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Bortolami G, Ferrer N, Baumgartner K, Delzon S, Gramaje D, Lamarque LJ, Romanazzi G, Gambetta GA, Delmas CEL. Esca grapevine disease involves leaf hydraulic failure and represents a unique premature senescence process. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:441-451. [PMID: 36416206 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Xylem anatomy may change in response to environmental or biotic stresses. Vascular occlusion, an anatomical modification of mature xylem, contributes to plant resistance and susceptibility to different stresses. In woody organs, xylem occlusions have been examined as part of the senescence process, but their presence and function in leaves remain obscure. In grapevine, many stresses are associated with premature leaf senescence inducing discolorations and scorched tissue in leaves. However, we still do not know whether the leaf senescence process follows the same sequence of physiological events and whether leaf xylem anatomy is affected in similar ways. In this study, we quantified vascular occlusions in midribs from leaves with symptoms of the grapevine disease esca, magnesium deficiency and autumn senescence. We found higher amounts of vascular occlusions in leaves with esca symptoms (in 27% of xylem vessels on average), whereas the leaves with other symptoms (as well as the asymptomatic controls) had far fewer occlusions (in 3% of vessels). Therefore, we assessed the relationship between xylem occlusions and esca leaf symptoms in four different countries (California in the USA, France, Italy and Spain) and eight different cultivars. We monitored the plants over the course of the growing season, confirming that vascular occlusions do not evolve with symptom age. Finally, we investigated the hydraulic integrity of leaf xylem vessels by optical visualization of embolism propagation during dehydration. We found that the occlusions lead to hydraulic dysfunction mainly in the peripheral veins compared with the midribs in esca symptomatic leaves. These results open new perspectives on the role of vascular occlusions during the leaf senescence process, highlighting the uniqueness of esca leaf symptoms and its consequence on leaf physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bortolami
- INRAE, BSA, ISVV, SAVE, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kendra Baumgartner
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - David Gramaje
- Institute of Grapevine and Wine Sciences (ICVV), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), University of La Rioja and Government of La Rioja, Logroño 26007, Spain
| | - Laurent J Lamarque
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33615 Pessac, France
- Département des Sciences de l'Environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Shi H, Liu Y, Ding A, Wang W, Sun Y. Induced defense strategies of plants against Ralstonia solanacearum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1059799. [PMID: 36778883 PMCID: PMC9910360 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1059799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to Ralstonia solanacearum infestation through two layers of immune system (PTI and ETI). This process involves the production of plant-induced resistance. Strategies for inducing resistance in plants include the formation of tyloses, gels, and callose and changes in the content of cell wall components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, and suberin in response to pathogen infestation. When R. solanacearum secrete cell wall degrading enzymes, plants also sense the status of cell wall fragments through the cell wall integrity (CWI) system, which activates deep-seated defense responses. In addition, plants also fight against R. solanacearum infestation by regulating the distribution of metabolic networks to increase the production of resistant metabolites and reduce the production of metabolites that are easily exploited by R. solanacearum. We review the strategies used by plants to induce resistance in response to R. solanacearum infestation. In particular, we highlight the importance of plant-induced physical and chemical defenses as well as cell wall defenses in the fight against R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Shi
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- The Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Anming Ding
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Weifeng Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhe Sun
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Bortolami G, Farolfi E, Badel E, Burlett R, Cochard H, Ferrer N, King A, Lamarque LJ, Lecomte P, Marchesseau-Marchal M, Pouzoulet J, Torres-Ruiz JM, Trueba S, Delzon S, Gambetta GA, Delmas CEL. Seasonal and long-term consequences of esca grapevine disease on stem xylem integrity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3914-3928. [PMID: 33718947 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic failure has been extensively studied during drought-induced plant dieback, but its role in plant-pathogen interactions is under debate. During esca, a grapevine (Vitis vinifera) disease, symptomatic leaves are prone to irreversible hydraulic dysfunctions but little is known about the hydraulic integrity of perennial organs over the short- and long-term. We investigated the effects of esca on stem hydraulic integrity in naturally infected plants within a single season and across season(s). We coupled direct (ks) and indirect (kth) hydraulic conductivity measurements, and tylose and vascular pathogen detection with in vivo X-ray microtomography visualizations. Xylem occlusions (tyloses) and subsequent loss of stem hydraulic conductivity (ks) occurred in all shoots with severe symptoms (apoplexy) and in more than 60% of shoots with moderate symptoms (tiger-stripe), with no tyloses in asymptomatic shoots. In vivo stem observations demonstrated that tyloses occurred only when leaf symptoms appeared, and resulted in more than 50% loss of hydraulic conductance in 40% of symptomatic stems, unrelated to symptom age. The impact of esca on xylem integrity was only seasonal, with no long-term impact of disease history. Our study demonstrated how and to what extent a vascular disease such as esca, affecting xylem integrity, could amplify plant mortality through hydraulic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Farolfi
- INRAE, BSA, ISVV, SAVE, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Eric Badel
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Regis Burlett
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Herve Cochard
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Andrew King
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Laurent J Lamarque
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33615 Pessac, France
- Département des Sciences de l'Environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | | | | | - Jerome Pouzoulet
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, 210 chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jose M Torres-Ruiz
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Santiago Trueba
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33615 Pessac, France
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | - Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, 210 chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Kashyap A, Planas-Marquès M, Capellades M, Valls M, Coll NS. Blocking intruders: inducible physico-chemical barriers against plant vascular wilt pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:184-198. [PMID: 32976552 PMCID: PMC7853604 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vascular wilt pathogens cause devastating diseases in plants. Proliferation of these pathogens in the xylem causes massive disruption of water and mineral transport, resulting in severe wilting and death of the infected plants. Upon reaching the xylem vascular tissue, these pathogens multiply profusely, spreading vertically within the xylem sap, and horizontally between vessels and to the surrounding tissues. Plant resistance to these pathogens is very complex. One of the most effective defense responses in resistant plants is the formation of physico-chemical barriers in the xylem tissue. Vertical spread within the vessel lumen is restricted by structural barriers, namely, tyloses and gels. Horizontal spread to the apoplast and surrounding healthy vessels and tissues is prevented by vascular coating of the colonized vessels with lignin and suberin. Both vertical and horizontal barriers compartmentalize the pathogen at the infection site and contribute to their elimination. Induction of these defenses are tightly coordinated, both temporally and spatially, to avoid detrimental consequences such as cavitation and embolism. We discuss current knowledge on mechanisms underlying plant-inducible structural barriers against major xylem-colonizing pathogens. This knowledge may be applied to engineer metabolic pathways of vascular coating compounds in specific cells, to produce plants resistant towards xylem colonizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kashyap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marc Planas-Marquès
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Genetics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
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Delisle-Houde M, Blais M, Tweddell RJ, Rioux D. Antibacterial activity of geraniin from sugar maple leaves: an ultrastructural study with the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians. JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE ITALIAN PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2021; 103:461-471. [PMID: 33551638 PMCID: PMC7856855 DOI: 10.1007/s42161-021-00743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Effect of geraniin extracted from sugar maple (Acer saccharum) leaves on the viability of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians was evaluated with the SYTOX Green nucleic acid stain, penetrating only compromised membranes, and plate counts. In parallel, structural changes of treated bacteria were examined in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Based on SYTOX Green and plate counts, geraniin at the minimum bactericidal concentration (3.125 mg/ml) increased mortality after 45 min by 37% and 62%, respectively, when compared with controls. According to observations in TEM, geraniin caused morphological alterations of these rod-shaped bacteria, including degradation of their envelopes, as also suggested by the incorporation of SYTOX. These alterations were often accompanied by cytoplasm leakage and the formation of more pronounced whitish areas in the cytoplasm similar to vacuolization. Moreover, multi-membranous and/or -wall systems were at times formed in the treated bacteria. The presence of some extracellular electron-dense material was frequently noted around the treated bacteria. The matrix surrounding control bacteria tended to disappear after geraniin treatment. This study highlights for the first time the effect of geraniin on bacterial ultrastructure, thus contributing to a better understanding of the mechanism by which this molecule exerts antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martine Blais
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, QC G1V 4C7 Québec, Canada
| | | | - Danny Rioux
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, QC G1V 4C7 Québec, Canada
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Examining the Utility of Visible Near-Infrared and Optical Remote Sensing for the Early Detection of Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12111846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The early detection of plant pathogens at the landscape scale holds great promise for better managing forest ecosystem threats. In Hawai‘i, two recently described fungal species are responsible for increasingly widespread mortality in ‘ōhi‘a Metrosideros polymorpha, a foundational tree species in Hawaiian native forests. In this study, we share work from repeat laboratory and field measurements to determine if visible near-infrared and optical remote sensing can detect pre-symptomatic trees infected with these pathogens. After generating a dense time series of laboratory spectral reflectance data and red green blue (RGB) images for inoculated ‘ōhi‘a seedlings, seedlings subjected to extreme drought, and control plants, we found few obvious spectral indicators that could be used for reliable pre-symptomatic detection in the inoculated seedlings, which quickly experienced complete and total wilting following stress onset. In the field, we found similar results when we collected repeat multispectral and RGB imagery over inoculated mature trees (sudden onset of symptoms with little advance warning). We found selected vegetation indices to be reliable indicators for detecting non-specific stress in ‘ōhi‘a trees, but never providing more than five days prior warning relative to visual detection in the laboratory trials. Finally, we generated a sequence of linear support vector machine classification models from the laboratory data at time steps ranging from pre-treatment to late-stage stress. Overall classification accuracies increased with stress stage maturity, but poor model performance prior to stress onset and the sudden onset of symptoms in infected trees suggest that early detection of rapid ‘ōhi‘a death over timescales helpful for land managers remains a challenge.
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