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Çağlar BK, Şimşek E. Detection and Multigene Typing of ' Candidatus Phytoplasma solani'-Related Strains Infecting Tomato and Potato Plants in Different Regions of Turkey. Pathogens 2022; 11:1031. [PMID: 36145463 PMCID: PMC9505192 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' ('Ca. P. solani') is a crop pathogen that is a member of the 16SrXII-A ribosomal subgroup. It is also known as stolbur phytoplasma and causes yield losses in several important crops, especially in Solanaceous crops. Different strains of the pathogen are regularly reported all over the world, particularly in the Mediterranean region. In this study, the determination of genetic diversity for the pathogen infecting tomatoes and potatoes was carried out by using multilocus sequence typing analysis for the Tuf, SecY, and Vmp1 genes to gain insight into the epidemiology of 'Ca. P. solani' in Turkey. Genetic diversity of the phytoplasmas was investigated by sequence-based phylogenetic analyses and in silico RFLP analysis of related genes. It was determined that all 'Ca. P. solani'-related strains infecting tomatoes and potatoes were tuf-b, which is linked to field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.). Tomato or potato-infecting 'Ca. P. solani'-related strains showed similarities with each other; however, the isolates collected from different plants showed genetic differences in terms of the SecY gene. This study indicates that the highest genetic variability of collected samples was found in the Vmp1 gene. RsaI-RFLP analysis of TYPH10F/R amplicons showed that potato-infecting 'Ca. P. solani'-related strains were found to be similar to some existing V types. However, the V-type of tomato-infecting isolates is not similar to any previously reported V-type. The results indicate that there could be an important genetic diversity of 'Ca. P. solani'-related phytoplasmas in Turkey. This could indicate various ways in which the pathogen has adapted to the two host plants as a consequence of the various Vmp1 gene rearrangements seen in these two plant hosts. Obtained results also indicate that the epidemiology of 'Ca. P. solani'-related phytoplasmas in the tomato and potato agroecosystem may be better understood with the use of molecular data on the complex of vmp-types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behçet Kemal Çağlar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Çukurova University, Adana 01330, Turkey
| | - Eray Şimşek
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, Şanlıurfa 63290, Turkey
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Jamshidi E, Murolo S, Ravari SB, Salehi M, Romanazzi G. Multilocus Genotyping of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani’ Associated with Grapevine Bois Noir in Iran. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060835. [PMID: 35741356 PMCID: PMC9220303 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Understanding the epidemiological cycle of Bois noir (BN) associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ is vital to managing the disease effectively. The genotyping of ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains, according to tuf, vmp1, and stamp genes, contributes to a better knowledge of the geographical distribution of BN. In this study, we provide information on the molecular variants of ‘Ca. P. solani’ in Iranian vineyards. We observed six known vmp1 variants and discovered two new ones, V24 and V27. This information is useful for future investigations to more accurately understand the epidemiological cycle(s) of BN in Iranian vineyards, contributing to the management of the disease. Abstract Grapevine Bois noir (BN) is associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’. It has been recorded in vineyards throughout Europe as well as in different countries in Asia, where it now constitutes a threat to Iranian viticulture. BN is strictly dependent on ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains, wild host plants, and insect vectors. The molecular typing of ‘Ca. P. solani’, based on the nonribosomal gene tuf and the two hypervariable markers vmp1 and stamp, is valuable for the reconstruction and clarification of the pathways of BN spread. In this study, an RFLP analysis was performed on the vmp1 gene, and a single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis confirmed new vmp types in ‘Ca. P. solani’. A stamp gene phylogenetic analysis allowed us to distinguish between the new genotype infections in the grapevines and the ‘weeds’ Convolvulus arvensis and Erigeron bonariensis in Iranian vineyards, highlighting the close genetic relatedness of the strains of ‘Ca. P. solani’ found in Iran and Azerbaijan. The most common genotype in the grapevines was tuf b/V24/stamp III, which was associated with C. arvensis. This information contributes toward the identification of further routes of introduction of ‘Ca. P. solani’ in Iran to sustain the control measures for the management of BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Jamshidi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergio Murolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Sareh Baghaee Ravari
- Plant Protection Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 1696700, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Salehi
- Plant Protection Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre, AREEO, Zarghan 73415-111, Iran;
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.J.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-2204336
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Jović J, Marinković S, Jakovljević M, Krstić O, Cvrković T, Mitrović M, Toševski I. Symptomatology, (Co)occurrence and Differential Diagnostic PCR Identification of ' Ca. Phytoplasma solani' and ' Ca. Phytoplasma convolvuli' in Field Bindweed. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020160. [PMID: 33546447 PMCID: PMC7913610 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) is one of the major natural plant hosts and reservoirs of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (‘Ca. P. solani’), the causal agent of plant diseases in diverse agricultural crops, including Bois noir (BN) disease of grapevine. Phylogenetically, the most closely related phytoplasma to ‘Ca. P. solani’, the ‘Ca. P. convolvuli’, induces disease in field bindweed that is known by its symptoms as bindweed yellows (BY). The occurrence, coinfection and symptoms association of the two phytoplasmas in shared host plants were the subject of this study. Specific primers for the amplification of the elongation factor Tu gene (tuf) were developed for the identification of ‘Ca. P. convolvuli’ (by conventional nested PCR), as well as primers for simultaneous detection of ‘Ca. P. solani’ and ‘Ca. P. convolvuli’ by duplex SYBR Green real-time PCR. Among symptomatic bindweed plants, 25 and 41% were infected with a single phytoplasma species, ‘Ca. P. solani’ and ‘Ca. P. convolvuli’, respectively, while 34% were infected with both phytoplasmas. None of the non-symptomatic control plants carried phytoplasma, while non-symptomatic plants from our previous epidemiological studies in BN-affected vineyards were confirmed to be infected solely with ‘Ca. P. solani’. Stamp gene typing revealed Rqg50 and Rqg31 ‘Ca. P. solani’ genotypes in plants coinfected with ‘Ca. P. convolvuli’, while three diverse genotypes (Rqg50, GGY and Rpm35) were identified in a single locality with symptomatic bindweeds infected solely with ‘Ca. P. solani’. Variations in symptoms and their association with each of the phytoplasmas are described and documented. The symptom of bushy appearance could be single out as specific for ‘Ca. P. convolvuli’ infection, while occurrence of ‘Ca. P. solani’ could not be unequivocally associated with specific alterations in infected bindweeds. The results are discussed in the context of the epidemiological and ecological complexity of ‘Ca. P. solani’-induced diseases and the relationship between the two phytoplasma relatives in shared host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Jović
- Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11080 Zemun, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.J.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (I.T.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Slavica Marinković
- Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11080 Zemun, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.J.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Miljana Jakovljević
- Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11080 Zemun, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.J.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Oliver Krstić
- Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11080 Zemun, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.J.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Tatjana Cvrković
- Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11080 Zemun, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.J.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Milana Mitrović
- Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11080 Zemun, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.J.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Ivo Toševski
- Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11080 Zemun, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.J.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (I.T.)
- CABI, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland
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Conigliaro G, Jamshidi E, Lo Verde G, Bella P, Mondello V, Giambra S, D’Urso V, Tsolakis H, Murolo S, Burruano S, Romanazzi G. Epidemiological Investigations and Molecular Characterization of ' Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' in Grapevines, Weeds, Vectors and Putative Vectors in Western Sicily, (Southern Italy). Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110918. [PMID: 33171934 PMCID: PMC7694634 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bois noir is caused by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', and it is one of the most important and widespread diseases in the Euro-Mediterranean region. There are complex interactions between phytoplasma and grapevines, weeds, and vectors. These ecological relationships can be tracked according to molecular epidemiology. The aims of the 2-year study (2014-2015) were to describe incidence and spatial distribution of Bois noir in a vineyard with three grapevine varieties in Sicily, and to identify the molecular types of the tuf and vmp1 genes in these naturally infected grapevines, according to the potential reservoir plants and vectors. Disease incidence in 2015 was significantly higher in 'Chardonnay' (up to 35%) than for 'Nero d'Avola' and 'Pinot noir' (<5%). All grapevine, weed, and insect samples were infected by 'Ca. P. solani' tuf-type b. Most of the collected insects were strictly related to Vitis spp. and belonged to Neoaliturus fenestratus, Empoasca spp., and Zygina rhamni. The characterization of the vmp1 gene revealed six different vmp types in grapevines (V1, V4, V9, V11, V12, V24), three in weeds (V4, V9, V11), and four in insects (V4, V9, V11, V24). Notably, V4, V9, appear both in hosts and vectors, with V9 predominant. Virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis based on the nucleotide sequences supported the data of the conventional RFLP. Connections between the molecular data recorded in the vineyard ecosystems and the application of innovative tools based on the geostatistical analysis will contribute to further clarification of the specific ecological and epidemiological aspects of 'Ca. P. solani' in Sicily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Conigliaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (G.L.V.); (P.B.); (S.G.); (H.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Elham Jamshidi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Gabriella Lo Verde
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (G.L.V.); (P.B.); (S.G.); (H.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Patrizia Bella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (G.L.V.); (P.B.); (S.G.); (H.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Mondello
- Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes (RIBP), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4707, BP 1039, CEDEX 2, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Selene Giambra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (G.L.V.); (P.B.); (S.G.); (H.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Vera D’Urso
- Sezione di Biologia Animale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Catania, via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Haralabos Tsolakis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (G.L.V.); (P.B.); (S.G.); (H.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Sergio Murolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Santella Burruano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (G.L.V.); (P.B.); (S.G.); (H.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.J.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-2204336
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Jamshidi E, Murolo S, Salehi M, Romanazzi G. Sequence Analysis of New Tuf Molecular Types of ' Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani' in Iranian Vineyards. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060508. [PMID: 32599831 PMCID: PMC7350298 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine Bois noir (BN) is caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (‘Ca. P. solani’) and is one of the most important phytoplasma diseases in the Euro-Mediterranean viticultural areas. The epidemiology of BN can include grapevine as a plant host and is usually transmitted via sap-sucking insects that inhabit herbaceous host plants. Tracking the spread of ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains is of great help for the identification of plant reservoirs and insect vectors involved in local BN outbreaks. The molecular epidemiology of ‘Ca. P. solani’ is primarily based on sequence analysis of the tuf housekeeping gene (which encodes elongation factor Tu). In this study, molecular typing of tuf, through restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing, was carried out on grapevine samples from Iranian vineyards. According to the molecular characterization, three molecular types—tuf b1, tuf b5 and tuf b6—were found, with tuf b1 being the most prominent. These data provide further knowledge of tuf gene diversity and question the ecological role of such “minor” tuf types in Iranian vineyards, which have been detected only in grapevines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Jamshidi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergio Murolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Mohammad Salehi
- Plant Protection Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre, AREEO, Zarghan 617-71555, Iran;
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.J.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-220-4336
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