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Lasch A, Marx-Stoelting P, Braeuning A, Lichtenstein D. More than additive effects on liver triglyceride accumulation by combinations of steatotic and non-steatotic pesticides in HepaRG cells. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1397-1411. [PMID: 33575850 PMCID: PMC8032629 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The liver is constantly exposed to mixtures of hepatotoxic compounds, such as food contaminants and pesticides. Dose addition is regularly assumed for mixtures in risk assessment, which however might not be sufficiently protective in case of synergistic effects. Especially the prediction of combination effects of substances which do not share a common adverse outcome (AO) might be problematic. In this study, the focus was on the endpoint liver triglyceride accumulation in vitro, an indicator of hepatic fatty acid changes. The hepatotoxic compounds difenoconazole, propiconazole and tebuconazole were chosen which cause hepatic fatty acid changes in vivo, whereas fludioxonil was chosen as a hepatotoxic substance not causing fatty acid changes. Triglyceride accumulation was analyzed for combinations of steatotic and non-steatotic pesticides in human HepaRG hepatocarcinoma cells. Investigations revealed a potentiation of triglyceride accumulation by mixtures of the steatotic compounds with the non-steatotic fludioxonil, as compared to the single compounds. Mathematical modeling of combination effects indicated more than additive effects for the tested combinations if the method by Chou was applied, and a decrease in EC50 values of the steatotic compounds when applied in mixtures. Use of an adverse outcome pathway (AOP)-driven testing strategy for liver steatosis showed interactions of the test compounds with the nuclear receptors AHR, CAR and PXR, as well as a downregulation of ACOX2. An ACOX2-dependent mechanism underlying the observed mixture effect could not be verified using a siRNA approach. By contrast, a toxicokinetic interaction was identified including an inhibition of the metabolic enzyme CYP3A4 by fludioxonil and a decreased metabolic conversion of the CYP3A4 substrate difenoconazole when used in mixture experiments. In conclusion, an interaction by a steatotic and a non-steatotic compound at the toxicokinetic level on the endpoint triglyceride accumulation in vitro was described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lasch
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dajana Lichtenstein
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Maggi F, Tang FHM, la Cecilia D, McBratney A. PEST-CHEMGRIDS, global gridded maps of the top 20 crop-specific pesticide application rates from 2015 to 2025. Sci Data 2019; 6:170. [PMID: 31515508 PMCID: PMC6761121 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Available georeferenced environmental layers are facilitating new insights into global environmental assets and their vulnerability to anthropogenic inputs. Geographically gridded data of agricultural pesticides are crucial to assess human and ecosystem exposure to potential and recognised toxicants. However, pesticides inventories are often sparse over time and by region, mostly report aggregated classes of active ingredients, and are generally fragmented across local or government authorities, thus hampering an integrated global analysis of pesticide risk. Here, we introduce PEST-CHEMGRIDS, a comprehensive database of the 20 most used pesticide active ingredients on 6 dominant crops and 4 aggregated crop classes at 5 arc-min resolution (about 10 km at the equator) projected from 2015 to 2025. To estimate the global application rates of specific active ingredients we use spatial statistical methods to re-analyse the USGS/PNSP and FAOSTAT pesticide databases along with other public inventories including global gridded data of soil physical properties, hydroclimatic variables, agricultural quantities, and socio-economic indices. PEST-CHEMGRIDS can be used in global environmental modelling, assessment of agrichemical contamination, and risk analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Maggi
- Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, 2006, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Fiona H M Tang
- Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, 2006, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Daniele la Cecilia
- Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, 2006, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Alexander McBratney
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, 2006, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Hernández AF, Gil F, Lacasaña M. Toxicological interactions of pesticide mixtures: an update. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3211-3223. [PMID: 28845507 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides can interact with each other in various ways according to the compound itself and its chemical family, the dose and the targeted organs, leading to various effects. The term interaction means situations where some or all individual components of a mixture influence each other's toxicity and the joint effects may deviate from the additive predictions. The various mixture effects can be greatly determined by toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic factors involving metabolic pathways and cellular or molecular targets of individual pesticides, respectively. However, the complexity of toxicological interactions can lead to unpredictable effects of pesticide mixtures. Interactions on metabolic processes affecting the biotransformation of pesticides seem to be by far the most common mechanism of synergism. Moreover, the identification of pesticides responsible for synergistic interactions is an important issue for cumulative risk assessment. Cholinesterase inhibiting insecticides (organophosphates and N-methylcarbamates), triazole fungicides, triazine herbicides, and pyrethroid insecticides are overrepresented in the synergistic mixtures identified so far. Since the limited available empirical evidence suggests that synergisms at dietary exposure levels are rather rare, and experimentally occurred at unrealistic high concentrations, synergism cannot be predicted quantitatively on the basis of the toxicity of mixture components. The prediction of biological responses elicited by interaction of pesticides with each other (or with other chemicals) will benefit from using a systems toxicology approach. The identification of core features of pesticide mixtures at molecular level, such as gene expression profiles, could be helpful to assess or predict the occurrence of interactive effects giving rise to unpredicted responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain.
| | - Fernando Gil
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Marina Lacasaña
- Andalulsian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain.,CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain.,ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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Rainey NE, Saric A, Leberre A, Dewailly E, Slomianny C, Vial G, Zeliger HI, Petit PX. Synergistic cellular effects including mitochondrial destabilization, autophagy and apoptosis following low-level exposure to a mixture of lipophilic persistent organic pollutants. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4728. [PMID: 28680151 PMCID: PMC5498599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to multiple exogenous environmental pollutants. Many of these compounds are parts of mixtures that can exacerbate harmful effects of the individual mixture components. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), is primarily produced via industrial processes including incineration and the manufacture of herbicides. Both endosulfan and TCDD are persistent organic pollutants which elicit cytotoxic effects by inducing reactive oxygen species generation. Sublethal concentrations of mixtures of TCDD and endosulfan increase oxidative stress, as well as mitochondrial homeostasis disruption, which is preceded by a calcium rise and, in fine, induce cell death. TCDD+Endosulfan elicit a complex signaling sequence involving reticulum endoplasmic destalilization which leads to Ca2+ rise, superoxide anion production, ATP drop and late NADP(H) depletion associated with a mitochondrial induced apoptosis concomitant early autophagic processes. The ROS scavenger, N-acetyl-cysteine, blocks both the mixture-induced autophagy and death. Calcium chelators act similarly and mitochondrially targeted anti-oxidants also abrogate these effects. Inhibition of the autophagic fluxes with 3-methyladenine, increases mixture-induced cell death. These findings show that subchronic doses of pollutants may act synergistically. They also reveal that the onset of autophagy might serve as a protective mechanism against ROS-triggered cytotoxic effects of a cocktail of pollutants in Caco-2 cells and increase their tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Rainey
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, INSERM S-1124, Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270, Paris, Cedex 06, France
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM U1148, X. Bichat Hospital, Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Ana Saric
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, INSERM S-1124, Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270, Paris, Cedex 06, France
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudger Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alexandre Leberre
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, INSERM S-1124, Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270, Paris, Cedex 06, France
| | - Etienne Dewailly
- Laboratoire de Physiologie cellulaire, INSERM U800, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Lille 1, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, Cedex, France
| | - Christian Slomianny
- Laboratoire de Physiologie cellulaire, INSERM U800, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Lille 1, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Vial
- Unité 1060 INSERM CarMen/Univ.Lyon1/INRA 1235, INSA, Bât. IMBL, La Doua 11 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Harold I Zeliger
- Zeliger Chemical, Toxicological and Environmental Research, 41 Wildwood Drive, Cape Elizabeth, Maine, 04107, USA
| | - Patrice X Petit
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, INSERM S-1124, Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270, Paris, Cedex 06, France.
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Prediction of the metabolic clearance of benzophenone-2, and its interaction with isoeugenol and coumarin using cryopreserved human hepatocytes in primary culture. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 90:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Heys KA, Shore RF, Pereira MG, Jones KC, Martin FL. Risk assessment of environmental mixture effects. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05406d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining interactions of multi-component environmental mixtures towards accurate risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Heys
- Centre for Biophotonics
- Lancaster Environment Centre
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
| | - Richard F. Shore
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
| | - M. Glória Pereira
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
| | - Kevin C. Jones
- Centre for Biophotonics
- Lancaster Environment Centre
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
| | - Francis L. Martin
- Centre for Biophotonics
- Lancaster Environment Centre
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
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