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de Carvalho DU, da Cruz MA, Vidal TCM, Colombo RC, Yada IFU, Neves CSVJ, Leite Junior RP, Tazima ZH. Rootstock selection for 'Swatow' Mandarin trees grown at different locations throughout the Brazilian subtropics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36791. [PMID: 39296164 PMCID: PMC11408030 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Evaluating citrus rootstocks is of paramount importance in determining their suitability for a certain region and promoting resilience in orchards by increasing the genetic pool, thereby potentially contributing to a more strategic establishment of new plantings. This long-term field study (2000-2013) aimed to evaluate different rootstocks for 'Swatow' mandarin grown at two locations (Paranavaí and Londrina) in the Brazilian subtropics. Nine rootstocks were evaluated, including 'Rangpur' lime, 'Swingle' citrumelo, 'Volkamer' lemon, 'Caipira DAC' sweet orange, 'Cleopatra' and 'Sunki' mandarins, 'Trifoliate' orange, 'Carrizo', and 'Fepagro C-13' citranges. Trees were assessed for vegetative growth, yield, fruit quality, density, and yield estimates. The experimental design was a randomized block arranged in a 9 × 2 setting (rootstock × location) with 6 replicates and 4 trees per plot. 'Swatow' trees grew more vigorously in Londrina than Paranavaí, particularly for 'Cleopatra' and 'Sunki' pairings. Tree vigor was reduced with 'Trifoliate', resulting in higher tree density estimates and yield efficiency. This rootstock, along with 'Rangpur', 'Swingle', and 'Carrizo' provided superior yield to the scion. All tested rootstocks conferred good fruit quality. Fruits were larger and heavier in 'Sunki' pairings, showing higher soluble solids (SS) content, along with 'Caipira DAC', 'Trifoliate', 'Swingle', and 'Carrizo' at both locations. Our findings confirm the suitability of 'Trifoliate' orange, 'Carrizo' citrange, or 'Caipira DAC' orange rootstocks as promising candidates for 'Swatow' mandarin cultivation in humid subtropical and analogous regions. Further investigations are invoked to improve the horticultural performance of 'Swatow' mandarin trees grafted onto these rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deived Uilian de Carvalho
- Área de Proteção de Plantas, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná (IDR-Paraná), Londrina, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida da Cruz
- Área de Proteção de Plantas, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná (IDR-Paraná), Londrina, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Ronan Carlos Colombo
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal Tecnológica do Paraná (UFTPR), Francisco Beltrão, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rui Pereira Leite Junior
- Área de Proteção de Plantas, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná (IDR-Paraná), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Zuleide Hissano Tazima
- Área de Fitotecnia, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná (IDR-Paraná), Londrina, Brazil
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2
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Liu C, Chang X, Li F, Yan Y, Zuo X, Huang G, Li R. Transcriptome analysis of Citrus sinensis reveals potential responsive events triggered by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:499-512. [PMID: 38092896 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), is a devastating immune-mediated disorder that has a detrimental effect on the citrus industry, with the distinguishing feature being an eruption of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study explored the alterations in antioxidant enzyme activity, transcriptome, and RNA editing events of organelles in C. sinensis during CLas infection. Results indicated that there were fluctuations in the performance of antioxidant enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in plants affected by HLB. Transcriptome analysis revealed 3604 genes with altered expression patterns between CLas-infected and healthy samples, including those associated with photosynthesis, biotic interactions, and phytohormones. Samples infected with CLas showed a decrease in the expression of most genes associated with photosynthesis and gibberellin metabolism. It was discovered that RNA editing frequency and the expression level of various genes in the chloroplast and mitochondrion genomes were affected by CLas infection. Our findings provide insights into the inhibition of photosynthesis, gibberellin metabolism, and antioxidant enzymes during CLas infection in C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaopeng Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fuxuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yana Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiru Zuo
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guiyan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Ruimin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China.
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Pandey SS, Li J, Oswalt C, Wang N. Dynamics of ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Growth, Concentrations of Reactive Oxygen Species, and Ion Leakage in Huanglongbing-Positive Sweet Orange. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:961-970. [PMID: 38478730 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-23-0294-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) is the most devastating citrus disease worldwide. CLas induces systemic and chronic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which has been suggested to be a primary cause of cell death in phloem tissues and subsequent HLB symptoms. Mitigating oxidative stress caused by CLas using horticultural approaches has been suggested as a useful strategy to reduce HLB damages. To provide information regarding the application timing to mitigate ROS, we investigated monthly dynamics of CLas concentration, CLas-triggered ROS, and phloem cell death in the bark tissues of asymptomatic and symptomatic branches of HLB-positive Hamlin and Valencia sweet orange trees in the field. Healthy branches in the screenhouse were used as controls. CLas concentration exhibited significant variations over the course of the year, with two distinct peaks observed in Florida citrus groves-late spring/early summer and late fall. Within both Hamlin and Valencia asymptomatic tissues, CLas concentration demonstrated a negative correlation with the deviation between the monthly average mean temperature and the optimal temperature for CLas colonization in plants (25.7°C). However, such a correlation was not evident in symptomatic tissues of Hamlin or Valencia sweet oranges. ROS levels were consistently higher in symptomatic or asymptomatic branches than in healthy branches in most months. ROS concentrations were higher in symptomatic branches than in asymptomatic branches in most months. CLas triggered significant increases in ion leakage in most months for asymptomatic and symptomatic branches compared with healthy controls. In asymptomatic branches of Hamlin, a positive correlation was observed between CLas concentration and ROS concentrations, CLas concentration and ion leakage levels, as well as ROS and ion leakage. Intriguingly, such a relationship was not observed in Valencia asymptomatic branches or in the symptomatic branches of Hamlin and Valencia. This study sheds light on the pathogenicity of CLas by providing useful information on the temporal dynamics of ROS production, phloem cell death, and CLas growth, as well as provides useful information in determining the timing for application of antioxidants and antimicrobial agents to control HLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC), Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
- Current affiliation: Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati 781035, India
| | - Jinyun Li
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC), Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Chris Oswalt
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Bartow, FL 33830, U.S.A
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC), Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
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Guerrero-Santos R, Cabrales-Orona G, Délano-Frier JP, Cabello-Romero J, Torres-Lubián JR, Valenzuela-Soto JH. Trunk Injection of Citrus Trees with a Polymeric Nanobactericide Reduces Huanglongbing Severity Caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 40:139-150. [PMID: 38606444 PMCID: PMC11016554 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.12.2023.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a disease caused by the phloem- limited Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) that affects the citrus industry worldwide. To date, only indirect strategies have been implemented to eradicate HLB. Included among these is the population control of the psyllid vector (Diaphorina citri), which usually provides inconsistent results. Even though strategies for direct CLas suppression seem a priori more promising, only a handful of reports have been focused on a confrontation of the pathogen. Recent developments in polymer chemistry have allowed the design of polycationic self-assembled block copolymers with outstanding antibacterial capabilities. Here, we report the use of polymeric nano-sized bactericide particles (PNB) to control CLas directly in the phloem vasculature. The field experiments were performed in Rioverde, San Luis Potosí, and is one of the most important citrusproducing regions in Mexico. An average 52% reduction in the bacterial population was produced when PNB was injected directly into the trunk of 20 infected trees, although, in some cases, reduction levels reached 97%. These results position PNB as a novel and promising nanotechnological tool for citrus crop protection against CLas and other related pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Guerrero-Santos
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna No. 140, 25294, Saltillo, México
| | - Gabriela Cabrales-Orona
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, 36821, Guanajuato, México
| | - John Paul Délano-Frier
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, 36821, Guanajuato, México
| | - Judith Cabello-Romero
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna No. 140, 25294, Saltillo, México
| | - José Román Torres-Lubián
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna No. 140, 25294, Saltillo, México
| | - José Humberto Valenzuela-Soto
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna No. 140, 25294, Saltillo, México
- CONAHCyT-Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna Hermosillo 140, Saltillo, 25294, Coahuila, México
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Miranda MP, Fitches EC, Sukiran NA, Eduardo WI, Garcia RB, Jaciani FJ, Readshaw JJ, Bell J, Peña L. Spider venom neurotoxin based bioinsecticides: A novel bioactive for the control of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera). Toxicon 2024; 239:107616. [PMID: 38218384 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is a key vector of the phloem-limited bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) associated with huanglongbing (HLB), the most serious and currently incurable disease of citrus worldwide. Here we report the first investigation into the potential use of a spider venom-derived recombinant neurotoxin, ω/κ-HxTx-Hv1h (hereafter HxTx-Hv1h) when delivered alone or when fused to snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) to control D. citri. Proteins, including GNA alone, were purified from fermented transformed yeast Pichia pastoris cultures. Recombinant HxTx-Hv1h, HxTx-Hv1h/GNA and GNA were all orally toxic to D. citri, with Day 5 median lethal concentrations (LC50) derived from dose-response artificial diet assays of 27, 20 and 52 μM, respectively. Western analysis of whole insect protein extracts confirmed that psyllid mortality was attributable to protein ingestion and that the fusion protein was stable to cleavage by D. citri proteases. When applied topically (either via droplet or spray) HxTx-Hv1h/GNA was the most effective of the proteins causing >70 % mortality 5 days post treatment, some 2 to 3-fold higher levels of mortality as compared to the toxin alone. By contrast, no significant mortality or phenotypic effects were observed for bumble bees (Bombus terrestris L.) fed on the recombinant proteins in acute toxicity assays. This suggests that HxTx-Hv1h/GNA has potential as a novel bioinsecticide for the management of D. citri offering both enhanced target specificity as compared to chemical pesticides and compatibility with integrated pest management (IPM) strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo P Miranda
- Fund for Citrus Protection (Fundecitrus), Research and Development, Avenida Dr. Adhemar Pereira de Barros, 201, 14807- 040, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Fitches
- School of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
| | - Nur Afiqah Sukiran
- School of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Wellington I Eduardo
- Fund for Citrus Protection (Fundecitrus), Research and Development, Avenida Dr. Adhemar Pereira de Barros, 201, 14807- 040, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael B Garcia
- Fund for Citrus Protection (Fundecitrus), Research and Development, Avenida Dr. Adhemar Pereira de Barros, 201, 14807- 040, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabrício J Jaciani
- Fund for Citrus Protection (Fundecitrus), Research and Development, Avenida Dr. Adhemar Pereira de Barros, 201, 14807- 040, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Jennifer J Readshaw
- School of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Bell
- School of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Leandro Peña
- Instituto de Biologıa Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMCP-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
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6
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Galvañ A, Bassanezi RB, Luo W, Vanaclocha P, Vicent A, Lázaro E. Risk-based regionalization approach for area-wide management of HLB vectors in the Mediterranean Basin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1256935. [PMID: 38111874 PMCID: PMC10725980 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1256935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most devastating citrus diseases worldwide. It is associated with the non-culture bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter spp., which can be transmitted by grafting and/or the psyllid vectors Diaphorina citri (ACP) and Trioza erytreae (AfCP). Although HLB has not been reported in the Mediterranean Basin to date, both vectors are present, and thus represent a serious threat to the citrus industry in this region. Resistant citrus cultivars or effective therapeutic treatments are not currently available for HLB. Nevertheless, area-wide pest management via coordinated management efforts over large areas has been implemented in Brazil, China and the USA for HLB control. This study proposes an open access flexible methodology to address area-wide management of both HLB vectors in the Mediterranean Basin. Based on a risk-based approach which considers climatic information and other variables that may influence vector introduction and spread, such as conventional, organic, abandoned and residential citrus areas as well as transportation corridors, an area-wide management division in pest management areas (PMAs) is proposed. The size and location of these PMAs were estimated by means of a hierarchical clustering algorithm with spatial constraints whose performance was assessed under different configuration scenarios. This proposal may assist policymakers and the citrus industry of the citrus-growing areas of the Mediterranean Basin in risk management planning in the case of the spread of HLB vectors or a possible introduction of the disease. Additionally, it may be a valuable resource to inform opinion dynamic models, enabling the identification of pivotal factors for the success of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Galvañ
- Centre de Protecció Vegetal i Biotecnologia, Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Renato Beozzo Bassanezi
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Weiqi Luo
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
- Center for Integrated Pest Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Pilar Vanaclocha
- Centre de Protecció Vegetal i Biotecnologia, Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Antonio Vicent
- Centre de Protecció Vegetal i Biotecnologia, Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Elena Lázaro
- Centre de Protecció Vegetal i Biotecnologia, Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
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7
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Su Y, Dai S, Li N, Gentile A, He C, Xu J, Duan K, Wang X, Wang B, Li D. Unleashing the Potential of EIL Transcription Factors in Enhancing Sweet Orange Resistance to Bacterial Pathologies: Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12644. [PMID: 37628825 PMCID: PMC10454048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE (EIL) family is one of the most important transcription factor (TF) families in plants and is involved in diverse plant physiological and biochemical processes. In this study, ten EIL transcription factors (CsEILs) in sweet orange were systematically characterized via whole-genome analysis. The CsEIL genes were unevenly distributed across the four sweet orange chromosomes. Putative cis-acting regulatory elements (CREs) associated with CsEIL were found to be involved in plant development, as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Notably, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that CsEIL genes were widely expressed in different organs of sweet orange and responded to both high and low temperature, NaCl treatment, and to ethylene-dependent induction of transcription, while eight additionally responded to Xanthomonas citri pv. Citri (Xcc) infection, which causes citrus canker. Among these, CsEIL2, CsEIL5 and CsEIL10 showed pronounced upregulation. Moreover, nine genes exhibited differential expression in response to Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) infection, which causes Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB). The genome-wide characterization and expression profile analysis of CsEIL genes provide insights into the potential functions of the CsEIL family in disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Su
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University (Changsha Branch), Changsha 410128, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (X.W.)
| | - Suming Dai
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University (Changsha Branch), Changsha 410128, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Na Li
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University (Changsha Branch), Changsha 410128, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Cong He
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University (Changsha Branch), Changsha 410128, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (X.W.)
| | - Kangle Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (X.W.)
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (X.W.)
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (X.W.)
| | - Dazhi Li
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University (Changsha Branch), Changsha 410128, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Aidoo OF, Ablormeti FK, Ninsin KD, Antwi-Agyakwa AK, Osei-Owusu J, Heve WK, Dofuor AK, Soto YL, Edusei G, Osabutey AF, Sossah FL, Aryee CO, Alabi OJ, Sétamou M. First report on the presence of huanglongbing vectors (Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae) in Ghana. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11366. [PMID: 37443168 PMCID: PMC10344884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As significant threats to global citrus production, Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama; Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio; Hemiptera: Triozidae) have caused considerable losses to citrus trees globally. Diaphorina citri vectors "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" and "Ca. L. americanus", whereas T. erytreae transmits "Ca. L. africanus" and "Ca. L. asiaticus", the pathogens responsible for citrus greening disease or Huanglongbing (HLB). Though HLB is a destructive disease of citrus wherever it occurs, information on the occurrence and geographical distribution of its vectors in Africa is limited. In recent surveys to determine if HLB vectors are present in Ghana, we observed eggs, nymphs, and adults of insects suspected to be D. citri and T. erytreae. Using morphological traits and DNA analyses, the identity of the suspected insects was confirmed to be D. citri and T. erytreae. Individuals of D. citri and T. erytreae were examined using qPCR for CLaf, CLam, and CLas, but none of them tested positive for any of the Liberibacter species. Herein we report, for the first time, the presence of D. citri and T. erytreae in Ghana (West Africa). We discuss the implications of this new threat to the citrus industry to formulate appropriate management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owusu F Aidoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, PMB, Somanya, E/R, Ghana.
| | - Fred K Ablormeti
- Council for Scientific Industrial Research, Oil Palm Research Institute, Coconut Research Programme, P. O. Box 245, Sekondi, Ghana
| | - Kodwo D Ninsin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, PMB, Somanya, E/R, Ghana
| | | | - Jonathan Osei-Owusu
- Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - William K Heve
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, PMB, Somanya, E/R, Ghana
| | - Aboagye K Dofuor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, PMB, Somanya, E/R, Ghana
| | - Yovanna L Soto
- Texas A&M University-Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco, 78599, USA
| | - George Edusei
- Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | | | - Frederick L Sossah
- Council for Scientific Industrial Research, Oil Palm Research Institute, Coconut Research Programme, P. O. Box 245, Sekondi, Ghana
| | | | - Olufemi J Alabi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, 78596, USA
| | - Mamoudou Sétamou
- Texas A&M University-Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco, 78599, USA.
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Morán F, Herrero-Cervera M, Carvajal-Rojas S, Marco-Noales E. Real-time on-site detection of the three ' Candidatus Liberibacter' species associated with HLB disease: a rapid and validated method. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1176513. [PMID: 37351204 PMCID: PMC10282772 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1176513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating disease that affects all commercial citrus species worldwide. The disease is associated with bacteria of three species of the genus 'Candidatus Liberibacter' transmitted by psyllid vectors. To date, HLB has no cure, so preventing its introduction into HLB-free areas is the best strategy to control its spread. For that, the use of accurate, sensitive, specific, and reliable detection methods is critical for good integrated management of this serious disease. This study presents a new real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) protocol able to detect the three 'Ca. Liberibacter' species associated with HLB in both plant and insect samples, validated according to European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) guidelines and tested on 365 samples from nine different geographic origins. This new protocol does not require nucleic acid purification or specialized equipment, making it ideal to be used under field conditions. It is based on specific primers and probe targeting a region of fusA gene, which shows a specificity of 94%-100%, both in silico and in vitro, for the 'Ca. Liberibacter' species associated with HLB. The analytical sensitivity of the new protocol is excellent, with a reliable detection limit in the order of 101 copies per microliter in HLB-infected plant and insect material. The repeatability and reproducibility of the new methods showed consistent results. Diagnostic parameters of the new RPA protocol were calculated and compared with the gold standard technique, a quantitative real-time PCR, in both crude extracts of citrus plants and insect vectors. The agreement between the two techniques was almost perfect according to the estimated Cohen's kappa index, with a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 83.89% and 100%, respectively, and a relative accuracy of 91.59%. Moreover, the results are obtained in less than 35 min. All these results indicate the potential of this new RPA protocol to be implemented as a reliable on-site detection kit for HLB due to its simplicity, speed, and portability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Morán
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Unidad de Bacteriología, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario Herrero-Cervera
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Unidad de Bacteriología, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sofía Carvajal-Rojas
- Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM), Laboratorio de Fitopatógenos Obligados y sus Vectores (LaFOV), San José, Costa Rica
| | - Ester Marco-Noales
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Unidad de Bacteriología, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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10
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Pandey SS, Xu J, Achor DS, Li J, Wang N. Microscopic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Early Events Triggered by ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' in Young Flushes of Huanglongbing-Positive Citrus Trees. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:985-997. [PMID: 36449527 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0360-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) is associated with the devastating citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB). Young flushes are the center of the HLB pathosystem due to their roles in the psyllid life cycle and in the acquisition and transmission of CLas. However, the early events of CLas infection and how CLas modulates young flush physiology remain poorly understood. Here, transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the mean diameter of the sieve pores decreased in young leaves of HLB-positive trees after CLas infection, consistent with CLas-triggered callose deposition. RNA-seq-based global expression analysis of young leaves of HLB-positive sweet orange with (CLas-Pos) and without (CLas-Neg) detectable CLas demonstrated a significant impact on gene expression in young leaves, including on the expression of genes involved in host immunity, stress response, and plant hormone biosynthesis and signaling. CLas-Pos and CLas-Neg expression data displayed distinct patterns. The number of upregulated genes was higher than that of the downregulated genes in CLas-Pos for plant-pathogen interactions, glutathione metabolism, peroxisome, and calcium signaling, which are commonly associated with pathogen infections, compared with the healthy control. On the contrary, the number of upregulated genes was lower than that of the downregulated genes in CLas-Neg for genes involved in plant-pathogen interactions and peroxisome biogenesis/metabolism. Additionally, a time-course quantitative reverse transcription-PCR-based expression analysis visualized the induced expression of companion cell-specific genes, phloem protein 2 genes, and sucrose transport genes in young flushes triggered by CLas. This study advances our understanding of early events during CLas infection of citrus young flushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Jin Xu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Diann S Achor
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Jinyun Li
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
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11
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Ribeiro C, Xu J, Hendrich C, Pandey SS, Yu Q, Gmitter FG, Wang N. Seasonal Transcriptome Profiling of Susceptible and Tolerant Citrus Cultivars to Citrus Huanglongbing. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:286-298. [PMID: 36001783 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0179-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) is the most devastating citrus disease worldwide. Most commercial citrus cultivars are susceptible to HLB, with a few more tolerant exceptions such as 'LB8-9' Sugar Belle mandarin. Transcriptomic analyses have been widely used to investigate the potential mechanisms for disease susceptibility, resistance, or tolerance. Previous transcriptomic studies related to HLB mostly focused on single time point data collection. We hypothesize that changes in day length and temperature throughout the seasons have profound effects on citrus-CLas interactions. Here, we conducted RNA-seq analyses on HLB-susceptible Valencia sweet orange and HLB-tolerant mandarin 'LB8-9' in winter, spring, summer, and fall. Significant variations in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to HLB were observed among the four seasons. For both cultivars, the highest number of DEGs were found in the spring. CLas infection stimulates the expression of immune-related genes such as NBS-LRR, RLK, RLCK, CDPK, MAPK pathway, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and PR genes in both cultivars, consistent with the model that HLB is a pathogen-triggered immune disease. HLB-positive mandarin 'LB8-9' trees contained higher concentrations of maltose and sucrose, which are known to scavenge ROS. In addition, mandarin 'LB8-9' showed higher expression of genes involved in phloem regeneration, which might contribute to its HLB tolerance. This study shed light on the pathogenicity mechanism of the HLB pathosystem and the tolerance mechanism against HLB, providing valuable insights into HLB management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ribeiro
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Jin Xu
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Connor Hendrich
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Qibin Yu
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Frederick G Gmitter
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
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12
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Guo CF, Qiu JH, Hu YW, Xu PP, Deng YQ, Tian L, Wei YY, Sang W, Liu YT, Qiu BL. Silencing of V-ATPase-E gene causes midgut apoptosis of Diaphorina citri and affects its acquisition of Huanglongbing pathogen. INSECT SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 36346663 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is among the most important pests of citrus. It is the main vector of the Huanglongbing (HLB) pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), which causes severe losses in citrus crops. Control of D. citri is therefore of paramount importance to reduce the spread of HLB. In this regard, using RNA interference (RNAi) to silence target genes is a useful strategy to control psyllids. In this study, using RNAi, we examined the biological functions of the V-ATPase subunit E (V-ATP-E) gene of D. citri, including its effect on acquisition of CLas. The amino acid sequence of V-ATP-E from D. citri had high homology with proteins from other insects. V-ATP-E was expressed at all D. citri life stages analyzed, and the expression level in mature adults was higher than that of teneral adults. Silencing of V-ATP-E resulted in a significant increase in mortality, reduced body weight, and induced cell apoptosis of the D. citri midgut. The reduced expression of V-ATP-E was indicated to inhibit CLas passing through the midgut and into the hemolymph, leading to a majority of CLas being confined to the midgut. In addition, double-stranded RNA of D. citri V-ATP-E was safe to non-target parasitic wasps. These results suggest that V-ATP-E is an effective RNAi target that can be used in D. citri control to block CLas infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Fei Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hong Qiu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of South China Modern Biological Seed Industry, MARA, National S&T Innovation Center for Modern Agricultural Industry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Ping Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Qi Deng
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Tian
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Yun Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Sang
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Modern Biological Seed Industry, MARA, National S&T Innovation Center for Modern Agricultural Industry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Oliveira DF, Benhadi‐Marín J, Neto J, Sanz L, Garzo E, Aguiar A, Fereres A, Pereira JA. Kaolin particle films disrupt landing, settling behavior and feeding of Trioza erytrae on lemon plants. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4753-4763. [PMID: 35894950 PMCID: PMC9805282 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The citrus greening disease or Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most devastating disease of citrus crops. Trioza erytreae is a vector of HLB. Since its introduction in Europe, the insect reached the northern region of Spain and the southern region of Portugal, threatening relevant citrus production areas. Limiting the spread of HLB vectors is mandatory to prevent this disease. In this work, we assessed the effect of kaolin, a white mineral clay, on the landing, settling behavior and feeding behavior of Trioza erytreae on lemon plants. RESULTS After kaolin application, the number of plants on which the insect was found was significantly lower than on untreated plants in the laboratory and in the field. Moreover, there were significantly fewer T. erytreae and a shorter duration of phloem-related events on kaolin-treated than untreated plants. CONCLUSION The use of kaolin could be a suitable and efficient tool for inclusion into integrated pest management programs or organic production to reduce populations of T. erytreae and subsequently limit the spread of HLB in citrus crops. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Félix Oliveira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de BragançaCampus Sta ApolóniaBragançaPortugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de BragançaCampus Sta ApolóniaBragançaPortugal
| | - Jacinto Benhadi‐Marín
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de BragançaCampus Sta ApolóniaBragançaPortugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de BragançaCampus Sta ApolóniaBragançaPortugal
| | - Joana Neto
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, DGAOTFaculty of Sciences of the University of PortoVairãoPortugal
| | - Lorena Sanz
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ICA‐CSICMadridSpain
| | - Elisa Garzo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ICA‐CSICMadridSpain
| | - Ana Aguiar
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, DGAOTFaculty of Sciences of the University of PortoVairãoPortugal
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ICA‐CSICMadridSpain
| | - José Alberto Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de BragançaCampus Sta ApolóniaBragançaPortugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de BragançaCampus Sta ApolóniaBragançaPortugal
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14
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Eduardo WI, Miranda MP, Volpe HXL, Garcia RB, Girardi EA, Alquezar B, Ruiz AE, Peña L. Resistance of True Citrus species to Diaphorina citri. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4783-4792. [PMID: 35900363 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host genetic resistance is a promising strategy for the management of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), and consequently Huanglongbing (HLB). To date, no study has investigated the resistance to D. citri in the clonal and vegetatively propagated plants of the Microcitrus, Eremocitrus, and Atalantia genera. This study assesses Near and True Citrus genotype antixenosis and antibiosis against D. citri, with trichome density and volatile emission as possible mechanisms of resistance. RESULTS All genotypes were oviposited by D. citri, however, 8 of 14 genotypes were less oviposited than Citrus × sinensis 'Valencia' (susceptible control). Diaphorina citri nymphs had lower nymphal viability in E. glauca (31%) and M. warburgiana (58%) than that in Citrus × sinensis (77%). The behavioral assay showed that 30% of D. citri nymphs in the last instars evaded E. glauca shoots, whereas no nymphs evaded Citrus × sinensis shoots. A higher trichome density was observed in E. glauca shoots compared to the other genotypes. Chemical analysis revealed differences in the volatile profiles of E. glauca and Citrus × sinensis. CONCLUSION Eremocitrus glauca and M. warburgiana genotypes were more resistant to D. citri than Citrus × sinensis. Higher trichome density in the shoots may negatively influence the development of D. citri nymphs. Eremocitrus glauca volatiles may also be involved in their resistance to D. citri. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Ivo Eduardo
- Department of Research and Development, Fund for Citrus Protection - Fundecitrus, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pedreira Miranda
- Department of Research and Development, Fund for Citrus Protection - Fundecitrus, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Brandão Garcia
- Department of Research and Development, Fund for Citrus Protection - Fundecitrus, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Augusto Girardi
- Department of Research and Development, Fund for Citrus Protection - Fundecitrus, Araraquara, Brazil
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa, Embrapa Cassava & Fruits, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Berta Alquezar
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMCP-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa Ruiz
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMCP-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Leandro Peña
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMCP-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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15
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Huang Y, Zhu F, Koh J, Stanton D, Chen S, Wang N. Proteomic and bioinformatic analyses of proteins in the outer membrane and extracellular compartments and outer membrane vesicles of Candidatus Liberibacter species. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:977710. [PMID: 36225379 PMCID: PMC9548881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.977710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most devastating citrus disease in the world. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) is the prevalent HLB pathogen, which is yet to be cultivated. A recent study demonstrates that Las does not contain pathogenicity factors that are directly responsible for HLB symptoms. Instead, Las triggers systemic and chronic immune responses, representing a pathogen-triggered immune disease. Importantly, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes systemic cell death of phloem tissues, thus causing HLB symptoms. Because Las resides in the phloem tissues, it is expected that phloem cell might recognize outer membrane proteins, outer membrane vesicle (OMV) proteins and extracellular proteins of Las to contribute to the immune responses. Because Las has not been cultivated, we used Liberibacter crescens (Lcr) as a surrogate to identify proteins in the OM fraction, OMV proteins and extracellular proteins by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). We observed OMVs of Lcr under scanning electron microscope, representing the first experimental evidence that Liberibacter can deliver proteins to the extracellular compartment. In addition, we also further analyzed LC–MS/MS data using bioinformatic tools. Our study provides valuable information regarding the biology of Ca. Liberibacter species and identifies many putative proteins that may interact with host proteins in the phloem tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Fanchao Zhu
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jin Koh
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Daniel Stanton
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Sixue Chen
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Nian Wang,
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16
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Alves MN, Raiol-Junior LL, Girardi EA, Miranda M, Wulff NA, Carvalho EV, Lopes SA, Ferro JA, Ollitrault P, Peña L. Insight into resistance to ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,' associated with Huanglongbing, in Oceanian citrus genotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1009350. [PMID: 36160987 PMCID: PMC9500433 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1009350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), the most destructive citrus disease, is associated with unculturable, phloem-limited Candidatus Liberibacter species, mainly Ca. L. asiaticus (Las). Las is transmitted naturally by the insect Diaphorina citri. In a previous study, we determined that the Oceanian citrus relatives Eremocitrus glauca, Microcitrus warburgiana, Microcitrus papuana, and Microcitrus australis and three hybrids among them and Citrus were full-resistant to Las. After 2 years of evaluations, leaves of those seven genotypes remained Las-free even with their susceptible rootstock being infected. However, Las was detected in their stem bark above the scion-rootstock graft union. Aiming to gain an understanding of the full-resistance phenotype, new experiments were carried out with the challenge-inoculated Oceanian citrus genotypes through which we evaluated: (1) Las acquisition by D. citri fed onto them; (2) Las infection in sweet orange plants grafted with bark or budwood from them; (3) Las infection in sweet orange plants top-grafted onto them; (4) Las infection in new shoots from rooted plants of them; and (5) Las infection in new shoots of them after drastic back-pruning. Overall, results showed that insects that fed on plants from the Oceanian citrus genotypes, their canopies, new flushes, and leaves from rooted cuttings evaluated remained quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-negative. Moreover, their budwood pieces were unable to infect sweet orange through grafting. Furthermore, sweet orange control leaves resulted infected when insects fed onto them and graft-receptor susceptible plants. Genomic and morphological analysis of the Oceanian genotypes corroborated that E. glauca and M. warburgiana are pure species while our M. australis accession is an M. australis × M. inodora hybrid and M. papuana is probably a M. papuana × M. warburgiana hybrid. E. glauca × C. sinensis hybrid was found coming from a cross between E. glauca and mandarin or tangor. Eremocitrus × Microcitrus hybrid is a complex admixture of M. australasica, M. australis, and E. glauca while the last hybrid is an M. australasica × M. australis admixture. Confirmation of consistent full resistance in these genotypes with proper validation of their genomic parentages is essential to map properly genomic regions for breeding programs aimed to generate new Citrus-like cultivars yielding immunity to HLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica N. Alves
- Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Araraquara, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Laudecir L. Raiol-Junior
- Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Araraquara, Brazil
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A. Girardi
- Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Araraquara, Brazil
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Maéva Miranda
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
- AGAP Institut, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Everton V. Carvalho
- Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Araraquara, Brazil
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | | | - Jesus A. Ferro
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Patrick Ollitrault
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
- AGAP Institut, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Leandro Peña
- Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Araraquara, Brazil
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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17
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Yuning L, Xianmei Y, Jingjing Z, Jinghua D, Luyang L, Jintian L, Benshui S. Transcriptome analyses reveal the potential mechanisms for color changes of a sweet orange peel induced by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Gene 2022; 839:146736. [PMID: 35835404 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
'Shatangju' mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco cv. Shatangju) is a Chinese citrus specialty in southern China with a delicious taste and an attractive appearance. Huanglongbing (HLB) caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) threatens the Shatangju industry seriously. Fruits from citrus trees with HLB show 'red nose' peels with a serious reduction in fruit value. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) have been identified in the leaves of several citrus species with HLB infection. However, similar studies on the fruit peels of citrus trees with HLB infection are very limited. In this study, the pathogen CLas was diagnosed in the 'red nose' fruit peels of Shatangju. The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in different peels were also analyzed. Besides, we identified DEGs in the comparison between peels from normal red-colored and 'red nose' fruits via RNA-seq. A total of 1922 unigenes were identified as DEGs, of which 434 were up-regulated and 1488 were down-regulated in the 'red nose' fruit peels. DEGs involved in chlorophyll and carotenoids biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and transcription factors could be responsible for fruit color changes after HLB infection. Our findings provide a preliminary understanding of the mechanism underlying the formation of a 'red nose' on fruit peel from HLB-infected trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuning
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yang Xianmei
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Zhang Jingjing
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dai Jinghua
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Liu Luyang
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Lin Jintian
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| | - Shu Benshui
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
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18
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Moreira RR, Machado FJ, Lanza FE, Trombin VG, Bassanezi RB, de Miranda MP, Barbosa JC, da Silva Junior GJ, Behlau F. Impact of diseases and pests on premature fruit drop in sweet orange orchards in São Paulo state citrus belt, Brazil. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:2643-2656. [PMID: 35355409 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite technical improvements in the citrus chain and leadership in orange production achieved in the past decades, premature fruit drop remains a major component of crop loss in São Paulo state citrus belt, the largest sweet orange production area in the world. The present study aimed to determine, during five consecutive seasons, the impact of the diseases and pests on premature fruit drop in the orange belt. RESULTS Fruit drop due to the main diseases and pests averaged approximately 11.0%, which corresponded to approximately 63% of the annual fruit drop. The average fruit drop rate due to fruit borer and fruit flies combined was 4.0%, Huanglongbing (HLB) 3.3%, black spot 2.6%, leprosis 1.0% and citrus canker 0.3%. The average amount of fruit drop (million 40.8 kg boxes) and value of crop losses (million US$ dollars), in five seasons, were 12.7 and 66.2 for fruit borer/fruit flies, 11.0 and 57.9 for HLB, 8.1 and 42.2 for black spot, 3.1 and 15.6 for leprosis, and 0.9 and 4.9 for citrus canker, respectively. CONCLUSION Fruit borer and fruit flies (combined), HLB, black spot, leprosis and citrus canker are, in this order, the main diseases and pests in the orange belt of São Paulo state. All of these causes significantly increased the overall fruit drop rate in the evaluated seasons. The results will contribute to the development of the Brazilian citrus industry, while showing to other citrus-growing regions the potential that diseases and pests have to jeopardize production. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franklin Jackson Machado
- Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura - Fundecitrus, Araraquara, Brazil
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - José Carlos Barbosa
- Departamento de Estatística, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Franklin Behlau
- Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura - Fundecitrus, Araraquara, Brazil
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Pierson EA, Cubero J, Roper C, Brown JK, Bock CH, Wang N. ' Candidatus Liberibacter' Pathosystems at the Forefront of Agricultural and Biological Research Challenges. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:7-10. [PMID: 35100014 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-21-0497-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Pierson
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133
| | - Jaime Cubero
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio Bacteriología, Centro Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Caroline Roper
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Judith K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Clive H Bock
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Station, Byron, GA 31008
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
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