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Niessner A, Ehekircher S, Zimmermann R, Horna V, Reichle D, Land A, Spangenberg G, Hein S. Soil drought sets site specific limits to stem radial growth and sap flow of Douglas-fir across Germany. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1401833. [PMID: 39166235 PMCID: PMC11333354 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1401833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Soil drought during summer in Central Europe has become more frequent and severe over the last decades. European forests are suffering increasing damage, particularly Norway spruce. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco), a non-native tree species, is considered as a promising alternative to build drought-resilient forests. The main goal of this study was to investigate the intraannual radial stem growth and sap flow performance of Douglas-fir along a precipitation gradient across Germany under severe drought. Material and methods Sap flow and stem radial changes of up to ten trees each at four sites with different precipitation regimes were measured in combination with volumetric soil water content during the growing season of 2022. Measurements of stem radial changes were used to calculate the trees' stem water deficit, a proxy for tree water status and drought stress. Results The severe summer drought of 2022 led to an early growth cessation and a significant reduction in daily sap flow at all four sites monitored. We could identify a site-specific threshold in soil water availability ranging between 21.7 and 29.6% of relative extractable water (REW) under which stem water reserves cannot be replenished and thereby inhibiting radial growth. We could also demonstrate that at this threshold, sap flow is heavily reduced to between 43.5 and 53.3%, and for a REW below 50%, sap flow linearly decreases by 1.1-2.0% per 1% reduction in REW. This reduction tends to follow the humidity gradient, being more pronounced at the most oceanic characterized site and suggesting an adaptation to site conditions. Even though Douglas-fir is considered to be more drought stress resistant than Norway spruce, growth and sap flow are greatly reduced by severe summer drought, which became more frequent in recent years and their frequency and intensity is likely to increase. Conclusions Our results suggest that timber production of Douglas-fir in Central Europe will decline considerably under projected climate change, and thus pointing to site specific growth constraints for a so far promising non-native tree species in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Niessner
- Department of Silviculture, University of Applied Forest Sciences, Rottenburg am Neckar, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehekircher
- Department of Silviculture, University of Applied Forest Sciences, Rottenburg am Neckar, Germany
| | - Reiner Zimmermann
- Ecological Botanical Gardens ÖBG, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Viviana Horna
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Reichle
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Land
- Department of Silviculture, University of Applied Forest Sciences, Rottenburg am Neckar, Germany
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Göran Spangenberg
- Department of Silviculture, University of Applied Forest Sciences, Rottenburg am Neckar, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hein
- Department of Silviculture, University of Applied Forest Sciences, Rottenburg am Neckar, Germany
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2
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Shekhar A, Hörtnagl L, Paul-Limoges E, Etzold S, Zweifel R, Buchmann N, Gharun M. Contrasting impact of extreme soil and atmospheric dryness on the functioning of trees and forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:169931. [PMID: 38199368 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate an increase in the frequency of extreme compound dryness days (days with both extreme soil AND air dryness) across central Europe in the future, with little information on their impact on the functioning of trees and forests. This study aims to quantify and assess the impact of extreme soil dryness, extreme air dryness, and extreme compound dryness on the functioning of trees and forests. For this, >15 years of ecosystem-level (carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes) and 6-10 years of tree-level measurements (transpiration and growth) each from a montane mixed deciduous forest (CH-Lae) and a subalpine evergreen coniferous forest (CH-Dav) in Switzerland, is used. The results showed extreme air dryness limitation on CO2 fluxes and extreme soil dryness limitations on water vapor fluxes. Additionally, CH-Dav was mainly affected by extreme air dryness whereas CH-Lae was affected by both extreme soil dryness and extreme air dryness. The impact of extreme compound dryness on net CO2 uptake (about 75 % decrease) was more due to higher increased ecosystem respiration (40 % and 70 % increase at CH-Dav and CH-Lae, respectively) than decreased gross primary productivity (10 % and 40 % decrease at CH-Dav and CH-Lae, respectively). A significant negative impact on evapotranspiration and transpiration was only observed at CH-Lae during extreme soil and compound dryness (about 25 % decrease). Furthermore, with some differences, the tree-level impact on tree water deficit, transpiration, and growth were consistent with the ecosystem-level impact on carbon uptake and evapotranspiration. Finally, the impact of extreme dryness showed no significant relationship with tree allometry (diameter and height) but across different tree species. The projected future is likely to expose these forest areas to more extreme and frequent dryness conditions, thus compromising the functioning of trees and forests, thereby calling for management interventions to increase the adaptive capacity and resistance of these forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shekhar
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eugénie Paul-Limoges
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Etzold
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mana Gharun
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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3
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Xue R, Jiao L, Zhang P, Du D, Wu X, Wei M, Li Q, Wang X, Qi C. The key role of ecological resilience in radial growth processes of conifers under drought stress in the subalpine zone of marginal deserts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166864. [PMID: 37683873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is exacerbating drought pressure on forests. However, the response patterns and physiological mechanisms of conifer species to drought, specifically in terms of radial growth, ecological resilience and soil water utilization, are not clearly understood. This study aims to quantify the effects of resilience on radial growth and identify the role of soil moisture utilization strategies in the resilience of species under drought intensities. We focus on two conifer species, Picea crassifolia (spruce) and Pinus tabuliformis (pine), located on the southern edge of the Tengger Desert in northwestern China. The dynamics of radial growth and ecological resilience were identified, and the seasonal growth rates of species based on soil water were simulated using the VS-oscilloscope model under varying drought stress. The results showed that spruce growth and recovery contributed by soil water were suppressed with frequent severe droughts, leading to a decline in growth (-0.5 cm2 year-1/10a, p < 0.05), despite its greater resistance to mild and moderate drought (-4.63 %). However, pine exhibited a stronger recovery (+40.25 %, p < 0.05) and higher variation in growth (-0.3 cm2 year-1/10a, p < 0.05) under soil moisture stress, despite its weaker resistance to drought (-23.53 %, p < 0.05). These findings provide insights into the growth, resilience, and water adaptation mechanisms of species under drought events, and theoretical support for the conservation and management of conifer diversity and forest ecosystem stability in climate-sensitive regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhong Xue
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, No. 967, Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Liang Jiao
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, No. 967, Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, No. 967, Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Dashi Du
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, No. 967, Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, No. 967, Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Mengyuan Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, No. 967, Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, No. 967, Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xuge Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, No. 967, Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Changliang Qi
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, No. 967, Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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4
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Weygint WA, Eitel JUH, Maguire AJ, Vierling LA, Johnson DM, Campbell CS, Griffin KL. Leaf temperatures and environmental conditions predict daily stem radial variations in a temperate coniferous forest. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William A. Weygint
- McCall Field Campus University of Idaho McCall Idaho USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Society University of Idaho Moscow Idaho USA
| | - Jan U. H. Eitel
- McCall Field Campus University of Idaho McCall Idaho USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Society University of Idaho Moscow Idaho USA
| | - Andrew J. Maguire
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
- Conservation Science Partners, Inc. Truckee California USA
| | - Lee A. Vierling
- Department of Natural Resources and Society University of Idaho Moscow Idaho USA
| | - Daniel M. Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | | | - Kevin L. Griffin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York New York USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Columbia University Palisades New York USA
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University Palisades New York USA
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5
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Kahmen A, Basler D, Hoch G, Link RM, Schuldt B, Zahnd C, Arend M. Root water uptake depth determines the hydraulic vulnerability of temperate European tree species during the extreme 2018 drought. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:1224-1239. [PMID: 36219537 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We took advantage of the European 2018 drought and assessed the mechanisms causing differences in drought vulnerability among mature individuals of nine co-occurring tree species at the Swiss Canopy Crane II site in Switzerland. Throughout the drought we monitored leaf water status and determined native embolism formation in the canopy of the trees as indicators of drought vulnerability. We also determined hydraulic vulnerability thresholds (Ψ12 -, Ψ50 - and Ψ88 -values), corresponding hydraulic safety margins (HSMs) and carbohydrate reserves for all species as well as total average leaf area per tree, and used stable isotopes to assess differences in root water uptake depth among the nine species as variables predicting differences in drought vulnerability among species. Marked differences in drought vulnerability were observed among the nine tree species. Six species maintained their water potentials above hydraulic thresholds, while three species, Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus and Picea abies, were pushed beyond their hydraulic thresholds and showed loss of hydraulic conductivity in their canopies at the end of the drought. Embolism resistance thresholds and associated HSMs did not explain why the co-existing species differed in their drought vulnerability, neither did their degree of isohydry, nor their regulation of carbohydrate reserves. Instead, differences in structural-morphological traits, in particular root water uptake depth, were associated with the risk of reaching hydraulic vulnerability thresholds and embolism formation among the nine species. Our study shows that structural-morphological traits, such as root water uptake depth, determine how quickly different species approach hydraulic vulnerability thresholds during a drought event and can thus explain species differences in drought vulnerability among mature field-grown trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Basler
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - G Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R M Link
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - B Schuldt
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Zahnd
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Arend
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Schnabel F, Purrucker S, Schmitt L, Engelmann RA, Kahl A, Richter R, Seele-Dilbat C, Skiadaresis G, Wirth C. Cumulative growth and stress responses to the 2018-2019 drought in a European floodplain forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1870-1883. [PMID: 34927360 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Droughts increasingly threaten the world's forests and their potential to mitigate climate change. In 2018-2019, Central European forests were hit by two consecutive hotter drought years, an unprecedented phenomenon that is likely to occur more frequently with climate change. Here, we examine tree growth and physiological stress responses (increase in carbon isotope composition; Δδ13 C) to this consecutive drought based on tree rings of dominant tree species in a Central European floodplain forest. Tree growth was not reduced for most species in 2018, indicating that water supply in floodplain forests can partly buffer meteorological water deficits. Drought stress responses in 2018 were comparable to former single drought years but the hotter drought in 2018 induced drought legacies in tree growth while former droughts did not. We observed strong decreases in tree growth and increases in Δδ13 C across all tree species in 2019, which are likely driven by the cumulative stress both consecutive hotter droughts exerted. Our results show that consecutive hotter droughts pose a novel threat to forests under climate change, even in forest ecosystems with comparably high levels of water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schnabel
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Purrucker
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lara Schmitt
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rolf A Engelmann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Kahl
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronny Richter
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carolin Seele-Dilbat
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Conservation Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georgios Skiadaresis
- Chair of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
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7
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Salomón RL, Peters RL, Zweifel R, Sass-Klaassen UGW, Stegehuis AI, Smiljanic M, Poyatos R, Babst F, Cienciala E, Fonti P, Lerink BJW, Lindner M, Martinez-Vilalta J, Mencuccini M, Nabuurs GJ, van der Maaten E, von Arx G, Bär A, Akhmetzyanov L, Balanzategui D, Bellan M, Bendix J, Berveiller D, Blaženec M, Čada V, Carraro V, Cecchini S, Chan T, Conedera M, Delpierre N, Delzon S, Ditmarová Ľ, Dolezal J, Dufrêne E, Edvardsson J, Ehekircher S, Forner A, Frouz J, Ganthaler A, Gryc V, Güney A, Heinrich I, Hentschel R, Janda P, Ježík M, Kahle HP, Knüsel S, Krejza J, Kuberski Ł, Kučera J, Lebourgeois F, Mikoláš M, Matula R, Mayr S, Oberhuber W, Obojes N, Osborne B, Paljakka T, Plichta R, Rabbel I, Rathgeber CBK, Salmon Y, Saunders M, Scharnweber T, Sitková Z, Stangler DF, Stereńczak K, Stojanović M, Střelcová K, Světlík J, Svoboda M, Tobin B, Trotsiuk V, Urban J, Valladares F, Vavrčík H, Vejpustková M, Walthert L, Wilmking M, Zin E, Zou J, Steppe K. The 2018 European heatwave led to stem dehydration but not to consistent growth reductions in forests. Nat Commun 2022; 13:28. [PMID: 35013178 PMCID: PMC8748979 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Heatwaves exert disproportionately strong and sometimes irreversible impacts on forest ecosystems. These impacts remain poorly understood at the tree and species level and across large spatial scales. Here, we investigate the effects of the record-breaking 2018 European heatwave on tree growth and tree water status using a collection of high-temporal resolution dendrometer data from 21 species across 53 sites. Relative to the two preceding years, annual stem growth was not consistently reduced by the 2018 heatwave but stems experienced twice the temporary shrinkage due to depletion of water reserves. Conifer species were less capable of rehydrating overnight than broadleaves across gradients of soil and atmospheric drought, suggesting less resilience toward transient stress. In particular, Norway spruce and Scots pine experienced extensive stem dehydration. Our high-resolution dendrometer network was suitable to disentangle the effects of a severe heatwave on tree growth and desiccation at large-spatial scales in situ, and provided insights on which species may be more vulnerable to climate extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto L Salomón
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Grupo de Investigación Sistemas Naturales e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard L Peters
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ute G W Sass-Klaassen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Annemiek I Stegehuis
- European Forest Institute, Resilience Programme, 53113, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marko Smiljanic
- DendroGreif, Institute for Botany and Landscape Ecology, University Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rafael Poyatos
- CREAF, E08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Flurin Babst
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Emil Cienciala
- IFER-Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, 254 01, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Bas J W Lerink
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus Lindner
- European Forest Institute, Resilience Programme, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jordi Martinez-Vilalta
- CREAF, E08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, E08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- ICREA, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gert-Jan Nabuurs
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst van der Maaten
- Chair of Forest Growth and Woody Biomass Production, TU Dresden, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Bär
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Linar Akhmetzyanov
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Balanzategui
- Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
- Geography Department, Humboldt University, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michal Bellan
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jörg Bendix
- Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Faculty of Geography, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Berveiller
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Miroslav Blaženec
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 96053, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Vojtěch Čada
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vinicio Carraro
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sébastien Cecchini
- Office National des Forêts, Département Recherche Développement et Innovation, 77300, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Tommy Chan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marco Conedera
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Insubric Ecosystems Research Group, 6593, Cadenazzo, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Delpierre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- Universite de Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Ľubica Ditmarová
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 96053, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Jiri Dolezal
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eric Dufrêne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Johannes Edvardsson
- Laboratory for Wood Anatomy and Dendrochronology, Department of Geology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Alicia Forner
- Departamento de Ecología, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE-CSIC), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
- National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Frouz
- Institute for environmental studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Ganthaler
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vladimír Gryc
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aylin Güney
- Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Faculty of Forestry, Çigli, Izmir, Turkey
- Southwest Anatolia Forest Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ingo Heinrich
- Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
- Geography Department, Humboldt University, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Natural Sciences Unit, German Archaeological Institute, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Hentschel
- Brandenburg State Forestry Center of Excellence, Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Pavel Janda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Ježík
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 96053, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Hans-Peter Kahle
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, 79085, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Knüsel
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Insubric Ecosystems Research Group, 6593, Cadenazzo, Switzerland
| | - Jan Krejza
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Łukasz Kuberski
- Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Jiří Kučera
- Environmental Measuring Systems Ltd., 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martin Mikoláš
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Matula
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Walter Oberhuber
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Nikolaus Obojes
- Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, 39100, Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Bruce Osborne
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Teemu Paljakka
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roman Plichta
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Inken Rabbel
- Department for Geography, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cyrille B K Rathgeber
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Yann Salmon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew Saunders
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Natural Sciences, Botany Department, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tobias Scharnweber
- DendroGreif, Institute for Botany and Landscape Ecology, University Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Zuzana Sitková
- National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute, 96001, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | | | | | - Marko Stojanović
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Střelcová
- Technical University in Zvolen, Faculty of Forestry, 96001, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Jan Světlík
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Brian Tobin
- UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Forestry, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Urban
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | | | - Hanuš Vavrčík
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Vejpustková
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, 252 02, Jíloviště, Czech Republic
| | - Lorenz Walthert
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Wilmking
- DendroGreif, Institute for Botany and Landscape Ecology, University Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ewa Zin
- Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Junliang Zou
- Beijing Research & Development Centre for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 100097, Beijing, China
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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8
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Zweifel R, Sterck F, Braun S, Buchmann N, Eugster W, Gessler A, Häni M, Peters RL, Walthert L, Wilhelm M, Ziemińska K, Etzold S. Why trees grow at night. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2174-2185. [PMID: 34118158 PMCID: PMC8457160 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The timing of diel stem growth of mature forest trees is still largely unknown, as empirical data with high temporal resolution have not been available so far. Consequently, the effects of day-night conditions on tree growth remained uncertain. Here we present the first comprehensive field study of hourly-resolved radial stem growth of seven temperate tree species, based on 57 million underlying data points over a period of up to 8 yr. We show that trees grow mainly at night, with a peak after midnight, when the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) is among the lowest. A high VPD strictly limits radial stem growth and allows little growth during daylight hours, except in the early morning. Surprisingly, trees also grow in moderately dry soil when the VPD is low. Species-specific differences in diel growth dynamics show that species able to grow earlier during the night are associated with the highest number of hours with growth per year and the largest annual growth increment. We conclude that species with the ability to overcome daily water deficits faster have greater growth potential. Furthermore, we conclude that growth is more sensitive than carbon uptake to dry air, as growth stops before stomata are known to close.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf8903Switzerland
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Sabine Braun
- Institute for Applied Plant BiologyWitterswil4108Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Agricultural SciencesETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Werner Eugster
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Agricultural SciencesETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf8903Switzerland
| | - Matthias Häni
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf8903Switzerland
| | - Richard L. Peters
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf8903Switzerland
- Laboratory of Plant EcologyGhent UniversityGhent9000Belgium
| | - Lorenz Walthert
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf8903Switzerland
| | - Micah Wilhelm
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf8903Switzerland
| | - Kasia Ziemińska
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf8903Switzerland
- Department of Plant Ecology and EvolutionUppsala UniversityUppsalaSE‐751 05Sweden
| | - Sophia Etzold
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf8903Switzerland
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9
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Klesse S, von Arx G, Gossner MM, Hug C, Rigling A, Queloz V. Amplifying feedback loop between growth and wood anatomical characteristics of Fraxinus excelsior explains size-related susceptibility to ash dieback. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:683-696. [PMID: 32705118 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s the invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has caused severe crown dieback and high mortality rates in Fraxinus excelsior in Europe. In addition to a strong genetic control of tolerance to the fungus, previous studies have found landscape heterogeneity to be an additional driver of variability in the severity of dieback symptoms. However, apart from climatic conditions related to heat and humidity influencing fungal infection success, the mechanistic understanding of why smaller or slower-growing trees are more susceptible to dieback remains less well understood. Here, we analyzed three stands in Switzerland with a unique setting of 8 years of data availability of intra-annual diameter growth and annual crown health assessments. We complemented this by ring width and quantitative wood anatomical measurements extending back before the monitoring started to investigate if wood anatomical adjustments can help better explain the size-related dieback phenomenon. We found that slower-growing trees or trees with smaller crowns already before the arrival of the fungus were more susceptible to dieback and mortality. Defoliation directly reduced growth as well as maximum earlywood vessel size, and the positive relationship between vessel size and growth rate caused a positive feedback amplifying and accelerating crown dieback. Measured non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations in the outermost five rings did not significantly vary between healthy and weakened trees, which translate into large differences in absolute available amount of NSCs. Thus, we hypothesize that a lack of NSCs (mainly sugars) leads to lower turgor pressure and smaller earlywood vessels in the following year. This might impede efficient water transport and photosynthesis, and be responsible for stronger symptoms of dieback and higher mortality rates in smaller and slower-growing trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Klesse
- Forest Health and Biotic Interactions Department Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Georg von Arx
- Forest Dynamics Department, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin M Gossner
- Forest Health and Biotic Interactions Department Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Universitätstrasse 8-22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Hug
- Forest Dynamics Department, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Forest Dynamics Department, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Queloz
- Forest Health and Biotic Interactions Department Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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10
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Peters RL, Pappas C, Hurley AG, Poyatos R, Flo V, Zweifel R, Goossens W, Steppe K. Assimilate, process and analyse thermal dissipation sap flow data using the TREX
r
package. Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Peters
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology Department of Plants and Crops Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- Forest Dynamics Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Christoforos Pappas
- Département de géographie Université de Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Centre d’étude de la forêtUniversité du Québec à Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Département Science et Technologie Téluq Université du Québec Montreal QC Canada
| | - Alexander G. Hurley
- GFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesSection 4.3 Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution Potsdam Germany
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - Rafael Poyatos
- CREAFE08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Catalonia Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaE08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Catalonia Spain
| | - Victor Flo
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Forest Dynamics Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Willem Goossens
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology Department of Plants and Crops Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology Department of Plants and Crops Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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11
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Abstract
Forests in Germany cover around 11.4 million hectares and, thus, a share of 32% of Germany’s surface area. Therefore, forests shape the character of the country’s cultural landscape. Germany’s forests fulfil a variety of functions for nature and society, and also play an important role in the context of climate levelling. Climate change, manifested via rising temperatures and current weather extremes, has a negative impact on the health and development of forests. Within the last five years, severe storms, extreme drought, and heat waves, and the subsequent mass reproduction of bark beetles have all seriously affected Germany’s forests. Facing the current dramatic extent of forest damage and the emerging long-term consequences, the effort to preserve forests in Germany, along with their diversity and productivity, is an indispensable task for the government. Several German ministries have and plan to initiate measures supporting forest health. Quantitative data is one means for sound decision-making to ensure the monitoring of the forest and to improve the monitoring of forest damage. In addition to existing forest monitoring systems, such as the federal forest inventory, the national crown condition survey, and the national forest soil inventory, systematic surveys of forest condition and vulnerability at the national scale can be expanded with the help of a satellite-based earth observation. In this review, we analysed and categorized all research studies published in the last 20 years that focus on the remote sensing of forests in Germany. For this study, 166 citation indexed research publications have been thoroughly analysed with respect to publication frequency, location of studies undertaken, spatial and temporal scale, coverage of the studies, satellite sensors employed, thematic foci of the studies, and overall outcomes, allowing us to identify major research and geoinformation product gaps.
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12
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Liu X, Biondi F. Transpiration drivers of high-elevation five-needle pines (Pinus longaeva and Pinus flexilis) in sky-island ecosystems of the North American Great Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139861. [PMID: 32544678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the interaction between soil water supply and atmospheric evaporative demand for driving the seasonal pattern of transpiration in sky-island high-elevation forest ecosystems. Sap flow measurements were collected at 10-minute intervals for five consecutive years (2013-2017) on two co-occurring subalpine conifers, i.e. limber pine (Pinus flexilis) and bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva). Our study site is part of the Nevada Climate-ecohydrological Assessment Network (NevCAN), and is located at 3355 m a.s.l. within an undisturbed mixed-conifer stand. We found that seasonal changes in soil moisture regulated transpiration sensitivity to atmospheric conditions. Sap flow density was mainly limited by evaporative demands under non-water limiting conditions, but was influenced only by soil moisture when water availability decreased. Daily sap flow density increased with radiation and soil moisture in June and July when soil moisture was generally above 10%, but correlated only with soil moisture in August and September when soil drought occurred. Sap flow sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit and solar radiation was therefore reduced under decreasing soil moisture conditions. Transpiration peaked in mid-to-late June during both dry and wet years, with a lower peak in late summer during wet years. Normalized mean daily canopy conductance of both species declined with decreasing soil moisture (i.e., increasing soil drought). Severe soil drying (i.e., soil moisture <7% at 20 cm depth), which was rarely detected in wet summers (2013-2014) but occurred more frequently in dry summers (2015-2017), induced a minimum in crown conductance with unchanged low-level sap flow, which might potentially trigger hydraulic failure. The minimum sap flow level under severe soil drought was higher for limber pine than bristlecone pine, possibly because of wider tracheids in limber compared to bristlecone pine. Our findings provide insights into physiological mechanisms of drought-induced stress for iconic sky-island five-needle pines located at high elevation in xeric environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Liu
- College of Tourism and Geography, Jiujiang University, East Qianjin Road No. 551, Jiujiang 332005, China; DendroLab, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Franco Biondi
- DendroLab, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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13
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Schuldt B, Buras A, Arend M, Vitasse Y, Beierkuhnlein C, Damm A, Gharun M, Grams TE, Hauck M, Hajek P, Hartmann H, Hiltbrunner E, Hoch G, Holloway-Phillips M, Körner C, Larysch E, Lübbe T, Nelson DB, Rammig A, Rigling A, Rose L, Ruehr NK, Schumann K, Weiser F, Werner C, Wohlgemuth T, Zang CS, Kahmen A. A first assessment of the impact of the extreme 2018 summer drought on Central European forests. Basic Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Growth and Tree Water Deficit of Mixed Norway Spruce and European Beech at Different Heights in a Tree and under Heavy Drought. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10070577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies suggest that tree species in mixed stands resist drought events better than in pure stands, little is known about the impact on growth and the tree water deficit (TWD) in different tree heights at heavy drought. With dendrometer data at the upper and lower stem and coarse roots, we calculated the TWD and growth (ZGmax) (referring to the stem/root basal area) to show (1) the relationship of TWD in different tree heights (50% tree height (H50), breast height (BH), and roots) and the corresponding leaf water potential and (2) how mixture and drought influence the partitioning of growth and tree water. The analyses were made in a mature temperate forest of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica (L.)). Half of the plots were placed under conditions of extreme drought through automatic closing roof systems within the stand. We found a tight relationship of leaf water potentials and TWD at all tree compartments. Through this proven correlation at all tree heights we were also able to study the differences of TWD in all tree compartments next to the growth allocation. Whereas at the beginning of the growing period, trees prioritized growth of the upper stem, during the course of the year the growth of lower stem became a greater priority. Growth allocation of mixed spruces showed a tendency of a higher growth of the roots compared to the BH. However, spruces in interspecific neighborhoods exhibited a lesser TWD in the roots as spruces in intraspecific neighborhood. Beeches in intraspecific neighborhoods showed a higher TWD in BH compared to H50 as beeches in interspecific neighborhoods. Mixture seems to enhance the water supply of spruce trees, which should increase the stability of this species in a time of climatic warming.
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15
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The Relationship between Stem Diameter Shrinkage and Tree Bole Moisture Loss Due to Transpiration. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The responsiveness of four types of stem diameter shrinkage indicators to sap flow changes was compared under four air temperature and cloudiness conditions: above 0 °C below 80% cloud cover days; above 0 °C large percentage cloud cover days; low temperature below 80% cloud cover days; and low temperature large percentage cloud cover days. In this study, we investigated the effects of indicative functions of relatively easy-to-access stem diameter shrinkage on variation characteristics of sap flow. High-resolution-based stem diameter shrinkage is related to changes in tree moisture content. Stem diameter shrinkage indicators are adopted to confirm sap flow changes resulting from transpiration pull, which may enhance the power of stem diameter shrinkage as an index for tree bole moisture loss. After measuring stem diameter variations, the following stem diameter shrinkage indicators were calculated: maximum daily shrinkage, daily stem diameter increment, daily stem diameter variation, and tree water deficit-induced stem shrinkage (TWD). Sap flow was measured synchronously, and stem diameter shrinkage indicators were analyzed to confirm their responses to sap flow. TWD was positively correlated (r ≥ 0.317) with daily variations in sap flow and reached extremely significant levels (p ≤ 0.001) under all conditions. TWD and maximum daily shrinkage were able to better reflect the correlation between changes in stem diameter and sap flow on a daily scale, except large percentage cloud cover days with low temperatures. Changes in stem diameter had no correlation with sap flow during low temperature and large percentage cloud cover days. Among all stem diameter shrinkage indicators, TWD showed the highest correlation (r ≥ 0.601 and p ≤ 0.001) with sap flow under all conditions, except during large percentage cloud cover days with low temperatures. The stem diameter shrinkage indicators did not reflect sap flow changes during large percentage cloud cover days with low temperatures. The indicator that best reflected moisture loss of trees was TWD.
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16
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Brinkmann N, Eugster W, Buchmann N, Kahmen A. Species-specific differences in water uptake depth of mature temperate trees vary with water availability in the soil. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:71-81. [PMID: 30184305 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Temperate tree species differ in their physiological sensitivity to declining soil moisture and drought. Although species-specific responses to drought have often been suggested to be the result of different water uptake depths, empirical evidence for such a mechanism is scarce. Here we test if differences in water uptake depths can explain previously observed species-specific physiological responses of temperate trees to drought and if the water uptake depth of different species varies in response to declining soil moisture. For this purpose, we employed stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of soil and xylem water that we collected over the course of three growing seasons in a mature temperate forest in Switzerland. Our data show that all investigated species utilise water from shallow soil layers during times of sufficient soil water supply. However, Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica and Acer pseudoplatanus were able to shift their water uptake to deeper soil layers when soil water availability decreased in the topsoil. In contrast, Picea abies, was not able to shift its water uptake to deeper soil layers. We conclude from our data that more drought-resistant tree species are able to shift their water uptake to deeper soil layers when water availability in the topsoil is becoming scarce. In addition, we were able to show that water uptake depth of temperate tree species is a trait with high plasticity that needs to be characterised across a range of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Brinkmann
- Department of Environmental System Sciences, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - W Eugster
- Department of Environmental System Sciences, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - N Buchmann
- Department of Environmental System Sciences, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Asbjornsen H, Campbell JL, Jennings KA, Vadeboncoeur MA, McIntire C, Templer PH, Phillips RP, Bauerle TL, Dietze MC, Frey SD, Groffman PM, Guerrieri R, Hanson PJ, Kelsey EP, Knapp AK, McDowell NG, Meir P, Novick KA, Ollinger SV, Pockman WT, Schaberg PG, Wullschleger SD, Smith MD, Rustad LE. Guidelines and considerations for designing field experiments simulating precipitation extremes in forest ecosystems. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Asbjornsen
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
- Earth Systems Research CenterInstitute for Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - John L. Campbell
- Northern Research StationUSDA Forest Service Durham New Hampshire
| | - Katie A. Jennings
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
- Earth Systems Research CenterInstitute for Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Matthew A. Vadeboncoeur
- Earth Systems Research CenterInstitute for Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Cameron McIntire
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | | | | | - Taryn L. Bauerle
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University Ithaca New York
| | - Michael C. Dietze
- Department of Earth and EnvironmentBoston University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Serita D. Frey
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Peter M. Groffman
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesAdvanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and Brooklyn College New York New York
| | - Rosella Guerrieri
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Paul J. Hanson
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Eric P. Kelsey
- Department of Atmospheric Science and ChemistryPlymouth State University Plymouth New Hampshire
- Mount Washington Observatory North Conway New Hampshire
| | - Alan K. Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | | | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Kimberly A. Novick
- School of Public and Environmental AffairsIndiana University Bloomington Indiana
| | - Scott V. Ollinger
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Will T. Pockman
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico
| | | | - Stan D. Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Melinda D. Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
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18
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Peters RL, Fonti P, Frank DC, Poyatos R, Pappas C, Kahmen A, Carraro V, Prendin AL, Schneider L, Baltzer JL, Baron-Gafford GA, Dietrich L, Heinrich I, Minor RL, Sonnentag O, Matheny AM, Wightman MG, Steppe K. Quantification of uncertainties in conifer sap flow measured with the thermal dissipation method. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1283-1299. [PMID: 29862531 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trees play a key role in the global hydrological cycle and measurements performed with the thermal dissipation method (TDM) have been crucial in providing whole-tree water-use estimates. Yet, different data processing to calculate whole-tree water use encapsulates uncertainties that have not been systematically assessed. We quantified uncertainties in conifer sap flux density (Fd ) and stand water use caused by commonly applied methods for deriving zero-flow conditions, dampening and sensor calibration. Their contribution has been assessed using a stem segment calibration experiment and 4 yr of TDM measurements in Picea abies and Larix decidua growing in contrasting environments. Uncertainties were then projected on TDM data from different conifers across the northern hemisphere. Commonly applied methods mostly underestimated absolute Fd . Lacking a site- and species-specific calibrations reduced our stand water-use measurements by 37% and induced uncertainty in northern hemisphere Fd . Additionally, although the interdaily variability was maintained, disregarding dampening and/or applying zero-flow conditions that ignored night-time water use reduced the correlation between environment and Fd . The presented ensemble of calibration curves and proposed dampening correction, together with the systematic quantification of data-processing uncertainties, provide crucial steps in improving whole-tree water-use estimates across spatial and temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Peters
- Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Basel University, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - David C Frank
- Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, 1215 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ, 8572, USA
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Falkenplatz 16, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Poyatos
- CREAF, E08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christoforos Pappas
- Département de géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2V 2B8, Canada
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Basel University, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vinicio Carraro
- Department TeSAF Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Angela Luisa Prendin
- Department TeSAF Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
- Department of Bioscience, Ecoinformatic & Biodiversity, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Building 1540, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Loïc Schneider
- Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer L Baltzer
- Biology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Greg A Baron-Gafford
- School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, 1064 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Lars Dietrich
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Basel University, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Heinrich
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Minor
- School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, 1064 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Oliver Sonnentag
- Département de géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2V 2B8, Canada
| | - Ashley M Matheny
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, 2305 Speedway Stop, C1160, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Maxwell G Wightman
- College of Forestry, Oregon State University, 1500 SW Jefferson St, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Brinkmann N, Seeger S, Weiler M, Buchmann N, Eugster W, Kahmen A. Employing stable isotopes to determine the residence times of soil water and the temporal origin of water taken up by Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies in a temperate forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1300-1313. [PMID: 29888480 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We assessed how the seasonal variability of precipitation δ2 H and δ18 O is propagated into soil and xylem waters of temperate trees, applied a hydrological model to estimate the residence time distribution of precipitation in the soil, and identified the temporal origin of water taken up by Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica over 4 yr. Residence times of precipitation in the soil varied between a few days and several months and increased with soil depth. On average, 50% of water consumed by trees throughout a year had precipitated during the growing season, while 40% had precipitated in the preceding winter or even earlier. Importantly, we detected subtle differences with respect to the temporal origin of water used by the two species. We conclude that both current precipitation and winter precipitation are important for the water supply of temperate trees and that winter precipitation could buffer negative impacts of spring or summer droughts. Our study additionally provides the means to obtain realistic estimates of source water δ2 H and δ18 O values for trees from precipitation isotope data, which is essential for improving model-based interpretations of δ18 O and δ2 H values in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Brinkmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Seeger
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz 1, Freiburg, 79098, Germany
| | - Markus Weiler
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz 1, Freiburg, 79098, Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Werner Eugster
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
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20
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Dietrich L, Zweifel R, Kahmen A. Daily stem diameter variations can predict the canopy water status of mature temperate trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:941-952. [PMID: 29554370 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Direct evidence for the link between stem diameter variations (SDV) and the daily canopy water status, i.e., daily water potentials (Ψ), is rare, particularly for tall trees. It thus remains unclear up to what degree SDV readings are useful to estimate daily canopy Ψ. We measured SDV with point dendrometers at the stem base of tall, mature individuals of six European forest tree species in a near-natural temperate forest and compared them with daily canopy Ψ during the growing seasons of 2014 (wet) and 2015 (dry). Stem diameter variations were de-trended for growth with two different approaches leading to the so-called tree water deficit (TWD). We found that midday Ψ can be predicted from TWD, independent of the growth-de-trending procedure to obtain TWD from SDV. Further, daily TWD was a better indicator for daily midday Ψ, particularly under dry conditions, than maximum daily shrinkage, another common quantity derived from SDV. Based on data from six temperate tree species, we conclude that TWD measured at the stem base is a consistent proxy for daily canopy midday Ψ of tall trees over the entire range of measured conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Dietrich
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schoenbeinstrasse 6, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schoenbeinstrasse 6, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Growing Season Stem Water Status Assessment of Qinghai Spruce through the Sap Flow and Stem Radial Variations in the Qilian Mountains of China. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f9010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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