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Abbas SQ, Khan J, Riaz MT, Rafique M, Zaman A, Khan S. Radon concentration in spring water as an indicator of seismic activity: a case study of the Muzaffarabad Fault in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 196:41. [PMID: 38097881 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Radon and its progenies found in water indicate the existence of seismically active faults in the region. However, exposure to high levels of radon can also result in radiation-related health risks. This study focuses on radon-based active tectonic studies along the Muzaffarabad Fault in the core of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis (HKS), NW Himalayas, Pakistan. In this study, spring water samples were collected along roadside of Jhelum Valley and in close proximity to the Muzaffarabad Fault in Pakistan using Radon Thoron Monitor (RTM1688-2). The results of the study showed that the radon concentrations in the water samples ranged from 1.895 to 17.097 Bq/l. The study found that the highest radon concentration was observed in the samples collected closest to the fault, while the lowest concentration was observed in the samples collected further away. The statistical analysis between the radon concentration and the distance from the fault showed a strong inverse relationship (R2=0.73). The study also found that 68% of the sampling sites had radon concentrations that exceeded the maximum contamination level (MCL) set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The higher radon concentrations in the springs water suggest the probability of earthquake, which in turn poses potential health risks for the local population. The findings suggest that the measurement of radon concentration in water can be used as a tool for identifying seismically active faults in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Qamar Abbas
- Institute of Geology University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, King Abdullah Campus, Muzaffarabad, 13100, Pakistan
| | - Jahanzeb Khan
- Institute of Geology University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, King Abdullah Campus, Muzaffarabad, 13100, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Tayyib Riaz
- Institute of Geology University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, King Abdullah Campus, Muzaffarabad, 13100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafique
- Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, King Abdullah Campus, Muzaffarabad, 13100, Pakistan
| | - Ali Zaman
- Institute of Geology University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, King Abdullah Campus, Muzaffarabad, 13100, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Khan
- Geosciences Advanced Research Labs (GARL), Geological Survey of Pakistan, Islamabad, 1461, Pakistan
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Faweya EB, Adewumi T, Ajiboye Y, Akande HT, Rasheed HA. Radon Concentration in Groundwater and Soil Gas Radon in Agbabu Bituminous Deposit Area: Mapping, GR Potential and Health Risks Assessments. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, TRANSACTIONS A: SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40995-021-01094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Adithya VSP, Chidambaram S, Prasanna MV, Venkatramanan S, Tirumalesh K, Thivya C, Thilagavathi R. Health Risk Implication and Spatial Distribution of Radon in Groundwater Along the Lithological Contact in South India. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 80:308-318. [PMID: 33398396 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of radioactive elements in groundwater results in high health risks on surrounding populations. Hence, a study was conducted in central Tamil Nadu, South India, to measure the radon levels in groundwater and determine the associated health risk. The study was conducted along the lithological contact of hard rock and sedimentary formation. The concentrations of uranium (U) varied from 0.28 to 84.65 µg/L, and the radioactivity of radon (Rn) varied from 258 to 7072 Bq/m3 in the collected groundwater samples. The spatial distribution of Rn in the study area showed that higher values were identified along the central and northern regions of the study area. The data also indicate that granitic and gneissic rocks are the major contributors to Rn in groundwater through U-enriched lithological zones. The radon levels in all samples were below the maximum concentration level, prescribed by Environmental Protection Agency. The effective dose levels for ingestion and inhalation were calculated according to parameters introduced by UNSCEAR and were found to be lesser (0.235-6.453 μSvy-1) than the recommended limit. Hence, the regional groundwater in the study area does not pose any health risks to consumers. The spatial distribution of Rn's effective dose level indicates the higher values were mainly in the central and northern portion of the study area consist of gneissic, quarzitic, and granitic rocks. The present study showed that Rn concentrations in groundwater depend on the lithology, structural attributes, the existence of uranium minerals in rocks, and the redox conditions. The results of this study provide information on the spatial distribution of Rn in the groundwater and its potential health risk in central Tamil Nadu, India. It is anticipated that these data will help policymakers to develop plans for management of drinking water resources in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabarathinam Chidambaram
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, Annamalai Nagar, India
- Water Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mohan Viswanathan Prasanna
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | - Keesari Tirumalesh
- Isotope and Radiation Application Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Department of Chemistry, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Chandrasekar Thivya
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, Annamalai Nagar, India
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Ćujić M, Janković Mandić L, Petrović J, Dragović R, Đorđević M, Đokić M, Dragović S. Radon-222: environmental behavior and impact to (human and non-human) biota. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:69-83. [PMID: 31955264 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-01860-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As an inert radioactive gas, 222Rn could be easily transported to the atmosphere via emanation, migration, or exhalation. Research measurements pointed out that 222Rn activity concentration changes during the winter and summer months, as well as during wet and dry season periods. Changes in radon concentration can affect the atmospheric electric field. At the boundary layer near the ground, short-lived daughters of 222Rn can be used as natural tracers in the atmosphere. In this work, factors controlling 222Rn pathways in the environment and its levels in soil gas and outdoor air are summarized. 222Rn has a short half-life of 3.82 days, but the dose rate due to radon and its radioactive progeny could be significant to the living beings. Epidemiological studies on humans pointed out that up to 14% of lung cancers are induced by exposure to low and moderate concentrations of radon. Animals that breed in ground holes have been exposed to the higher doses due to radiation present in soil air. During the years, different dose-effect models are developed for risk assessment on human and non-human biota. In this work are reviewed research results of 222Rn exposure of human and non-human biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Ćujić
- University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, POB 522, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | - Jelena Petrović
- University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, POB 522, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ranko Dragović
- Department of Geography, University of Niš, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, POB 224, Niš, Serbia
| | - Milan Đorđević
- Department of Geography, University of Niš, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, POB 224, Niš, Serbia
| | - Mrđan Đokić
- Department of Geography, University of Niš, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, POB 224, Niš, Serbia
| | - Snežana Dragović
- University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, POB 522, Belgrade, Serbia
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Muhammad S, Ullah R, Turab SA, Khan MY, Khattak NU, Khan MA. Radon concentration in drinking water and soil after the September 24, 2019, Mw 5.8 earthquake, Mirpur, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir: an evaluation for potential risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:32628-32636. [PMID: 32514913 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09589-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Radon (222Rn), a radioactive gas resulted from the natural decay of other radioactive elements, pose a threat to the exposed human population. Radon gas emits along the seismically active faults and increased the 222Rn contamination in sorrounding water and soil. This study investigated the concentration of 222Rn in drinking water and soil after the September 24, 2019, Mw 5.8 earthquake, Mirpur District, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir (AJK). For this purpose, water (n = 24) samples were collected from the bore wells of orderly located houses and soil field sampling (n = 12) along with the NE-SW directions of fracture in the Mirpur District. Determined 222Rn in drinking water surpassed the maximum contamination level (MCL, 11.1 kBq/m3) set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) in 83%, 50%, and 33% of the sampling point at the site I, site II, and site III, respectively. However, that of soil 222Rn concentration was observed with the normal range (10-50 kBq/m3). Potential exposure of 222Rn consumption in drinking water was the mean effective dose through ingestion (EWing, 0.003 ± < 0.001 mSv/a), the effective dose for inhalation (EWInh, 0.038 ± 0.002 mSv/a), and the total effective dose of human (EWT, 0.041 ± 0.002 mSv/a). Exposure values along with the rupture showed multifold higher risk values (up to 4 times) compared to background sites. These values were observed within the limits (0.1 mSv/a) set by World Health Organization (WHO); however, surpassed the thresholds of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of atomic radiations (UNSCEAR) for all exposure pathways. This study concluded that groundwater in the close vicinity should be avoided or boiled before used for drinking purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Muhammad
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan.
| | - Rizwan Ullah
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ali Turab
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Younis Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Nimat Ullah Khattak
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
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Duggal V, Sharma S, Mehra R. Risk assessment of radon in drinking water in Khetri Copper Belt of Rajasthan, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124782. [PMID: 31520978 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exceptionally high concentrations of radon have been found in drinking water originating from hand pumps in Khetri Copper Belt of Rajasthan. Radon concentration was determined using Durridge RAD7 professional electronic radon detector. The measured radon concentration ranged from 12.5 ± 1.5 to 862 ± 38 Bq l-1. About 35% of the drinking water samples showed radon concentrations above the European Union's parametric value of 100 Bq l-1. The high radon concentration obtained in groundwater is due to local natural geology. The total annual effective doses due to ingestion and inhalation of radon in drinking water varied from 0.10 to 6.7 mSv y-1 for infants, 0.06-3.8 mSv y-1 for children and 0.06-4.4 mSv y-1 for adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Duggal
- Department of Physics, DAV College, Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India.
| | - Samriti Sharma
- Department of Applied Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan-Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Physics, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, 144011, Punjab, India
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Sharma S, Kumar A, Mehra R, Kaur R. INGESTION AND INHALATION DOSES DUE TO INTAKE OF RADON IN DRINKING WATER SAMPLES OF AMRITSAR PROVINCE, PUNJAB, INDIA. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2019; 187:230-242. [PMID: 31211396 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigation, the ingestion and inhalation dosage for the particular body organs in light of the intake of radon through ground water utilised by the occupants have been assessed in the different villages of the Upper Bari Doab region of Amritsar province, India using an electrostatic collection type radon monitor (RAD7) analyzer with RAD-H2O accessory. The mean radon activity level in water was seen to be 8.34 ± 2.99 Bql-1. The newborn children have higher radiation dosage than the other age groups because of their high dosage transformation factors. However, the radiation dosage received by all different age groups significantly less than the UNSCEAR and WHO suggested a level of 100 μSv y-1. The annual effective dosage for the diverse body organs because of the intake of radon was moreover ascertained and found the maximum dosage for lungs than other organs. The radiation dosage received by bronchial epithelium by the means of inhalation was likewise high when contrasted with that by stomach walls through ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sharma
- Department of Physics, D.A.V. College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Department of Applied Sciences, Swami Sarvanand Group of Institute, Dinanagar, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Physics, D.A.V. College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Physics, Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Ranbir Kaur
- Department of Physics, D.A.V. College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Özdemir Öge T, Özdemir FB. Assessment of radioactivity from groundwater samples from selected areas of Western Black Sea Region, Turkey. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2019-3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, radon concentration measurements and chemical analyses of groundwater samples were performed in four sampling locations of Bartın Province of Western Black Sea Region, Turkey. 222Rn analysis was carried out in groundwater samples with liquid scintillation counting system in accordance with ASTM D5072 standard. The pH, total hardness, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen parameters of the groundwater samples were also determined. The radon concentrations for the water samples ranged between <3.00 Bq/L–12.03 Bq/L. Thirty eight percentage of the samples slightly exceeded the permissible limit of 11.1 Bq/L specified by USEPA for drinking waters. The annual effective doses of groundwater samples were calculated in the range of 7.41–30.74 μSv/y for ingestion of water (E
w.Ig
), and in the range of 7.31–30.31 μSv/y for inhalation of radon released from water (Ew.Ih
). The total calculated annual effective doses due to ingestion and inhalation were found to be below the limit value of 100 μSv/y specified by the World Health Organization (WHO). The radioactivity measurement results significantly varied for three sampling points but not for one sampling point on two different measurement dates, which is attributed to the differences in geological structure. The chemical analysis results, except for total hardness in two sampling points, were within the permissible limits specified by international standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Özdemir Öge
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Opticianry Program , Bartın University Health Services Vocational School , Ağdacı Campus, 74100 Bartın , Turkey , Tel.: +903782235222
| | - Firdevs Banu Özdemir
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Radiotherapy Program , Beykent University Vocational School , Cumhuriyet Mah. Şimşek Sok. No:1 Beykent Siteleri Büyükçekmece , 34500 İstanbul , Turkey
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Ahmad N, Jaafar MS, Alsaffar MS. Study of radon concentration and toxic elements indrinking and irrigated water and its implications in Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Ahmad
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, 11800, Malaysia
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Raza A, Farooqi A, Javed A, Ali W. Distribution, enrichment, and source identification of selected heavy metals in surface sediments of the Siran River, Mansehra, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:572. [PMID: 27640167 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To assess the trace metal pollution in the Siran River, sediments were collected from 12 sites, from the left and right banks of the river in 2013. The concentrations, accumulation, distribution pattern, and pollution status of heavy metals in sediments were investigated using geoaccumulation index (I geo) and enrichment factor (EF). The toxic risk of heavy metals was assessed using interim sediment quality guidelines (ISQGs), portable effect level (PEL), threshold effect level (TEL), and toxic effect threshold (TET). I geo and EF values showed that sediments were loaded with Ni, Cd, Pb, and Co and no obvious variations were found among the left and right banks of the river. The EF and I geo values were found in order of Co > Pb > Ni > As > Cd > Cu > Zn > Fe and Cd > Co > Pb > Ni > As > Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn, respectively. Furthermore, multivariate statistical analysis like inter-metal correlation, cluster analysis (CA), and principal component analysis (PCA) results revealed that geogenic and anthropogenic activities were major sources of sediment contamination in the study area. These results indicated that more attention should be paid to the inner loads of sediment in order to achieve improvements in reservoir water quality after the control of external pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Raza
- Hydro Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Abida Farooqi
- Hydro Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Asif Javed
- Hydro Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Ali
- Hydro Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
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Atkins ML, Santos IR, Perkins A, Maher DT. Dissolved radon and uranium in groundwater in a potential coal seam gas development region (Richmond River Catchment, Australia). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2016; 154:83-92. [PMID: 26867097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The extraction of unconventional gas resources such as shale and coal seam gas (CSG) is rapidly expanding globally and often prevents the opportunity for comprehensive baseline groundwater investigations prior to drilling. Unconventional gas extraction often targets geological layers with high naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) and extraction practices may possibly mobilise radionuclides into regional and local drinking water resources. Here, we establish baseline groundwater radon and uranium levels in shallow aquifers overlying a potential CSG target formation in the Richmond River Catchment, Australia. A total of 91 groundwater samples from six different geological units showed highly variable radon activities (0.14-20.33 Bq/L) and uranium levels (0.001-2.77 μg/L) which were well below the Australian Drinking Water Guideline values (radon; 100 Bq/L and uranium; 17 μg/L). Therefore, from a radon and uranium perspective, the regional groundwater does not pose health risks to consumers. Uranium could not explain the distribution of radon in groundwater. Relatively high radon activities (7.88 ± 0.83 Bq/L) in the fractured Lismore Basalt aquifer coincided with very low uranium concentrations (0.04 ± 0.02 μg/L). In the Quaternary Sediments aquifers, a positive correlation between U and HCO3(-) (r(2) = 0.49, p < 0.01) implied the uranium was present as uranyl-carbonate complexes. Since NORM are often enriched in target geological formations containing unconventional gas, establishing radon and uranium concentrations in overlying aquifers comprises an important component of baseline groundwater investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnie L Atkins
- School of Environmental Science and Management, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia; National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia.
| | - Isaac R Santos
- School of Environmental Science and Management, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia; National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Anita Perkins
- School of Environmental Science and Management, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia; National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Damien T Maher
- School of Environmental Science and Management, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
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Khattak NU, Khan MA, Shah MT, Ali N. Radon concentration in drinking water sources of the region adjacent to a tectonically active Karak Thrust, southern Kohat Plateau, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yakut H, Tabar E, Zenginerler Z, Demirci N, Ertugral F. Measurement of (222)Rn concentration in drinking water in Sakarya, Turkey. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2013; 157:397-406. [PMID: 23771959 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the first measurement of (222)Rn concentrations in drinking water from wells, springs and bottled waters in the city of Sakarya, Turkey was presented. The measurements were performed using RAD 7, a solid-state alpha detector, with RAD H2O (radon in water) accessory manufactured by Durridge Company, Inc. The measured activity concentrations ranged from 1.98 to 20.80 Bq l(-1) with an average value of 9.05 Bq l(-1) for well water, from 0.75 to 59.65 Bq l(-1) with an average value of 13.78 Bq l(-1) for spring water and from 0.75 to 22.8 Bq l(-1) with an average value of 5.41 Bq l(-1) for bottled water. Although these results indicated relatively high (222)Rn concentrations compared with that from other parts of the Turkey, they are still below the World Health Organization recommended level of 100 Bq l(-1) for radon. Using the measured activities of (222)Rn, the age-dependent associated committed effective doses due to the ingestion of (222)Rn as a consequence of direct consumption of drinking water were calculated. The committed effective doses from (222)Rn were estimated to range from 2.59 to 205.97 µSv y(-1), from 1.55 to 123.28 µSv y(-1) and from 1.31 to 104.48 µSv y(-1) for age groups 1-2, 8-12 and >17 y, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Yakut
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Physics, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54187, Turkey
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Khan F, Ali N, Khan EU, Khattak NU, Raja IA, Baloch MA, Rajput MU. Study of indoor radon concentrations and associated health risks in the five districts of Hazara division, Pakistan. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING : JEM 2012; 14:3015-23. [PMID: 23034598 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30445g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A total of 200 indoor air samples were collected to measure radon concentration levels and its contribution to the mean effective doses during different seasons of the period 2009-2010 at different sites of the five districts of Hazara division, Pakistan. The major portion of the region is mountainous and is full of thick forests which receives heavy snow fall in winter. The need for conducting the present survey relied on the fact that occupants spend their lives in poorly ventilated indoor environments of the region, especially in the winter season when they use wood fire inside their residences. The measurements of indoor air samples were taken with RAD-7, a solid state α-detector. Radon concentrations in the whole region range from 41 Bq m(-3) to 254 Bq m(-3) with a geometric mean of 128 Bq m(-3). Radon progenies were measured with a surface barrier detector through alpha spectroscopy from which the Equilibrium Factor (EF) for radon and Radon Decay Products (RDPs) for the smoke-bearing as well as smoke-free indoor environments were deduced. The respective mean values of EF were calculated as 0.49 ± 0.08 and 0.40 ± 0.07. The mean effective doses from indoor air of Abbottabad, Mansehra, Haripur, Battgram and Kohistan districts were calculated as 3.5 ± 1.2, 3.7 ± 0.7, 3.9 ± 1.0, 3.6 ± 1.1 and 3.9 ± 0.7 mSv a(-1) respectively, with the maximum value of 5.1 ± 1.8 mSv a(-1) in Kohistan district during winter and the minimum value of 2.9 ± 1.0 mSv a(-1) in Abbottabad district during summer. The annual exposure dose to the inhabitants of the locality lies below the upper bound of 10 mSv a(-1), as recommended by ICRP-65, and may not pose any significant threat to the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayaz Khan
- Department of Physics, CIIT, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Muhammad BG, Jaafar MS, Azhar AR, Akpa TC. Measurements of 222Rn activity concentration in domestic water sources in Penang, northern peninsular Malaysia. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2012; 149:340-346. [PMID: 21642647 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncr230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of (222)Rn activity concentration were carried out in 39 samples collected from the domestic and drinking water sources used in the island and mainland of Penang, northern peninsular, Malaysia. The measured activity concentrations ranged from 7.49 to 26.25 Bq l(-1), 0.49 to 9.72 Bq l(-1) and 0.58 to 2.54 Bq l(-1) in the raw, treated and bottled water samples collected, respectively. This indicated relatively high radon concentrations compared with that from other parts of the world, which still falls below the WHO recommended treatment level of 100 Bq l(-1). From this data, the age-dependent associated committed effective doses due to the ingestion of (222)Rn as a consequence of direct consumption of drinking water were calculated. The committed effective doses from (222)Rn resulting from 1 y's consumption of these water were estimated to range from 0.003 to 0.048, 0.001 to 0.018 and 0.002 to 0.023 mSv y(-1), for age groups 0-1, 2-16 and >16 y, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Muhammad
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
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Radon concentration in drinking water sources of the Main Campus of the University of Peshawar and surrounding areas, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-011-1297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tsabaris C, Scholten J, Karageorgis AP, Comanducci JF, Georgopoulos D, Kwong LLW, Patiris DL, Papathanassiou E. Underwater in situ measurements of radionuclides in selected submarine groundwater springs, Mediterranean Sea. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2010; 142:273-281. [PMID: 20685728 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The application of the in situ measurement system 'KATERINA' for monitoring of radon progenies in submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) was investigated at different locations in the Mediterranean Sea (Chalkida, Stoupa, Korfos and Cabbé). At Chalkida and Stoupa radon progenies concentration exhibited almost constant values of 1.2 ± 0.1 and 2.5 ± 0.2 Bq l(-1), respectively. At Korfos these activities ranged between 1.4 ± 0.1 and 2.3 ± 0.2 Bq l(-1) exhibiting inverse relationship with salinity. At Cabbé the in situ measured data were compared with radon measurements obtained by liquid scintillation counter. The system also resolved radon progeny variations of SGD on time scales above 1 h. The radioactivity levels of radon progenies from all sites were found considerably lower (approximately 2 orders of magnitude) than the commonly accepted limits for radon in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tsabaris
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, 46.7 km Athens-Sounio Avenue, Anavyssos 19013, Greece.
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Asghar M, Tufail M, Khan K, Mahmood A. Assessment of radiological hazards of clay bricks fabricated in the Punjab province of Pakistan. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2010; 142:369-377. [PMID: 20858678 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Punjab is the most populous among the four provinces of Pakistan, which has around 72 million of people and 205 344 km(2) of land. The majority of the population of this province lives in houses made of clay bricks that contain variable amounts of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). The concentration level of NORM in clay bricks used to construct dwellings may pose health hazards to inhabitants if it exceeds the permissible limits. For radiological surveillance, activity concentrations of the primordial radionuclides (40)K, (226)Ra and (232)Th were measured in 140 brick samples collected from 35 districts of the Punjab province. A high-purity germanium gamma-ray detector coupled with a personal computer-based multichannel analyzer was employed for the measurement of activity concentrations of primordial radionuclides in the brick samples. The province-wide average activity concentrations and the range (given in parenthesis) of (40)K, (226)Ra and (232)Th were found to be 624 ± 133 (299-918), 35 ± 7 (21-47) and 42 ± 8 (22-58) Bq kg(-1), respectively. The values lie within the range of activity concentration values for clay bricks of some countries of Asia. Potential radiological constraint was checked in the form of hazard indices calculated from the measured activity concentrations; the indices were found to be less than their limiting values. Indoor external dose was calculated for a standard size room made of clay bricks, and the dose rate was 159 ± 30 (83-219) nGy h(-1). The average value of the dose rate is comparable to that of Asian countries and is about twice the worldwide average value. Annual effective dose E(ff) in the bricks-made room was calculated and the average value of the dose was 0.80 mSv y(-1), which is about twice the worldwide background value of 0.41 mSv y(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Asghar
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, PO, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Ali N, Khan EU, Akhter P, Khan F, Waheed A. Estimation of mean annual effective dose through radon concentration in the water and indoor air of Islamabad and Murree. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2010; 141:183-191. [PMID: 20511405 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Different samples of water, indoor air and soil gas have been collected from Islamabad (33 degrees 38'N, 73 degrees 09'E, altitude of 1760 ft.), the capital of Pakistan and Murree (33 degrees 53'N, 73 degrees 23'E, altitude of 7323 ft.), lying on a geological fault line and are analysed for the estimation of mean effective dose through radon concentrations by using RAD-7, a solid state alpha-detector. The variation of radon concentration in water, indoor air and soil gas in Islamabad region ranges from 25.90-158.40 kBq m(-3), 43.26-97.04 Bq m(-3) and 17.34-72.52 kBq m(-3), having mean values 88.63 kBq m(-3), 70.67 Bq m(-3) and 45.08 kBq m(-3)(,) respectively. It ranges from 1.64-10.20 kBq m(-3), 18.48-42.08 Bq m(-3) and 0.61-3.89 kBq m(-3) with mean values 4.38 kBq m(-3), 28.63 Bq m(-3) and 1.70 kBq m(-3)(,) respectively in Murree and its surroundings. The total mean annual effective doses from water and indoor air of Islamabad and Murree regions are 2.023 and 0.733 mSv a(-1), respectively. These doses are within the recommended limits of the world organisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ali
- DPAM, PIEAS, PO Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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