1
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Ghosh S, Mellado Sanchez M, Sue-Ob K, Roy D, Jones A, Blazquez MA, Sadanandom A. Charting the evolutionary path of the SUMO modification system in plants reveals molecular hardwiring of development to stress adaptation. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3131-3144. [PMID: 38923935 PMCID: PMC11371177 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
SUMO modification is part of the spectrum of Ubiquitin-like (UBL) systems that give rise to proteoform complexity through post-translational modifications (PTMs). Proteoforms are essential modifiers of cell signaling for plant adaptation to changing environments. Exploration of the evolutionary emergence of Ubiquitin-like (UBL) systems unveils their origin from prokaryotes, where it is linked to the mechanisms that enable sulfur uptake into biomolecules. We explore the emergence of the SUMO machinery across the plant lineage from single-cell to land plants. We reveal the evolutionary point at which plants acquired the ability to form SUMO chains through the emergence of SUMO E4 ligases, hinting at its role in facilitating multicellularity. Additionally, we explore the possible mechanism for the neofunctionalization of SUMO proteases through the fusion of conserved catalytic domains with divergent sequences. We highlight the pivotal role of SUMO proteases in plant development and adaptation, offering new insights into target specificity mechanisms of SUMO modification during plant evolution. Correlating the emergence of adaptive traits in the plant lineage with established experimental evidence for SUMO in developmental processes, we propose that SUMO modification has evolved to link developmental processes to adaptive functions in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srayan Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | - Kawinnat Sue-Ob
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Dipan Roy
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Miguel A Blazquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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2
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Waheed A, Haxim Y, Islam W, Ahmad M, Muhammad M, Alqahtani FM, Hashem M, Salih H, Zhang D. Climate change reshaping plant-fungal interaction. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117282. [PMID: 37783329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases pose a severe threat to modern agriculture, necessitating effective and lasting control solutions. Environmental factors significantly shape plant ecology. Human-induced greenhouse gas emissions have led to global temperature rise, impacting various aspects, including carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, temperature, ozone (O3), and ultraviolet-B, all of which influence plant diseases. Altered pathogen ranges can accelerate disease transmission. This review explores environmental effects on plant diseases, with climate change affecting fungal biogeography, disease incidence, and severity, as well as agricultural production. Moreover, we have discussed how climate change influences pathogen development, host-fungal interactions, the emergence of new races of fungi, and the dissemination of emerging fungal diseases across the globe. The discussion about environment-mediated impact on pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), and RNA interference (RNAi) is also part of this review. In conclusion, the review underscores the critical importance of understanding how climate change is reshaping plant-fungal interactions. It highlights the need for continuous research efforts to elucidate the mechanisms driving these changes and their ecological consequences. As the global climate continues to evolve, it is imperative to develop innovative strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of fungal pathogens on plant health and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China
| | - Yakoopjan Haxim
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | | | - Murad Muhammad
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Fatmah M Alqahtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haron Salih
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China.
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3
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Xiong J, Yang F, Wei F, Yang F, Lin H, Zhang D. Inhibition of SIZ1-mediated SUMOylation of HOOKLESS1 promotes light-induced apical hook opening in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2027-2043. [PMID: 36890719 PMCID: PMC10226575 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The apical hook protects cotyledons and the shoot apical meristem from mechanical injuries during seedling emergence from the soil. HOOKLESS1 (HLS1) is a central regulator of apical hook development, as a terminal signal onto which several pathways converge. However, how plants regulate the rapid opening of the apical hook in response to light by modulating HLS1 function remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase SAP AND MIZ1 DOMAIN-CONTAINING LIGASE1 (SIZ1) interacts with HLS1 and mediates its SUMOylation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutating SUMO attachment sites of HLS1 results in impaired function of HLS1, indicating that HLS1 SUMOylation is essential for its function. SUMOylated HLS1 was more likely to assemble into oligomers, which are the active form of HLS1. During the dark-to-light transition, light induces rapid apical hook opening, concomitantly with a drop in SIZ1 transcript levels, resulting in lower HLS1 SUMOylation. Furthermore, ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) directly binds to the SIZ1 promoter and suppresses its transcription. HY5-initiated rapid apical hook opening partially depended on HY5 inhibition of SIZ1 expression. Taken together, our study identifies a function for SIZ1 in apical hook development, providing a dynamic regulatory mechanism linking the post-translational modification of HLS1 during apical hook formation and light-induced apical hook opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xiong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Fabin Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
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4
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Yang L, Wang Z, Hua J. Multiple chromatin-associated modules regulate expression of an intracellular immune receptor gene in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2284-2297. [PMID: 36509711 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The expression of an intracellular immune receptor gene SNC1 (SUPPRESSOR OF npr1, CONSTITUTIVE 1) is regulated by multiple chromatin-associated proteins for tuning immunity and growth in Arabidopsis. Whether and how these regulators coordinate to regulate SNC1 expression under varying environmental conditions is not clear. Here, we identified two activation and one repression regulatory modules based on genetic and molecular characterizations of five chromatin-associated regulators of SNC1. Modifier of snc1 (MOS1) constitutes the first module and is required for the interdependent functions of ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX-RELATED 7 (ATXR7) and HISTONE MONOUBIQUITINATION 1 (HUB1) to deposit H3K4me3 and H2Bub1 at the SNC1 locus. CHROMATIN REMODELING 5 (CHR5) constitutes a second module and works independently of ATXR7 and HUB1 in the MOS1 module. HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENES 15 (HOS15) constitutes a third module responsible for removing H3K9ac to repress SNC1 expression under nonpathogenic conditions. The upregulation of SNC1 resulting from removing the HOS15 repression module is partially dependent on the function of the CHR5 module and the MOS1 module. Together, this study reveals both the distinct and interdependent regulatory mechanisms at the chromatin level for SNC1 expression regulation and highlights the intricacy of regulatory mechanisms of NLR expression under different environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiyun Yang
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhixue Wang
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jian Hua
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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5
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Yu H, Yang L, Li Z, Sun F, Li B, Guo S, Wang YF, Zhou T, Hua J. In situ deletions reveal regulatory components for expression of an intracellular immune receptor gene and its co-expressed genes in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:621-634. [PMID: 36368774 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular immune receptor nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs) are highly regulated transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally for balanced plant defence and growth. NLR genes often exist in gene clusters and are usually co-expressed under various conditions. Despite of intensive studies of regulation of NLR proteins, cis-acting elements for NLR gene induction, repression or co-expression are largely unknown due to a larger than usual cis-region for their expression regulation. Here we used the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology to generate a series of in situ deletions at the endogenous location of a NLR gene SNC1 residing in the RPP5 gene cluster. These deletions that made in the wild type and the SNC1 constitutive expressing autoimmune mutant bon1 revealed both positive and negative cis-acting elements for SNC1 expression. Two transcription factors that could bind to these elements were found to have an impact on the expression of SNC1. In addition, co-expression of two genes with SNC1 in the same cluster is found to be mostly dependent on the SNC1 function. Therefore, SNC1 expression is under complex local regulation involving multiple cis elements and SNC1 itself is a critical regulator of gene expression of other NLR genes in the same gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Plant Biology Section, School Of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Leiyun Yang
- Plant Biology Section, School Of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Zhan Li
- Plant Biology Section, School Of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengsong Guo
- Plant Biology Section, School Of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yong-Fei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- International Rice Research Institute and Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Joint Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Hua
- Plant Biology Section, School Of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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6
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Liu S, Lenoir CJG, Amaro TMMM, Rodriguez PA, Huitema E, Bos JIB. Virulence strategies of an insect herbivore and oomycete plant pathogen converge on host E3 SUMO ligase SIZ1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1599-1614. [PMID: 35491752 PMCID: PMC9545238 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens and pests secrete proteins (effectors) to interfere with plant immunity through modification of host target functions and disruption of immune signalling networks. The extent of convergence between pathogen and herbivorous insect virulence strategies is largely unexplored. We found that effectors from the oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora capsici, and the major aphid pest, Myzus persicae target the host immune regulator SIZ1, an E3 SUMO ligase. We used transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana as well as Arabidopsis mutants to further characterize biological role of effector-SIZ1 interactions in planta. We show that the oomycete and aphid effector, which both contribute to virulence, feature different activities towards SIZ1. While M. persicae effector Mp64 increases SIZ1 protein levels in transient assays, P. capsici effector CRN83_152 enhances SIZ1-E3 SUMO ligase activity in vivo. SIZ1 contributes to host susceptibility to aphids and an oomycete pathogen. Knockout of SIZ1 in Arabidopsis decreased susceptibility to aphids, independent of SNC1, PAD4 and EDS1. Similarly SIZ1 knockdown in N. benthamiana led to reduced P. capsici infection. Our results suggest convergence of distinct pathogen and pest virulence strategies on an E3 SUMO ligase to enhance host susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Camille J. G. Lenoir
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Tiago M. M. M. Amaro
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | | | - Edgar Huitema
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Jorunn I. B. Bos
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
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7
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Yu H, Yang L, Li Z, Sun F, Li B, Guo S, Wang YF, Zhou T, Hua J. In situ deletions reveal regulatory components for expression of an intracellular immune receptor gene and its co-expressed genes in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1862-1875. [PMID: 35150136 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular immune receptor nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs) are highly regulated transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally for balanced plant defense and growth. NLR genes often exist in gene clusters and are usually co-expressed under various conditions. Despite intensive studies of the regulation of NLR proteins, cis-acting elements for NLR gene induction, repression or co-expression are largely unknown due to a larger than usual cis-region for their expression regulation. Here we used the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology to generate a series of in situ deletions at the endogenous location of an NLR gene SNC1 residing in the RPP5 gene cluster. These deletions that made in the wild type and the SNC1 constitutive expressing autoimmune mutant bon1 revealed both positive and negative cis-acting elements for SNC1 expression. Two transcription factors that could bind to these elements were found to have an impact on the expression of SNC1. In addition, co-expression of two genes with SNC1 in the same cluster is found to be mostly dependent on the SNC1 function. Therefore, SNC1 expression is under complex local regulation involving multiple cis-elements and SNC1 itself is a critical regulator of gene expression of other NLR genes in the same gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Leiyun Yang
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Zhan Li
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengsong Guo
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yong-Fei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- International Rice Research Institute and Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Joint Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Hua
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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8
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Saini R, Nandi AK. TOPLESS in the regulation of plant immunity. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1-12. [PMID: 35347548 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review presents the multiple ways how topless and topless-related proteins regulate defense activation in plants and help in optimizing the defense-growth tradeoff. Eukaryotic gene expression is tightly regulated at various levels by hormones, transcription regulators, post-translational modifications, and transcriptional coregulators. TOPLESS (TPL)/TOPLESS-related (TPR) corepressors regulate gene expression by interacting with other transcription factors. TPRs regulate auxin, gibberellins, jasmonic acid, strigolactone, and brassinosteroid signaling in plants. In general, except for GA, TPLs suppress these signaling pathways to prevent unwanted activation of hormone signaling. The association of TPL/TPRs in these hormonal signaling reflects a wide role of this class of corepressors in plants' normal and stress physiology. The involvement of TPL in immune responses was first demonstrated a decade ago as a repressor of DND1 and DND2 that are negative regulators of plant immune response. Over the last decade, several research groups have established a larger role of TPL/TPRs in plant immunity during both pattern- and effector-triggered immunity. Very recent research unraveled the significant involvement of TPRs in balancing the growth and defense trade-off. TPRs, along with proteasomal degradation complex, miRNA, and phasiRNA, suppress the activation of autoimmunity in plants under normal conditions and promote defense under pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Saini
- 415, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Nandi
- 415, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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9
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Lei S, Wang Q, Chen Y, Song Y, Zheng M, Hsu YF. Capsicum SIZ1 contributes to ABA-induced SUMOylation in pepper. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 314:111099. [PMID: 34895537 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic stresses are the major factors limiting plant growth. Arabidopsis E3 SUMO ligase SIZ1 plays an essential role in plant stress tolerance. Herein, we identified a SIZ/PAIS-type protein in pepper (Capsicum annuum), namely CaSIZ1, which shares 60 % sequence identity with AtSIZ1. The stems and flowers of pepper had a relatively higher expression of CaSIZ1 than the fruits, leaves, and roots. ABA and NaCl treatments induced CaSIZ1. CaSIZ1 protein was localized in the nucleus and partially rescued the dwarf and ABA-sensitive phenotypes of Atsiz1-2, suggesting the functional replacement of CaSIZ1 with AtSIZ1. We found that CaSIZ1 interacted with CaABI5, and ABA promoted the accumulation of SUMO conjugates in pepper. CaSIZ1 knockdown did not only reduce ABA-induced SUMOylation, but also attenuated the salt tolerance of pepper. Overall, the results of this study suggest that CaSIZ1 has a significant role in ABA-induced SUMOylation and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikang Lei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingzhu Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Song
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yi-Feng Hsu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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10
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León J. Protein Tyrosine Nitration in Plant Nitric Oxide Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:859374. [PMID: 35360296 PMCID: PMC8963475 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.859374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), which is ubiquitously present in living organisms, regulates many developmental and stress-activated processes in plants. Regulatory effects exerted by NO lies mostly in its chemical reactivity as a free radical. Proteins are main targets of NO action as several amino acids can undergo NO-related post-translational modifications (PTMs) that include mainly S-nitrosylation of cysteine, and nitration of tyrosine and tryptophan. This review is focused on the role of protein tyrosine nitration on NO signaling, making emphasis on the production of NO and peroxynitrite, which is the main physiological nitrating agent; the main metabolic and signaling pathways targeted by protein nitration; and the past, present, and future of methodological and strategic approaches to study this PTM. Available information on identification of nitrated plant proteins, the corresponding nitration sites, and the functional effects on the modified proteins will be summarized. However, due to the low proportion of in vivo nitrated peptides and their inherent instability, the identification of nitration sites by proteomic analyses is a difficult task. Artificial nitration procedures are likely not the best strategy for nitration site identification due to the lack of specificity. An alternative to get artificial site-specific nitration comes from the application of genetic code expansion technologies based on the use of orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs engineered for specific noncanonical amino acids. This strategy permits the programmable site-specific installation of genetically encoded 3-nitrotyrosine sites in proteins expressed in Escherichia coli, thus allowing the study of the effects of specific site nitration on protein structure and function.
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11
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Gao S, Zeng X, Wang J, Xu Y, Yu C, Huang Y, Wang F, Wu K, Yang S. Arabidopsis SUMO E3 Ligase SIZ1 Interacts with HDA6 and Negatively Regulates HDA6 Function during Flowering. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113001. [PMID: 34831226 PMCID: PMC8616286 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The changes in histone acetylation mediated by histone deacetylases (HDAC) play a crucial role in plant development and response to environmental changes. Mammalian HDACs are regulated by post-translational modifications (PTM), such as phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification (SUMOylation), which affect enzymatic activity and transcriptional repression. Whether PTMs of plant HDACs alter their functions are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that the Arabidopsis SUMO E3 ligase SAP AND MIZ1 DOMAIN-CONTAINING LIGASE1 (SIZ1) interacts with HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 (HDA6) both in vitro and in vivo. Biochemical analyses indicated that HDA6 is not modified by SUMO1. Overexpression of HDA6 in siz1-3 background results in a decreased level of histone H3 acetylation, indicating that the activity of HDA6 is increased in siz1-3 plants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that SIZ1 represses HDA6 binding to its target genes FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING 4 (MAF4), resulting in the upregulation of FLC and MAF4 by increasing the level of histone H3 acetylation. Together, these findings indicate that the Arabidopsis SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 interacts with HDA6 and negatively regulates HDA6 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, College of Light Industry and Food Science, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China;
| | - Xueqin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (F.W.)
| | - Jianhao Wang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510000, China;
| | - Yingchao Xu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.X.); (Y.H.)
| | - Chunwei Yu
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Yishui Huang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.X.); (Y.H.)
| | - Feng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (F.W.)
| | - Keqiang Wu
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (S.Y.)
| | - Songguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.X.); (Y.H.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (S.Y.)
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12
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Kasera M, Ingole KD, Rampuria S, Walia Y, Gassmann W, Bhattacharjee S. Global SUMOylome Adjustments in Basal Defenses of Arabidopsis thaliana Involve Complex Interplay Between SMALL-UBIQUITIN LIKE MODIFIERs and the Negative Immune Regulator SUPPRESSOR OF rps4-RLD1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:680760. [PMID: 34660568 PMCID: PMC8514785 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.680760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Steady-state SUMOylome of a plant is adjusted locally during developmental transitions and more globally during stress exposures. We recently reported that basal immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 (PstDC3000) is associated with strong enhancements in the net SUMOylome. Transcriptional upregulations of SUMO conjugases, suppression of protease, and increased SUMO translations accounted for this enhanced SUMOylation. Antagonistic roles of SUMO1/2 and SUMO3 isoforms further fine-tuned the SUMOylome adjustments, thus impacting defense amplitudes and immune outcomes. Loss of function of SUPPRESSOR OF rps4-RLD1 (SRFR1), a previously reported negative regulator of basal defenses, also caused constitutive increments in global SUMO-conjugates through similar modes. These suggest that SRFR1 plays a pivotal role in maintenance of SUMOylation homeostasis and its dynamic changes during immune elicitations. Here, we demonstrate that SRFR1 degradation kinetically precedes and likely provides the salicylic acid (SA) elevations necessary for the SUMOylome increments in basal defenses. We show that SRFR1 not only is a SUMOylation substrate but also interacts in planta with both SUMO1 and SUMO3. In sum1 or sum3 mutants, SRFR1 stabilities are reduced albeit by different modes. Whereas a srfr1 sum1 combination is lethal, the srfr1 sum3 plants retain developmental defects and enhanced immunity of the srfr1 parent. Together with increasing evidence of SUMOs self-regulating biochemical efficiencies of SUMOylation-machinery, we present their impositions on SRFR1 expression that in turn counter-modulates the SUMOylome. Overall, our investigations reveal multifaceted dynamics of regulated SUMOylome changes via SRFR1 in defense-developmental balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mritunjay Kasera
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Kishor D Ingole
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sakshi Rampuria
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,Division of Plant Sciences, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Yashika Walia
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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13
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Ingole KD, Kasera M, van den Burg HA, Bhattacharjee S. Antagonism between SUMO1/2 and SUMO3 regulates SUMO conjugate levels and fine-tunes immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6640-6658. [PMID: 34145454 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of SMALL UBIQUITIN-LIKE MODIFIER (SUMO) to target proteins regulates a plethora of cellular processes across eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, mutants with abnormal SUMO1/2 conjugate levels display a dwarf stature, autoimmunity, and altered stress responses to adverse environmental conditions. Since the SUMO pathway is known to autoregulate its biochemical activity (via allosteric interactions), we assessed whether the emergence of additional SUMO paralogs in Arabidopsis has introduced the capacity of self-regulation by means of isoform diversification in this model plant. By studying the plant defense responses elicited by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, we provide genetic evidence that SUM3, a divergent paralog, acts downstream of the two main SUMO paralogues, SUM1/2. The expression of SUM3 apparently buffers or suppresses the function of SUM1/2 by controlling the timing and amplitude of the immune response. Moreover, SUM1 and SUM2 work additively to suppress both basal and TNL-specific immunity, a specific branch of the immune network. Finally, our data reveal that SUM3 is required for the global increase in SUMO1/2 conjugates upon exposure to biotic and abiotic stresses, namely heat and pathogen exposure. We cannot exclude that this latter effect is independent of the role of SUM3 in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor D Ingole
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121 001, Haryana, India
- Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar-751 024, Odisha, India
| | - Mritunjay Kasera
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Harrold A van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121 001, Haryana, India
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14
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Sharma M, Fuertes D, Perez-Gil J, Lois LM. SUMOylation in Phytopathogen Interactions: Balancing Invasion and Resistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703795. [PMID: 34485289 PMCID: PMC8415633 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly confronted by a multitude of biotic stresses involving a myriad of pathogens. In crops, pathogen infections result in significant agronomical losses worldwide posing a threat to food security. In order to enter plant tissues and establish a successful infection, phytopathogens have to surpass several physical, and chemical defense barriers. In recent years, post-translational modification (PTM) mechanisms have emerged as key players in plant defense against pathogens. PTMs allow a highly dynamic and rapid response in front of external challenges, increasing the complexity and precision of cellular responses. In this review, we focus on the role of SUMO conjugation (SUMOylation) in plant immunity against fungi, bacteria, and viruses. In plants, SUMO regulates multiple biological processes, ranging from development to responses arising from environmental challenges. During pathogen attack, SUMO not only modulates the activity of plant defense components, but also serves as a target of pathogen effectors, highlighting its broad role in plant immunity. Here, we summarize known pathogenic strategies targeting plant SUMOylation and, the plant SUMO conjugates involved in host-pathogen interactions. We also provide a catalog of candidate SUMO conjugates according to their role in defense responses. Finally, we discuss the complex role of SUMO in plant defense, focusing on key biological and experimental aspects that contribute to some controversial conclusions, and the opportunities for improving agricultural productivity by engineering SUMOylation in crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Sharma
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain.,Biosciences, College of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Fuertes
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Perez-Gil
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Maria Lois
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain.,Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Gough C, Sadanandom A. Understanding and Exploiting Post-Translational Modifications for Plant Disease Resistance. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1122. [PMID: 34439788 PMCID: PMC8392720 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly threatened by pathogens, so have evolved complex defence signalling networks to overcome pathogen attacks. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are fundamental to plant immunity, allowing rapid and dynamic responses at the appropriate time. PTM regulation is essential; pathogen effectors often disrupt PTMs in an attempt to evade immune responses. Here, we cover the mechanisms of disease resistance to pathogens, and how growth is balanced with defence, with a focus on the essential roles of PTMs. Alteration of defence-related PTMs has the potential to fine-tune molecular interactions to produce disease-resistant crops, without trade-offs in growth and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
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16
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Prakash V, Singh VP, Tripathi DK, Sharma S, Corpas FJ. Nitric oxide (NO) and salicylic acid (SA): A framework for their relationship in plant development under abiotic stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23 Suppl 1:39-49. [PMID: 33590621 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The free radical nitric oxide (NO) and the phenolic phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) are signal molecules which exert key functions at biochemical and physiological levels. Abiotic stresses, especially in early plant development, impose the biggest threats to agricultural systems and crop yield. These stresses impair plant growth and subsequently cause a reduction in root development, affecting nutrient uptake and crop productivity. The molecules NO and SA have been identified as robust tools for efficiently mitigating the negative effects of abiotic stress in plants. SA is engaged in an array of tasks under adverse environmental situations. The function of NO depends on its cellular concentration; at a low level, it acts as a signal molecule, while at a high level, it triggers nitro-oxidative stress. The crosstalk between NO and SA involving different signalling molecules and regulatory factors modulate plant function during stressful situations. Crosstalk between these two signalling molecules induces plant tolerance to abiotic stress and needs further investigation. This review aims to highlight signalling aspects of NO and SA in higher plants and critically discusses the roles of these two molecules in alleviating abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - V P Singh
- Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constitute PG College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - D K Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - S Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - F J Corpas
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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17
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Kim Y, Kim YJ, Paek KH. Temperature-specific vsiRNA confers RNAi-mediated viral resistance at elevated temperature in Capsicum annuum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1432-1448. [PMID: 33165515 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Resistance (R) gene-mediated resistance is a robust and efficient antiviral immune system in the plants. Thus, when R-mediated resistance was suppressed at elevated temperatures, resistance towards viruses was expected to be completely collapsed. Nonetheless, the multiplication of Tobacco mosaic virus pathotype P0 (TMV-P0) was inhibited, and TMV-P0 particles were only occasionally present in the systemic leaves of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum). RNAi-mediated RNA silencing is a well-known antiviral immune mechanism. At elevated temperatures, RNAi-mediated antiviral resistance was induced and virus-derived siRNAs (vsiRNAs) were dramatically increased. Through sRNA-sequencing (sRNA-Seq) analysis, we revealed that vsiRNAs derived from TMV-P0 were greatly increased. Intriguingly, virus-infected plants could select the temperature-specific vsiRNAs for antiviral resistance from the amplified vsiRNAs at elevated temperatures. Pre-application of these temperature-specific vsiRNAs endowed antiviral resistance of the plants. Therefore, plants sustain antiviral resistance by activating RNAi-mediated resistance, based on temperature-specific vsiRNAs at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsik Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Paek
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Srivastava M, Sadanandom A, Srivastava AK. Towards understanding the multifaceted role of SUMOylation in plant growth and development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:77-85. [PMID: 32880960 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a critical role in regulating plant growth and development through the modulation of protein functionality and its interaction with its partners. Analysis of the functional implication of PTMs on plant cellular signalling presents grand challenges in understanding their significance. Proteins decorated or modified with another chemical group or polypeptide play a significant role in regulating physiological processes as compared with non-decorated or non-modified proteins. In the past decade, SUMOylation has been emerging as a potent PTM influencing the adaptability of plants to growth, in response to various environmental cues. Deciphering the SUMO-mediated regulation of plant stress responses and its consequences is required to understand the mechanism underneath. Here, we will discuss the recent advances in the role and significance of SUMOylation in plant growth, development and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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19
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Ingole KD, Dahale SK, Bhattacharjee S. Proteomic analysis of SUMO1-SUMOylome changes during defense elicitation in Arabidopsis. J Proteomics 2020; 232:104054. [PMID: 33238213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid adaptation of plants to developmental or physiological cues is facilitated by specific receptors that transduce the signals mostly via post-translational modification (PTM) cascades of downstream partners. Reversible covalent attachment of SMALL UBIQUITIN-LIKE MODIFIER (SUMO), a process termed as SUMOylation, influence growth, development and adaptation of plants to various stresses. Strong regulatory mechanisms maintain the steady-state SUMOylome and mutants with SUMOylation disturbances display mis-primed immunity often with growth consequences. Identity of the SUMO-substrates undergoing SUMOylation changes during defenses however remain largely unknown. Here we exploit either the auto-immune property of an Arabidopsis mutant or defense responses induced in wild-type plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (PstDC3000) to enrich and identify SUMO1-substrates. Our results demonstrate massive enhancement of SUMO1-conjugates due to increased SUMOylation efficiencies during defense responses. Of the 261 proteins we identify, 29 have been previously implicated in immune-associated processes. Role of others expand to diverse cellular roles indicating massive readjustments the SUMOylome alterations may cause during induction of immunity. Overall, our study highlights the complexities of a plant immune network and identifies multiple SUMO-substrates that may orchestrate the signaling. SIGNIFICANCE: In all eukaryotes, covalent linkage of the SMALL UBIQUITIN-LIKE MODIFIER (SUMOs), a process termed as SUMOylation, on target proteins affect their fate and function. Plants display reversible readjustments in the pool of SUMOylated proteins during biotic and abiotic stress responses. Here, we demonstrate net increase in global SUMO1/2-SUMOylome of Arabidopsis thaliana at induction of immunity. We enrich and identify 261 SUMO1-substrates enhanced in defenses that categorize to diverse cellular processes and include novel candidates with uncharacterized immune-associated roles. Overall, our results highlight intricacies of SUMO1-orchestration in defense signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor D Ingole
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3(rd) Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121 001, Haryana, India; Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar 751 024, Odisha, India
| | - Shraddha K Dahale
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3(rd) Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3(rd) Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121 001, Haryana, India.
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20
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Zhang Y, Zeng L. Crosstalk between Ubiquitination and Other Post-translational Protein Modifications in Plant Immunity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100041. [PMID: 33367245 PMCID: PMC7748009 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are central to the modulation of protein activity, stability, subcellular localization, and interaction with partners. They greatly expand the diversity and functionality of the proteome and have taken the center stage as key players in regulating numerous cellular and physiological processes. Increasing evidence indicates that in addition to a single regulatory PTM, many proteins are modified by multiple different types of PTMs in an orchestrated manner to collectively modulate the biological outcome. Such PTM crosstalk creates a combinatorial explosion in the number of proteoforms in a cell and greatly improves the ability of plants to rapidly mount and fine-tune responses to different external and internal cues. While PTM crosstalk has been investigated in depth in humans, animals, and yeast, the study of interplay between different PTMs in plants is still at its infant stage. In the past decade, investigations showed that PTMs are widely involved and play critical roles in the regulation of interactions between plants and pathogens. In particular, ubiquitination has emerged as a key regulator of plant immunity. This review discusses recent studies of the crosstalk between ubiquitination and six other PTMs, i.e., phosphorylation, SUMOylation, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, acetylation, redox modification, and glycosylation, in the regulation of plant immunity. The two basic ways by which PTMs communicate as well as the underlying mechanisms and diverse outcomes of the PTM crosstalk in plant immunity are highlighted.
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21
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Abstract
Pathogen recognition by the plant immune system leads to defense responses that are often accompanied by a form of regulated cell death known as the hypersensitive response (HR). HR shares some features with regulated necrosis observed in animals. Genetically, HR can be uncoupled from local defense responses at the site of infection and its role in immunity may be to activate systemic responses in distal parts of the organism. Recent advances in the field reveal conserved cell death-specific signaling modules that are assembled by immune receptors in response to pathogen-derived effectors. The structural elucidation of the plant resistosome-an inflammasome-like structure that may attach to the plasma membrane on activation-opens the possibility that HR cell death is mediated by the formation of pores at the plasma membrane. Necrotrophic pathogens that feed on dead tissue have evolved strategies to trigger the HR cell death pathway as a survival strategy. Ectopic activation of immunomodulators during autoimmune reactions can also promote HR cell death. In this perspective, we discuss the role and regulation of HR in these different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Pitsili
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ujjal J Phukan
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Venkatesh J, Kang BC. Current views on temperature-modulated R gene-mediated plant defense responses and tradeoffs between plant growth and immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:9-17. [PMID: 30877945 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Elevated ambient temperatures will likely be a key consequence of climate change over the next few decades. Adverse climatic changes could make crop plants more vulnerable to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses, which would have a major impact on worldwide food production in the future. Recent studies have indicated that elevated temperatures directly and/or indirectly affect plant-pathogen interactions. Elevated temperatures alter multiple signal transduction pathways related to stress responses in the host plant. High temperatures can also influence plant pathogenesis, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms associated with such effects. An improved understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms involved in plant immune responses under elevated temperatures will be essential to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change to ensure future food security. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the effects of temperature on resistance (R) gene and/or regulators of R genes in plant defense responses and summarize current evidence for tradeoffs between plant growth and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics & Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheorl Kang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics & Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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23
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A role for S-nitrosylation of the SUMO-conjugating enzyme SCE1 in plant immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17090-17095. [PMID: 31371496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900052116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation, the covalent attachment of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to target proteins, is emerging as a key modulator of eukaryotic immune function. In plants, a SUMO1/2-dependent process has been proposed to control the deployment of host defense responses. The molecular mechanism underpinning this activity remains to be determined, however. Here we show that increasing nitric oxide levels following pathogen recognition promote S-nitrosylation of the Arabidopsis SUMO E2 enzyme, SCE1, at Cys139. The SUMO-conjugating activities of both SCE1 and its human homolog, UBC9, were inhibited following this modification. Accordingly, mutation of Cys139 resulted in increased levels of SUMO1/2 conjugates, disabled immune responses, and enhanced pathogen susceptibility. Our findings imply that S-nitrosylation of SCE1 at Cys139 enables NO bioactivity to drive immune activation by relieving SUMO1/2-mediated suppression. The control of global SUMOylation is thought to occur predominantly at the level of each substrate via complex local machineries. Our findings uncover a parallel and complementary mechanism by suggesting that total SUMO conjugation may also be regulated directly by SNO formation at SCE1 Cys139. This Cys is evolutionary conserved and specifically S-nitrosylated in UBC9, implying that this immune-related regulatory process might be conserved across phylogenetic kingdoms.
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24
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Rosa MT, Abreu IA. Exploring the regulatory levels of SUMOylation to increase crop productivity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 49:43-51. [PMID: 31177030 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
SUMOylation is an essential post-translational modification that affects several cellular processes, from gene replication to stress response. Studies using the SUMO (de)conjugation machinery have provided evidence regarding its potential to improve crop performance and productivity under normal and adverse conditions. However, the pleiotropic effect of SUMOylation can be a disadvantage in both situations, especially when considering unpredictable environmental conditions caused by climate changes. Here, we discuss the pleiotropic effects caused by disrupting the SUMOylation machinery, and new strategies that may help to overcome pleiotropy. We propose exploring the several regulatory levels of SUMOylation recently revealed, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional regulation by alternative splicing, and post-translational modifications. These new findings may provide valuable tools to increase crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Tg Rosa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel A Abreu
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
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25
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Niu D, Lin XL, Kong X, Qu GP, Cai B, Lee J, Jin JB. SIZ1-Mediated SUMOylation of TPR1 Suppresses Plant Immunity in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:215-228. [PMID: 30543996 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant immune responses are tightly regulated to ensure their appropriate deployment. Overexpression of TOPLESS-RELATED 1 (TPR1), a SUPPRESSOR OF npr1-1, CONSTITUTIVE 1 (SNC1)-interacting protein, results in autoimmunity that reduces plant growth and development. However, how TPR1 activity is regulated remains unknown. Loss of function of SIZ1, a (SUMO) E3 ligase, induces an autoimmune response, partially due to elevated SNC1 levels. Here we show that SNC1 expression is upregulated in Arabidopsis thaliana siz1-2 due to positive-feedback regulation by salicylic acid. SIZ1 physically interacts with TPR1 and facilitates its SUMO modification. The K282 and K721 residues in TPR1 serve as critical SUMO attachment sites. Simultaneous introduction of K282R and K721R substitutions in TPR1 blocked its SUMOylation, enhanced its transcriptional co-repressor activity, and increased its association with HISTONE DEACETYLASE 19 (HDA19), suggesting that SUMOylation of TPR1 represses its transcriptional co-repressor activity and inhibits its interaction with HDA19. In agreement with this finding, the simultaneous introduction of K282R and K721R substitutions enhanced TPR1-mediated immunity, and the tpr1 mutation partially suppressed autoimmunity in siz1-2. These results demonstrate that SIZ1-mediated SUMOylation of TPR1 represses plant immunity, which at least partly contributes to the suppression of autoimmunity under non-pathogenic conditions to ensure proper plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Niu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Li Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiangxiong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gao-Ping Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, South Korea
| | - Jing Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Regulation of Plant Immunity by the Proteasome. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 343:37-63. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Pedley KF, Pandey AK, Ruck A, Lincoln LM, Whitham SA, Graham MA. Rpp1 Encodes a ULP1-NBS-LRR Protein That Controls Immunity to Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:120-133. [PMID: 30303765 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0198-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phakopsora pachyrhizi is the causal agent of Asian soybean rust. Susceptible soybean plants infected by virulent isolates of P. pachyrhizi are characterized by tan-colored lesions and erumpent uredinia on the leaf surface. Germplasm screening and genetic analyses have led to the identification of seven loci, Rpp1 to Rpp7, that provide varying degrees of resistance to P. pachyrhizi (Rpp). Two genes, Rpp1 and Rpp1b, map to the same region on soybean chromosome 18. Rpp1 is unique among the Rpp genes in that it confers an immune response (IR) to avirulent P. pachyrhizi isolates. The IR is characterized by a lack of visible symptoms, whereas resistance provided by Rpp1b to Rpp7 results in red-brown foliar lesions. Rpp1 maps to a region spanning approximately 150 kb on chromosome 18 between markers Sct_187 and Sat_064 in L85-2378 (Rpp1), an isoline developed from Williams 82 and PI 200492 (Rpp1). To identify Rpp1, we constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome library from soybean accession PI 200492. Sequencing of the Rpp1 locus identified three homologous nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) candidate resistance genes between Sct_187 and Sat_064. Each candidate gene is also predicted to encode an N-terminal ubiquitin-like protease 1 (ULP1) domain. Cosilencing of the Rpp1 candidates abrogated the immune response in the Rpp1 resistant soybean accession PI 200492, indicating that Rpp1 is a ULP1-NBS-LRR protein and plays a key role in the IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry F Pedley
- 1 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Ajay K Pandey
- 1 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702, U.S.A
- 3 Iowa State University, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Amy Ruck
- 1 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Lori M Lincoln
- 2 USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A.; and
| | - Steven A Whitham
- 3 Iowa State University, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Michelle A Graham
- 2 USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A.; and
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Wang L, Wen R, Wang J, Xiang D, Wang Q, Zang Y, Wang Z, Huang S, Li X, Datla R, Fobert PR, Wang H, Wei Y, Xiao W. Arabidopsis UBC13 differentially regulates two programmed cell death pathways in responses to pathogen and low-temperature stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:919-934. [PMID: 30218535 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
UBC13 is required for Lys63-linked polyubiquitination and innate immune responses in mammals, but its functions in plant immunity remain to be defined. Here we used genetic and pathological methods to evaluate roles of Arabidopsis UBC13 in response to pathogens and environmental stresses. Loss of UBC13 failed to activate the expression of numerous cold-responsive genes and resulted in hypersensitivity to low-temperature stress, indicating that UBC13 is involved in plant response to low-temperature stress. Furthermore, the ubc13 mutant displayed low-temperature-induced and salicylic acid-dependent lesion mimic phenotypes. Unlike typical lesion mimic mutants, ubc13 did not enhance disease resistance against virulent bacterial and fungal pathogens, but diminished hypersensitive response and compromised effector-triggered immunity against avirulent bacterial pathogens. UBC13 differently regulates two types of programmed cell death in response to low temperature and pathogen. The lesion mimic phenotype in the ubc13 mutant is partially dependent on SNC1. UBC13 interacts with an F-box protein CPR1 that regulates the homeostasis of SNC1. However, the SNC1 protein level was not altered in the ubc13 mutant, implying that UBC13 is not involved in CPR1-regulated SNC1 protein degradation. Taken together, our results revealed that UBC13 is a key regulator in plant response to low temperature and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0W9
| | - Rui Wen
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E5
| | - Jinghe Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E5
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0W9
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yuepeng Zang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E5
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Raju Datla
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0W9
| | - Pierre R Fobert
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0W9
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E5
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E2
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E5
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Liu C, Yu H, Li L. SUMO modification of LBD30 by SIZ1 regulates secondary cell wall formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007928. [PMID: 30657769 PMCID: PMC6355022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of biological processes are regulated by sumoylation, a post-translational modification involving the conjugation of SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-Like Modifier) to protein. In Arabidopsis thaliana, AtSIZ1 encodes a SUMO E3 ligase for SUMO modification. siz1 mutants displayed defective secondary cell walls (SCWs) in inflorescence fiber cells. Such defects were caused by repression of SND1/NST1-mediated transcriptional networks. Yeast two-hybrid assay indicated that SIZ1 interacts with the LBD30 C-terminal domain, which was further confirmed using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and immunoprecipitation. Mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation indicated that SIZ1 mediates SUMO conjugation to LBD30 at the K226 residue. Genes controlling SCW formation were activated by the overexpression of LBD30, but not in the LBD30(K226R) mutant. LBD30 enhancement of SCW formation resulted from upregulation of SND1/NST1-mediated transcriptional networks. This study presents a mechanism by which sumoylation of LBD30, mediated by SIZ1, regulates SCW formation in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hasi Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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30
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Borrelli GM, Mazzucotelli E, Marone D, Crosatti C, Michelotti V, Valè G, Mastrangelo AM. Regulation and Evolution of NLR Genes: A Close Interconnection for Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1662. [PMID: 29867062 PMCID: PMC6032283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NLR (NOD-like receptor) genes belong to one of the largest gene families in plants. Their role in plants' resistance to pathogens has been clearly described for many members of this gene family, and dysregulation or overexpression of some of these genes has been shown to induce an autoimmunity state that strongly affects plant growth and yield. For this reason, these genes have to be tightly regulated in their expression and activity, and several regulatory mechanisms are described here that tune their gene expression and protein levels. This gene family is subjected to rapid evolution, and to maintain diversity at NLRs, a plethora of genetic mechanisms have been identified as sources of variation. Interestingly, regulation of gene expression and evolution of this gene family are two strictly interconnected aspects. Indeed, some examples have been reported in which mechanisms of gene expression regulation have roles in promotion of the evolution of this gene family. Moreover, co-evolution of the NLR gene family and other gene families devoted to their control has been recently demonstrated, as in the case of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia M Borrelli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, s.s. 673, km 25.2, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Mazzucotelli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy.
| | - Daniela Marone
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, s.s. 673, km 25.2, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Cristina Crosatti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy.
| | - Vania Michelotti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy.
| | - Giampiero Valè
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, s.s. 11 to Torino, km 2.5, 13100 Vercelli, Italy.
| | - Anna M Mastrangelo
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, via Stezzano 24, 24126 Bergamo, Italy.
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31
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Verma V, Croley F, Sadanandom A. Fifty shades of SUMO: its role in immunity and at the fulcrum of the growth-defence balance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1537-1544. [PMID: 29024335 PMCID: PMC6637990 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The sessile nature of plants requires them to cope with an ever-changing environment. Effective adaptive responses require sophisticated cellular mechanisms at the post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. Post-translational modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins is emerging as a key player in these adaptive responses. SUMO conjugation can rapidly change the overall fate of target proteins by altering their stability or interaction with partner proteins or DNA. SUMOylation entails an enzyme cascade that leads to the activation, conjugation and ligation of SUMO to lysine residues of target proteins. In addition to their SUMO processing activities, SUMO proteases also possess de-conjugative activity capable of cleaving SUMO from target proteins, providing reversibility and buffering to the pathway. These proteases play critical roles in the maintenance of the SUMO machinery in equilibrium. We hypothesize that SUMO proteases provide the all-important substrate specificity within the SUMO system. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the role of SUMO in plant innate immunity. SUMOylation also overlaps with multiple growth-promoting and defence-related hormone signalling pathways, and hence is pivotal for the maintenance of the growth-defence balance. This review aims to highlight the intricate molecular mechanisms utilized by SUMO to regulate plant defence and to stabilize the growth-defence equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityDurham DH1 3LEUK
| | - Fenella Croley
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityDurham DH1 3LEUK
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityDurham DH1 3LEUK
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32
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Adorisio S, Fierabracci A, Muscari I, Liberati AM, Ayroldi E, Migliorati G, Thuy TT, Riccardi C, Delfino DV. SUMO proteins: Guardians of immune system. J Autoimmun 2017; 84:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Datta M, Kaushik S, Jyoti A, Mathur N, Kothari SL, Jain A. SIZ1-mediated SUMOylation during phosphate homeostasis in plants: Looking beyond the tip of the iceberg. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 74:123-132. [PMID: 28903074 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Availability of phosphate (Pi) is often limited in rhizospheres in different agroclimatic zones and adversely affects growth and development of plants. To circumvent this impasse, there is an urgent need and global consensus to develop Pi use efficient crops. To achieve this goal, it is essential to identify the molecular entities that exert regulatory influences on the sensing and signaling cascade governing Pi homeostasis. SIZ1 encodes a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO E3) ligase, and plays a pivotal role in the post-translational SUMOylation of proteins. In this review, we discuss the reverse genetics approach conventionally used for providing circumstantial evidence towards the regulatory influences of SIZ1 on several morphophysiological and molecular traits that govern Pi homeostasis in taxonomically diverse Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and Oryza sativa (rice) model species. However, the efforts have been rather modest in identifying SUMO protein targets that play key roles in the maintenance of Pi homeostasis in these model plants contrary to the plethora of them now known in lower organisms and animals. Therefore, to predict the SIZ1-mediated SUMOylome involved in Pi homeostasis, the state-of-the-art high-throughput technologies often used for animals thus provide an attractive paradigm towards achieving the long-term goal of developing Pi use efficient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Datta
- Amity Centre for Nanobiotechnology and Plant Nutrition, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Sanket Kaushik
- Amity Centre for Nanobiotechnology and Plant Nutrition, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Anupam Jyoti
- Amity Centre for Nanobiotechnology and Plant Nutrition, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Nidhi Mathur
- Amity Centre for Nanobiotechnology and Plant Nutrition, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Shanker L Kothari
- Amity Centre for Nanobiotechnology and Plant Nutrition, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Ajay Jain
- Amity Centre for Nanobiotechnology and Plant Nutrition, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
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He Z, Huang T, Ao K, Yan X, Huang Y. Sumoylation, Phosphorylation, and Acetylation Fine-Tune the Turnover of Plant Immunity Components Mediated by Ubiquitination. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1682. [PMID: 29067028 PMCID: PMC5641357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation plays a crucial role in the turnover of immune proteins through rapid alteration of protein levels. Specifically, the over-accumulation of immune proteins and consequent activation of immune responses in uninfected cells is prevented through degradation. Protein post-translational modifications can influence and affect ubiquitination. There is accumulating evidence that suggests sumoylation, phosphorylation, and acetylation differentially affect the stability of immune-related proteins, so that control over the accumulation or degradation of proteins is fine-tuned. In this paper, we review the function and mechanism of sumoylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination in plant disease resistance responses, focusing on how ubiquitination reacts with sumoylation, phosphorylation, and acetylation to regulate plant disease resistance signaling pathways. Future research directions are suggested in order to provide ideas for signaling pathway studies, and to advance the implementation of disease resistance proteins in economically important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouqing He
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Kevin Ao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xiaofang Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Huang,
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Mazur MJ, Spears BJ, Djajasaputra A, van der Gragt M, Vlachakis G, Beerens B, Gassmann W, van den Burg HA. Arabidopsis TCP Transcription Factors Interact with the SUMO Conjugating Machinery in Nuclear Foci. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2043. [PMID: 29250092 PMCID: PMC5714883 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis more than 400 proteins have been identified as SUMO targets, both in vivo and in vitro. Among others, transcription factors (TFs) are common targets for SUMO conjugation. Here we aimed to exhaustively screen for TFs that interact with the SUMO machinery using an arrayed yeast two-hybrid library containing more than 1,100 TFs. We identified 76 interactors that foremost interact with the SUMO conjugation enzyme SCE1 and/or the SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1. These interactors belong to various TF families, which control a wide range of processes in plant development and stress signaling. Amongst these interactors, the TCP family was overrepresented with several TCPs interacting with different proteins of the SUMO conjugation cycle. For a subset of these TCPs we confirmed that the catalytic site of SCE1 is essential for this interaction. In agreement, TCP1, TCP3, TCP8, TCP14, and TCP15 were readily SUMO modified in an E. coli sumoylation assay. Strikingly, these TCP-SCE1 interactions were found to redistribute these TCPs into nuclear foci/speckles, suggesting that these TCP foci represent sites for SUMO (conjugation) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena J. Mazur
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin J. Spears
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - André Djajasaputra
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michelle van der Gragt
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Georgios Vlachakis
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bas Beerens
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Harrold A. van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Harrold A. van den Burg
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