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Nickl AT, Bäuml KHT. To-be-forgotten information shows more relative forgetting over time than to-be-remembered information. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:156-165. [PMID: 37434044 PMCID: PMC10866758 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
People can intentionally forget studied material when cued to do so. Corresponding evidence has arisen from studies on item-method directed forgetting, in which participants are asked to forget single items directly upon presentation. We measured memory performance of to-be-remembered (TBR) and to-be-forgotten (TBF) items across retention intervals of up to 1 week and fitted power functions of time to the observed recall (Experiment 1) and recognition (Experiment 2) rates. In both experiments and each retention interval condition, memory performance for the TBR items was higher than for the TBF items, supporting the view that directed forgetting effects are lasting. Recall and recognition rates of both TBR and TBF items were well fit by the power function. However, the relative forgetting rates of the two item types differed, with a higher forgetting rate for the TBF than the TBR items. The findings are consistent with the view that TBR and TBF items differ (mainly) in recruitment of rehearsal processes and resulting memory strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Nickl
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Regensburg University, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Karl-Heinz T Bäuml
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Regensburg University, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Fang W, Le S, Han W, Peng-Jiao X, Shuai Y, Rui-Ling Z, Lin L, Ya-Hui X. Association between napping and cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med 2023; 111:146-159. [PMID: 37776585 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Increasing evidence suggests that napping is associated with cognitive impairment and dementia, but the conclusions are inconsistent. Moreover, the extent of the risk is uncertain. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the connection between napping and cognitive impairment. METHODS We performed a systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for studies that were published up to June 2023, and assessed associations between napping and cognitive impairment. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated as the effect sizes for all studies. Heterogeneity and potential publication biases were assessed. RESULTS A total of 4535 papers were retrieved, with 20 reports assessing the relationships between napping and cognitive impairment. Pooled analysis indicated that napping was associated with dementia (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.07-1.21). Importantly, we found that those napping longer than 30, 45, and 60 min/day were 35%, 41%, and 40%, respectively, more likely to have an increased risk of cognitive impairment (30 min: OR = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.24-1.48; 45 min: OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.27-1.58; 60 min: OR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.26-1.56). North America and Europe showed that associations existed between napping and cognitive impairment (North America: OR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.04-1.27; Europe: OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.08-1.18). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis indicated associations between long napping durations and cognitive impairment or dementia, suggesting that longer napping might be a potential risk factor of adverse cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Fang
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shi Le
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Han
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xu Peng-Jiao
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yu Shuai
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhang Rui-Ling
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lu Lin
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
| | - Xu Ya-Hui
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
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3
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Li J, McPhillips M, Deng Z, Fan F, Spira A. Daytime Napping and Cognitive Health in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:1853-1860. [PMID: 36472580 PMCID: PMC10562891 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daytime napping may improve cognitive function in older adults. However, the association can be complicated by specific features of napping and the older adult's health. This systematic review aims to synthesize the current literature on napping and cognition in older adults and provide recommendations for future research and daytime sleep practice in older adults. METHODS Systematic searches for relative research published between January 1995 and October 2022 were conducted at PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar using keywords individually and in multiple combinations. Manual searches were performed to identify additional studies. All included studies were critically appraised by 2 authors. RESULTS Thirty-five studies, including 23 observational and 12 intervention studies, were reviewed. Findings from observational studies suggest a possible inverted U-shaped association between napping duration and cognitive function: short and moderate duration of naps benefited cognitive health in older adults compared with both non-napping and long or extended napping. Findings from intervention studies suggest one session of afternoon napping might improve psychomotor function and working memory, although with some inconsistency. The effect of multiple nap sessions on cognition was inconclusive due to a limited number of studies. CONCLUSION More rigorous research studies are needed to investigate what causes different patterns of daytime napping, the associations between these distinct patterns and cognitive function, and to determine whether interventions targeting napping patterns can improve cognition in older adults. In addition, future research needs to comprehensively assess daytime napping using a combination of measures such as sleep diary and actigraphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Li
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Zhongyue Deng
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fangfang Fan
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam Spira
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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4
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Song YM, Choi SJ, Park SH, Lee SJ, Joo EY, Kim JK. A real-time, personalized sleep intervention using mathematical modeling and wearable devices. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad179. [PMID: 37422720 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of artificial light exposure has enabled us to be active any time of the day or night, leading to the need for high alertness outside of traditional daytime hours. To address this need, we developed a personalized sleep intervention framework that analyzes real-world sleep-wake patterns obtained from wearable devices to maximize alertness during specific target periods. Our framework utilizes a mathematical model that tracks the dynamic sleep pressure and circadian rhythm based on the user's sleep history. In this way, the model accurately predicts real-time alertness, even for shift workers with complex sleep and work schedules (N = 71, t = 13~21 days). This allowed us to discover a new sleep-wake pattern called the adaptive circadian split sleep, which incorporates a main sleep period and a late nap to enable high alertness during both work and non-work periods of shift workers. We further developed a mobile application that integrates this framework to recommend practical, personalized sleep schedules for individual users to maximize their alertness during a targeted activity time based on their desired sleep onset and available sleep duration. This can reduce the risk of errors for those who require high alertness during nontraditional activity times and improve the health and quality of life for those leading shift work-like lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Min Song
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Mathematics Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Choi
- Graduate School of Clinical Nursing Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Ho Park
- Biomedical Mathematics Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Soo Jin Lee
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeon Joo
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyoung Kim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Mathematics Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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5
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Associations between objectively measured sleep parameters and cognition in healthy older adults: A meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2023; 67:101734. [PMID: 36577339 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have examined associations between sleep and cognition in older adults, but a majority of these depend on self-reports on sleep and utilize cognitive tests that assess overall cognitive function. The current meta-analysis involved 72 independent studies and sought to quantify associations between objectively measured sleep parameters and cognitive performance in healthy older adults. Both sleep macrostructure (e.g., sleep duration, continuity, and stages) and microstructure (e.g., slow wave activity and spindle activity) were evaluated. For macrostructure, lower restlessness at night was associated with better memory performance (r = 0.43, p = 0.02), while lower sleep onset latency was associated with better executive functioning (r = 0.28, p = 0.03). Greater relative amount of N2 and REM sleep, but not N3, positively correlated with cognitive performance. The association between microstructure and cognition in older adults was marginally significant. This relationship was moderated by age (z = 0.07, p < 0.01), education (z = 0.26, p = 0.03), and percentage of female participants (z = 0.01, p < 0.01). The current meta-analysis emphasizes the importance of considering objective sleep measures to understand the relationship between sleep and cognition in healthy older adults. These results also form a base from which researchers using wearable sleep technology and measuring behavior through computerized testing tools can evaluate their findings.
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Souabni M, Souabni MJ, Hammouda O, Romdhani M, Trabelsi K, Ammar A, Driss T. Benefits and risks of napping in older adults: A systematic review. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1000707. [PMID: 36337699 PMCID: PMC9634571 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that napping is common among older adults. However, a systematic review on the effect of napping on the elderly is lacking. The aim of this systematic review was to (i) determine how studies evaluated napping behavior in older adults (frequency, duration and timing); (ii) explore how napping impacts perceptual measures, cognitive and psychomotor performance, night-time sleep and physiological parameters in the elderly (PROSPERO CRD42022299805). A total of 738 records were screened by two researchers using the PICOS criteria. Fifteen studies met our inclusion criteria with a mean age ranging from 60.8 to 78.3 years and a cumulative sample size of n = 326. Daytime napping had an overall positive impact on subjective measures (i.e., sleepiness and fatigue), psychomotor performances (i.e., speed and accuracy) and learning abilities (i.e., declarative and motor learning). Additionally, studies showed (i) consistency between nap and control conditions regarding sleep duration, efficiency and latency, and proportion of sleep stages, and (ii) increase of 24 h sleep duration with nap compared to control condition. Based on the findings of the present review, there is minimal evidence to indicate that napping is detrimental for older adults' nighttime sleep. Future studies should consider involving repeated naps during a micro-cycle in order to investigate the chronic effect of napping on older adults. Systematic review registration identifier: CRD42022299805.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Souabni
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Mehdi J. Souabni
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Omar Hammouda
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Romdhani
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- Motricité-Interactions-Performance, MIP, UR4334, Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tarak Driss
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
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7
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Reyt M, Deantoni M, Baillet M, Lesoinne A, Laloux S, Lambot E, Demeuse J, Calaprice C, LeGoff C, Collette F, Vandewalle G, Maquet P, Muto V, Hammad G, Schmidt C. Daytime rest: Association with 24-h rest-activity cycles, circadian timing and cognition in older adults. J Pineal Res 2022; 73:e12820. [PMID: 35906192 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Growing epidemiological evidence points toward an association between fragmented 24-h rest-activity cycles and cognition in the aged. Alterations in the circadian timing system might at least partially account for these observations. Here, we tested whether daytime rest (DTR) is associated with changes in concomitant 24-h rest probability profiles, circadian timing and neurobehavioural outcomes in healthy older adults. Sixty-three individuals (59-82 years) underwent field actigraphy monitoring, in-lab dim light melatonin onset assessment and an extensive cognitive test battery. Actimetry recordings were used to measure DTR frequency, duration and timing and to extract 24-h rest probability profiles. As expected, increasing DTR frequency was associated not only with higher rest probabilities during the day, but also with lower rest probabilities during the night, suggesting more fragmented night-time rest. Higher DTR frequency was also associated with lower episodic memory performance. Moreover, later DTR timing went along with an advanced circadian phase as well as with an altered phase angle of entrainment between the rest-activity cycle and circadian phase. Our results suggest that different DTR characteristics, as reflective indices of wake fragmentation, are not only underlined by functional consequences on cognition, but also by circadian alteration in the aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Reyt
- Sleep & Chronobiology Group, GIGA-CRC-In Vivo Imaging Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit (PsyNCog), Faculty of Psychology, Speech and Language, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michele Deantoni
- Sleep & Chronobiology Group, GIGA-CRC-In Vivo Imaging Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marion Baillet
- Sleep & Chronobiology Group, GIGA-CRC-In Vivo Imaging Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexia Lesoinne
- Sleep & Chronobiology Group, GIGA-CRC-In Vivo Imaging Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sophie Laloux
- Sleep & Chronobiology Group, GIGA-CRC-In Vivo Imaging Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Lambot
- Sleep & Chronobiology Group, GIGA-CRC-In Vivo Imaging Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Justine Demeuse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Chiara Calaprice
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline LeGoff
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Collette
- Sleep & Chronobiology Group, GIGA-CRC-In Vivo Imaging Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit (PsyNCog), Faculty of Psychology, Speech and Language, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gilles Vandewalle
- Sleep & Chronobiology Group, GIGA-CRC-In Vivo Imaging Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Maquet
- Sleep & Chronobiology Group, GIGA-CRC-In Vivo Imaging Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincenzo Muto
- Sleep & Chronobiology Group, GIGA-CRC-In Vivo Imaging Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Grégory Hammad
- Sleep & Chronobiology Group, GIGA-CRC-In Vivo Imaging Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christina Schmidt
- Sleep & Chronobiology Group, GIGA-CRC-In Vivo Imaging Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit (PsyNCog), Faculty of Psychology, Speech and Language, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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8
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Leong RLF, Lo JC, Chee MWL. Systematic review and meta-analyses on the effects of afternoon napping on cognition. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 65:101666. [PMID: 36041284 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Naps are increasingly considered a means to boost cognitive performance. We quantified the cognitive effects of napping in 60 samples from 54 studies. 52 samples evaluated memory. We first evaluated effect sizes for all tests together, before separately assessing their effects on memory, vigilance, speed of processing and executive function. We next examined whether nap effects were moderated by study features of age, nap length, nap start time, habituality and prior sleep restriction. Naps showed significant benefits for the total aggregate of cognitive tests (Cohen's d = 0.379, CI95 = 0.296-0.462). Significant domain specific effects were present for declarative (Cohen's d = 0.376, CI95 = 0.269-0.482) and procedural memory (Cohen's d = 0.494, CI95 = 0.301-0.686), vigilance (Cohen's d = 0.610, CI95 = 0.291-0.929) and speed of processing (Cohen's d = 0.211, CI95 = 0.052-0.369). There were no significant moderation effects of any of the study features. Nap effects were of comparable magnitude across subgroups of each of the 5 moderators (Q values = 0.009 to 8.572, p values > 0.116). Afternoon naps have a small to medium benefit over multiple cognitive tests. These effects transcend age, nap duration and tentatively, habituality and prior nocturnal sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L F Leong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - June C Lo
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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9
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Alqurashi YD, AlHarkan K, Aldhawyan A, Bahamdan A, Alabdulkader A, Alotaibi R, Alduailej S, Alqahtani M, Ghamdi KA. Association Between Nap Duration and Cognitive Functions Among Saudi Older Adults. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:917987. [PMID: 35720687 PMCID: PMC9204222 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.917987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeCurrent evidence of whether napping promotes or declines cognitive functions among older adults is contradictory. The aim of this study was to determine the association between nap duration and cognitive functions among Saudi older adults.MethodsOld adults (> 60 years) were identified from the Covid-19 vaccine center at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia between May and August 2021. Face-to-face interviews were conducted by a geriatrician or family physicians. Data collected for each participant included sociodemographic, sleep patterns, health status and cognitive functions. St. Louis University mental status (SLUMS) was used to assess the cognitive functions. A multi-Linear regression model was used to determine the association between cognitive functions and nap duration.ResultsTwo-hundred participants (58 females) aged 66 ± 5 years were recruited. Participants were categorized according to their nap duration into non-nappers (0 min), short nappers (> 0- ≤ 30 min), moderate nappers (> 30–≤ 90 min), and extended nappers (> 90 min). The mean duration of the nap was 49.1 ± 58.4 min. The mean SLUMS score was 24.1 ± 4.7 units. Using the multi-linear regression model, the mean total SLUMS score for extended nappers was, on average, significantly lower than non-nappers [−2.16 units; 95% CI (−3.66, −0.66), p = < 0.01] after controlling for the covariates (age, sex, education level, sleep hours, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, pain).ConclusionsExtended napping was associated with deterioration in cognitive function among Saudi older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef D. Alqurashi
- Respiratory Care Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Yousef D. Alqurashi,
| | - Khalid AlHarkan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Aldhawyan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Bahamdan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Assim Alabdulkader
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed Alotaibi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alduailej
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alqahtani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholoud Al Ghamdi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Duan H, Sun Y, Fu J, Liu Q, Huang L, Wang Z, Zhao J, Li Z, Li W, Liu H, Ma F, Chen Y, Sun C, Wang G, Du Y, Huang G. APOEε4-stratified longitudinal association between daytime nap, sleep apnea and mild cognitive impairment: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:1385-1393. [PMID: 35104029 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep characteristics including taking a nap and sleep apneas have been proved to have effects on cognitive function and apolipoprotein E polymorphism ε4 (APOEε4) has been confirmed to be a risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but we can barely find epidemiological studies linking sleep characteristics and APOEε4. We aimed to explore longitudinal association between sleep characteristics and MCI in all participants, APOEε4 carriers and APOEε4 non-carriers. METHODS We included 3,053 older adults from Tianjin Elderly Nutrition and Cognition Cohort (TENCC) study recruited from March 2018 to June 2019 and followed up from March 2021 to June 2021, all participants underwent detailed neuropsychological evaluation that allowed for psychometric MCI classification. Information on self-reported sleep characteristics were gathered via face-to-face interviews. Crude and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using cox proportional hazard regression models. RESULTS In the multivariable-adjusted models, taking a nap at noon was associated with decreased risk of MCI in all participants (yes vs. no, HR: 0.723; 95% CI: 0.592, 0.883) and APOEε4 non-carriers (yes vs. no, HR: 0.719; 95% CI: 0.576, 0.897), sleep apneas was associated with increased risk of MCI in all participants (vs. good, HR: 2.213; 95%CI: 1.171, 4.180) and APOEε4 non-carriers (vs. good, HR: 2.217; 95%CI: 1.085, 4.529). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that taking a nap at noon might be a potential protective factor of developing to MCI in APOEε4 non-carriers, sleep apneas might be associated with increased incidence of MCI in APOEε4 non-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilian Duan
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingzhu Fu
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Zehao Wang
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenshu Li
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Neurosurgical Department of Baodi Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Neurosurgical Department of Baodi Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Changqing Sun
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangshun Wang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Du
- Department of Tumor, Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
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11
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Zhang B, Jiang S. Heterogeneity in longitudinal trajectories of cognitive performance among middle-aged and older individuals with hypertension: Growth mixture modeling across an 8-year cohort study. Hypertens Res 2021; 45:1037-1046. [PMID: 34952952 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions and has been proven to be related to cognitive function. However, there is no evidence regarding the heterogeneity in cognitive trajectories among persons with hypertension. The aims of the current study were to characterize the heterogeneity in longitudinal trajectories of cognitive performance among Chinese middle-aged and older individuals with hypertension and to explore the potential determinants of trajectory memberships. Data from the 2011 to 2018 Chinese Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were utilized. Two cognitive measures of executive function and episodic memory were assessed, and conditional growth mixture modeling (GMM) was performed to identify the trajectories of cognitive performance and explore the related factors of cognitive change. The findings revealed three trajectory classes of executive function (stable, sharp decline, smooth decline) and two trajectory classes of episodic memory (stable, decline). Individuals with hypertension who had a higher educational level, moderate nighttime sleep duration, and lower depressive symptoms as well as those who reported consuming alcohol at least once a month were more likely to belong to the optimal stable executive function group. Subjects with a higher educational level, adequate daytime napping duration, and higher BMI were more likely to exhibit stable episodic memory over time. Other factors, including age, sex, community type, marital status, and hypertension treatment, exhibited class-specific effects on growth parameters of cognitive trajectory. Targeting intervention designation is proposed to ameliorate the burdens of cognitive impairment among individuals with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyang Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shaohua Jiang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Stanyer EC, Baniqued PDE, Awais M, Kouara L, Davies AG, Killan EC, Mushtaq F. The impact of acoustic stimulation during sleep on memory and sleep architecture: A meta-analysis. J Sleep Res 2021; 31:e13385. [PMID: 34850995 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between sleep and cognition has long been recognized, with slow-wave sleep thought to play a critical role in long-term memory consolidation. Recent research has presented the possibility that non-invasive acoustic stimulation during sleep could enhance memory consolidation. Herein, we report a random-effects model meta-analysis examining the impact of this intervention on memory and sleep architecture in healthy adults. Sixteen studies were identified through a systematic search. We found a medium significant effect of acoustic stimulation on memory task performance (g = 0.68, p = .031) in young adults <35 years of age, but no statistically significant effect in adults >35 years of age (g = -0.83, p = .223). In young adults, there was a large statistically significant effect for declarative memory tasks (g = 0.87, p = .014) but no effect for non-declarative tasks (g = -0.25, p = .357). There were no statistically significant differences in polysomnography-derived sleep architecture values between sham and stimulation conditions in either young or older adults. Based on these results, it appears that acoustic stimulation during sleep may only be an effective intervention for declarative memory consolidation in young adults. However, the small number of studies in this area, their small sample sizes, the short-term nature of most investigations and the high between-studies heterogeneity highlight a need for high-powered and long-term experiments to better elucidate, and subsequently maximise, any potential benefits of this novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Stanyer
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Dominick E Baniqued
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Muhammad Awais
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Department of Computer Science, Edgehill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK
| | - Layla Kouara
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Andrew G Davies
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Edward C Killan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Faisal Mushtaq
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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13
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Cordi MJ, Rasch B. No evidence for intra-individual correlations between sleep-mediated declarative memory consolidation and slow-wave sleep. Sleep 2021; 44:zsab034. [PMID: 33590257 PMCID: PMC8361329 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Memory consolidation benefits from a retention period filled with sleep. Several theoretical accounts assume that slow-wave sleep (SWS) contributes functionally to processes underlying the stabilization of declarative memories during sleep. However, reports on correlations between memory retention and the amount of SWS are mixed and typically rely on between-subject correlations and small sample sizes. Here we tested for the first time whether the amount of SWS during sleep predicts the effect of sleep on memory consolidation on an intra-individual level in a large sample. METHODS One hundred and fifty-nine healthy participants came to the lab twice and took a 90 min nap in both sessions. Sleep-mediated memory benefits were tested using the paired associates word-learning task in both sessions. RESULTS In contrast to the theoretical prediction, intra-individual differences in sleep-mediated memory benefits did not significantly correlate with differences in SWS or SWA between the two naps. Also between subjects, the amount of SWS did not correlate with memory retention across the nap. However, subjective ratings of sleep quality were significantly associated with the amount of SWS. CONCLUSION Our results question the notion that the amount of SWS per se is functionally related to processes of memory consolidation during sleep. While our results do not exclude an important role of SWS for memory, they suggest that "more SWS" does not necessarily imply better memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Jasmin Cordi
- Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Biopsychology and Methods, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Björn Rasch
- Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Biopsychology and Methods, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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14
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Hokett E, Arunmozhi A, Campbell J, Verhaeghen P, Duarte A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual differences in naturalistic sleep quality and episodic memory performance in young and older adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:675-688. [PMID: 34000349 PMCID: PMC8330880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Better sleep quality has been associated with better episodic memory performance in young adults. However, the strength of sleep-memory associations in aging has not been well characterized. It is also unknown whether factors such as sleep measurement method (e.g., polysomnography, actigraphy, self-report), sleep parameters (e.g., slow wave sleep, sleep duration), or memory task characteristics (e.g., verbal, pictorial) impact the strength of sleep-memory associations. Here, we assessed if the aforementioned factors modulate sleep-memory relationships. Across age groups, sleep-memory associations were similar for sleep measurement methods, however, associations were stronger for PSG than self-report. Age group moderated sleep-memory associations for certain sleep parameters. Specifically, young adults demonstrated stronger positive sleep-memory associations for slow wave sleep than the old, while older adults demonstrated stronger negative associations between greater wake after sleep onset and poorer memory performance than the young. Collectively, these data show that young and older adults maintain similar strength in sleep-memory relationships, but age impacts the specific sleep correlates that contribute to these relationships.
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15
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Farhadian N, Khazaie H, Nami M, Khazaie S. The role of daytime napping in declarative memory performance: a systematic review. Sleep Med 2021; 84:134-141. [PMID: 34148000 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sleep plays an important role in stabilizing and reinforcing memory of newly acquired information. Like nocturnal sleep, a daytime nap is shown to effectively contribute to memory processing. However, studies are often focused on nocturnal sleep. This review has aimed at systematically compiling the results of studies which have examined the effects of napping on declarative memory performance in healthy adults. Such studies have focused on different aspects of memory reinforcement following a diurnal nap including the involved mechanisms in memory reconsolidation, type of declarative tasks, cross-gender differences, the role of age, duration of nap and its delayed onset. One of the reviewed studies reported that even as short as 6 min of napping exerts a positive effect on memory function. Evidence from these studies indicates hippocampal-dependent enhancement of the learned information. Diurnal naps predominantly include non-rapid eye movement sleep with slow waves yielding potential effects on declarative memory. Evidence has shown that the empowered learning and retrieval depends upon spindle density during the nap. Moreover, the role of coordinated autonomic and central events in enhancing declarative memory has also been reported. Slow waves and sleep spindles are known to fuel declarative memory function during the NREM-2 (N2) stage of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Farhadian
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Habibolah Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Neuroscience Center, INDICASAT, Panama City, Republic of Panama; Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics and Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sepideh Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Student Research Committee, University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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16
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Abstract
Purpose of review Napping is a common behavior across age groups. While studies have shown a benefit of overnight sleep on memory consolidation, given differences in nap frequency, composition, and intent, it is important to consider whether naps serve a memory function across development and aging. Recent findings We review studies of the role of naps in declarative, emotional, and motor procedural memory consolidation across age groups. Recent findings in both developmental and aging populations find that naps benefit learning of many tasks but may require additional learning or sleep bouts compared to young adult populations. These studies have also identified variations in nap physiology based on the purpose of the nap, timing of the nap, or age. Summary These studies lend to our understanding of the function of sleep, and the potential for naps as an intervention for those with reduced nighttime sleep or learning impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany J Jones
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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17
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Cai H, Su N, Li W, Li X, Xiao S, Sun L. Relationship between afternoon napping and cognitive function in the ageing Chinese population. Gen Psychiatr 2021; 34:e100361. [PMID: 33585792 PMCID: PMC7839842 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have shown that afternoon napping promotes cognitive function in the elderly; on the other hand, some studies have shown opposite results. This current study further examined the relationship between afternoon napping and cognitive function in the ageing Chinese population. METHODS A total of 2214 elderly were included (napping group: n=1534; non-napping group: n=680). They all received cognitive evaluations by the Beijing version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Chinese version of the Neuropsychological Test Battery. Among all the subjects, 739 elderly volunteered to take blood lipid tests. RESULTS Significant differences in cognitive function and blood lipids were observed between the napping and the non-napping groups. Afternoon napping was associated with better cognitive function including orientation, language, and memory in the present study. Subjects with the habit of afternoon napping also showed a higher level of triglyceride than the non-napping subjects. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that afternoon napping was related to better cognitive function in the Chinese ageing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Cai
- Geriatrics, The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Ning Su
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Li
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shifu Xiao
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Davidson P, Jönsson P, Carlsson I, Pace-Schott E. Does Sleep Selectively Strengthen Certain Memories Over Others Based on Emotion and Perceived Future Relevance? Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:1257-1306. [PMID: 34335065 PMCID: PMC8318217 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s286701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep has been found to have a beneficial effect on memory consolidation. It has furthermore frequently been suggested that sleep does not strengthen all memories equally. The first aim of this review paper was to examine whether sleep selectively strengthens emotional declarative memories more than neutral ones. We examined this first by reviewing the literature focusing on sleep/wake contrasts, and then the literature on whether any specific factors during sleep preferentially benefit emotional memories, with a special focus on the often-suggested claim that rapid eye movement sleep primarily consolidates emotional memories. A second aim was to examine if sleep preferentially benefits memories based on other cues of future relevance such as reward, test-expectancy or different instructions during encoding. Once again, we first focused on studies comparing sleep and wake groups, and then on studies examining the contributions of specific factors during sleep (for each future relevance paradigm, respectively). The review revealed that although some support exists that sleep is more beneficial for certain kinds of memories based on emotion or other cues of future relevance, the majority of studies does not support such an effect. Regarding specific factors during sleep, our review revealed that no sleep variable has reliably been found to be specifically associated with the consolidation of certain kinds of memories over others based on emotion or other cues of future relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Davidson
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Jönsson
- School of Education and Environment, Centre for Psychology, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | | | - Edward Pace-Schott
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
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19
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Cellini N, Mercurio M, Vanzetti V, Bergamo D, Sarlo M. Comparing the effect of daytime sleep and wakefulness on mnemonic discrimination. Physiol Behav 2020; 224:113078. [PMID: 32679133 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is considered the optimal state to consolidate hippocampal-dependent memories. A particular memory process is mnemonic discrimination. Mnemonic discrimination refers to the ability to differentiate between novel and previously encountered information. Previous studies have found that mnemonic discrimination is impaired by sleep deprivation, whereas nocturnal sleep seems to protect memory representations when compared to a similar period of wakefulness. In this study we tested whether a daytime nap can facilitate mnemonic discrimination as assessed by the Mnemonic Similarity Task. Thirty-eight participants performed incidental learning of 256 images of unique everyday items at about 12:00 PM. Fifteen minutes later, in a recognition test, they were presented with 192 images: 64 targets (Old), 64 foils (New) and 64 lures (Similar to targets). For each image they had to decide whether it was already presented, never presented, or similar to an image presented during the encoding session. Then participants were split into a Nap group (N=19), who had a 90-min nap opportunity in the lab, and a Wake group (N=19), who stayed in the lab playing a low-arousing game. At 3:00 PM all participants performed a delayed recognition test, similar to the immediate test but with different images. Similar memory discrimination was observed in both the Nap and Wake group. The lack of a beneficial effect of sleep could be due to the differences between diurnal and nocturnal sleep and/or the potential role of videogames in facilitating memory discrimination during wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Via Giuseppe Orus 2, 35131, Padova, Italy; Human Inspired Technology Center, University of Padova, Via Luzzatti 4, 35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Marco Mercurio
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanzetti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Damiana Bergamo
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Michela Sarlo
- Department of Communication Sciences, Humanities and International Studies, University of Urbino, Urbino Via Saffi 15, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
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20
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Garbarino S, Lanteri P, Prada V, Falkenstein M, Sannita WG. Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Aging. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. Circadian mechanisms and the sleep-wakefulness rhythms guarantee survival, adaptation, efficient action in everyday life or in emergencies and well-being. Disordered circadian processes at central and/or cellular levels, sleep disorders, and unhealthy wakefulness/sleep rhythms can impair the physiological circadian organization and result in subjective, professional, or behavioral changes ranging from functional inadequacy to higher risks at work or on the road to medical relevance. Circadian rhythms and the sleep organization change ontogenetically; major changes result from normal aging and from the multiple diseases that are often associated. There are circular functional interactions involving sleep/sleep disorders, the autonomic and immune systems, and the functional changes in the circadian system due to aging that deserve attention but have been overlooked thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Garbarino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal/Child Sciences, University of Genova, Polyclinic Hospital San Martino IRCCS, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Lanteri
- Department of Diagnostics and Applied Technology, Neurophysiopathology Center, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Prada
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal/Child Sciences, University of Genova, Polyclinic Hospital San Martino IRCCS, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Walter G. Sannita
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal/Child Sciences, University of Genova, Polyclinic Hospital San Martino IRCCS, Genova, Italy
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21
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Muehlroth BE, Rasch B, Werkle-Bergner M. Episodic memory consolidation during sleep in healthy aging. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 52:101304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Muehlroth BE, Sander MC, Fandakova Y, Grandy TH, Rasch B, Lee Shing Y, Werkle-Bergner M. Memory quality modulates the effect of aging on memory consolidation during sleep: Reduced maintenance but intact gain. Neuroimage 2020; 209:116490. [PMID: 31883456 PMCID: PMC7068706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful consolidation of associative memories relies on the coordinated interplay of slow oscillations and sleep spindles during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. This enables the transfer of labile information from the hippocampus to permanent memory stores in the neocortex. During senescence, the decline of the structural and functional integrity of the hippocampus and neocortical regions is paralleled by changes of the physiological events that stabilize and enhance associative memories during NREM sleep. However, the currently available evidence is inconclusive as to whether and under which circumstances memory consolidation is impacted during aging. To approach this question, 30 younger adults (19-28 years) and 36 older adults (63-74 years) completed a memory task based on scene-word associations. By tracing the encoding quality of participants' individual memory associations, we demonstrate that previous learning determines the extent of age-related impairments in memory consolidation. Specifically, the detrimental effects of aging on memory maintenance were greatest for mnemonic contents of intermediate encoding quality, whereas memory gain of poorly encoded memories did not differ by age. Ambulatory polysomnography (PSG) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were acquired to extract potential predictors of memory consolidation from each participant's NREM sleep physiology and brain structure. Partial Least Squares Correlation was used to identify profiles of interdependent alterations in sleep physiology and brain structure that are characteristic for increasing age. Across age groups, both the 'aged' sleep profile, defined by decreased slow-wave activity (0.5-4.5 Hz), and a reduced presence of slow oscillations (0.5-1 Hz), slow, and fast spindles (9-12.5 Hz; 12.5-16 Hz), as well as the 'aged' brain structure profile, characterized by gray matter reductions in the medial prefrontal cortex, thalamus, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus, were associated with reduced memory maintenance. However, inter-individual differences in neither sleep nor structural brain integrity alone qualified as the driving force behind age differences in sleep-dependent consolidation in the present study. Our results underscore the need for novel and age-fair analytic tools to provide a mechanistic understanding of age differences in memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate E Muehlroth
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Myriam C Sander
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yana Fandakova
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas H Grandy
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Rasch
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Rue P.-A.-de-Faucigny 2, 1701, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yee Lee Shing
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 6, 60629, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Schechtman E, Witkowski S, Lampe A, Wilson BJ, Paller KA. Targeted memory reactivation during sleep boosts intentional forgetting of spatial locations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2327. [PMID: 32047183 PMCID: PMC7012837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although we experience thousands of distinct events on a daily basis, relatively few are committed to memory. The human capacity to intentionally control which events will be remembered has been demonstrated using learning procedures with instructions to purposely avoid committing specific items to memory. In this study, we used a variant of the item-based directed-forgetting procedure and instructed participants to memorize the location of some images but not others on a grid. These instructions were conveyed using a set of auditory cues. Then, during an afternoon nap, we unobtrusively presented a cue that was used to instruct participant to avoid committing the locations of some images to memory. After sleep, memory was worse for to-be-forgotten image locations associated with the presented sound relative to those associated with a sound that was not presented during sleep. We conclude that memory processing during sleep can serve not only to secure memory storage but also to weaken it. Given that intentional suppression may be used to weaken unpleasant memories, such sleep-based strategies may help accelerate treatments for memory-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Schechtman
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Sarah Witkowski
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Anna Lampe
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Brianna J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ken A Paller
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Leng Y, Redline S, Stone KL, Ancoli-Israel S, Yaffe K. Objective napping, cognitive decline, and risk of cognitive impairment in older men. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:1039-1047. [PMID: 31227429 PMCID: PMC6699896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about the longitudinal association between napping and cognitive impairment in older adults. METHODS We used wrist actigraphy to measure naps in 2751 community-dwelling older men. Cognition was assessed repeatedly over 12 years, and clinically significant cognitive impairment was determined by physician diagnosis, Alzheimer's medication use or a significant cognitive decline. RESULTS After adjustment for all covariates, men with longer napping duration had greater cognitive decline and higher risk of cognitive impairment. Men who napped for ≥120 min/day (vs. <30 min/day) were 66% more likely to develop cognitive impairment (odds ratio = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.09-2.54) in 12 years. Further adjustment for nighttime sleep quality did not appreciably alter the results. The association between napping and cognitive impairment was more pronounced among those with higher sleep efficiency and average sleep duration. DISCUSSION Napping might be useful as an early marker of cognitive impairment in the elderly, and its cognitive effects may differ by nighttime sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Leng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Susan Redline
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katie L Stone
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kristine Yaffe
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Scullin MK, Gao C, Fillmore P, Roberts RL, Pruett N, Bliwise DL. Rapid eye movement sleep mediates age-related decline in prospective memory consolidation. Sleep 2019; 42:zsz055. [PMID: 30860593 PMCID: PMC6559169 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Prospective memory, or remembering to execute future intentions, accounts for half of everyday forgetting in older adults. Sleep intervals benefit prospective memory consolidation in young adults, but it is unknown whether age-related changes in slow wave activity, sleep spindles, and/or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep mediate hypothesized effects of aging on prospective memory consolidation. METHODS After an adaptation night, 76 adults aged 18-84 completed two experimental nights of in-laboratory polysomnography recording. In the evening, participants encoded and practiced a prospective memory task and were tested the next morning. On a counterbalanced night, they encoded and practiced a control task, and were tested the following morning. RESULTS Increasing age predicted worse prospective memory consolidation (r = -.34), even when controlling for encoding, speed, and control-task performance (all ps < .05). Frontal delta power, slow oscillations, and spindle density were not related to prospective memory consolidation. REM sleep duration, however, explained significant variance in prospective memory consolidation when controlling for age (∆R2 = .10). Bootstrapping mediation showed that less REM sleep significantly mediated the aging effect on prospective memory consolidation [b = -.0016, SE = 0.0009 (95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.0042 to -0.0004)]. REM sleep continued to mediate 24.29% of the total effect of age on prospective memory after controlling for numerous demographic, cognitive, mental health, and sleep variables. CONCLUSION Age-related variance in REM sleep is informative to how prospective memory consolidation changes with increasing age. Future work should consider how both REM sleep and slow wave activity contribute, perhaps in a sequential or dynamic manner, to preserving cognitive functioning with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Scullin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX
| | - Chenlu Gao
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX
| | - Paul Fillmore
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Baylor University, Waco, TX
| | - R Lynae Roberts
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX
| | - Natalya Pruett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX
| | - Donald L Bliwise
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Scullin MK, Gao C. Dynamic Contributions of Slow Wave Sleep and REM Sleep to Cognitive Longevity. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2018; 4:284-293. [PMID: 31737466 DOI: 10.1007/s40675-018-0131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review The purpose of this paper was to address how sleep changes with aging, with the broader goal of informing how REM sleep and slow wave activity mechanisms interact to promote cognitive longevity. Recent findings We conducted novel analyses based on the National Sleep Research Resource database. Over approximately five years, middle-to-older aged adults, on average, showed dramatically worse sleep fragmentation, a steady decrease in slow wave sleep, and yet a small increase in REM sleep. Averaging across participants, however, masked a major theme: Individuals differ substantially in their longitudinal trajectories for specific components of sleep. We considered this individual variability in light of recent theoretical and empirical work that has shown disrupted sleep and decreased slow wave activity to impair frontal lobe restoration, glymphatic system functioning, and memory consolidation. Based on multiple recent longitudinal studies, we contend that preserved or enhanced REM sleep may compensate for otherwise disrupted sleep in advancing age. Summary The scientific community has often debated whether slow wave activity or REM sleep mechanisms are more important to cognitive aging. We propose that a more fruitful approach for future work will be to investigate how REM and slow wave processes dynamically interact to affect cognitive longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Scullin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX
| | - Chenlu Gao
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX
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Scullin MK. Do Older Adults Need Sleep? A Review of Neuroimaging, Sleep, and Aging Studies. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2017; 3:204-214. [PMID: 29226069 PMCID: PMC5720383 DOI: 10.1007/s40675-017-0086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sleep habits, sleep physiology, and sleep disorders change with increasing age. However, there is a longstanding debate regarding whether older adults need sleep to maintain health and daily functioning (reduced-sleep-need view). An alternative possibility is that all older adults need sleep, but that many older adults have lost the ability to obtain restorative sleep (reduced-sleep-ability view). Prior research using behavioral and polysomnography outcomes has not definitively disentangled the reduced-sleep-need and reduced-sleep-ability views. Therefore, this review examines the neuroimaging literature to determine whether age-related changes in sleep cause-or are caused by-age-related changes in brain structure, function, and pathology. RECENT FINDINGS In middle-aged and older adults, poorer sleep quality, greater nighttime hypoxia, and shorter sleep duration related to cortical thinning in frontal regions implicated in slow wave generation, in frontoparietal networks implicated in cognitive control, and in hippocampal regions implicated in memory consolidation. Furthermore, poor sleep quality was associated with higher amyloid burden and decreased connectivity in the default mode network, a network that is disrupted in the pathway to Alzheimer's disease. SUMMARY All adults need sleep, but cortical thinning and amyloidal deposition with advancing age may weaken the brain's ability to produce restorative sleep. Therefore, sleep in older adults may not always support identical functions for physical, mental, and cognitive health as in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Scullin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX
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Vidal-Piñeiro D, Sneve MH, Storsve AB, Roe JM, Walhovd KB, Fjell AM. Neural correlates of durable memories across the adult lifespan: brain activity at encoding and retrieval. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 60:20-33. [PMID: 28917664 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Age-related effects on brain activity during encoding and retrieval of episodic memories are well documented. However, research typically tests memory only once, shortly after encoding. Retaining information over extended periods is critical, and there are reasons to expect age-related effects on the neural correlates of durable memories. Here, we tested whether age was associated with the activity elicited by durable memories. One hundred forty-three participants (22-78 years) underwent an episodic memory experiment where item-context relationships were encoded and tested twice. Participants were scanned during encoding and the first test. Memories retained after 90 minutes but later forgotten were classified as transient, whereas memories retained after 5 weeks were classified as durable. Durable memories were associated with greater encoding activity in inferior lateral parietal and posteromedial regions and greater retrieval activity in frontal and insular regions. Older adults exhibited lower posteromedial activity during encoding and higher frontal activity during retrieval, possibly reflecting greater involvement of control processes. This demonstrates that long-lasting memories are supported by specific patterns of cortical activity that are related to age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didac Vidal-Piñeiro
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Markus H Sneve
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas B Storsve
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - James M Roe
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine B Walhovd
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M Fjell
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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