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Opitz MW, Díaz-Manzano FE, Ruiz-Ferrer V, Daneshkhah R, Ludwig R, Lorenz C, Escobar C, Steinkellner S, Wieczorek K. The other side of the coin: systemic effects of Serendipita indica root colonization on development of sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2024; 259:121. [PMID: 38615288 PMCID: PMC11016515 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Upon systemic S. indica colonization in split-root system cyst and root-knot nematodes benefit from endophyte-triggered carbon allocation and altered defense responses what significantly facilitates their development in A. thaliana. Serendipita indica is an endophytic fungus that establishes mutualistic relationships with different plants including Arabidopsis thaliana. It enhances host's growth and resistance to different abiotic and biotic stresses such as infestation by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii (CN). In this work, we show that S. indica also triggers similar direct reduction in development of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica (RKN) in A. thaliana. Further, to mimick the natural situation occurring frequently in soil where roots are unequally colonized by endophytes we used an in vitro split-root system with one half of A. thaliana root inoculated with S. indica and the other half infected with CN or RKN, respectively. Interestingly, in contrast to direct effects, systemic effects led to an increase in number of both nematodes. To elucidate this phenomenon, we focused on sugar metabolism and defense responses in systemic non-colonized roots of plants colonized by S. indica. We analyzed the expression of several SUSs and INVs as well as defense-related genes and measured sugar pools. The results show a significant downregulation of PDF1.2 as well as slightly increased sucrose levels in the non-colonized half of the root in three-chamber dish. Thus, we speculate that, in contrast to direct effects, both nematode species benefit from endophyte-triggered carbon allocation and altered defense responses in the systemic part of the root, which promotes their development. With this work, we highlight the complexity of this multilayered tripartite relationship and deliver new insights into sugar metabolism and plant defense responses during S. indica-nematode-plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Opitz
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Fernando Evaristo Díaz-Manzano
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Virginia Ruiz-Ferrer
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Roshanak Daneshkhah
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cindy Lorenz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Siegrid Steinkellner
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Krzysztof Wieczorek
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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Díaz-Manzano FE, Amora DX, Martínez-Gómez Á, Moelbak L, Escobar C. Biocontrol of Meloidogyne spp. in Solanum lycopersicum using a dual combination of Bacillus strains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1077062. [PMID: 36684755 PMCID: PMC9846617 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1077062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.) are obligate plant parasites that constitute a significant pest for agriculture worldwide. They penetrate the plant roots, reducing the uptake of water and nutrients, causing a significant impact on crop yield. One alternative on focus now for nematode management is biological control. Rhizobacteria within the Bacillus genus show multiple modes of action against plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) that can act alone or in combination. In this context, we evaluated a dual-strain bacteria combination (B. paralicheniformi FMCH001 and B. subtilis FMCH002) to reduce nematode infection in tomato plants. We evaluated mortality of larvae from Meloidogyne javanica in vitro, as well as eggs hatching after the treatment. Atraction, penetration, establishment, and reproduction assays in vitro or in pots in tomato plants infected with M. javanica and treated/ untreated with the dual-strain bacteria combination were also performed. Additionally, morphometric parameters comparing giant cells size from galls of treated and untreated plants by using confocal microscopy were also measured. The results showed that this combination of strains has nematicidal properties in the pre-infection phase by decreasing the egg-hatching, juvenile survival, and attractiveness to the roots. Furthermore, nematode establishment, gall formation, and, remarkably, giant cell development was severely impaired after the bacterial treatment, suggesting interference with morphogenetic mechanisms induced by the nematode during GCs development within the plant. Nematode reproduction in tomato plants was reduced independently of the application mode in soil, before or after bacterial treatment. The dual-strain combination was also effective against other PPNs (i.e. Pratylenchus spp.) and in different crops (soybean). Therefore, combining B. paralicheniformis FMCH001 and B. subtilis FMCH002 is an efficient agent for the biological control of Meloidogyne spp. by interfering with different stages of the nematode cycle as a result of multiple modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Evaristo Díaz-Manzano
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Deisy X. Amora
- Chr Hansen A/S, AP Innovation Department, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Ángela Martínez-Gómez
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Lars Moelbak
- Chr Hansen A/S, AP Innovation Department, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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3
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Qiu S, Maquilan MAD, Chaparro JX, Brito JA, Beckman TG, Dickson DW. Susceptibility of Flordaguard peach rootstock to a resistant-breaking population of Meloidogyne floridensis and two populations of Meloidogyne arenaria. J Nematol 2022; 53:e2021-111. [PMID: 35174334 PMCID: PMC8784979 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2021-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultivar Flordaguard is suggested as a root-knot nematode (RKN) resistant rootstock for Florida peaches, however, RKN disease has been observed on this rootstock in peach orchards. Our goal was to confirm whether the RKN resistance breaking isolates of M. floridensis and M. arenaria indeed could infect and reproduce on the peach rootstock cv. Flordaguard in both laboratory and field studies. Root galling occurred on all peach cultivars evaluated including Flordaguard, Flordaglo, Okinawa, and Lovell, in the presence of the RKN resistance-breaking isolates of M. floridensis (MfGnv14) and two M. arenaria isolates (Ma1 and Ma2). These rootstocks showed varying degrees of susceptibility (to a lesser extent in Okinawa) to these three RKN resistance-breaking isolates. The importance of nematode inoculum concentrations in differentiating between resistance and susceptible plants was demonstrated, and thus are an important factor to consider in nematode resistance breeding programs. In host differential tests the peach-originated isolates of M. floridensis and M. arenaria behaved similarly with the vegetable-originated isolates of M. floridensis on tomato, peanut, watermelon, and tobacco, but showed variable host responses on cotton and pepper. The two M. arenaria isolates from peach reproduced on pepper but not on peanut. To our knowledge this is the first report of M. arenaria race 3 infecting Flordaguard and pepper in Florida. Soil and root samples collected from cv. Flordaguard infected trees at two commercial peach orchards showed that M. floridensis and M. arenaria were established on the rootstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Qiu
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | | | - Jose X. Chaparro
- Horticulture Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Janete A. Brito
- Nematode Diagnostic Laboratory, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - Thomas G. Beckman
- USDA ARS, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA
| | - Donald W. Dickson
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Koutsovoulos GD, Marques E, Arguel M, Duret L, Machado ACZ, Carneiro RMDG, Kozlowski DK, Bailly‐Bechet M, Castagnone‐Sereno P, Albuquerque EVS, Danchin EGJ. Population genomics supports clonal reproduction and multiple independent gains and losses of parasitic abilities in the most devastating nematode pest. Evol Appl 2020; 13:442-457. [PMID: 31993088 PMCID: PMC6976969 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The root-knot nematodes are the most devastating worms to worldwide agriculture with Meloidogyne incognita being the most widely distributed and damaging species. This parasitic and ecological success seems surprising given its supposed obligatory clonal reproduction. Clonal reproduction has been suspected based on cytological observations but, so far, never confirmed by population genomics data. As a species, M. incognita is highly polyphagous with thousands of host plants. However, different M. incognita isolates present distinct and overlapping patterns of host compatibilities. Historically, four "host races" had been defined as a function of ranges of compatible and incompatible plants. In this study, we used population genomics to assess whether (a) reproduction is actually clonal in this species, (b) the host races follow an underlying phylogenetic signal or, rather represent multiple independent transitions, and (c) how genome variations associate with other important biological traits such as the affected crops and geographical distribution. We sequenced the genomes of 11 M. incognita isolates across Brazil that covered the four host races in replicates. By aligning the genomic reads of these isolates to the M. incognita reference genome assembly, we identified point variations. Analysis of linkage disequilibrium and 4-gametes test showed no evidence for recombination, corroborating the clonal reproduction of M. incognita. The few point variations between the isolates showed no significant association with the host races, the geographical origin of the samples, or the crop on which they have been collected. Addition of isolates from other locations around the world confirmed this lack of underlying phylogenetic signal. This suggests multiple gains and losses of parasitic abilities and adaptations to different environments account for the broad host spectrum and wide geographical distribution of M. incognita and thus to its high economic impact. This surprising adaptability without sex poses both evolutionary and agro-economic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eder Marques
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e BiotecnologiaBrasíliaBrazil
| | | | - Laurent Duret
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558CNRSUniversité Lyon 1Université de LyonVilleurbanneFrance
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5
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Baidoo R, Joseph S, Mengistu TM, Brito JA, McSorley R, Stamps RH, Crow WT. Mitochondrial Haplotype-based Identification of Root-knot Nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) on Cut Foliage Crops in Florida. J Nematol 2016; 48:193-202. [PMID: 27765993 PMCID: PMC5070932 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2017-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Florida accounts for more than 75% of the national cut foliage production. Unfortunately, root-knot nematodes (RKN) (Meloidogyne spp.) are a serious problem on these crops, rendering many farms unproductive. Currently, information on the Meloidogyne spp. occurring on most commonly cultivated cut foliage crops in Florida, and tools for their rapid identification are lacking. The objectives of this study were to (i) identify specific RKN infecting common ornamental cut foliage crops in Florida and (ii) evaluate the feasibility of using the mtDNA haplotype as a molecular diagnostic tool for rapid identification of large samples of RKN. A total of 200 Meloidogyne females were collected from cut foliage plant roots. Meloidogyne spp. were identified by PCR and RFLP of mitochondrial DNA. PCR and RFLP of mitochondrial DNA were effective in discriminating the Meloidogyne spp. present. Meloidogyne incognita is the most dominant RKN on cut foliage crops in Florida and must be a high target for making management decisions. Other Meloidogyne spp. identified include M. javanica, M. hapla, Meloidogyne sp. 1, and Meloidogyne sp. 2. The results for this study demonstrate the usefulness of the mtDNA haplotype-based designation as a valuable molecular tool for identification of Meloidogyne spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Baidoo
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, PO Box 110620, Natural Area Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Soumi Joseph
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, PO Box 110620, Natural Area Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Tesfamariam M Mengistu
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, PO Box 110620, Natural Area Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Janete A Brito
- Florida Division of Plant Industry, 1119 SW 34th St., Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - Robert McSorley
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, PO Box 110620, Natural Area Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Robert H Stamps
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Binion Rd, Apopka, FL 32703
| | - William T Crow
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, PO Box 110620, Natural Area Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611
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Pollok JR, Johnson CS, Eisenback JD, Reed TD. Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita Race 3 on Flue-cured Tobacco Homozygous for Rk1 and/or Rk2 Resistance Genes. J Nematol 2016; 48:79-86. [PMID: 27418700 PMCID: PMC4930319 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2017-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Most commercial tobacco cultivars possess the Rk1 resistance gene to races 1 and 3 of Meloidogyne incognita and race 1 of Meloidogyne arenaria, which has caused a shift in population prevalence in Virginia tobacco fields toward other species and races. A number of cultivars now also possess the Rk2 gene for root-knot resistance. Experiments were conducted in 2013 to 2014 to examine whether possessing both Rk1 and Rk2 increases resistance to a variant of M. incognita race 3 compared to either gene alone. Greenhouse trials were arranged in a completely randomized design with Coker 371-Gold (C371G; susceptible), NC 95 and SC 72 (Rk1Rk1), T-15-1-1 (Rk2Rk2), and STNCB-2-28 and NOD 8 (Rk1Rk1 and Rk2Rk2). Each plant was inoculated with 5,000 root-knot nematode eggs; data were collected 60 d postinoculation. Percent galling and numbers of egg masses and eggs were counted, the latter being used to calculate the reproductive index on each host. Despite variability, entries with both Rk1 and Rk2 conferred greater resistance to a variant of M. incognita race 3 than plants with Rk1 or Rk2 alone. Entries with Rk1 alone were successful in reducing root galling and nematode reproduction compared to the susceptible control. Entry T-15-1-1 did not reduce galling compared to the susceptible control but often suppressed reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Pollok
- Virginia Tech Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA 23824.; Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Charles S Johnson
- Virginia Tech Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA 23824.; Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - J D Eisenback
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - T David Reed
- Virginia Tech Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA 23824
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Janssen T, Karssen G, Verhaeven M, Coyne D, Bert W. Mitochondrial coding genome analysis of tropical root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne) supports haplotype based diagnostics and reveals evidence of recent reticulate evolution. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22591. [PMID: 26940543 PMCID: PMC4778069 DOI: 10.1038/srep22591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyphagous parthenogenetic root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne are considered to be the most significant nematode pest in sub-tropical and tropical agriculture. Despite the crucial need for correct diagnosis, identification of these pathogens remains problematic. The traditionally used diagnostic strategies, including morphometrics, host-range tests, biochemical and molecular techniques, now appear to be unreliable due to the recently-suggested hybrid origin of root-knot nematodes. In order to determine a suitable barcode region for these pathogens nine quickly-evolving mitochondrial coding genes were screened. Resulting haplotype networks revealed closely related lineages indicating a recent speciation, an anthropogenic-aided distribution through agricultural practices, and evidence for reticulate evolution within M. arenaria. Nonetheless, nucleotide polymorphisms harbor enough variation to distinguish these closely-related lineages. Furthermore, completeness of lineage sorting was verified by screening 80 populations from widespread geographical origins and variable hosts. Importantly, our results indicate that mitochondrial haplotypes are strongly linked and consistent with traditional esterase isozyme patterns, suggesting that different parthenogenetic lineages can be reliably identified using mitochondrial haplotypes. The study indicates that the barcode region Nad5 can reliably identify the major lineages of tropical root-knot nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon Janssen
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerrit Karssen
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- National Plant Protection Organization, Wageningen Nematode Collection, P.O. Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Myrtle Verhaeven
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Danny Coyne
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o icipe, Kasarani, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wim Bert
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Singh SK, Hodda M, Ash GJ. Plant-parasitic nematodes of potential phytosanitary importance, their main hosts and reported yield losses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/epp.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G. J. Ash
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (an alliance between Charles Sturt University and the NSW Department of Primary Industries); Wagga Wagga; NSW; 2678; Australia
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Castagnone-Sereno P, Danchin EGJ, Perfus-Barbeoch L, Abad P. Diversity and evolution of root-knot nematodes, genus Meloidogyne: new insights from the genomic era. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:203-20. [PMID: 23682915 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) (Meloidogyne spp.) are obligate endoparasites of major worldwide economic importance. They exhibit a wide continuum of variation in their reproductive strategies, ranging from amphimixis to obligatory mitotic parthenogenesis. Molecular phylogenetic studies have highlighted divergence between mitotic and meiotic parthenogenetic RKN species and probable interspecific hybridization as critical steps in their speciation and diversification process. The recent completion of the genomes of two RKNs, Meloidogyne hapla and Meloidogyne incognita, that exhibit striking differences in their mode of reproduction (with and without sex, respectively), their geographic distribution, and their host range has opened the way for deciphering the evolutionary significance of (a)sexual reproduction in these parasites. Accumulating evidence suggests that whole-genome duplication (in M. incognita) and horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) represent major forces that have shaped the genome of current RKN species and may account for the extreme adaptive capacities and parasitic success of these nematodes.
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