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Michalcová L, Bednárová L, Slang S, Večeřa M, Heidingsfeld O. Contact lenses as a potential vehicle of Candida transmission. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2024; 47:102249. [PMID: 38839478 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Contact lenses can be contaminated with various microorganisms, including pathogenic yeasts of the genus Candida, which are known for their ability to adhere to abiotic surfaces, including plastic materials used for various medical purposes. Microbial contamination of the lenses can lead to infection of the wearer's eyes. The purpose of this study was to simulate the contamination of contact lenses with C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, analyze the interaction of the microorganisms with the lens material, and optimize the protocol for PCR-based analysis of the microbial agents responsible for lens contamination. METHODS Hilafilcon lenses were exposed to C. albicans and C. parapsilosis cultures, washed, and examined for their ability to further spread the contamination. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the attachment of yeast cells to the lenses. Infrared spectroscopy was used to examine the potential changes in the lens material due to Candida contamination. The protocol for DNA isolation from contaminated lenses was established to enable PCR analysis of microbes attached to the lenses. RESULTS Hilafilcon lenses contaminated with Candida were able to spread the contamination even after washing with saline or with a commercial cleaning solution. In the present experimental settings, the yeasts did not grow into the lenses but began to form biofilms on the surface. However, the ability of the lenses to retain water was altered. The PCR-based protocol could be used to help identify the type of contamination of contact lenses. CONCLUSION Once contaminated with Candida albicans or Candida parapsilosis, Hilafilcon contact lenses are difficult to clean. Yeasts began to form biofilms on lens surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Michalcová
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bednárová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Slang
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. legií 565, 530 02 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Večeřa
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Heidingsfeld
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Khangembam VC, Thakuria D, Pant V, Tandel RS, Vishwakarma BK, Pandey N, Pande A, Pandey PK. First report of Achlya bisexualis infection in captive-reared Endangered golden mahseer Tor putitora. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2023; 153:59-68. [PMID: 36861898 DOI: 10.3354/dao03720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Achlya bisexualis is a notorious oomycete pathogen with the potential to cause emerging disease in fish farms. In this study, we report the first isolation of A. bisexualis from captive-reared golden mahseer Tor putitora, an Endangered fish species. The infected fish showed a cotton-like growth of mycelia at the site of infection. The mycelium when cultured on potato dextrose agar produced radially growing white hyphae. The hyphae were non-septate, and some of them carried matured zoosporangium with dense granular cytoplasmic contents. Spherical gemmae with stout stalks were also observed. All the isolates had 100% identity in internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-rDNA sequence and showed highest similarity to that of A. bisexualis. In molecular phylogeny, all the isolates formed a monophyletic group with A. bisexualis which was supported by a bootstrap value of 99%. Based on the molecular and morphological findings, all the isolates were confirmed as A. bisexualis. Further, the anti-oomycete effect of boric acid, a known antifungal agent, against the isolate was evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration were found to be 1.25 and >2.5 g l-1, respectively. Isolation of A. bisexualis from a new fish species indicates its possible occurrence in other unreported hosts. Considering its wide infectivity and the potential to cause disease in farmed fishes, its probable prevalence in a new environment and host needs to be closely monitored to prevent the spread of infection, if any, by adopting suitable control measures.
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Zang H, Ma J, Wu Z, Yuan L, Lin ZQ, Zhu R, Bañuelos GS, Reiter RJ, Li M, Yin X. Synergistic Effect of Melatonin and Selenium Improves Resistance to Postharvest Gray Mold Disease of Tomato Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:903936. [PMID: 35812947 PMCID: PMC9257244 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.903936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (MT) is a ubiquitous hormone molecule that is commonly distributed in nature. MT not only plays an important role in animals and humans but also has extensive functions in plants. Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for animals and humans, and is a beneficial element in higher plants at low concentrations. Postharvest diseases caused by fungal pathogens lead to huge economic losses worldwide. In this study, tomato fruits were treated with an optimal sodium selenite (20 mg/L) and melatonin (10 μmol/L) 2 h and were stored for 7 days at room temperature simulating shelf life, and the synergistic effects of Se and MT collectively called Se-Mel on gray mold decay in tomato fruits by Botrytis cinerea was investigated. MT did not have antifungal activity against B. cinerea in vitro, while Se significantly inhibited gray mold development caused by B. cinerea in tomatoes. However, the interaction of MT and Se showed significant inhibition of the spread and growth of the disease, showing the highest control effect of 74.05%. The combination of MT with Se treatment enhanced the disease resistance of fruits by improving the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), as well as increasing the gene expression level of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Altogether, our results indicate that the combination of MT and Se would induce the activation of antioxidant enzymes and increase the expression of PR proteins genes that might directly enhance the resistance in tomato fruit against postharvest pathogenic fungus B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zang
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture, Bio-Engineering Research Centre of Selenium, Suzhou Research Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhilin Wu
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, China
| | - Linxi Yuan
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qing Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, United States
| | - Renbin Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Gary S. Bañuelos
- San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Parlier, CA, United States
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Miao Li
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, China
- The Central Area of Anhui Province Station for Integrative Agriculture, Research Institute of New Rural Development, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuebin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture, Bio-Engineering Research Centre of Selenium, Suzhou Research Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Forand AD, Finfrock YZ, Lavier M, Stobbs J, Qin L, Wang S, Karunakaran C, Wei Y, Ghosh S, Tanino KK. With a Little Help from My Cell Wall: Structural Modifications in Pectin May Play a Role to Overcome Both Dehydration Stress and Fungal Pathogens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:385. [PMID: 35161367 PMCID: PMC8838300 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall structural modifications through pectin cross-linkages between calcium ions and/or boric acid may be key to mitigating dehydration stress and fungal pathogens. Water loss was profiled in a pure pectin system and in vivo. While calcium and boron reduced water loss in pure pectin standards, the impact on Allium species was insignificant (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, synchrotron X-ray microscopy showed the localization of exogenously applied calcium to the apoplast in the epidermal cells of Allium fistulosum. Exogenous calcium application increased viscosity and resistance to shear force in Allium fistulosum, suggesting the formation of calcium cross-linkages ("egg-box" structures). Moreover, Allium fistulosum (freezing tolerant) was also more tolerant to dehydration stress compared to Allium cepa (freezing sensitive). Furthermore, the addition of boric acid (H3BO3) to pure pectin reduced water loss and increased viscosity, which indicates the formation of RG-II dimers. The Arabidopsis boron transport mutant, bor1, expressed greater water loss and, based on the lesion area of leaf tissue, a greater susceptibility to Colletotrichum higginsianum and Botrytis cinerea. While pectin modifications in the cell wall are likely not the sole solution to dehydration and biotic stress resistance, they appear to play an important role against multiple stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana D. Forand
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (A.D.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Y. Zou Finfrock
- Advanced Photo Source, Lemont, IL 60439, USA;
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada; (M.L.); (J.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Miranda Lavier
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada; (M.L.); (J.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Jarvis Stobbs
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada; (M.L.); (J.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; (L.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (A.D.F.); (S.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Chithra Karunakaran
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada; (M.L.); (J.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; (L.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Supratim Ghosh
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Karen K. Tanino
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (A.D.F.); (S.W.)
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Zhang ZQ, Chen T, Li BQ, Qin GZ, Tian SP. Molecular basis of pathogenesis of postharvest pathogenic Fungi and control strategy in fruits: progress and prospect. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:2. [PMID: 37789422 PMCID: PMC10509826 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The disease caused by pathogenic fungi is the main cause of postharvest loss of fresh fruits. The formulation of disease control strategies greatly depends on the understanding of pathogenic mechanism of fungal pathogens and control strategy. In recent years, based on the application of various combinatorial research methods, some pathogenic genes of important postharvest fungal pathogens in fruit have been revealed, and their functions and molecular regulatory networks of virulence have been explored. These progresses not only provide a new perspective for understanding the molecular basis and regulation mechanism of pathogenicity of postharvest pathogenic fungi, but also are beneficial to giving theoretical guidance for the creation of new technologies of postharvest disease control. Here, we synthesized these recent advances and illustrated conceptual frameworks, and identified several issues on the focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Bo-Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Guo-Zheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Shi-Ping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Reactive oxygen species: A generalist in regulating development and pathogenicity of phytopathogenic fungi. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3344-3349. [PMID: 33294130 PMCID: PMC7677654 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are small molecules with high oxidative activity, and are usually produced as byproducts of metabolic processes in organisms. ROS play an important role during the interaction between plant hosts and pathogenic fungi. Phytopathogenic fungi have evolved sophisticated ROS producing and scavenging systems to achieve redox homeostasis. Emerging evidences suggest that ROS derived from fungi are involved in various important aspects of the development and pathogenesis, including formation of conidia, sclerotia, conidial anastomosis tubes (CATs) and infectious structures. In this mini-review, we summarize the research progress on the redox homeostasis systems, the versatile functions of ROS in the development and pathogenesis of phytopathogenic fungi, and the regulation effects of exogenous factors on intercellular ROS and virulence of the fungal pathogens.
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Liu Y, Filiatrault MJ. Antibacterial activity and mode of action of potassium tetraborate tetrahydrate against soft-rot bacterial plant pathogens. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2020; 166:837-848. [PMID: 32639227 PMCID: PMC7654739 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial soft rot caused by the bacteria Dickeya and Pectobacterium is a destructive disease of vegetables, as well as ornamental plants. Several management options exist to help control these pathogens. Because of the limited success of these approaches, there is a need for the development of alternative methods to reduce losses. In this study, we evaluated the effect of potassium tetraborate tetrahydrate (PTB) on the growth of six Dickeya and Pectobacterium spp. Disc diffusion assays showed that Dickeya spp. and Pectobacterium spp. differ in their sensitivity to PTB. Spontaneous PTB-resistant mutants of Pectobacterium were identified and further investigation of the mechanism of PTB resistance was conducted by full genome sequencing. Point mutations in genes cpdB and supK were found in a single Pectobacterium atrosepticum PTB-resistant mutant. Additionally, point mutations in genes prfB (synonym supK) and prmC were found in two independent Pectobacterium brasiliense PTB-resistant mutants. prfB and prmC encode peptide chain release factor 2 and its methyltransferase, respectively. We propose the disruption of translation activity due to PTB leads to Pectobacterium growth inhibition. The P. atrosepticum PTB-resistant mutant showed altered swimming motility. Disease severity was reduced for P. atrosepticum-inoculated potato stems sprayed with PTB. We discuss the potential risk of selecting for bacterial resistance to this chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Liu
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Melanie J. Filiatrault
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- *Correspondence: Melanie J. Filiatrault,
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Ultra-Structural Alterations in Botrytis cinerea-The Causal Agent of Gray Mold-Treated with Salt Solutions. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100582. [PMID: 31597236 PMCID: PMC6843600 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium bicarbonate (PB), calcium chelate (CCh), and sodium silicate (SSi) have been extensively used as antifungal generally recognized as safe (GRAS) compounds against plant pathogenic fungi. In this research, in in vitro tests, the radial growth, conidial germination, and germ tube elongation of Botrytis cinerea was completely inhibited at 0.3% of PB, SSi, and CCh. In in vivo tests, application of PB, SSi, and CCh completely inhibited the occurrence of gray mold incidence of inoculated 'Italia' grape berries at concentrations of 1.0, 0.8, and 0.8%, respectively. In order to investigate the detailed mechanisms by which salts exhibited antifungal activity, we analyzed their influence on morphological changes by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and also on reactive species of oxygen (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. Defects such as malformation and excessive septation were detected on salt-treated hyphae morphology observed by SEM. The internal structure of conidia treated or not with salt solutions was examined by TEM. In treated conidia, most of the conidia were affected and cellular vacuolization and cytoplasmic disorganization was observed. For ROS accumulation, a higher increase was observed in fluorescent conidia in presence of PB, SSi, and CCh by 75, 68, and 70% as compared to control, respectively. MMP was significantly decreased after salt application indicating a loss of mitochondria function. Also, luminescence showed that B. cinerea-conidia treated with salts contained less ATP than the untreated conidia. The results obtained herein are a step towards a comprehensive understanding of the mode of action by which salts act as antifungal agents against B. cinerea.
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Tedesco P, Fioravanti ML, Galuppi R. In vitro activity of chemicals and commercial products against Saprolegnia parasitica and Saprolegnia delica strains. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:237-248. [PMID: 30536642 PMCID: PMC7379612 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oomycetes of the genus Saprolegnia are responsible for severe economic losses in freshwater aquaculture. Following the ban of malachite green in food fish production, the demand for new treatments pushes towards the selection of more safe and environment-friendly products. In the present work, in vitro activity of ten chemicals and three commercial products was tested on different strains of Saprolegnia, using malachite green as reference compound. The compounds were screened in agar and in water to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum lethal concentration (MLC), respectively. Two strains of Saprolegnia parasitica and one isolate of Saprolegnia delica were tested in triplicate per each concentration. Among tested chemicals, benzoic acid showed the lowest MIC (100 ppm) followed by acetic acid, iodoacetic acid and copper sulphate (250 ppm). Sodium percarbonate was not effective at any tested concentration. Among commercial products, Virkon™ S was effective in inhibiting the growth of the mycelium (MIC = MLC = 1,000 ppm). Actidrox® and Detarox® AP showed MIC = 5,000 and 1,000 ppm, respectively, while MLCs were 10-fold lower than MICs, possibly due to a higher activity of these products in water. Similarly, a higher effectiveness in water was observed also for iodoacetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Tedesco
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaOzzano Emilia (BO)Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Fioravanti
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaOzzano Emilia (BO)Italy
| | - Roberta Galuppi
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaOzzano Emilia (BO)Italy
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10
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Ahmed FA, Arif M, Alvarez AM. Antibacterial Effect of Potassium Tetraborate Tetrahydrate against Soft Rot Disease Agent Pectobacterium carotovorum in Tomato. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1728. [PMID: 28955313 PMCID: PMC5601058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum is one of most common bacterial diseases occurring in fruits and vegetables worldwide, yet consumer-acceptable options for post-harvest disease management are still insufficient. We evaluated the effect of potassium tetraborate tetrahydrate (B4K2O7.4H2O) (PTB) on the growth of P. carotovorum using strain BA17 as a representative of high virulence. Complete inhibition of bacterial growth was achieved by treatment with PTB at 100 mM both at pH 9.2 and after adjustment to pH 7.0. Bactericidal activity was quantified and validated by counting fluorescently labeled live and dead bacterial cells using flow cytometry, and reconfirmed using qPCR with high-affinity photoreactive DNA binding dye propidium monoazide (PMA). The results of flow cytometry, qPCR, and culturing confirmed that bacterial cells were killed following exposure to PTB at 100 mM. Bacterial cell membranes were damaged following a 5-min treatment and extrusion of cytoplasmic material from bacterial cells was observed using electronic transmission microscopy. Soft rot incidence on inoculated tomato fruit was significantly reduced by dipping infected fruits in PTB at 100 mM for 5 min and no lesions developed following a 10-min treatment. PTB does not pose a hazard to human health and is an effective alternative to other bactericides and antibiotics for controlling soft rot disease of tomato caused by P. carotovorum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne M. Alvarez
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HonoluluHI, United States
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Ramos-Puebla A, De Santiago C, Trombotto S, David L, Larralde-Corona CP, Shirai K. Addition of abscisic acid increases the production of chitin deacetylase by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in submerged culture. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Niu LL, Bi Y, Bai XD, Zhang SG, Xue HL, Li YC, Wang Y, Calderón-Urrea A. Damage to Trichothecium roseum caused by sodium silicate is independent from pH. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:161-72. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-li Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Grassland Sciences and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-dong Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-gui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-li Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-cai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
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Wu Z, Yin X, Bañuelos GS, Lin ZQ, Zhu Z, Liu Y, Yuan L, Li M. Effect of Selenium on Control of Postharvest Gray Mold of Tomato Fruit and the Possible Mechanisms Involved. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1441. [PMID: 26779128 PMCID: PMC4702184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) has important benefits for crop growth and stress tolerance at low concentrations. However, there is very little information on antimicrobial effect of Se against the economically important fungus Botrytis cinerea. In the present study, using sodium selenite as Se source, we investigated the effect of Se salts on spore germination and mycelial growth of the fungal pathogen in vitro and gray mold control in harvested tomato fruit. Se treatment at 24 mg/L significantly inhibited spore germination of the fungal pathogen and effectively controlled gray mold in harvested tomato fruit. Se treatment at 24 mg/L seems to induce the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species in the fungal spores. The membrane integrity damage was observed with fluorescence microscopy following staining with propidium iodide after treatment of the spores with Se. These results suggest that Se has the potential for controlling gray mold rot of tomato fruits and might be useful in integrated control against gray mold disease of postharvest fruits and vegetables caused by B. cinerea. The mechanisms by which Se decreased gray mold decay of tomato fruit may be directly related to the severe damage to the conidia plasma membrane and loss of cytoplasmic materials from the hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province and Laboratory of Quality and Safty Risk Assessment for Agricultural Products on Storage and Preservation of the Ministry of Agriculture (Hefei), School of Plant Protection – School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, China
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China
| | - Xuebin Yin
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China
- Jiangsu Bio-Engineering Research Centre of SeleniumSuzhou, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China
| | - Gary S. Bañuelos
- Water Management Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, ParlierCA, USA
| | - Zhi-Qing Lin
- Environmental Sciences Program and Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, EdwardsvilleIL, USA
| | - Zhu Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Technology and Science BeijingBeijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China
- Jiangsu Bio-Engineering Research Centre of SeleniumSuzhou, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China
| | - Linxi Yuan
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China
- Jiangsu Bio-Engineering Research Centre of SeleniumSuzhou, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China
| | - Miao Li
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province and Laboratory of Quality and Safty Risk Assessment for Agricultural Products on Storage and Preservation of the Ministry of Agriculture (Hefei), School of Plant Protection – School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China
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14
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Ali SE, Thoen E, Evensen Ø, Wiik-Nielsen J, Gamil AAA, Skaar I. Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the toxic activity of boric acid against Saprolegnia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110343. [PMID: 25354209 PMCID: PMC4212911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a significant increase in the incidence of Saprolegnia infections over the past decades, especially after the banning of malachite green. Very often these infections are associated with high economic losses in salmonid farms and hatcheries. The use of boric acid to control the disease has been investigated recently both under in vitro and in vivo conditions, however its possible mode of action against fish pathogenic Saprolegnia is not known. In this study, we have explored the transformation in Saprolegnia spores/hyphae after exposure to boric acid (1 g/L) over a period 4-24 h post treatment. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), early changes in Saprolegnia spores were detected. Mitochondrial degeneration was the most obvious sign observed following 4 h treatment in about 20% of randomly selected spores. We also investigated the effect of the treatment on nuclear division, mitochondrial activity and function using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Fluorescence microscopy was also used to test the effect of treatment on mitochondrial membrane potential and formation of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, the viability and proliferation of treated spores that correlated to mitochondrial enzymatic activity were tested using an MTS assay. All obtained data pointed towards changes in the mitochondrial structure, membrane potential and enzymatic activity following treatment. We have found that boric acid has no effect on the integrity of membranes of Saprolegnia spores at concentrations tested. It is therefore likely that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the toxic activity of boric acid against Saprolegnia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Even Thoen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Ida Skaar
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Ali SE, Thoen E, Evensen Ø, Skaar I. Boric acid inhibits germination and colonization of Saprolegnia spores in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91878. [PMID: 24699283 PMCID: PMC3974685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Saprolegnia infections cause severe economic losses among freshwater fish and their eggs. The banning of malachite green increased the demand for finding effective alternative treatments to control the disease. In the present study, we investigated the ability of boric acid to control saprolegniosis in salmon eggs and yolk sac fry. Under in vitro conditions, boric acid was able to decrease Saprolegnia spore activity and mycelial growth in all tested concentrations above 0.2 g/L, while complete inhibition of germination and growth was observed at a concentration of 0.8 g/L. In in vivo experiments using Atlantic salmon eyed eggs, saprolegniosis was controlled by boric acid at concentrations ranging from 0.2-1.4 g/L during continuous exposure, and at 1.0-4.0 g/L during intermittent exposure. The same effect was observed on salmon yolk sac fry exposed continuously to 0.5 g/L boric acid during the natural outbreak of saprolegniosis. During the experiments no negative impact with regard to hatchability and viability was observed in either eggs or fry, which indicate safety of use at all tested concentrations. The high hatchability and survival rates recorded following the in vivo testing suggest that boric acid is a candidate for prophylaxis and control of saprolegniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Even Thoen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ida Skaar
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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