rice has hardly been commercialized due to the severely wrinkled grains and subsequent problems in milling. This study was conducted to identify the genes responsible for the sug-h phenotype through a map-based cloning technology. RESULTS We induced a mild sugary mutant, sugary-h (sug-h) through the chemical mutagenesis on the Korean japonica cultivar Hwacheong. Grains of the sug-h mutant were translucent and amber-colored, and the endosperm appeared less wrinkled than sug-1, whereas the soluble sugar content was fairly high. These characteristics confer greater marketability to the sug-h mutant. Genetic analyses indicated that the sug-h mutant phenotype was controlled by a complementary interaction of two recessive genes, Isoamylase1 (OsISA1), which was reported previously, and Starch branching enzyme IIa (OsBEIIa), which was newly identified in this study. Complementation tests indicated that OsBEIIa regulated the properties of sugary endosperm. CONCLUSIONS Complementary interactions between the starch biosynthesis genes OsISA1 and OsBEIIa determine the mild sugary endosperm mutant, sugary-h, in rice. Our finding may facilitate the breeding of sugaryendosperm rice for commercial benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunjoo Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Min-Seon Choi
- Vegetable Crop Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan, 534-833 South Korea
| | - Gileung Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Su Jang
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Mi-Ra Yoon
- Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Suwon, 16429 South Korea
| | - Backki Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Rihua Piao
- Rice Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin 136100 China
| | - Mi-Ok Woo
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Joong Hyoun Chin
- Graduate School of Integrated Bioindustry, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Koh
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li C, Powell PO, Gilbert RG. Recent progress toward understanding the role of starch biosynthetic enzymes in the cereal endosperm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/amylase-2017-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStarch from cereal endosperm is a major energy source for many mammals. The synthesis of this starch involves a number of different enzymes whose mode of action is still not completely understood. ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase is involved in the synthesis of starch monomer (ADP-glucose), a process, which almost exclusively takes place in the cytosol. ADPglucose is then transported into the amyloplast and incorporated into starch granules by starch synthase, starch-branching enzyme and debranching enzyme. Additional enzymes, including starch phosphorylase and disproportionating enzyme, may be also involved in the formation of starch granules, although their exact functions are still obscure. Interactions between these enzymes in the form of functional complexes have been proposed and investigated, resulting more complicated starch biosynthetic pathways. An overall picture and recent advances in understanding of the functions of these enzymes is summarized in this review to provide insights into how starch granules are synthesized in cereal endosperm.
Collapse
|
36
|
Li H, Xiao Q, Zhang C, Du J, Li X, Huang H, Wei B, Li Y, Yu G, Liu H, Hu Y, Liu Y, Zhang J, Huang Y. Identification and characterization of transcription factor ZmEREB94 involved in starch synthesis in maize. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 216:11-16. [PMID: 28549232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Maize is an important food crop and industrial material owing to its high starch content. However, the mechanism of starch synthesis is not fully elucidated, especially with regard to the expression and regulation of starch synthetic genes. The APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) family plays a crucial role in various biological processes via regulating gene expression. In this study, the ZmEREB94 gene was identified through co-expression analysis. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed that ZmEREB94 belongs to the AP2/ERF family. Expression pattern analysis showed that this protein is strongly expressed in the maize endosperm. A ZmEREB94-GFP fusion protein was localized in the nuclei of onion epidermal cells, and ZmEREB94 showed strong transcriptional activation activity, which indicated that this protein is a transcription factor. In addition, yeast-one hybrid assays and transient expression in maize endosperm showed that ZmEREB94 could directly bind to the ZmSSI promoter and indirectly regulate ZmSh2 and ZmGBSSI expression. Our results revealed that ZmEREB94 might act as a key regulator of starch synthesis in maize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qianlin Xiao
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jia Du
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bin Wei
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yangping Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Guowu Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hanmei Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yufeng Hu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yinghong Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Junjie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yubi Huang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pathogenesis of Lafora Disease: Transition of Soluble Glycogen to Insoluble Polyglucosan. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081743. [PMID: 28800070 PMCID: PMC5578133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD, OMIM #254780) is a rare, recessively inherited neurodegenerative disease with adolescent onset, resulting in progressive myoclonus epilepsy which is fatal usually within ten years of symptom onset. The disease is caused by loss-of-function mutations in either of the two genes EPM2A (laforin) or EPM2B (malin). It characteristically involves the accumulation of insoluble glycogen-derived particles, named Lafora bodies (LBs), which are considered neurotoxic and causative of the disease. The pathogenesis of LD is therefore centred on the question of how insoluble LBs emerge from soluble glycogen. Recent data clearly show that an abnormal glycogen chain length distribution, but neither hyperphosphorylation nor impairment of general autophagy, strictly correlates with glycogen accumulation and the presence of LBs. This review summarizes results obtained with patients, mouse models, and cell lines and consolidates apparent paradoxes in the LD literature. Based on the growing body of evidence, it proposes that LD is predominantly caused by an impairment in chain-length regulation affecting only a small proportion of the cellular glycogen. A better grasp of LD pathogenesis will further develop our understanding of glycogen metabolism and structure. It will also facilitate the development of clinical interventions that appropriately target the underlying cause of LD.
Collapse
|
38
|
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory; Tennoh, Katagami, Akita Japan
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Itoh Y, Crofts N, Abe M, Hosaka Y, Fujita N. Characterization of the endosperm starch and the pleiotropic effects of biosynthetic enzymes on their properties in novel mutant rice lines with high resistant starch and amylose content. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 258:52-60. [PMID: 28330563 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) is beneficial to human health. In order to reduce the current prevalence of diabetes and obesity, several transgenic and mutant crops containing high RS content are being developed. RS content of steamed rice with starch-branching enzyme (BE)IIb-deficient mutant endosperms is considerably high. To understand the mechanisms of RS synthesis and to increase RS content, we developed novel mutant rice lines by introducing the gene encoding starch synthase (SS)IIa and/or granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS)I from an indica rice cultivar into a japonica rice-based BEIIb-deficient mutant line, be2b. Introduction of SSIIa from an indica rice cultivar produced higher levels of amylopectin chains with degree of polymerization (DP) 11-18 than those in be2b; the extent of the change was slight due to the shortage of donor chains for SSIIa (DP 6-12) owing to BEIIb deficiency. The introduction of GBSSI from an indica rice cultivar significantly increased amylose content (by approximately 10%) in the endosperm starch. RS content of the new mutant lines was the same as or slightly higher than that of the be2b parent line. The relationship linking starch structure, RS content, and starch biosynthetic enzymes in the new mutant lines has also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Itoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Misato Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bao J, Zhou X, Xu F, He Q, Park YJ. Genome-wide association study of the resistant starch content in rice grains. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Bao
- Department of Plant Resources; College of Industrial Science; Kongju National University; Yesan Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Science; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University, Huajiachi Campus; Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Science; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University, Huajiachi Campus; Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Feifei Xu
- Department of Plant Resources; College of Industrial Science; Kongju National University; Yesan Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Science; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University, Huajiachi Campus; Hangzhou P.R. China
- Food Science Institute; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou Zhejiang P.R. China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Plant Resources; College of Industrial Science; Kongju National University; Yesan Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Park
- Department of Plant Resources; College of Industrial Science; Kongju National University; Yesan Republic of Korea
- Center for Crop Genetic Resource and Breeding (CCGRB); Kongju National University; Cheonan Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wei X, Jiao G, Lin H, Sheng Z, Shao G, Xie L, Tang S, Xu Q, Hu P. GRAIN INCOMPLETE FILLING 2 regulates grain filling and starch synthesis during rice caryopsis development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:134-153. [PMID: 27957808 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rice grain filling determines grain weight, final yield and grain quality. Here, a rice defective grain filling mutant, gif2, was identified. Grains of gif2 showed a slower filling rate and a significant lower final grain weight and yield compared to wild-type. The starch content in gif2 was noticeably decreased and its physicochemical properties were also altered. Moreover, gif2 endosperm cells showed obvious defects in compound granule formation. Positional cloning identified GIF2 to encode an ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) large subunit, AGPL2; consequently, AGP enzyme activity in gif2 endosperms was remarkably decreased. GIF2 is mainly expressed in developing grains and the coded protein localizes in the cytosol. Yeast two hybrid assay showed that GIF2 interacted with AGP small subunits OsAGPS1, OsAGPS2a and OsAGPS2b. Transcript levels for granule-bound starch synthase, starch synthase, starch branching enzyme and starch debranching enzyme were distinctly elevated in gif2 grains. In addition, the level of nucleotide diversity of the GIF2 locus was extremely low in both cultivated and wild rice. All of these results suggest that GIF2 plays important roles in the regulation of grain filling and starch biosynthesis during caryopsis development, and that it has been preserved during selection throughout domestication of modern rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guiai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Haiyan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Agricultural Genomes Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Zhonghua Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Gaoneng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lihong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Qingguo Xu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Khan S, ur Rahman L. Pathway Modulation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Through Metabolic Engineering Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
43
|
Sestili F, Sparla F, Botticella E, Janni M, D'Ovidio R, Falini G, Marri L, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Moscatello S, Battistelli A, Trost P, Lafiandra D. The down-regulation of the genes encoding Isoamylase 1 alters the starch composition of the durum wheat grain. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:230-238. [PMID: 27717459 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In rice, maize and barley, the lack of Isoamylase 1 activity materially affects the composition of endosperm starch. Here, the effect of this deficiency in durum wheat has been characterized, using transgenic lines in which Isa1 was knocked down via RNAi. Transcriptional profiling confirmed the partial down-regulation of Isa1 and revealed a pleiotropic effect on the level of transcription of genes encoding other isoamylases, pullulanase and sucrose synthase. The polysaccharide content of the transgenic endosperms was different from that of the wild type in a number of ways, including a reduction in the content of starch and a moderate enhancement of both phytoglycogen and β-glucan. Some alterations were also induced in the distribution of amylopectin chain length and amylopectin fine structure. The amylopectin present in the transgenic endosperms was more readily hydrolyzable after a treatment with hydrochloric acid, which disrupted its semi-crystalline structure. The conclusion was that in durum wheat, Isoamylase 1 is important for both the synthesis of amylopectin and for determining its internal structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sestili
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Francesca Sparla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FABIT, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Ermelinda Botticella
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Michela Janni
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; National Research Council CNR-Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Via G. Amendola, 165, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lucia Marri
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, Copenhagen, V DK-1799, Denmark.
| | - Jose A Cuesta-Seijo
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, Copenhagen, V DK-1799, Denmark.
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- National Research Council CNR-Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy.
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- National Research Council CNR-Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy.
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FABIT, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Domenico Lafiandra
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mishra A, Singh A, Sharma M, Kumar P, Roy J. Development of EMS-induced mutation population for amylose and resistant starch variation in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and identification of candidate genes responsible for amylose variation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:217. [PMID: 27716051 PMCID: PMC5054548 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch is a major part of cereal grain. It comprises two glucose polymer fractions, amylose (AM) and amylopectin (AP), that make up about 25 and 75 % of total starch, respectively. The ratio of the two affects processing quality and digestibility of starch-based food products. Digestibility determines nutritional quality, as high amylose starch is considered a resistant or healthy starch (RS type 2) and is highly preferred for preventive measures against obesity and related health conditions. The topic of nutrition security is currently receiving much attention and consumer demand for food products with improved nutritional qualities has increased. In bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), variation in amylose content is narrow, hence its limited improvement. Therefore, it is necessary to produce wheat lines or populations showing wide variation in amylose/resistant starch content. In this study, a set of EMS-induced M4 mutant lines showing dynamic variation in amylose/resistant starch content were produced. Furthermore, two diverse mutant lines for amylose content were used to study quantitative expression patterns of 20 starch metabolic pathway genes and to identify candidate genes for amylose biosynthesis. RESULTS A population comprising 101 EMS-induced mutation lines (M4 generation) was produced in a bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) variety. Two methods of amylose measurement in grain starch showed variation in amylose content ranging from ~3 to 76 % in the population. The method of in vitro digestion showed variation in resistant starch content from 1 to 41 %. One-way ANOVA analysis showed significant variation (p < 0.05) in amylose and resistant starch content within the population. A multiple comparison test (Dunnett's test) showed that significant variation in amylose and resistant starch content, with respect to the parent, was observed in about 89 and 38 % of the mutant lines, respectively. Expression pattern analysis of 20 starch metabolic pathway genes in two diverse mutant lines (low and high amylose mutants) showed higher expression of key genes of amylose biosynthesis (GBSSI and their isoforms) in the high amylose mutant line, in comparison to the parent. Higher expression of amylopectin biosynthesis (SBE) was observed in the low amylose mutant lines. An additional six candidate genes showed over-expression (BMY, SPA) and reduced-expression (SSIII, SBEI, SBEIII, ISA3) in the high amylose mutant line, indicating that other starch metabolic genes may also contribute to amylose biosynthesis. CONCLUSION In this study a set of 101 EMS-induced mutant lines (M4 generation) showing variation in amylose and resistant starch content in seed were produced. This population serves as useful germplasm or pre-breeding material for genome-wide study and improvement of starch-based processing and nutrition quality in wheat. It is also useful for the study of the genetic and molecular basis of amylose/resistant starch variation in wheat. Furthermore, gene expression analysis of 20 starch metabolic genes in the two diverse mutant lines (low and high amylose mutants) indicates that in addition to key genes, several other genes (such as phosphorylases, isoamylases, and pullulanases) may also be involved in contributing to amylose/amylopectin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Government of India, C-127 Industrial Area Phase 8, Mohali, 160071 Punjab India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anuradha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Government of India, C-127 Industrial Area Phase 8, Mohali, 160071 Punjab India
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Government of India, C-127 Industrial Area Phase 8, Mohali, 160071 Punjab India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Government of India, C-127 Industrial Area Phase 8, Mohali, 160071 Punjab India
| | - Joy Roy
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Government of India, C-127 Industrial Area Phase 8, Mohali, 160071 Punjab India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nakagami T, Yoshihara H, Nakamura T, Utsumi Y, Sawada T, Fujita N, Satoh H, Nakamura Y. Biochemical analysis of new type mutants of japonica rice that accumulate water-soluble α-glucans in the endosperm but retain full starch debranching enzyme activities. STARCH-STARKE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nakagami
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Shimoshinjo-Nakano Akita Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshihara
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Shimoshinjo-Nakano Akita Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Nakamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Genetic Resources; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yoshinori Utsumi
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Shimoshinjo-Nakano Akita Japan
| | - Takayuki Sawada
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Shimoshinjo-Nakano Akita Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Shimoshinjo-Nakano Akita Japan
| | - Hikaru Satoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Genetic Resources; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Shimoshinjo-Nakano Akita Japan
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, Tennoh; Katagami Akita Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Møller MS, Henriksen A, Svensson B. Structure and function of α-glucan debranching enzymes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2619-41. [PMID: 27137180 PMCID: PMC11108273 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Glucan debranching enzymes hydrolyse α-1,6-linkages in starch/glycogen, thereby, playing a central role in energy metabolism in all living organisms. They belong to glycoside hydrolase families GH13 and GH57 and several of these enzymes are industrially important. Nine GH13 subfamilies include α-glucan debranching enzymes; isoamylase and glycogen debranching enzymes (GH13_11); pullulanase type I/limit dextrinase (GH13_12-14); pullulan hydrolase (GH13_20); bifunctional glycogen debranching enzyme (GH13_25); oligo-1 and glucan-1,6-α-glucosidases (GH13_31); pullulanase type II (GH13_39); and α-amylase domains (GH13_41) in two-domain amylase-pullulanases. GH57 harbours type II pullulanases. Specificity differences, domain organisation, carbohydrate binding modules, sequence motifs, three-dimensional structures and specificity determinants are discussed. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that GH13_39 enzymes could represent a "missing link" between the strictly α-1,6-specific debranching enzymes and the enzymes with dual specificity and α-1,4-linkage preference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Sofie Møller
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Anette Henriksen
- Global Research Unit, Department of Large Protein Biophysics and Formulation, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kobayashi T, Sasaki S, Utsumi Y, Fujita N, Umeda K, Sawada T, Kubo A, Abe JI, Colleoni C, Ball S, Nakamura Y. Comparison of Chain-Length Preferences and Glucan Specificities of Isoamylase-Type α-Glucan Debranching Enzymes from Rice, Cyanobacteria, and Bacteria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157020. [PMID: 27309534 PMCID: PMC4911114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been believed that isoamylase (ISA)-type α-glucan debranching enzymes (DBEs) play crucial roles not only in α-glucan degradation but also in the biosynthesis by affecting the structure of glucans, although molecular basis on distinct roles of the individual DBEs has not fully understood. In an attempt to relate the roles of DBEs to their chain-length specificities, we analyzed the chain-length distribution of DBE enzymatic reaction products by using purified DBEs from various sources including rice, cyanobacteria, and bacteria. When DBEs were incubated with phytoglycogen, their chain-length specificities were divided into three groups. First, rice endosperm ISA3 (OsISA3) and Eschericia coli GlgX (EcoGlgX) almost exclusively debranched chains having degree of polymerization (DP) of 3 and 4. Second, OsISA1, Pseudomonas amyloderamosa ISA (PsaISA), and rice pullulanase (OsPUL) could debranch a wide range of chains of DP≧3. Third, both cyanobacteria ISAs, Cyanothece ATCC 51142 ISA (CytISA) and Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 ISA (ScoISA), showed the intermediate chain-length preference, because they removed chains of mainly DP3-4 and DP3-6, respectively, while they could also react to chains of DP5-10 and 7–13 to some extent, respectively. In contrast, all these ISAs were reactive to various chains when incubated with amylopectin. In addition to a great variation in chain-length preferences among various ISAs, their activities greatly differed depending on a variety of glucans. Most strikingly, cyannobacteria ISAs could attack branch points of pullulan to a lesser extent although no such activity was found in OsISA1, OsISA3, EcoGlgX, and PsaISA. Thus, the present study shows the high possibility that varied chain-length specificities of ISA-type DBEs among sources and isozymes are responsible for their distinct functions in glucan metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Kobayashi
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sasaki
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Utsumi
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Umeda
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sawada
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Akiko Kubo
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Abe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Steven Ball
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Marcotuli I, Houston K, Schwerdt JG, Waugh R, Fincher GB, Burton RA, Blanco A, Gadaleta A. Genetic Diversity and Genome Wide Association Study of β-Glucan Content in Tetraploid Wheat Grains. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152590. [PMID: 27045166 PMCID: PMC4821454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) have many health benefits, including immunomodulatory activity, lowering serum cholesterol, a faecal bulking effect, enhanced absorption of certain minerals, prebiotic effects and the amelioration of type II diabetes. The principal components of the NSP in cereal grains are (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans and arabinoxylans. Although (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan (hereafter called β-glucan) is not the most representative component of wheat cell walls, it is one of the most important types of soluble fibre in terms of its proven beneficial effects on human health. In the present work we explored the genetic variability of β-glucan content in grains from a tetraploid wheat collection that had been genotyped with a 90k-iSelect array, and combined this data to carry out an association analysis. The β-glucan content, expressed as a percentage w/w of grain dry weight, ranged from 0.18% to 0.89% across the collection. Our analysis identified seven genomic regions associated with β-glucan, located on chromosomes 1A, 2A (two), 2B, 5B and 7A (two), confirming the quantitative nature of this trait. Analysis of marker trait associations (MTAs) in syntenic regions of several grass species revealed putative candidate genes that might influence β-glucan levels in the endosperm, possibly via their participation in carbon partitioning. These include the glycosyl hydrolases endo-β-(1,4)-glucanase (cellulase), β-amylase, (1,4)-β-xylan endohydrolase, xylanase inhibitor protein I, isoamylase and the glycosyl transferase starch synthase II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marcotuli
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Kelly Houston
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Julian G. Schwerdt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Antonio Blanco
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tsuiki K, Fujisawa H, Itoh A, Sato M, Fujita N. Alterations of starch structure lead to increased resistant starch of steamed rice: Identification of high resistant starch rice lines. J Cereal Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
50
|
Cornejo-Ramírez YI, Ramírez-Reyes F, Cinco-Moroyoqui FJ, Rosas-Burgos EC, Martínez-Cruz O, Carvajal-Millán E, Cárdenas-López JL, Torres-Chavez PI, Osuna-Amarillas PS, Borboa-Flores J, Wong-Corral FJ. Starch Debranching Enzyme Activity and Its Effects on Some Starch Physicochemical Characteristics in Developing Substituted and Complete Triticales (XTriticosecaleWittmack). Cereal Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-02-15-0034-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaeel I. Cornejo-Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Francisco Ramírez-Reyes
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
- Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Cinco-Moroyoqui
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Ema C. Rosas-Burgos
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Oliviert Martínez-Cruz
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Carvajal-Millán
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentos y Desarrollo, Carretera a La Victoria km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83304, Mexico
| | - José L. Cárdenas-López
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Patricia I. Torres-Chavez
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Pablo S. Osuna-Amarillas
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Universidad Estatal de Sonora, Unidad Académica Navojoa, Carretera Navojoa-Huatabampo km 5, Navojoa, Sonora, C.P. 85874, Mexico
| | - Jesús Borboa-Flores
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Wong-Corral
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|