3
|
Pal M, Mahal A, Mohapatra RK, Obaidullah AJ, Sahoo RN, Pattnaik G, Pattanaik S, Mishra S, Aljeldah M, Alissa M, Najim MA, Alshengeti A, AlShehail BM, Garout M, Halwani MA, Alshehri AA, Rabaan AA. Deep and Transfer Learning Approaches for Automated Early Detection of Monkeypox (Mpox) Alongside Other Similar Skin Lesions and Their Classification. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31747-31757. [PMID: 37692219 PMCID: PMC10483519 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The world faces multiple public health emergencies simultaneously, such as COVID-19 and Monkeypox (mpox). mpox, from being a neglected disease, has emerged as a global threat that has spread to more than 100 nonendemic countries, even as COVID-19 has been spreading for more than 3 years now. The general mpox symptoms are similar to chickenpox and measles, thus leading to a possible misdiagnosis. This study aimed at facilitating a rapid and high-brevity mpox diagnosis. Reportedly, mpox circulates among particular groups, such as sexually promiscuous gay and bisexuals. Hence, selectively vaccinating, isolating, and treating them seems difficult due to the associated social stigma. Deep learning (DL) has great promise in image-based diagnosis and could help in error-free bulk diagnosis. The novelty proposed, the system adopted, and the methods and approaches are discussed in the article. The present work proposes the use of DL models for automated early mpox diagnosis. The performances of the proposed algorithms were evaluated using the data set available in public domain. The data set adopted for the study was meant for both training and testing, the details of which are elaborated. The performances of CNN, VGG19, ResNet 50, Inception v3, and Autoencoder algorithms were compared. It was concluded that CNN, VGG19, and Inception v3 could help in early detection of mpox skin lesions, and Inception v3 returned the best (96.56%) classification accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Pal
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Government College
of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha 758 002, India
| | - Ahmed Mahal
- Department
of Medical Biochemical Analysis, College of Health Technology, Cihan University−Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Ranjan K. Mohapatra
- Department
of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha 758 002, India
| | - Ahmad J. Obaidullah
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rudra Narayan Sahoo
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’
Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751 003, India
| | - Gurudutta Pattnaik
- School of
Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Centurion University
of Technology and Management, Khordha , Odisha 752 050, India
| | - Sovan Pattanaik
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’
Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751 003, India
| | - Snehasish Mishra
- School
of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Campus-11, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751
024, India
| | - Mohammed Aljeldah
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department
of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A. Najim
- Department
of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Alshengeti
- Department
of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah
University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Infection prevention and control, Prince
Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M. AlShehail
- Pharmacy
Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department
of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad A. Halwani
- Department
of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha 4781, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A. Alshehri
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular
Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco
Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College
of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Public Health and Nutrition, The University
of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chaudhary RK, L A, Patil P, Mateti UV, Sah S, Mohanty A, Rath RS, Padhi BK, Malik S, Jassim KH, Al-Shammari MA, Waheed Y, Satapathy P, Barboza JJ, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Sah R. System Biology Approach to Identify the Hub Genes and Pathways Associated with Human H5N1 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1269. [PMID: 37515084 PMCID: PMC10385284 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus that can infect humans and has an estimated fatality rate of 53%. As shown by the current situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, emerging and re-emerging viruses such as H5N1 have the potential to cause another pandemic. Thus, this study outlined the hub genes and pathways associated with H5N1 infection in humans. METHODS The genes associated with H5N1 infection in humans were retrieved from the NCBI Gene database using "H5N1 virus infection" as the keyword. The genes obtained were investigated for protein-protein interaction (PPI) using STRING version 11.5 and studied for functional enrichment analysis using DAVID 2021. Further, the PPI network was visualised and analysed using Cytoscape 3.7.2, and the hub genes were obtained using the local topological analysis method of the cytoHubba plugin. RESULTS A total of 39 genes associated with H5N1 infection in humans significantly interacted with each other, forming a PPI network with 38 nodes and 149 edges modulating 74 KEGG pathways, 76 biological processes, 13 cellular components, and 22 molecular functions. Further, the PPI network analysis revealed that 33 nodes interacted, forming 1056 shortest paths at 0.282 network density, along with a 1.947 characteristic path length. The local topological analysis predicted IFNA1, IRF3, CXCL8, CXCL10, IFNB1, and CHUK as the critical hub genes in human H5N1 infection. CONCLUSION The hub genes associated with the H5N1 infection and their pathways could serve as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets for H5N1 infection among humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raushan Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Ananthesh L
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Prakash Patil
- Central Research Laboratory, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Uday Venkat Mateti
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjit Sah
- Global Consortium for Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha 442001, India
| | - Aroop Mohanty
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur 273008, India
| | - Rama S Rath
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur 273008, India
| | - Bijaya Kumar Padhi
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi 834001, Jharkhand, India
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
- Guru Nanak College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chakrata Road, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | | | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
| | - Prakasini Satapathy
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Joshuan J Barboza
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad César Vallejo, Trujillo 13007, Peru
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 4861, Peru
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas-Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira 660003, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, India
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sah R, Mohapatra RK, Mishra S, Chinnam S, Rabaan AA, Alshahrani NZ, Mohanty A, Al-Ahdal T, León-Figueroa DA, Padhi BK. Cocktail of FIFA 2022 Vis-A-Vis camel beauty pageant championship; potential health threat of MERS among players and fans - A possible global spread. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 52:102541. [PMID: 36623743 PMCID: PMC9817334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Ranjan K Mohapatra
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Snehasish Mishra
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sampath Chinnam
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Najim Z Alshahrani
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aroop Mohanty
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Tareq Al-Ahdal
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Darwin A León-Figueroa
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bijaya K Padhi
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| |
Collapse
|