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Natale BV, Mehta P, Vu P, Schweitzer C, Gustin K, Kotadia R, Natale DRC. Reduced Uteroplacental Perfusion Pressure (RUPP) causes altered trophoblast differentiation and pericyte reduction in the mouse placenta labyrinth. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17162. [PMID: 30464252 PMCID: PMC6249310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterized the effect of the reduced utero-placental perfusion pressure (RUPP) model of placental insufficiency on placental morphology and trophoblast differentiation at mid-late gestation (E14.5). Altered trophoblast proliferation, reduced syncytiotrophoblast gene expression, increased numbers of sinusoidal trophoblast giant cells, decreased Vegfa and decreased pericyte presence in the labyrinth were observed in addition to changes in maternal blood spaces, the fetal capillary network and reduced fetal weight. Further, the junctional zone was characterized by reduced spongiotrophoblast and glycogen trophoblast with increased trophoblast giant cells. Increased Hif-1α and TGF-β-3 in vivo with supporting hypoxia studies in trophoblast stem (TS) cells in vitro, support hypoxia as a contributing factor to the RUPP placenta phenotype. Together, this study identifies altered cell populations within the placenta that may contribute to the phenotype, and thus support the use of RUPP in the mouse as a model of placenta insufficiency. As such, this model in the mouse provides a valuable tool for understanding the phenotypes resulting from genetic manipulation of isolated cell populations to further understand the etiology of placenta insufficiency and fetal growth restriction. Further this study identifies a novel relationship between placental insufficiency and pericyte depletion in the labyrinth layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony V Natale
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Reproductive Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Prutha Mehta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Reproductive Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Priscilla Vu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Reproductive Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christina Schweitzer
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Katarina Gustin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Reproductive Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ramie Kotadia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Reproductive Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - David R C Natale
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Reproductive Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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2
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Yang Y, Abdulhasan M, Awonuga A, Bolnick A, Puscheck EE, Rappolee DA. Hypoxic Stress Forces Adaptive and Maladaptive Placental Stress Responses in Early Pregnancy. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:1330-1344. [PMID: 29105384 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on hypoxic stress and its effects on the placental lineage and the earliest differentiation events in mouse and human placental trophoblast stem cells (TSCs). Although the placenta is a decidual organ at the end of pregnancy, its earliest rapid growth and function at the start of pregnancy precedes and supports growth and function of the embryo. Earliest function requires that TSCs differentiate, however, "hypoxia" supports rapid growth, but not differentiation of TSCs. Most of the literature on earliest placental "hypoxia" studies used 2% oxygen which is normoxic for TSCs. Hypoxic stress happens when oxygen level drops below 2%. It decreases anabolism, proliferation, potency/stemness and increases differentiation, despite culture conditions that would sustain proliferation and potency. Thus, to study the pathogenesis due to TSC dysfunction, it is important to study hypoxic stress below 2%. Many studies have been performed using 0.5 to 1% oxygen in cultured mouse TSCs. From all these studies, a small number has examined human trophoblast lines and primary first trimester placental hypoxic stress responses in culture. Some other stress stimuli, aside from hypoxic stress, are used to elucidate common and unique aspects of hypoxic stress. The key outcomes produced by hypoxic stress are mitochondrial, anabolic, and proliferation arrest, and this is coupled with stemness loss and differentiation. Hypoxic stress can lead to depletion of stem cells and miscarriage, or can lead to later dysfunctions in placentation and fetal development. Birth Defects Research 109:1330-1344, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Mohammed Abdulhasan
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Awoniyi Awonuga
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Alan Bolnick
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Elizabeth E Puscheck
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Daniel A Rappolee
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Institutes for Environmental Health Science, Wayne state University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
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3
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Soares MJ, Iqbal K, Kozai K. Hypoxia and Placental Development. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:1309-1329. [PMID: 29105383 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hemochorial placentation is orchestrated through highly regulated temporal and spatial decisions governing the fate of trophoblast stem/progenitor cells. Trophoblast cell acquisition of specializations facilitating invasion and uterine spiral artery remodeling is a labile process, sensitive to the environment, and represents a process that is vulnerable to dysmorphogenesis in pathologic states. Hypoxia is a signal guiding placental development, and molecular mechanisms directing cellular adaptations to low oxygen tension are integral to trophoblast cell differentiation and placentation. Hypoxia can also be used as an experimental tool to investigate regulatory processes controlling hemochorial placentation. These developmental processes are conserved in mouse, rat, and human placentation. Consequently, elements of these developmental events can be modeled and hypotheses tested in trophoblast stem cells and in genetically manipulated rodents. Hypoxia is also a consequence of a failed placenta, yielding pathologies that can adversely affect maternal adjustments to pregnancy, fetal health, and susceptibility to adult disease. The capacity of the placenta for adaptation to environmental challenges highlights the importance of its plasticity in safeguarding a healthy pregnancy. Birth Defects Research 109:1309-1329, 2017.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Soares
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Fetal Health Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Khursheed Iqbal
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Keisuke Kozai
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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4
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Svitina H, Kyryk V, Skrypkina I, Kuchma M, Bukreieva T, Areshkov P, Shablii Y, Denis Y, Klymenko P, Garmanchuk L, Ostapchenko L, Lobintseva G, Shablii V. Placenta-derived multipotent cells have no effect on the size and number of DMH-induced colon tumors in rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2135-2147. [PMID: 28962134 PMCID: PMC5609206 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of placenta-derived multipotent cells (PDMCs) is a promising approach for cell therapy to treat inflammation-associated colon diseases. However, the effect of PDMCs on colon cancer cells remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to characterize PDMCs obtained from human (hPDMCs) and rat (rPDMCs) placentas and to evaluate their impact on colon cancer progression in rats. PDMCs were obtained from human and rat placentas by tissue explant culturing. Stemness- and trophoblast-related gene expression was studied using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and surface markers and intracellular proteins were detected using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence, respectively. Experimental colon carcinogenesis was induced in male albino Wistar rats by injecting 20 mg/kg dimethylhydrazine (DMH) once a week for 20 consecutive weeks. The administration of rPDMCs and hPDMC was performed at week 22 after the initial DMH-injection. All animals were sacrificed through carbon dioxide asphyxiation at week 5 after cell transplantation. The number and size of each tumor lesion was calculated. The type of tumor was determined by standard histological methods. Cell engraftment was determined by PCR and immunofluorescence. Results demonstrated that rPDMCs possessed the immunophenotype and differentiation potential inherent in MSCs; however, hPDMCs exhibited a lower expression of cluster of differentiation 44 and did not express trophoblast-associated genes. The data of the present study indicated that PDMCs may engraft in different tissues but do not significantly affect DMH-induced tumor growth during short-term observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Svitina
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine.,Department of Biochemistry, Educational and Scientific Centre "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vitaliy Kyryk
- Department of Cell and Tissue Technologies, State Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Medicine of Academy of Medicine of Ukraine, 04114 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Inessa Skrypkina
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine.,Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maria Kuchma
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine.,Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana Bukreieva
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Pavlo Areshkov
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine.,Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yulia Shablii
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yevheniy Denis
- Department of Biochemistry, Educational and Scientific Centre "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Pavlo Klymenko
- Department of Cell and Tissue Technologies, State Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Medicine of Academy of Medicine of Ukraine, 04114 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Liudmyla Garmanchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Educational and Scientific Centre "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Liudmyla Ostapchenko
- Department of Biochemistry, Educational and Scientific Centre "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Galina Lobintseva
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Shablii
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine.,Department of Biochemistry, Educational and Scientific Centre "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
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5
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The Interplay between Oncogenic Signaling Networks and Mitochondrial Dynamics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6020033. [PMID: 28513539 PMCID: PMC5488013 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that alter their organization in response to a variety of cellular cues. Mitochondria are central in many biologic processes, such as cellular bioenergetics and apoptosis, and mitochondrial network morphology can contribute to those physiologic processes. Some of the biologic processes that are in part governed by mitochondria are also commonly deregulated in cancers. Furthermore, patient tumor samples from a variety of cancers have revealed that mitochondrial dynamics machinery may be deregulated in tumors. In this review, we will discuss how commonly mutated oncogenes and their downstream effector pathways regulate the mitochondrial dynamics machinery to promote changes in mitochondrial morphology as well as the physiologic consequences of altered mitochondrial morphology for tumorigenic growth.
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6
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Mohan JC, Mohan V, Shukla M, Sethi A. Hypoplastic right heart syndrome, absent pulmonary valve, and non-compacted left ventricle in an adult. Indian Heart J 2016; 68 Suppl 2:S229-S232. [PMID: 27751299 PMCID: PMC5067759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic right heart syndrome is a rare cyanotic congenital heart disease with under-development of the right ventricle, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves leading to right-to-left shunting of the blood through inter-atrial septal defect. Perinatal mortality is high with very few patients surviving to adulthood without corrective surgery. This report describes a 26-year-old young woman, who had recurrent abortions and stillbirths and detected to have marked cyanosis with hypoplastic right heart, sub-arterial ventricular septal defect, absent pulmonary valve, non-compaction of the left ventricle, and bicuspid aortic valve with aortic regurgitation. The patient died owing to progressive heart failure 4 years after the diagnosis was made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish C Mohan
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi 88, India.
| | - Vishwas Mohan
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi 88, India
| | - Madhu Shukla
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi 88, India
| | - Arvind Sethi
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi 88, India
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7
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Yang Y, Arenas-Hernandez M, Gomez-Lopez N, Dai J, Parker GC, Puscheck EE, Rappolee DA. Hypoxic Stress Forces Irreversible Differentiation of a Majority of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells Despite FGF4. Biol Reprod 2016; 95:110. [PMID: 27683262 PMCID: PMC5178149 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.138412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic, hyperosmotic, and genotoxic stress slow mouse trophoblast stem cell (mTSC) proliferation, decrease potency/stemness, and increase differentiation. Previous reports suggest a period of reversibility in stress-induced mTSC differentiation. Here we show that hypoxic stress at 0.5% O2 decreased potency factor protein by ∼60%–90% and reduced growth to nil. Hypoxia caused a 35-fold increase in apoptosis at Day 3 and a 2-fold increase at Day 6 above baseline. The baseline apoptosis rate was only 0.3%. Total protein was never less than baseline during hypoxic treatment, suggesting 0.5% O2 is a robust, nonmorbid stressor. Hypoxic stress induced ∼50% of trophoblast giant cell (TGC) differentiation with a simultaneous 5- to 6-fold increase in the TGC product antiluteolytic prolactin family 3, subfamily d, member 1 (PRL3D1), despite the presence of fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4). Hypoxia-induced TGC differentiation was also supported by potency and differentiation mRNA marker analysis. FGF4 removal at 20% O2 committed cell fate towards irreversible differentiation at 2 days, with similar TGC percentages after an additional 3 days of culture under potency conditions when FGF4 was readded or under differentiation conditions without FGF4. However, hypoxic stress required 4 days to irreversibly differentiate cells. Runted stem cell growth, forced differentiation of fewer cells, and irreversible differentiation limit total available stem cell population. Were mTSCs to respond to stress in a similar mode in vivo, miscarriage might occur as a result, which should be tested in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Marcia Arenas-Hernandez
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Perinatology Research Branch/NICHD/NIH, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Perinatology Research Branch/NICHD/NIH, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jing Dai
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Graham C Parker
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Elizabeth E Puscheck
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Daniel A Rappolee
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan .,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Institutes for Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Arikawa T, Liao S, Shimada H, Inoue T, Sakata-Haga H, Nakamura T, Hatta T, Shoji H. Galectin-4 expression is down-regulated in response to autophagy during differentiation of rat trophoblast cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32248. [PMID: 27572741 PMCID: PMC5004202 DOI: 10.1038/srep32248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental development and trophoblast invasion of the maternal endometrium establish the maternal-fetal interface, which is critical for the developing embryo and fetus. Herein we show that overexpression of Galectin-4 (Gal-4) during trophoblast differentiation inhibited the enlargement of Rcho-1 cells (a model for rat trophoblast differentiation) and promoted cell-cell adhesion, whereas trophoblast specific markers and MMP-9 activity were not affected. In the rat placenta, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha (LC3) protein, an autophagy marker, is highly expressed on the maternal side of the decidua where Gal-4 expression is weak. In vitro assays showed that the expression of trophoblast-specific differentiation markers was reduced by 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) and Bafilomycin A1, known as autophagy inhibitors, compared to control cells. Furthermore, Gal-4 expression in Rcho-1 cells, which is normally down-regulated during differentiation, was not attenuated in the presence of autophagy inhibitors, suggesting that autophagy is upstream of Gal-4 expression. We herein describe a possible mechanism by which autophagy regulates trophoblast differentiation via regulation of Gal-4 expression in order to establish the maternal-fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Arikawa
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shengjun Liao
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.,Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hiroki Shimada
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomoki Inoue
- Department of Mathematics, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakata-Haga
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takanori Nakamura
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Hatta
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shoji
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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9
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Selesniemi K, Albers RE, Brown TL. Id2 Mediates Differentiation of Labyrinthine Placental Progenitor Cell Line, SM10. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:959-74. [PMID: 27168216 PMCID: PMC4931356 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is an organ that is formed transiently during pregnancy, and appropriate placental development is necessary for fetal survival and growth. Proper differentiation of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta is especially crucial, as it establishes the fetal-maternal interface that is involved in physiological exchange processes. Although previous studies have indicated the importance of inhibitor of differentiation/inhibitor of DNA binding-2 (Id2) helix-loop-helix transcriptional regulator in mediating cell differentiation, the ability of Id2 to regulate differentiation toward the labyrinthine (transport) lineage of the placenta has yet to be determined. In the current study, we have generated labyrinthine trophoblast progenitor cells with increased (SM10-Id2) or decreased (SM10-Id2-shRNA) Id2 expression and determined the effect on TGF-β-induced differentiation. Our Id2 overexpression and knockdown analyses indicate that Id2 mediates TGF-β-induced morphological differentiation of labyrinthine trophoblast cells, as Id2 overexpression prevents differentiation and Id2 knockdown results in differentiation. Thus, our data indicate that Id2 is an important molecular mediator of labyrinthine trophoblast differentiation. An understanding of the regulators of trophoblast progenitor differentiation toward the labyrinthine lineage may offer insights into events governing pregnancy-associated disorders, such as placental insufficiency, fetal growth restriction, and preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Selesniemi
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine , Dayton, Ohio
| | - Renee E Albers
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine , Dayton, Ohio
| | - Thomas L Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine , Dayton, Ohio
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10
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Ketoconazole-induced estrogen deficiency causes transient decrease in placental blood flow associated with hypoxia and later placental weight gain in rats. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 63:62-9. [PMID: 27189313 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship among estrogen, placental blood flow and placental weight gain in rats treated with ketoconazole. Oral administration of ketoconazole (25mg/kg/day) on Days 12-14 of pregnancy induced reduction of plasma estradiol-17β (E2) concentration, transient decrease in placental blood flow and increased intensity of a hypoxia-related marker in the placenta on Day 14 of pregnancy. On Day 20 of pregnancy, placental weights of ketoconazole-treated rats increased when compared to controls. Histologically, maternal sinusoidal area of the placenta decreased on Day 14 of pregnancy and the total area of maternal and fetal sinusoids increased on Day 20. All the changes disappeared by concomitant subcutaneous infusion of E2. These results indicate that ketoconazole-induced E2 deficiency causes transient decrease in placental blood flow associated with hypoxia and later placental weight gain in rats.
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11
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Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Mitochondria Damage Induced by Hypoxia in Mouse Trophoblasts. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153729. [PMID: 27100996 PMCID: PMC4839652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to observe the change of mitochondrial function and structure as well as the cell function induced by hypoxia in mouse trophoblasts, and moreover, to validate the restoration of these changes after co-culture with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hereinafter referred to as “MSCs”). Further, we explored the mechanism of MSCs attenuating the functional damage of trophoblasts caused by hypoxia. Methods Cells were divided into two groups, trophoblasts and MSCs+trophoblasts respectively, and the two groups of cells were incubated with normoxia or hypoxia. Chemiluminescence was used to assay the β-HCG and progesterone in cell culture supernatants quantitatively. Western blotting and PCR were applied to detect the expression of Mfn2, MMP-2, MMP-9 and integrin β1 in the two groups. The mitochondrial membrane potential of each group of cells was detected with JC-1 dye and the ATP content was measured by the phosphomolybdic acid colorimetric method. We utilized transmission electron microscopy for observing the ultrastructure of mitochondria in trophoblasts. Finally, we assessed the cell apoptosis with flow cytometry (FCM) and analyzed the expression of the apoptosis related genes—Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase3 and Caspase9 by western blotting. Results The results showed that the Mfn2 expression was reduced after 4 h in hypoxia compared with that in normoxia, but increased in the co-culture group when compared with that in the separated-culture group (p<0.05). In addition, compared with the separated-culture group, theβ-HCG and progesterone levels in the co-culture group were significantly enhanced (p<0.05), and so were the expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9 and integrin β1 (p<0.05). Moreover, it exhibited significantly higher in ATP levels and intensified about the mitochondrial membrane potential in the co-culture group. TEM revealed disorders of the mitochondrial cristae and presented short rod-like structure and spheroids in hypoxia, however, in the co-culture group, the mitochondrial cristae had a relatively regular arrangement and the mitochondrial ultrastructure showed hyperfusion. The expression of Bax, Caspase3 and Caspase9 was decreased in the co-culture group when compared with that in trophoblast cells cultured alone (p<0.05), while the Bcl-2 levels and the Apoptosis Index (AI) were markedly increased in the co-culture group (p<0.05). Conclusion Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can attenuate mitochondria damage and cell apoptosis induced by hypoxia; the mechanism could be upregulating the expression of Mfn2 in mouse trophoblasts and changing mitochondrial structure.
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12
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Winterhager E, Gellhaus A, Blois SM, Hill LA, Barr KJ, Kidder GM. Decidual angiogenesis and placental orientation are altered in mice heterozygous for a dominant loss-of-function Gja1 (connexin43) mutation. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:111. [PMID: 24048574 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.111690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexin43 (CX43), encoded by Gja1 in the mouse, is highly expressed in decidual cells and is known to be important for the transformation of stromal cells into the compact decidua and for neoangiogenesis. Here we investigated if the dominant Gja1(Jrt) mutation encoding CX43(G60S) in mice, which results in a phenotype resembling oculodentodigital dysplasia in humans, has an impact on decidualization, angiogenesis, and implantation. We found a reduced mean weight of fetuses at Gestational Day 17.5 in dams carrying this mutation, with the growth deficiency being independent of fetal genotype. Although the mutant implantation sites exhibited a reduction in CX43 protein, with most immunoreactivity being cytoplasmic, the decidua was morphologically intact at Embryonic Days 5.5 to 7.5. However, the mutation resulted in enhanced and irregular angiogenesis and an increased level of expression of the angiogenic factor-encoding genes Vegfa, Flt1, Kdr, and Fgf2 as well as the prolactin-related gene Prl6a. Moreover, immunolocalization of VEGFA, FLT1, and KDR revealed a homogeneous distribution pattern in the mesometrial as well as antimesometrial decidua of the mutants. Most obviously, uterine NK cells are drastically diminished in the mesometrial decidua of the mutant mice. Invasion of ectoplacental cone cells was disoriented, and placentation was established more laterally in the implantation chambers. It was concluded that the CX43(G60S) mutant impairs control of decidual angiogenesis, leading to dysmorphic placentation and fetal growth restriction. This phenomenon could contribute to the reduced fetal weights and viability of pups born of Gja1(Jrt)/+ dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Winterhager
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Clinics Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Keverne EB. Importance of the matriline for genomic imprinting, brain development and behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20110327. [PMID: 23166391 PMCID: PMC3539356 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian brain development commences during foeto-placental development and is strongly influenced by the epigenetic regulation of imprinted genes. The foetal placenta exerts considerable influence over the functioning of the adult maternal hypothalamus, and this occurs at the same time as the foetus itself is developing a hypothalamus. Thus, the action and interaction of two genomes in one individual, the mother, has provided a template for co-adaptive functions across generations that are important for maternal care and resource transfer, while co-adaptively shaping the mothering capabilities of each subsequent generation. The neocortex is complex, enabling behavioural diversity and cultural learning such that human individuals are behaviourally unique. Retrotransposons may, in part, be epigenetic mediators of such brain diversity. Interestingly some imprinted genes are themselves retrotransposon-derived, and retrotransposon silencing by DNA methylation is thought to have contributed to the evolutionary origins of imprint control regions. The neocortex has evolved to be adaptable and sustain both short-term and long-term synaptic connections that underpin learning and memory. The adapted changes are not themselves inherited, but the predisposing mechanisms for such epigenetic changes are heritable. This provides each generation with the same ability to make new adaptations while constrained by a transgenerational knowledge-based predisposition to preserve others.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Keverne
- Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Madingley, Cambridge CB23 8AA, UK.
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Fedorova L, Gatto-Weis C, Smaili S, Khurshid N, Shapiro JI, Malhotra D, Horrigan T. Down-regulation of the transcription factor snail in the placentas of patients with preeclampsia and in a rat model of preeclampsia. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012; 10:15. [PMID: 22360878 PMCID: PMC3298516 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placental malfunction in preeclampsia is believed to be a consequence of aberrant differentiation of trophoblast lineages and changes in utero-placental oxygenation. The transcription factor Snail, a master regulator molecule of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in embryonic development and in cancer, is shown to be involved in trophoblast differentiation as well. Moreover, Snail can be controlled by oxidative stress and hypoxia. Therefore, we examined the expression of Snail and its downstream target, e-cadherin, in human normal term, preterm and preeclamptic placentas, and in pregnant rats that developed preeclampsia-like symptoms in the response to a 20-fold increase in sodium intake. METHODS Western blotting analysis was used for comparative expression of Snail and e- cadherin in total protein extracts. Placental cells expressing Snail and e-cadherin were identified by immunohistochemical double-labeling technique. RESULTS The levels of Snail protein were decreased in human preeclamptic placentas by 30% (p < 0.01) compared to normal term, and in the rat model by 40% (p < 0.001) compared to control placentas. In preterm placentas, the levels of Snail expression varied, yet there was a strong trend toward statistical significance between preterm and preeclamptic placentas. In humans, e-cadherin protein level was 30% higher in preeclamptic (p < 0.05) placentas and similarly, but not significantly (p = 0.1), high in the preterm placentas compared to normal term. In the rat model of preeclampsia, e-cadherin was increased by 60% (p < 0.01). Immunohistochemical examination of human placentas demonstrated Snail-positive staining in the nuclei of the villous trophoblasts and mesenchymal cells and in the invasive trophoblasts of the decidua. In the rat placenta, the majority of Snail positive cells were spongiotrophoblasts of the junctional zone, while in the labyrinth, Snail-positive sinusoidal giant trophoblasts cells were found in some focal areas located close to the junctional zone. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that human preeclampsia and the salt-induced rat model of preeclampsia are associated with the reduced levels of Snail protein in placenta. Down-regulation of the transcription factor Snail in placental progenitor cell lineages, either by intrinsic defects and/or by extrinsic and maternal factors, may affect normal placenta development and function and thus contribute to the pathology of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Fedorova
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo School of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Cara Gatto-Weis
- Department of Pathology, University of Toledo School of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Sleiman Smaili
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toledo School of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Nauman Khurshid
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toledo School of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Joseph I Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo School of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Deepak Malhotra
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo School of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Terrence Horrigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toledo School of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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Doran DM, Kulkarni-Datar K, Cool DR, Brown TL. Hypoxia activates constitutive luciferase reporter constructs. Biochimie 2010; 93:361-8. [PMID: 20971156 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia has been identified as a contributing factor in the pathophysiology of several diseases and oxygen regulation is important during stem cell development, particularly in early embryogenesis. One aspect that has emerged is the role of hypoxia-inducible factors, or HIFs in regulating the effect of hypoxia. Studies in our laboratory sought to examine the hypoxic regulation of HIF activity in placental trophoblast cells, through the use of dual-reporter luciferase assays. Our study demonstrates that hypoxic conditions cause a significant increase in the level of constitutive luciferase reporter activity. We also show that this induction is not a cell type or species-specific phenomenon and provides an alternative method for normalizing transfection efficiency in luciferase assays under hypoxic conditions. Our results suggest that in studies dealing with hypoxic conditions, caution should be used when interpreting measurements of transcriptional activity by traditional dual-reporter assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Doran
- Program in Microbiology and Immunology, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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16
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Odiatis C, Georgiades P. New insights for Ets2 function in trophoblast using lentivirus-mediated gene knockdown in trophoblast stem cells. Placenta 2010; 31:630-40. [PMID: 20569982 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mouse trophoblast stem (TS) cells represent a unique in vitro system that provides an unlimited supply of TS cells for the study of trophoblast differentiation and TS cell self-renewal. Although the mouse transcription factor Ets2 is required for TS cell self-renewal, its role in this and in TS cell differentiation has not been explored fully, partly due to the early lethality of Ets2 null mice. To address this, we developed a novel lentivirus-based system that resulted in efficient Ets2 knockdown in the overwhelming majority of TS cells. This system enables functional studies in TS cells, especially for genes required for TS cell self-renewal because TS cell derivation using gene-knockout embryos for such genes depends on TS cell self-renewal. Using morphological/morphometric criteria and gene expression analysis, we show that the requirement for Ets2 in self-renewal of TS cells cultured in 'stem cell medium' (SCM) involves maintenance of the expression of genes that inhibit TS cell differentiation in SCM, such as Cdx2 and Esrrb, and preservation of the undifferentiated TS cell morphology. During TS cell differentiation caused by Cdx2/Esrrb downregulation, due to either Ets2 knockdown in SCM or culture in differentiation medium (DM), Ets2 is also required for the promotion of trophoblast giant cell (TGC) and junctional zone trophoblast (JZT) differentiation. This TGC differentiation involves Ets2-dependent expression of Hand1, a gene required for the differentiation of all TGC types. This study uncovers new roles for Ets2 in TS cell self-renewal and differentiation and demonstrates the usefulness of this lentivirus system for gene function studies in TS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Odiatis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, University Campus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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17
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Otey CA, Dixon R, Stack C, Goicoechea SM. Cytoplasmic Ig-domain proteins: cytoskeletal regulators with a role in human disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:618-34. [PMID: 19466753 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin domains are found in a wide variety of functionally diverse transmembrane proteins, and also in a smaller number of cytoplasmic proteins. Members of this latter group are usually associated with the actin cytoskeleton, and most of them bind directly to either actin or myosin, or both. Recently, studies of inherited human disorders have identified disease-causing mutations in five cytoplasmic Ig-domain proteins: myosin-binding protein C, titin, myotilin, palladin, and myopalladin. Together with results obtained from cultured cells and mouse models, these clinical studies have yielded novel insights into the unexpected roles of Ig domain proteins in mechanotransduction and signaling to the nucleus. An emerging theme in this field is that cytoskeleton-associated Ig domain proteins are more than structural elements of the cell, and may have evolved to fill different needs in different cellular compartments. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Otey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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18
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Hypoxia and pluripotency in embryonic and embryonal carcinoma stem cell biology. Differentiation 2009; 78:159-68. [PMID: 19604622 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Low oxygen availability (hypoxia) is a hallmark of rapidly proliferating tumors and has been suggested to be a characteristic of the embryonic and adult stem cell niche. The idea of relating cancer to stem cells is increasingly popular due to the identification of specific cancer stem cells sharing the typical plasticity and motility of pluripotent stem cells. Hypoxia plays a critical role in early embryonic development and in tumor progression, participating in processes such as angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell migration, invasion and metastasis. Some of the molecular pathways that have been shown to mediate these hypoxia-induced responses, such as the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and Notch signaling, appear to be active in both embryonic and neoplastic pluripotent stem cells. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying these regulatory processes are not yet fully understood. In this review, we attempt to shed some light on the mechanisms involved in hypoxia-dependent processes related to stem cell features and tumor progression, such as the maintenance of the undifferentiated state, cell proliferation, tumor neovascularization, extra-cellular matrix degradation and motility factor up-regulation. With this purpose in mind, we summarize recent observations in embryonic, adult and cancer stem cells that demonstrate the parallelism existing in their hypoxia responses. Finally, based on the observations of our own laboratory and others, we suggest that the comparative analysis of the response to low oxygen levels of embryonic stem cells and cancer stem cells (such as embryonal carcinoma cells), may throw fresh light on our understanding of the mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced invasiveness and the resistance to anticancer treatments, thereby stimulating the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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19
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Gultice AD, Kulkarni-Datar K, Brown TL. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF1A) mediates distinct steps of rat trophoblast differentiation in gradient oxygen. Biol Reprod 2008; 80:184-93. [PMID: 18815358 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.067488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective differentiation of invasive, placental trophoblast cells has been associated with several pregnancy-related disorders. This study examines the molecular, functional, and morphological differentiation of lineage-specific, trophoblast giant cells under a gradient of oxygen concentrations. Low oxygen (3%) inhibited differentiation, but this inhibition was relieved in a stepwise fashion with increasing levels of oxygen. The oxygen-sensitive hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF1A) is a major transcriptional regulator of the cellular response to low oxygen, and increased HIF1A protein levels and activity corresponded with the maintenance of the stem cell-like state and inhibition of trophoblast differentiation in low oxygen. Furthermore, constitutive expression of an oxygen-insensitive, active form of HIF1A protein mimicked the effects of low oxygen, inhibiting the differentiation of trophoblast giant cells. This study is the first to delineate the stepwise effects of oxygen on the activation of the trophoblast giant cell differentiation process and establishes a new paradigm from which to investigate trophoblast differentiation. In addition, this is the first reported study to demonstrate that constitutive HIF1A activity mediates oxygen's inhibition of differentiation. These results suggest that a dysregulation of HIF1A could contribute to impaired placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy D Gultice
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
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20
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Dixon RDS, Arneman DK, Rachlin AS, Sundaresan NR, Costello MJ, Campbell SL, Otey CA. Palladin is an actin cross-linking protein that uses immunoglobulin-like domains to bind filamentous actin. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:6222-31. [PMID: 18180288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707694200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Palladin is a recently described phosphoprotein that plays an important role in cell adhesion and motility. Previous studies have shown that palladin overexpression results in profound changes in actin organization in cultured cells. Palladin binds to the actin-associated proteins alpha-actinin, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, profilin, Eps8, and ezrin, suggesting that it may affect actin organization indirectly. To determine its molecular function in generating actin arrays, we purified palladin and asked if it is also capable of binding to F-actin directly. In co-sedimentation and differential sedimentation assays, palladin was found to both bind and cross-link actin filaments. This bundling activity was confirmed by fluorescence and electron microscopy. Palladin fragments were then purified and used to determine the sequences necessary to bind and bundle F-actin. The Ig3 domain of palladin bound to F-actin, and a palladin fragment containing Ig3, Ig4, and the region linking these domains was identified as a fragment that was able to bundle F-actin. Because palladin has multiple Ig domains, and only one of them binds to F-actin, this suggests that different Ig domains may be specialized for distinct biological functions. In addition, our results suggest a potential role for palladin in generating specialized, actin-based cell morphologies via both direct actin cross-linking activity and indirect scaffolding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D S Dixon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545, USA
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21
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Stem cells from fetal membranes - a workshop report. Placenta 2007; 29 Suppl A:S17-9. [PMID: 18155293 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells that can be derived from fetal membranes represent an exciting field of research that bears tremendous potential for developmental biology and regenerative medicine. In this report we summarize contributions to a workshop in which newest insights into the characteristics, subtypes and molecular determinants of stem cells from trophoblast and endometrial tissues were presented.
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Pringle KG, Kind KL, Thompson JG, Roberts CT. Complex Interactions Between Hypoxia Inducible Factors, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II and Oxygen in Early Murine Trophoblasts. Placenta 2007; 28:1147-57. [PMID: 17658597 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The human first trimester placenta experiences a low oxygen environment. The hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) mediate the response to low oxygen, inducing genes such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II. Interestingly, IGF-II has been shown to promote placental growth and function. Currently, the interaction between oxygen, IGF-II and HIFs in the regulation of trophoblast behaviour are unclear. Murine implantation sites from days 5.5-10.5 were collected for immunohistochemical analyses. Use of the hypoxia marker pimonidazole indicated that the early mouse implantation site is exposed to low oxygen levels similar to those seen in the early human placenta. HIF-1alpha protein immunostaining was also observed in the implantation site. Culturing murine ectoplacental cones in decreasing oxygen concentrations (20%, 5% and 1% O(2)), either with or without the addition of IGF-II, induced complex responses by trophoblasts in terms of their migration and differentiation. Following 3 days exposure to low oxygen there was reduced EPC outgrowth, reduced Igf2 and increased Tpbp mRNA levels, suggesting commitment to the spongiotrophoblast lineage. In addition, Hif-1alpha mRNA levels were decreased, whilst Hif-2alpha mRNA was unchanged. This decrease in Hif-1alpha may be due to the observed increase in antisense (as) Hif-1alpha mRNA levels in 1% cultures. Furthermore, expression of Hif-2alpha and the HIF target genes: asHif-1alpha, Vegf and Slc2a1 were reduced under low oxygen with the addition of IGF-II. In conclusion, Hif-1alpha and Hif-2alpha are differentially regulated by oxygen and IGF-II in cultured trophoblast cells and asHif-1alpha may mediate the response to prolonged hypoxia in murine trophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Pringle
- Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Ho-Chen JK, Bustamante JJ, Soares MJ. Prolactin-like protein-f subfamily of placental hormones/cytokines: responsiveness to maternal hypoxia. Endocrinology 2007; 148:559-65. [PMID: 17095594 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prolactin (PRL) family of hormones/cytokines is involved in the maintenance of pregnancy and adaptations to physiological stressors. In this report, we identify and characterize a new member of the rat PRL family, examine the impact of maternal hypoxia on placental PRL family gene expression, and investigate maternal adaptive responses to hypoxia. Perusal of the PRL gene family locus in the rat genome resulted in the identification of a putative new member of the rat PRL family. The new member is closely related to the previously reported PRL-like protein-F (PLP-F) and has been named PLP-Fbeta and the originally characterized PLP-F, now termed PLP-Falpha. The two proteins exhibit structural similarities but possess distinct cell- and temporal-specific expression profiles. In vivo hypoxia stimulates placental PLP-Falpha and PLP-E mRNA expression in the rat and mouse, respectively. Rcho-1 trophoblast cells can differentiate into trophoblast giant cells, express PLP-Falpha, and exhibit enhanced PLP-Falpha mRNA levels when cultured under low oxygen tension (2%). Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia during latter part of pregnancy did not significantly impact the expression of PLP-Fbeta mRNA. Finally, exposure to hypobaric hypoxia during midpregnancy led to increased maternal red blood cells, hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrit, and increased concentrations of maternal splenic mRNAs for key proteins involved in hemoglobin synthesis, erythroid Krüppel-like factor, erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase-2, and beta-major globin. In summary, adaptive responses to maternal hypoxia include activation of placental PLP-Falpha/E gene expression, which may then participate in maternal hematological adjustments required for maintaining maternal and fetal oxygen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Ho-Chen
- Institute of Maternal-Fetal Biology, Division of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Takeda T, Sakata M, Isobe A, Yamamoto T, Nishimoto F, Minekawa R, Okamoto Y, Tasaka K, Murata Y. Hypoxia Represses the Differentiation of Rcho-1 Rat Trophoblast Giant Cells. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2007; 63:188-94. [PMID: 17139180 DOI: 10.1159/000097634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A hypoxic environment is known to be essential for early placentation. A low oxygen tension induces hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1alpha) which may play an important role as a transcription factor in maintaining the proliferative and undifferentiated phenotype in human trophoblasts. METHODS We analyzed the effect of a low oxygen tension on the rat trophoblast giant cell differentiation pathway using Rcho-1 cells which were derived from rat choriocarcinomas and consist of trophoblast stem cells. RESULTS We found that a low oxygen tension suppressed the morphological changes and steroidogenesis during differentiation. The anticipated downregulation of the Id-1 transcription factor, a negative regulator of trophoblast giant cell differentiation, was not observed in the hypoxic environment. On the other hand, deferoxamine, which mimics hypoxia and induces HIF-1alpha, caused downregulation of Id-1 transcription factor and trophoblast giant cell differentiation. CONCLUSION These results indicate that hypoxia represses rat trophoblast giant cell differentiation via an HIF-1alpha-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Takeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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