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Sharman MJ, Stanesby O, Jose KA, Greaves S, Cleland VJ. Free bus fares, bus use and physical activity: An exploratory cross-sectional study. Health Promot J Austr 2024. [PMID: 38812377 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Public transport (PT) users often accumulate more physical activity (PA) than private motor vehicle users and financial incentives may increase PT use. Responding to rising petrol prices, from 28 March to 1 May 2022, the Tasmanian government made public bus use fare-free. This exploratory study examined the perceived impact of fare-free buses on bus use and PA. METHODS Tasmanian adults who had used the fare-free buses (N = 548) completed an online survey (4 May-14 June 2022). Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential methods and responses to open-ended questions categorised. RESULTS Over the fare-free period, 46% of participants reported more bus use-average weekly bus trips increased from 3.0 to 4.0 (p < 0.001). Most (81%) participants, including 36% (n = 33/93) who were not previous bus users, planned continued bus use despite financial cost. Total PA was reported higher (36%), the same (60%) and lower (4%) than usual during the fare-free period. Higher total PA was more common amongst those reporting increased bus use (n = 186/240; 78%). Responses to open-ended questions revealed: bus use-related PA gain was through walking to/from bus stops, more frequently attending PA settings (e.g., the gym) and unexpected walking due to bus service limitations; household-level cost savings, improved travel opportunities and better social/mental health were additional fare-free benefits. CONCLUSIONS/SO WHAT Fare-free buses were commonly perceived to increase bus use and PA. Intervention studies would determine if PA and financially incentivised PT have a causal relationship. Individual- and societal-level health economic analysis of free PT is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Sharman
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Oliver Stanesby
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Kim A Jose
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Stephen Greaves
- Institute of Transport and Logistic Studies, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Verity J Cleland
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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2
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Whitmee S, Green R, Belesova K, Hassan S, Cuevas S, Murage P, Picetti R, Clercq-Roques R, Murray K, Falconer J, Anton B, Reynolds T, Sharma Waddington H, Hughes RC, Spadaro J, Aguilar Jaber A, Saheb Y, Campbell-Lendrum D, Cortés-Puch M, Ebi K, Huxley R, Mazzucato M, Oni T, de Paula N, Peng G, Revi A, Rockström J, Srivastava L, Whitmarsh L, Zougmoré R, Phumaphi J, Clark H, Haines A. Pathways to a healthy net-zero future: report of the Lancet Pathfinder Commission. Lancet 2024; 403:67-110. [PMID: 37995741 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02466-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Whitmee
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Rosemary Green
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kristine Belesova
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Syreen Hassan
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Soledad Cuevas
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Peninah Murage
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Roberto Picetti
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Romain Clercq-Roques
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kris Murray
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Jane Falconer
- Library, Archive & Open Research Services, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Blanca Anton
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tamzin Reynolds
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hugh Sharma Waddington
- Environmental Health Group, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; London International Development Centre, London, UK
| | - Robert C Hughes
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Joseph Spadaro
- Spadaro Environmental Research Consultants (SERC), Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristie Ebi
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, Hans Rosling Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rachel Huxley
- C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariana Mazzucato
- Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tolu Oni
- Global Diet and Activity Research Group, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicole de Paula
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy; Women Leaders for Planetary Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gong Peng
- University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Aromar Revi
- Indian Institute for Human Settlements Tharangavana, Bengaluru, India
| | - Johan Rockström
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Leena Srivastava
- Ashoka Centre for a People-centric Energy Transition, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Robert Zougmoré
- AICCRA, International Crops Research for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Bamako, Mali
| | - Joy Phumaphi
- African Leaders Malaria Alliance (ALMA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Helen Clark
- Helen Clark Foundation, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andy Haines
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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3
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Glasson L, Panter J, Ogilvie D, Patterson R. The physical activity implications of retirement across occupational activity groups. Prev Med 2023; 173:107570. [PMID: 37315902 PMCID: PMC7614714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Retirement is an important later life transition which may represent a critical period for physical activity in older age. Past findings on the association between retirement and physical activity are inconclusive and there is some evidence that the physical activity implications of retirement may differ by occupational activity level. This study used data from waves 4-9 (June 2008-July 2019) of the English Longitudinal Study on Aging to evaluate whether there is an association between retirement and physical activity, and whether this varies across occupational activity groups. Retirement was associated with a significant increase in physical activity (n = 10,693; β: 0.602 METhrs/wk. [95% CI: 0.490, 0.713], p < 0.001). There were significant interactions between retirement and past occupational activity level (n = 5109; X2 (3)=32.59, p < 0.001), such that people retiring from sedentary or standing occupations experienced a significant increase in physical activity with retirement but retirement from an occupation involving heavy manual labour was associated with a decrease in physical activity. This study quantified the importance of retirement for later life physical activity. With demographic aging, the population health importance of later life physical activity will likely become more important. These findings should inform the design of public health interventions to increase physical activity around the retirement transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Glasson
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jenna Panter
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Ogilvie
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Patterson
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
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4
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Goel R, Oyebode O, Foley L, Tatah L, Millett C, Woodcock J. Gender differences in active travel in major cities across the world. TRANSPORTATION 2023; 50:733-749. [PMID: 37035250 PMCID: PMC7614415 DOI: 10.1007/s11116-021-10259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is lack of literature on international comparison of gender differences in the use of active travel modes. We used population-representative travel surveys for 19 major cities across 13 countries and 6 continents, representing a mix of cites from low-and-middle income (n = 8) and high-income countries (n = 11). In all the cities, females are more likely than males to walk and, in most cities, more likely to use public transport. This relationship reverses in cycling, with females often less likely users than males. In high cycling cities, both genders are equally likely to cycle. Active travel to access public transport contributes 30-50% of total active travel time. The gender differences in active travel metrics are age dependent. Among children (< 16 years), these metrics are often equal for girls and boys, while gender disparity increases with age. On average, active travel enables one in every four people in the population to achieve at least 30 min of physical activity in a day, though there is large variation across the cities. In general, females are more likely to achieve this level than males. The results highlight the importance of a gendered approach towards active transport policies. Such an approach necessitates reducing road traffic danger and male violence, as well as overcoming social norms that restrict women from cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Goel
- Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Louise Foley
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lambed Tatah
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - James Woodcock
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Physical Activity among Rural Residents in Eastern, Central, and Western Provinces of China: A Cross-Sectional Survey. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:7745815. [PMID: 36726842 PMCID: PMC9886467 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7745815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) in which physical exercise (PE) is an important component is probably the most important intervention for preventing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). However, few studies on PA and PE of rural residents in China were reported. This study conducted the first population-based cross-sectional survey in three provinces of China in 2021 that examined both PA and PE as well as the associated factors of rural residents. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-S) was used, and a total of 3780 rural residents were surveyed. The result showed that 22.2% of the rural residents were physical inactivity and rural residents reporting practice of PE was 54.4%. Binary logistic regression analyses showed that being female, people aged between 15 to 34 years or 60 years old and above, employees of governmental departments/retirees, school students, the unemployed, and people with NCDs were risk factors of PA while ethnic minority groups, smoking, and alcohol consumption were risk factors of PE. Health promotion programme aiming at increasing people's PA in rural China is urgently needed, and it should focus on the population groups of the female, people aged 60 years and above, school students, the unemployed, and people with NCDs.
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6
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Koh G, Sekine M, Yamada M, Fujimura Y, Tatsuse T. Neighbourhood walkability and obesity among adults in rural Japan: results from a Japanese health database. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022; 44:e467-e474. [PMID: 34387690 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Walkable neighbourhoods promote physical activity and prevent obesity, but there is limited evidence to inform urban planning strategies for public health within the context of rural Japan. This study describes associations between neighbourhood walkability and obesity in Toyama, a regional municipality in Japan. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of the Toyama Prefecture National Health Insurance data (n = 3454) in 2016 using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and binary logistic regression. Walk Score® was used to estimate neighbourhood walkability. RESULTS Residents from highly walkable neighbourhoods generally had lower mean body mass index (BMI), but significant associations between neighbourhood walkability and BMI and prevalence of obesity were only observed in women (adjusted OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.26-0.80). Men below 65 years old had higher obesity prevalence (adjusted OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.34-2.30). Daily alcohol consumption was associated with lower odds of being obese among men (adjusted OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.55-0.95). Hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia were associated with higher obesity prevalence among residents, regardless of gender. CONCLUSIONS Walkable environment may improve health outcomes for rural communities in Japan. Further studies are required to create equitable and inclusive living spaces for men and women to access healthier lifestyle choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Koh
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Michikazu Sekine
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.,Organization for Promotion of Regional Collaboration, Community Medicine and Health Support Division, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamada
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.,Organization for Promotion of Regional Collaboration, Community Medicine and Health Support Division, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuko Fujimura
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.,Organization for Promotion of Regional Collaboration, Community Medicine and Health Support Division, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takashi Tatsuse
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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7
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How Sustainable Is People’s Travel to Reach Public Transit Stations to Go to Work? A Machine Learning Approach to Reveal Complex Relationships. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14073989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Several previous studies examined the variables of public-transit-related walking and privately owned vehicles (POVs) to go to work. However, most studies neglect the possible non-linear relationships between these variables and other potential variables. Using the 2017 U.S. National Household Travel Survey, we employ the Bayesian Network algorithm to evaluate the non-linear and interaction impacts of health condition attributes, work trip attributes, work attributes, and individual and household attributes on walking and privately owned vehicles to reach public transit stations to go to work in California. The authors found that the trip time to public transit stations is the most important factor in individuals’ walking decision to reach public transit stations. Additionally, it was found that this factor was mediated by population density. For the POV model, the population density was identified as the most important factor and was mediated by travel time to work. These findings suggest that encouraging individuals to walk to public transit stations to go to work in California may be accomplished by adopting planning practices that support dense urban growth and, as a result, reduce trip times to transit stations.
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8
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Bastone ADC, Moreira BDS, Vasconcelos KSDS, Magalhães AS, Coelho DM, Silva JID, Bezerra VM, Lopes AADS, Friche AADL, Caiaffa WT, Andrade ACDS. Time trends of physical activity for leisure and transportation in the Brazilian adult population: results from Vigitel, 2010-2019. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2022; 38:e00057222. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xen057222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This time-series study examined a 10-year historical series of the physical activity prevalence for leisure and transportation in the Brazilian adult population. Information from 512,969 adults interviewed from the Vigitel between 2010 and 2019 was analyzed. Individuals who reported practicing at least 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity physical activity or at least 75 minutes/week of vigorous-intensity physical activity were considered active during leisure time. Individuals who reported walking or cycling to/from work, course, or school at least 30 minutes/day, equivalent to at least 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity physical activity, were considered active during transportation. The prevalence of physical activity for leisure and transportation was calculated annually and stratified by sex, age group, schooling, and race/skin color. The segmented regression model was applied to analyze the time series. Annual percent change and average annual percent change were calculated. Over time, the prevalence of physical activity for leisure increased, and the prevalence of physical activity for transportation decreased. The highest prevalence of physical activity for leisure was observed among males, young individuals, and those with high education. Older adults, those with high education, and white people presented the lowest prevalence of active transport. Policymakers should propose strategies that encourage and facilitate physical activity for leisure in women, individuals aged ≥ 35 years, and those with less education (< 12 years), and physical activity for transportation among older adults (≥ 60 years), those with high education (≥ 12 years), and white people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amanda Silva Magalhães
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora Moraes Coelho
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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9
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Semple T, Fountas G, Fonzone A. Trips for outdoor exercise at different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland. JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT & HEALTH 2021; 23:101280. [PMID: 34692413 PMCID: PMC8526177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2021.101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has had exceptional effects on travel behaviour in the UK. This paper focuses specifically on the outdoor exercise trips of Scottish residents at several distinct points of the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the negative health consequences of limited exercise, this study aims to determine the sociodemographic and behavioural factors affecting frequency of outdoor exercise trips. METHODS Using recent public survey data (n=6000), random parameters ordered probit models (with allowances for heterogeneity in the means of random parameters) are estimated for three points during the pandemic: the most stringent lockdown, modest restriction easing and further easing of restrictions. RESULTS The survey data show frequent outdoor exercise in the early stages of the pandemic, with ∼46% making six or more weekly trips during lockdown, reducing to ∼39% during the first phase of restriction easing, and further to ∼34% during the following phase of easing. The model estimations show that common factors, dominated by socioeconomic and demographic variables, influenced the frequency of outdoor exercise trips across most survey groups. The modelling framework also allowed insights into the impact of unobserved characteristics within several independent variables; for example, the lockdown exercise trip rates of those with a health problem or disability, and those over 65, were both found to be dependent on personal vehicle access. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that those with a health problem or disability, those who live in households' where the main income earner is employed in a semi-skilled/unskilled manual occupation or is unemployed and ethnic minority groups (i.e., any mixed, Asian, or Black background) were significantly more likely to complete no weekly outdoor exercise trips throughout the pandemic. As a result, we suggest that these groups are at higher risk of the negative health consequences associated with limited physical activity. Policy implications are discussed in terms of mitigating this effect, as well as reducing transport inequity related to vehicle access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torran Semple
- Transport Research Institute, School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH10 5DT, United Kingdom
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Grigorios Fountas
- Transport Research Institute, School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH10 5DT, United Kingdom
| | - Achille Fonzone
- Transport Research Institute, School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH10 5DT, United Kingdom
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10
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Ferrari G, Guzmán-Habinger J, Chávez JL, Werneck AO, Silva DR, Kovalskys I, Gómez G, Rigotti A, Cortés LY, Yépez García MC, Pareja RG, Herrera-Cuenca M, Drenowatz C, Cristi-Montero C, Marques A, Peralta M, Leme ACB, Fisberg M. Sociodemographic inequities and active transportation in adults from Latin America: an eight-country observational study. Int J Equity Health 2021; 20:190. [PMID: 34446008 PMCID: PMC8390191 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-021-01524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Active transportation is a crucial sort of physical activity for developing sustainable environments and provides essential health benefits. This is particularly important in Latin American countries because they present the highest burden of non-communicable diseases relative to other worldwide regions. This study aimed to examine the patterns of active transportation and its association with sociodemographic inequities in Latin American countries. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in eight countries. Participants (n = 8547, 18–65 years) self-reported their active transportation (walking, cycling, and total) using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Sex, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic level, education level, public and private transport use, and transport mode were used as sociodemographic inequities. Results Participants spent a total of 19.9, 3.1, and 23.3 min/day with walking, cycling, and total active transportation, respectively. Mixed and other ethnicity (Asian, Indigenous, Gypsy, and other), high socioeconomic level as well as middle and high education level presented higher walking than Caucasian, low socioeconomic and education level. Private transport mode and use of ≥ 6 days/week of private transport showed lower walking than public transport mode and ≤ 2 days/week of private transport. Use of ≥ 3 days/week of public transport use presented higher walking than ≤ 2 days/week of public transport. Men had higher cycling for active transportation than women. Use of ≥ 3 days/week of public transport use presented higher cycling than ≤ 2 days/week of public transport. ≥6 days/week showed lower cycling than ≤ 2 days/week of private transport use. Men (b: 5.57: 95 %CI: 3.89;7.26), black (3.77: 0.23;7.31), mixed (3.20: 1.39;5.00) and other ethnicity (7.30: 2.55;12.04), had higher total active transportation than women and Caucasian. Private transport mode (-7.03: -11.65;-2.41) and ≥ 6 days/week of private transport use (-4.80: -6.91;-0.31) showed lower total active transportation than public transport mode and ≤ 2 days/week of private transport use. Use of 3–5 (5.10: 1.35;8.85) and ≥ 6 days/week (8.90: 3.07;14.73) of public transport use presented higher total active transportation than ≤ 2 days/week of public transport use. Differences among countries were observed. Conclusions Sociodemographic inequities are associated differently with active transportation across Latin American countries. Interventions and policies that target the promotion of active policies transportation essential to consider sociodemographic inequities. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.Gov NCT02226627. Retrospectively registered on August 27, 2014. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12939-021-01524-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson Ferrari
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Las Sophoras 175, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Juan Guzmán-Habinger
- Especialidad medicina del deporte y la actividad física, Facultad de ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - André O Werneck
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo R Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Irina Kovalskys
- Carrera de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Georgina Gómez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Attilio Rigotti
- Centro de Nutrición Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilia Yadira Cortés
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Marianella Herrera-Cuenca
- Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo, Universidad Central de Venezuela (CENDES-UCV)/Fundación Bengoa, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Clemens Drenowatz
- Division of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, University of Education Upper Austria, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Carlos Cristi-Montero
- Physical Education School, IRyS Group, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Adilson Marques
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, ISAMB, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Peralta
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, ISAMB, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Carolina B Leme
- Centro de Excelencia em Nutrição e Dificuldades Alimentaes (CENDA) Instituto Pensi, Hospital Infantil Sabará, Fundação José Luiz Egydio Setubal, São Paulo, Brazil.,Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Mauro Fisberg
- Centro de Excelencia em Nutrição e Dificuldades Alimentaes (CENDA) Instituto Pensi, Hospital Infantil Sabará, Fundação José Luiz Egydio Setubal, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Pedlar CR, Myrissa K, Barry M, Khwaja IG, Simpkin AJ, Newell J, Scarrott C, Whyte GP, Kipps C, Baggish AL. Medical encounters at community-based physical activity events (parkrun) in the UK. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:1420-1426. [PMID: 34348921 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence, clinical correlates and exposure risk of medical encounters during community-based physical activity events in the UK. METHODS An analysis of medical data from weekly, community-based physical activity events (parkrun) at 702 UK locations over a 6-year period (29 476 294 participations between 2014 and 2019) was conducted in order to define the incidence and clinical correlates of serious life-threatening, non-life-threatening and fatal medical encounters. RESULTS 84 serious life-threatening encounters (overall incidence rate=0.26/100 000 participations) occurred including 18 fatalities (0.056/100 000 participations). Statistical modelling revealed that the probabilities of serious life-threatening encounters were exceptionally low, however, male sex, increasing age, slower personal best parkrun time and less prior running engagement/experience (average number of runs per year and number of years as a parkrun participant) were associated with increased probability of serious life-threatening encounters. These were largely accounted for by cardiac arrest (48/84, 57%) and acute coronary syndromes (20/84, 24%). Non-life-threatening medical encounters were mainly attributed to tripping or falling, with a reported incidence of 39.2/100 000 participations. CONCLUSIONS Serious life-threatening and fatal medical encounters associated with parkrun participation are extremely rare. In the context of a global public health crisis due to inactivity, this finding underscores the safety and corollary public health value of community running/walking events as a strategy to promote physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Pedlar
- Faculty of Sport and Applied Performance Science, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, UK .,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kyriaki Myrissa
- Faculty of Sport and Applied Performance Science, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, UK
| | - Megan Barry
- Faculty of Sport and Applied Performance Science, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, UK
| | - Iman G Khwaja
- Faculty of Sport and Applied Performance Science, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, UK
| | - Andrew J Simpkin
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - John Newell
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Carl Scarrott
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Greg P Whyte
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Courtney Kipps
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aaron L Baggish
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Werneck AO, Sadarangani KP, Ramírez-Vélez R, Baldew SS, Gomes TN, Ferrari G, Szwarcwald CL, Miranda JJ, Silva DR. Macroeconomic, demographic and human developmental correlates of physical activity and sitting time among South American adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:163. [PMID: 33317548 PMCID: PMC7737374 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim was to investigate the association of macroeconomic, human development, and demographic factors with different domains of physical activity and sitting time among South American adults. METHODS We used data from nationally representative samples in Argentina (n = 26,932), Brazil (n = 52,490), Chile (n = 3866), Colombia (n = 14,208), Ecuador (n = 19,883), Peru (n = 8820), and Uruguay (n = 2403). Our outcomes included leisure time (≥150 min/week), transport (≥10 min/week), occupational (≥10 min/week), and total (≥150 min/week) physical activity, as well as sitting time (≥4 h/day), which were collected through self-reported questionnaires. As exposures, gross domestic product, total population, population density, and human development index indicators from the most updated national census of each country were used. Age and education were used as covariates. Multilevel logistic regressions with harmonized random effect meta-analyses were conducted, comparing highest vs. lowest (reference) tertiles. RESULTS Higher odds for transport physical activity were observed among the highest tertiles of total population (ORmen: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.23-1.62), ORwomen: 1.51; 95% CI:1.32-1.73), population density (ORmen: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.18-1.57, ORwomen: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.30-1.70), and gross domestic product (ORmen: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.00-1.35, ORwomen: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.20-1.61). For leisure physical activity, women living in departments with higher human development index presented 18% higher odds for being active, and for total physical activity a similar estimate in both sexes was observed among those who live in more populated areas. No consistent associations were found for occupational physical activity and sitting time. CONCLUSION Macroeconomic, demographic and human development indicators are associated with different domains of physical activity in the South American context, which can in turn guide policies to promote physical activity in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- André O Werneck
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Kabir P Sadarangani
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud y Odontología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IDISNA-Navarra's Health Research Institute, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, C/irunlarrea 3, 31,008, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Se-Sergio Baldew
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Thayse N Gomes
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Gerson Ferrari
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - J Jaime Miranda
- CRONICAS Centre of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Danilo R Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristóvão, Brazil
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13
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Peterman JE, Loy S, Carlos J, Arena R, Kaminsky LA. Increasing physical activity in the community setting. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 64:27-32. [PMID: 33130191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is beneficial for both mental and physical health, yet many individuals do not meet PA recommendations. There are a multitude of approaches to increase levels of PA and the role of the community is one area of growing interest. This review discusses the community environment as well as programs within the community and their influence on PA levels. Despite some research limitations, there are clear factors associated with community-based PA. Strategies that improve the built environment along with community-based programs have shown success, although differences between the characteristics of communities can mean strategies to promote PA are not universally effective. Additional research is needed on effective strategies that can be tailored to the characteristics of the community to increase PA. Further, public health interventions and policies should consider the role of the community when aiming to increase PA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Peterman
- Fisher Institute of Health and Well-Being, College of Health, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States; Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Steven Loy
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, United States; Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joshua Carlos
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, United States; Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ross Arena
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leonard A Kaminsky
- Fisher Institute of Health and Well-Being, College of Health, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States; Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, United States.
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14
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Le VT, Dannenberg AL. Moving Toward Physical Activity Targets by Walking to Transit: National Household Transportation Survey, 2001-2017. Am J Prev Med 2020; 59:e115-e123. [PMID: 32430224 PMCID: PMC7483701 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Public transportation systems can help people engage in physical activity. This study assesses sociodemographic correlates and trends in the daily time spent walking to and from transit in the U.S. from 2001 to 2017. METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from the 2001, 2009, and 2017 National Household Transportation Survey. Data were analyzed in 2019 to assess the daily level of physical activity attained solely by walking to and from transit. Regression models were used to examine predictors of daily transit‒associated walking. RESULTS Compared with the full National Household Transportation Survey sample, transit users who walked to and from transit tended to be younger, from households earning <$25,000 per year, in areas with rail infrastructure, and did not have a household-owned car. Transit walkers spent a median of 20 minutes per day (95% CI=18.5, 21.5) walking to and from transit in 2017, compared with a median of 19 minutes (95% CI=17.5, 20.5) in 2001. Among transit walkers, daily transit-associated physical activity was 27% higher for those residing in areas with rail infrastructure (adjusted coefficient=1.27, 95% CI=1.11, 1.46) and 34% higher for those from households earning <$25,000 per year than those earning >$99,999 per year (adjusted coefficient=1.34, 95% CI=1.15, 1.56). CONCLUSIONS As documented in a growing literature, most public transit trips include at least some walking; thus, efforts to encourage transit use are favorable to public health. Continued monitoring by transportation surveys is important as new forms of mobility and changing demographics may impact future transit use and associated physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vi T Le
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Andrew L Dannenberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Urban Design and Planning, College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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15
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Laverty AA, Millett C, Majeed A, Vamos EP. COVID-19 presents opportunities and threats to transport and health. J R Soc Med 2020; 113:251-254. [PMID: 32663425 PMCID: PMC7495662 DOI: 10.1177/0141076820938997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Laverty
- Department of Primary Care, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK
| | | | - Azeem Majeed
- Department of Primary Care, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK
| | - Eszter P Vamos
- Department of Primary Care, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK
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16
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Phan L, Yu W, Keralis JM, Mukhija K, Dwivedi P, Brunisholz KD, Javanmardi M, Tasdizen T, Nguyen QC. Google Street View Derived Built Environment Indicators and Associations with State-Level Obesity, Physical Activity, and Chronic Disease Mortality in the United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103659. [PMID: 32456114 PMCID: PMC7277659 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that there is a high possibility that the presence of certain built environment characteristics can influence health outcomes, especially those related to obesity and physical activity. We examined the associations between select neighborhood built environment indicators (crosswalks, non-single family home buildings, single-lane roads, and visible wires), and health outcomes, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality, at the state level. We utilized 31,247,167 images collected from Google Street View to create indicators for neighborhood built environment characteristics using deep learning techniques. Adjusted linear regression models were used to estimate the associations between aggregated built environment indicators and state-level health outcomes. Our results indicated that the presence of a crosswalk was associated with reductions in obesity and premature mortality. Visible wires were associated with increased obesity, decreased physical activity, and increases in premature mortality, diabetes mortality, and cardiovascular mortality (however, these results were not significant). Non-single family homes were associated with decreased diabetes and premature mortality, as well as increased physical activity and park and recreational access. Single-lane roads were associated with increased obesity and decreased park access. The findings of our study demonstrated that built environment features may be associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Phan
- Department of Public Health Science, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MA 20742, USA
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (Q.C.N.)
| | - Weijun Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (W.Y.); (J.M.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Jessica M. Keralis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (W.Y.); (J.M.K.); (P.D.)
| | | | - Pallavi Dwivedi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (W.Y.); (J.M.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Kimberly D. Brunisholz
- Intermountain Healthcare Delivery Institute, Intermountain Healthcare, Murray, UT 4107, USA;
| | - Mehran Javanmardi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (M.J.); (T.T.)
| | - Tolga Tasdizen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (M.J.); (T.T.)
| | - Quynh C. Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (W.Y.); (J.M.K.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (Q.C.N.)
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17
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Patterson R, Panter J, Vamos EP, Cummins S, Millett C, Laverty AA. Associations between commute mode and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality, and cancer incidence, using linked Census data over 25 years in England and Wales: a cohort study. Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4:e186-e194. [PMID: 32442494 PMCID: PMC7242898 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active travel is increasingly recognised as an important source of physical activity. We aimed to describe associations between commute mode and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality. METHODS We analysed data from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study of England and Wales (ONS-LS), which linked data from the Census of England and Wales (henceforth referred to as the Census) for 1991, 2001, and 2011 to mortality and cancer registrations. The cohort included individuals traced in the ONS-LS who were economically active (ie, aged ≥16 years, not retired from work, and not a full-time carer). Commuting by private motorised transport, public transport, walking, and cycling were compared in terms of all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, and cancer incidence, using Cox proportional-hazards models with time-varying covariates. Models were adjusted for age, sex, housing tenure, marital status, ethnicity, university education, car access, population density, socioeconomic classification, Carstairs index quintile, long-term illness, and year entered the study, and were additionally stratified by socioeconomic group. FINDINGS Between the 1991 Census and the 2011 Census, 784 677 individuals contributed data for at least one Census, of whom 394 746 were included in the ONS-LS and were considered to be economically active working-age individuals. 13 983 people died, 3172 from cardiovascular disease and 6509 from cancer, and there were 20 980 incident cancer cases. In adjusted models, compared with commuting by private motorised vehicle, bicycle commuting was associated with a 20% reduced rate of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0·80, 95% CI 0·73-0·89), a 24% decreased rate of cardiovascular disease mortality (0·76, 0·61-0·93), a 16% lower rate of cancer mortality (0·84, 0·73-0·98), and an 11% reduced rate of incident cancer (0·89, 0·82-0·97). Compared with commuting by private motorised vehicle, rail commuters had a 10% lower rate of all-cause mortality (HR 0·90, 95% CI 0·83-0·97) and a 21% decreased rate of cardiovascular disease mortality (0·79, 0·67-0·94), in addition to a 12% reduced rate of incident cancer (0·88, 0·83-0·94). Walk commuting was associated with 7% lower cancer incidence (HR 0·93, 95% CI 0·89-0·97) Stratified analyses did not indicate differences in associations between socioeconomic groups. INTERPRETATION Our findings augment existing evidence for the beneficial health effects of physically active commute modes, particularly cycling and train use, and suggest that all socioeconomic groups could benefit. FUNDING National Institute for Health Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Patterson
- Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, and UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre for Diet and Activity Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jenna Panter
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, and UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre for Diet and Activity Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eszter P Vamos
- Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Cummins
- Population Health Innovation Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Christopher Millett
- Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony A Laverty
- Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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18
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Limb ES, Procter DS, Cooper AR, Page AS, Nightingale CM, Ram B, Shankar A, Clary C, Lewis D, Cummins S, Ellaway A, Giles-Corti B, Whincup PH, Rudnicka AR, Cook DG, Owen CG. The effect of moving to East Village, the former London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games Athletes' Village, on mode of travel (ENABLE London study, a natural experiment). Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:15. [PMID: 32041612 PMCID: PMC7011441 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-0916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions to encourage active modes of travel (walking, cycling) may improve physical activity levels, but longitudinal evidence is limited and major change in the built environment / travel infrastructure may be needed. East Village (the former London 2012 Olympic Games Athletes Village) has been repurposed on active design principles with improved walkability, open space and public transport and restrictions on residential car parking. We examined the effect of moving to East Village on adult travel patterns. METHODS One thousand two hundred seventy-eight adults (16+ years) seeking to move into social, intermediate, and market-rent East Village accommodation were recruited in 2013-2015, and followed up after 2 years. Individual objective measures of physical activity using accelerometry (ActiGraph GT3X+) and geographic location using GPS travel recorders (QStarz) were time-matched and a validated algorithm assigned four travel modes (walking, cycling, motorised vehicle, train). We examined change in time spent in different travel modes, using multilevel linear regresssion models adjusting for sex, age group, ethnicity, housing group (fixed effects) and household (random effect), comparing those who had moved to East Village at follow-up with those who did not. RESULTS Of 877 adults (69%) followed-up, 578 (66%) provided valid accelerometry and GPS data for at least 1 day (≥540 min) at both time points; half had moved to East Village. Despite no overall effects on physical activity levels, sizeable improvements in walkability and access to public transport in East Village resulted in decreased daily vehicle travel (8.3 mins, 95%CI 2.5,14.0), particularly in the intermediate housing group (9.6 mins, 95%CI 2.2,16.9), and increased underground travel (3.9 mins, 95%CI 1.2,6.5), more so in the market-rent group (11.5 mins, 95%CI 4.4,18.6). However, there were no effects on time spent walking or cycling. CONCLUSION Designing walkable neighbourhoods near high quality public transport and restrictions on car usage, may offer a community-wide strategy shift to sustainable transport modes by increasing public transport use, and reducing motor vehicle travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Limb
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK.
| | - Duncan S Procter
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ashley R Cooper
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Angie S Page
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Claire M Nightingale
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Bina Ram
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Aparna Shankar
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Christelle Clary
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Daniel Lewis
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Steven Cummins
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anne Ellaway
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Billie Giles-Corti
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Healthy Liveable Communities, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter H Whincup
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Alicja R Rudnicka
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Derek G Cook
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Christopher G Owen
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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19
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Kuwahara K, Noma H, Nakagawa T, Honda T, Yamamoto S, Hayashi T, Mizoue T. Association of changes in commute mode with body mass index and visceral adiposity: a longitudinal study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2019; 16:101. [PMID: 31694716 PMCID: PMC6836489 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective data are sparse for active commuting to work and body weight in Asia. We assessed the association of 5-year changes in commuting mode with body mass index (BMI) and the indicators of abdominal obesity in Japanese working adults. METHODS In this longitudinal study, we studied 29,758 participants (25,808 men and 3950 women) in Japan aged 30 to 64 years at baseline who underwent further health examination 5 years after the baseline examination. Changes in BMI were calculated from objectively measured body height and weight at baseline and follow-up examination. Visceral and subcutaneous fat areas and waist circumference measured by computed tomography scans were used as indicators for abdominal adiposity. Linear regression was applied to estimate the association of changes in commuting mode with the obesity outcomes. RESULTS Within the 5-year study period, adults who maintained inactive commuting gained weight, and compared with this group, adults who switched to inactive commuting had higher weight gain; conversely, adults who switched to active or public transportation commuting and especially those who maintained active or public transportation commuting experienced less weight gain. Subgroup analysis showed similar tendency across the different transitions of leisure-time exercise or occupational physical activity. For example, among adults who maintained no exercise (n = 16,087), the adjusted mean (95% confidence intervals) of the BMI change over 5 years in kg/m2 were 0.27 (0.24 to 0.30) for maintained inactive commuting group (reference), 0.34 (0.30 to 0.38) for switching to inactive commuting group (P = 0.046), 0.20 (0.18 to 0.22) for switching to active commuting or public transportation group (P = 0.001), and 0.09 (0.06 to 0.13) for maintained active commuting or public transportation group (P < 0.001). Maintained inactive commuting tended to be associated with larger gain in abdominal adiposity indicators. CONCLUSION Switching from inactive commuting mode to more physically active commuting mode and maintaining active commuting can promote body weight control among working adults across different levels of occupational or leisure-time physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kuwahara
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Teikyo University Graduate School of Public Health, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Noma
- The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Nakagawa
- Hitachi Health Care Center, Hitachi, Ltd, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toru Honda
- Hitachi Health Care Center, Hitachi, Ltd, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Tetsuya Mizoue
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW By 2050, 70% of the global population will live in urban areas, exposing a greater number of people to specific city-related health risks that will only be exacerbated by climate change. Two prominent health risks are poor air quality and physical inactivity. We aim to review the literature and state the best practices for clean air and active transportation in urban areas. RECENT FINDINGS Cities have been targeting reductions in air pollution and physical inactivity to improve population health. Oslo, Paris, and Madrid plan on banning cars from their city centers to mitigate climate change, reduce vehicle emissions, and increase walking and cycling. Urban streets are being redesigned to accommodate and integrate various modes of transportation to ensure individuals can become actively mobile and healthy. Investments in pedestrian, cycling, and public transport infrastructure and services can both improve air quality and support active transportation. Emerging technologies like electric and autonomous vehicles are being developed and may reduce air pollution but have limited impact on physical activity. Green spaces too can mitigate air pollution and encourage physical activity. Clean air and active transportation overlap considerably as they are both functions of mobility. The best practices of clean air and active transportation have produced impressive results, which are improved when enacted simultaneously in integrated policy packages. Further research is needed in middle- and low-income countries, using measurements from real-world interventions, tracing air pollution back to the sources responsible, and holistically addressing the entire spectrum of exposures and health outcomes related to transportation.
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