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Valenzuela M, González M, Velásquez A, Dorta F, Montenegro I, Besoain X, Salvà-Serra F, Jaén-Luchoro D, Moore ERB, Seeger M. Analyses of Virulence Genes of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Strains Reveal Heterogeneity and Deletions That Correlate with Pathogenicity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071530. [PMID: 34361965 PMCID: PMC8305413 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato. Differences in virulence between Cmm strains have been reported. The aim of this study was the characterization of nine Cmm strains isolated in Chile to reveal the causes of their differences in virulence. The virulence assays in tomato seedlings revealed different levels of severity associated with the strains, with two highly virulent strains and one causing only mild symptoms. The two most virulent showed increased cellulase activity, and no cellulase activity was observed in the strain causing mild symptoms. In three strains, including the two most virulent strains, PCR amplification of the 10 virulence genes analyzed was observed. In the strain causing mild symptoms, no amplification was observed for five genes, including celA. Sequence and cluster analyses of six virulence genes grouped the strains, as has been previously reported, except for gene pelA1. Gene sequence analysis from the genomes of five Chilean strains revealed the presence of deletions in the virulence genes, celB, xysA, pat-1, and phpA. The results of this study allow us to establish correlations between the differences observed in disease severity and the presence/absence of genes and deletions not previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile;
- Centro de Biotecnología “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390136, Chile;
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (M.S.)
| | - Marianela González
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile;
| | - Alexis Velásquez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile;
- Centro de Biotecnología “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390136, Chile;
| | - Fernando Dorta
- Centro de Biotecnología “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390136, Chile;
| | - Iván Montenegro
- Escuela de Obstetricia y Puericultura, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2540064, Chile;
| | - Ximena Besoain
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, Chile;
| | - Francisco Salvà-Serra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Gothenburg, Sweden; (F.S.-S.); (D.J.-L.); (E.R.B.M.)
- Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 071 22 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Daniel Jaén-Luchoro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Gothenburg, Sweden; (F.S.-S.); (D.J.-L.); (E.R.B.M.)
- Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Edward R. B. Moore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Gothenburg, Sweden; (F.S.-S.); (D.J.-L.); (E.R.B.M.)
- Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Seeger
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile;
- Centro de Biotecnología “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390136, Chile;
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (M.S.)
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Nandi M, Macdonald J, Liu P, Weselowski B, Yuan Z. Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis: bacterial canker of tomato, molecular interactions and disease management. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2036-2050. [PMID: 29528201 PMCID: PMC6638088 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial canker disease is considered to be one of the most destructive diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and is caused by the seed-borne Gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis (Cmm). This vascular pathogen generally invades and proliferates in the xylem through natural openings or wounds, causing wilt and canker symptoms. The incidence of symptomless latent infections and the invasion of tomato seeds by Cmm are widespread. Pathogenicity is mediated by virulence factors and transcriptional regulators encoded by the chromosome and two natural plasmids. The virulence factors include serine proteases, cell wall-degrading enzymes (cellulases, xylanases, pectinases) and others. Mutational analyses of these genes and gene expression profiling (via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, transcriptomics and proteomics) have begun to shed light on their roles in colonization and virulence, whereas the expression of tomato genes in response to Cmm infection suggests plant factors involved in the defence response. These findings may aid in the generation of target-specific bactericides or new resistant varieties of tomato. Meanwhile, various chemical and biological controls have been researched to control Cmm. This review presents a detailed investigation regarding the pathogen Cmm, bacterial canker infection, molecular interactions between Cmm and tomato, and current perspectives on improved disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Nandi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada, N6A 5C1
| | - Jacqueline Macdonald
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada, N6A 5C1
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada, N6A 5C1
| | - Brian Weselowski
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri‐Food CanadaLondonONCanada, N5V 4T3
| | - Ze‐Chun Yuan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada, N6A 5C1
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri‐Food CanadaLondonONCanada, N5V 4T3
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Sen Y, Aysan Y, Mirik M, Ozdemir D, Meijer-Dekens F, van der Wolf JM, Visser RGF, van Heusden S. Genetic Characterization of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Population in Turkey. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:300-308. [PMID: 30673530 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-17-0276-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al. is the most harmful bacterium to tomatoes in many countries with a cooler climate. Multilocus sequence analysis was performed on five housekeeping genes (bipA, gyrB, kdpA, ligA, and sdhA) and three virulence-related genes (ppaA, chpC, and tomA) to determine evolutionary relationships and population structure of 108 C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains collected from Turkey between 1996 and 2012. Based on these analyses, we concluded that C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in Turkey is highly uniform. However, at least four novel C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains were recently introduced, possibly at the beginning of the 1990s. The singletons might point to additional sources or to strains that have evolved locally in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Sen
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yesim Aysan
- Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Mirik
- Namik Kemal University, Department of Plant Protection, TR-59030 Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Duygu Ozdemir
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fien Meijer-Dekens
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M van der Wolf
- Wageningen University and Research, Bio-interactions and Plant Health, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjaak van Heusden
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Thapa SP, Pattathil S, Hahn MG, Jacques MA, Gilbertson RL, Coaker G. Genomic Analysis of Clavibacter michiganensis Reveals Insight Into Virulence Strategies and Genetic Diversity of a Gram-Positive Bacterial Pathogen. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:786-802. [PMID: 28677494 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-17-0146-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is a gram-positive bacterial pathogen that proliferates in the xylem vessels of tomato, causing bacterial canker disease. In this study, we sequenced and assembled genomes of 11 C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains isolated from infected tomato fields in California as well as five Clavibacter strains that colonize tomato endophytically but are not pathogenic in this host. The analysis of the C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis genomes supported the monophyletic nature of this pathogen but revealed genetic diversity among strains, consistent with multiple introduction events. Two tomato endophytes that clustered phylogenetically with C. michiganensis strains capable of infecting wheat and pepper and were also able to cause disease in these plants. Plasmid profiles of the California strains were variable and supported the essential role of the pCM1-like plasmid and the CelA cellulase in virulence, whereas the absence of the pCM2-like plasmid in some pathogenic C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains revealed it is not essential. A large number of secreted C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis proteins were carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Glycome profiling revealed that C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis but not endophytic Clavibacter strains is able to extensively alter tomato cell-wall composition. Two secreted CAZymes found in all C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains, CelA and PelA1, enhanced pathogenicity on tomato. Collectively, these results provide a deeper understanding of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis diversity and virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree P Thapa
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- 2 Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.; and
| | - Michael G Hahn
- 2 Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.; and
| | | | - Robert L Gilbertson
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A
| | - Gitta Coaker
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A
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Tancos MA, Lange HW, Smart CD. Characterizing the Genetic Diversity of the Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Population in New York. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:169-179. [PMID: 25208240 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-14-0178-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
New York Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis isolates, collected from disparate bacterial canker of tomato outbreaks over the past 11 years, were characterized with a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) scheme that differentiated the 51 isolates into 21 haplotypes with a discriminatory power of 0.944. The MLSA scheme consisted of five housekeeping genes (kdpA, sdhA, dnaA, ligA, and gyrB) and three putative pathogenicity genes (celA, tomA, and nagA). Repetitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with the BOX-A1R primer, confirmed the high diversity of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis isolates in New York by demonstrating that all six PCR patterns (A, B, 13C, 65C, 81C, and D) were present, with PCR patterns C and A being the most common. The MLSA scheme provided higher resolving power than the current repetitive-PCR approach. The plasmid profiles of New York isolates were diverse and differed from reference strain NCPPB382. PCR analysis indicated that the presence of putative pathogenicity genes varied between isolates and highlighted the ephemeral nature of pathogenicity genes in field populations of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Analysis of molecular variance between Serbian and New York C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis isolates demonstrated that the two populations were not significantly different, with 98% genetic variation within each population and only 2% genetic variation between populations.
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Sen Y, van der Wolf J, Visser RGF, van Heusden S. Bacterial Canker of Tomato: Current Knowledge of Detection, Management, Resistance, and Interactions. PLANT DISEASE 2015; 99:4-13. [PMID: 30699746 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-14-0499-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato. The disease was first described in 1910 in Michigan, USA. C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (from now on called clavibacter) was initially thought to be a phloem parasite, but was later found to be a xylem-invading bacterium. The host range comprises mainly solanaceous crops such as tomato, pepper, and eggplant. Strains show great variability in virulence and are usually described as being hypervirulent, hypovirulent, or nonvirulent. Clavibacter lacks a type III secretion system, and only a few virulence factors have been experimentally determined from the many putative virulence factors. As the molecular mode of infection by clavibacter is unknown, researchers have avoided intensive work on this organism. Genetic plant mechanisms conferring resistance to clavibacter are apparently complex, and breeders have yet to develop disease-resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Sen
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Wolf
- Plant Research International Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjaak van Heusden
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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