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Kahnt AS, Häfner AK, Steinhilber D. The role of human 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) in carcinogenesis - a question of canonical and non-canonical functions. Oncogene 2024; 43:1319-1327. [PMID: 38575760 PMCID: PMC11065698 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO), a fatty acid oxygenase, is the central enzyme in leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis, potent arachidonic acid-derived lipid mediators released by innate immune cells, that control inflammatory and allergic responses. In addition, through interaction with 12- and 15-lipoxgenases, the enzyme is involved in the formation of omega-3 fatty acid-based oxylipins, which are thought to be involved in the resolution of inflammation. The expression of 5-LO is frequently deregulated in solid and liquid tumors, and there is strong evidence that the enzyme plays an important role in carcinogenesis. However, global inhibition of LT formation and signaling has not yet shown the desired success in clinical trials. Curiously, the release of 5-LO-derived lipid mediators from tumor cells is often low, and the exact mechanism by which 5-LO influences tumor cell function is poorly understood. Recent data now show that in addition to releasing oxylipins, 5-LO can also influence gene expression in a lipid mediator-independent manner. These non-canonical functions, including modulation of miRNA processing and transcription factor shuttling, most likely influence cancer cell function and the tumor microenvironment and might explain the low clinical efficacy of pharmacological strategies that previously only targeted oxylipin formation and signaling by 5-LO. This review summarizes the canonical and non-canonical functions of 5-LO with a particular focus on tumorigenesis, highlights unresolved issues, and suggests future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid S Kahnt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Ann-Kathrin Häfner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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2
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Teder T, Haeggström JZ, Airavaara M, Lõhelaid H. Cross-talk between bioactive lipid mediators and the unfolded protein response in ischemic stroke. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 168:106760. [PMID: 37331425 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic cerebral stroke is a severe medical condition that affects about 15 million people every year and is the second leading cause of death and disability globally. Ischemic stroke results in neuronal cell death and neurological impairment. Current therapies may not adequately address the deleterious metabolic changes and may increase neurological damage. Oxygen and nutrient depletion along with the tissue damage result in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, including the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), and neuroinflammation in the affected area and cause cell death in the lesion core. The spatio-temporal production of lipid mediators, either pro-inflammatory or pro-resolving, decides the course and outcome of stroke. The modulation of the UPR as well as the resolution of inflammation promotes post-stroke cellular viability and neuroprotection. However, studies about the interplay between the UPR and bioactive lipid mediators remain elusive and this review gives insights about the crosstalk between lipid mediators and the UPR in ischemic stroke. Overall, the treatment of ischemic stroke is often inadequate due to lack of effective drugs, thus, this review will provide novel therapeutical strategies that could promote the functional recovery from ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarvi Teder
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland; Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helike Lõhelaid
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland; Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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Krauth V, Bruno F, Pace S, Jordan PM, Temml V, Preziosa Romano M, Khan H, Schuster D, Rossi A, Filosa R, Werz O. Highly potent and selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibition by new, simple heteroaryl-substituted catechols for treatment of inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115385. [PMID: 36535528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (LO) catalyzes the first steps in the formation of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LT) that are pivotal lipid mediators contributing to allergic reactions and inflammatory disorders. Based on its key role in LT biosynthesis, 5-LO is an attractive drug target, demanding for effective and selective inhibitors with efficacy in vivo, which however, are still rare. Encouraged by the recent identification of the catechol 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)dibenzofuran 1 as 5-LO inhibitor, simple structural modifications were made to yield even more effective and selective catechol derivatives. Within this new series, the two most potent compounds 3,4-dihydroxy-3'-phenoxybiphenyl (6b) and 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)benzo[b]thiophene (6d) potently inhibited human 5-LO in cell-free (IC506b and 6d = 20 nM) and cell-based assays (IC506b = 70 nM, 6d = 60 nM). Inhibition of 5-LO was reversible, unaffected by exogenously added substrate arachidonic acid, and not primarily mediated via radical scavenging and antioxidant activities. Functional 5-LO mutants expressed in HEK293 cells were still prone to inhibition by 6b and 6d, and docking simulations revealed distinct binding of the catechol moiety to 5-LO at an allosteric site. Analysis of 5-LO nuclear membrane translocation and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization revealed that these 5-LO-activating events are hardly affected by the catechols. Importantly, the high inhibitory potency of 6b and 6d was confirmed in human blood and in a murine zymosan-induced peritonitis model in vivo. Our results enclose these novel catechol derivatives as highly potent, novel type inhibitors of 5-LO with high selectivity and with marked effectiveness under pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Krauth
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ferdinando Bruno
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; Advanced Medical Pharma, (AMP-BIOTEC) Healthcare Research and Innovation Center, 82030 San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Paul M Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Veronika Temml
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maria Preziosa Romano
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; Advanced Medical Pharma, (AMP-BIOTEC) Healthcare Research and Innovation Center, 82030 San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Antonietta Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosanna Filosa
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; Advanced Medical Pharma, (AMP-BIOTEC) Healthcare Research and Innovation Center, 82030 San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy; Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, Italy.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Haeggström JZ, Newcomer ME. Structures of Leukotriene Biosynthetic Enzymes and Development of New Therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:407-428. [PMID: 36130059 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051921-085014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Leukotrienes are potent immune-regulating lipid mediators with patho-genic roles in inflammatory and allergic diseases, particularly asthma. These autacoids also contribute to low-grade inflammation, a hallmark of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and tumor diseases. Biosynthesis of leukotrienes involves release and oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid and proceeds via a set of cytosolic and integral membrane enzymes that are typically expressed by cells of the innate immune system. In activated cells, these enzymes traffic and assemble at the endoplasmic and perinuclear membrane, together comprising a biosynthetic complex. Here we describe recent advances in our molecular understanding of the protein components of the leukotriene-synthesizing enzyme machinery and also briefly touch upon the leukotriene receptors. Moreover, we discuss emerging opportunities for pharmacological intervention and development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Marcia E Newcomer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA;
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5
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Resolution Potential of Necrotic Cell Death Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010016. [PMID: 36613458 PMCID: PMC9819908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During tissue damage caused by infection or sterile inflammation, not only damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), but also resolution-associated molecular patterns (RAMPs) can be activated. These dying cell-associated factors stimulate immune cells localized in the tissue environment and induce the production of inflammatory mediators or specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs). Within the current prospect of science, apoptotic cell death is considered the main initiator of resolution. However, more RAMPs are likely to be released during necrotic cell death than during apoptosis, similar to what has been observed for DAMPs. The inflammatory potential of many regulated forms of necrotic cell death modalities, such as pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, netosis, and parthanatos, have been widely studied in necroinflammation, but their possible role in resolution is less considered. In this review, we aim to summarize the relationship between necrotic cell death and resolution, as well as present the current available data regarding the involvement of certain forms of regulated necrotic cell death in necroresolution.
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Sud’ina GF, Golenkina EA, Prikhodko AS, Kondratenko ND, Gaponova TV, Chernyak BV. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 inhibits leukotriene synthesis in human neutrophils. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1023517. [PMID: 36506526 PMCID: PMC9729262 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1023517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes are among the most potent mediators of inflammation, and inhibition of their biosynthesis, is becoming increasingly important in the treatment of many pathologies. In this work, we demonstrated that preincubation of human neutrophils with the mitochondria targeted antioxidant SkQ1 (100 nM) strongly inhibits leukotriene synthesis induced by three different stimuli: the Ca2+ ionophore A23187, the chemotactic formyl-peptide fMLP in combination with cytocholasin B, and opsonized zymosan. The SkQ1 analogue lacking the antioxidant quinone moiety (C12TPP) was ineffective, suggesting that mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for activating of leukotriene synthesis in human neutrophils. The uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation FCCP also inhibits leukotriene synthesis, indicating that a high membrane potential is a prerequisite for stimulating leukotriene synthesis in neutrophils. Our data show that activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and ERK1/2, which is important for leukotriene synthesis in neutrophils is a target for SkQ1: 1) the selective p38 inhibitor SB203580 inhibited fMLP-induced leukotriene synthesis, while the ERK1/2 activation inhibitor U0126 suppressed leukotriene synthesis induced by any of the three stimuli; 2) SkQ1 effectively prevents p38 and ERK1/2 activation (accumulation of phosphorylated forms) induced by all three stimuli. This is the first study pointing to the involvement of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the activation of leukotriene synthesis in human neutrophils. The use of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants can be considered as a promising strategy for inhibiting leukotriene synthesis and treating various inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina F. Sud’ina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia,*Correspondence: Galina F. Sud’ina, ; Boris V. Chernyak,
| | - Ekaterina A. Golenkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia S. Prikhodko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia D. Kondratenko
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatjana V. Gaponova
- National Research Center for Hematology, Russia Federation Ministry of Public Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V. Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia,*Correspondence: Galina F. Sud’ina, ; Boris V. Chernyak,
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Mao X, Wang X, Jin M, Li Q, Jia J, Li M, Zhou H, Liu Z, Jin W, Zhao Y, Luo Z. Critical involvement of lysyl oxidase in seizure-induced neuronal damage through ERK-Alox5-dependent ferroptosis and its therapeutic implications. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3513-3528. [PMID: 36176900 PMCID: PMC9513491 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent insights collectively suggest the important roles of lysyl oxidase (LysOX) in the pathological processes of several acute and chronic neurological diseases, but the molecular regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, we explore the regulatory role of LysOX in the seizure-induced ferroptotic cell death of neurons. Mechanistically, LysOX promotes ferroptosis-associated lipid peroxidation in neurons via activating extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK)-dependent 5-lipoxygenase (Alox5) signaling. In addition, overexpression of LysOX via adeno-associated viral vector (AAV)-based gene transfer enhances ferroptosis sensitivity and aggravates seizure-induced hippocampal damage. Our studies show that pharmacological inhibition of LysOX with β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) significantly blocks seizure-induced ferroptosis and thereby alleviates neuronal damage, while the BAPN-associated cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity could further be reduced through encapsulation with bioresponsive amorphous calcium carbonate-based nanocarriers. These findings unveil a previously unrecognized LysOX-ERK-Alox5 pathway for ferroptosis regulation during seizure-induced neuronal damage. Suppressing this pathway may yield therapeutic implications for restoring seizure-induced neuronal injury.
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8
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Luo Y, Jin M, Lou L, Yang S, Li C, Li X, Zhou M, Cai C. Role of arachidonic acid lipoxygenase pathway in Asthma. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 158:106609. [PMID: 34954219 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism pathways play a key role in immunological response and inflammation diseases, such as asthma, etc. AA in cell membranes can be metabolized by lipoxygenases (LOXs) to a screen of bioactive substances that include leukotrienes (LTs), lipoxins (LXs), and eicosatetraenoic acids (ETEs), which are considered closely related to the pathophysiology of respiratory allergic disease. Studies also verified that drugs regulating AA LOXs pathway have better rehabilitative intervention for asthma. This review aims to summarize the physiological and pathophysiological importance of AA LOXs metabolism pathways in asthma and to discuss its prospects of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacan Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Minli Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Lejing Lou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Chengye Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xi Li
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Meixi Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
| | - Chang Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
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Nazari-Khanamiri F, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of genistein in prevention and treatment of diseases: An overview. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13972. [PMID: 34664285 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genistein is the simplest secondary metabolite in soybeans and belongs to a group of compounds called isoflavones. It is a phytoestrogen and it makes up more than 60% of soy isoflavones. Studies have shown the anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-angiogenic effects of genistein in addition to its modulatory effects on steroidal hormone receptors. In this review, we discuss the pharmacologic and therapeutic effects of genistein on various diseases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In this review, we have discussed the therapeutic effects of genistein as the main constituent of soybeans on health conditions. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and, anti-angiogenic effects need more attention. The pharmacological properties of genistein make this natural isoflavone a potential treatment for various diseases such as postmenopausal symptoms, cancer, bone, brain, and heart diseases. Special emphasis should be given to it, resulting in using it in clinical as a safe, potent, and bioactive molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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10
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Fischer J, Gresnigt MS, Werz O, Hube B, Garscha U. Candida albicans-induced leukotriene biosynthesis in neutrophils is restricted to the hyphal morphology. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21820. [PMID: 34569657 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100516rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in circulation playing a key role in acute inflammation during microbial infections. Phagocytosis, one of the crucial defence mechanisms of neutrophils against pathogens, is amplified by chemotactic leukotriene (LT)B4 , which is biosynthesized via 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). However, extensive liberation of LTB4 can be destructive by over-intensifying the inflammatory process. While enzymatic biosynthesis of LTB4 is well characterized, less is known about molecular mechanisms that activate 5-LOX and lead to LTB4 formation during host-pathogen interactions. Here, we investigated the ability of the common opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans to induce LTB4 formation in neutrophils, and elucidated pathogen-mediated drivers and cellular processes that activate this pathway. We revealed that C. albicans-induced LTB4 biosynthesis requires both the morphological transition from yeast cells to hyphae and the expression of hyphae-associated genes, as exclusively viable hyphae or yeast-locked mutant cells expressing hyphae-associated genes stimulated 5-LOX by [Ca2+ ]i mobilization and p38 MAPK activation. LTB4 biosynthesis was orchestrated by synergistic activation of dectin-1 and Toll-like receptor 2, and corresponding signaling via SYK and MYD88, respectively. Conclusively, we report hyphae-specific induction of LTB4 biosynthesis in human neutrophils. This highlights an expanding role of neutrophils during inflammatory processes in the response to C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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11
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Mechanistic insight on the role of leukotriene receptors in ischemic-reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1240-1254. [PMID: 33818747 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LT) are a class of inflammatory mediators produced by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) enzyme from arachidonic acid (AA). We discussed the various LT inhibitors and downstream pathway modulators, such as Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK), Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B (PI3K/Akt), 5'-Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), Protein Kinase C (PKC), Nitric Oxide (NO), Bradykinin, Early Growth Response-1 (Egr-1), Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α), which in turn regulate various metabolic and physiological processes involving I/R injury. A systematic literature review of Bentham, Scopus, PubMed, Medline, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to understand the nature and mechanistic interventions of the leukotriene receptor modulations in ischemic injury. In the pathophysiology of I/R injuries, LT has been found to play an important role. I/R injury affects most of the vital organs and is characterized by inflammation, oxidative stress, cell death, and apoptosis leading to morbidity and mortality. sThis present review focuses on the various LT receptors, i.e., CysLT, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, involved in developing I/R injury in organs, such as the brain, spinal cord, heart, kidney, liver, and intestine.
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12
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Werner M, Pace S, Czapka A, Jordan PM, Gerstmeier J, Koeberle A, Werz O. Communication between human macrophages and epithelial cancer cell lines dictates lipid mediator biosynthesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4365-4378. [PMID: 31894359 PMCID: PMC11104889 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03413-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In tumors, cancer cells coexist and communicate with macrophages that can promote tumorigenesis via pro-inflammatory signals. Lipid mediators (LMs), produced mainly by cyclooxygenases (COXs) or lipoxygenases (LOs), display a variety of biological functions with advantageous or deleterious consequences for tumors. Here, we investigated how the communication between human monocyte-derived M2-like macrophages (MDM) and cancer cells affects LM biosynthesis using LM metabololipidomics. Coculture of human MDM with human A549 epithelial lung carcinoma cells, separated by a semipermeable membrane, increased LM formation by MDM upon subsequent activation. Strongest effects were observed on 5-LO-derived LM. While expression of the 5-LO pathway was not altered, p38 MAPK and the downstream MAPKAPK-2 that phosphorylates and stimulates 5-LO were more susceptible for activation in MDM upon precedent coculture with A549 cells as compared to monocultures. Accordingly, the p38 MAPK inhibitor Skepinone-L selectively prevented this increase in 5-LO product formation. Also, 5-LO-/15-LO-derived LM including lipoxin A4, resolvin D2 and D5 were elevated after coculture with A549 cells, correlating to increased 15-LO-1 protein levels. In contrast to cancer cells, coincubation with non-transformed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) did not affect LM production in MDM. Vice versa, MDM increased COX-2 protein expression and COX-mediated prostanoid formation in cancer cells. Conclusively, our data reveal that the communication between MDM and cancer cells can strikingly modulate the biosynthetic capacities to produce bioactive LM with potential relevance for tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Werner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Anna Czapka
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul M Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Michael Popp Research Institute, University of Innsbruck, Mitterweg 24, 6020, Innsbruck, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Pace S, Werz O. Impact of Androgens on Inflammation-Related Lipid Mediator Biosynthesis in Innate Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1356. [PMID: 32714332 PMCID: PMC7344291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, allergic rhinitis and many other disorders related to an aberrant immune response have a higher incidence and severity in women than in men. Emerging evidences from scientific studies indicate that the activity of the immune system is superior in females and that androgens may act as “immunosuppressive” molecules with inhibitory effects on inflammatory reactions. Among the multiple factors that contribute to the inflammatory response, lipid mediators (LM), produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids, represent a class of bioactive small molecules with pivotal roles in the onset, maintenance and resolution of inflammation. LM encompass pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) that coexist in a tightly regulated balance necessary for the return to homeostasis. Innate immune cells including neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages possess high capacities to generate distinct LM. In the last decades it became more and more evident that sex represents an important variable in the regulation of inflammation where sex hormones play crucial roles. Recent findings showed that the biosynthesis of inflammation-related LM is sex-biased and that androgens impact LM formation with consequences not only for pathophysiology but also for pharmacotherapy. Here, we review the modulation of the inflammatory response by sex and androgens with a specific focus on LM pathways. In particular, we highlight the impact of androgens on the biosynthetic pathway of inflammation-related eicosanoids in innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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14
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Hijioka M, Futokoro R, Ohto-Nakanishi T, Nakanishi H, Katsuki H, Kitamura Y. Microglia-released leukotriene B 4 promotes neutrophil infiltration and microglial activation following intracerebral hemorrhage. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106678. [PMID: 32544870 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) from blood vessel rupture results in parenchymal hematoma formation and neuroinflammation, ultimately leading to neurodegeneration. Several lines of evidence suggest that the severity of ICH-induced neural damage is exacerbated by infiltration of T-cells, monocytes, and especially neutrophils into the hematoma. Neutrophil migration is regulated by chemokines, formyl peptides, and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a metabolite of arachidonic acid. In this study, we demonstrate that LTB4 is a key signaling factor promoting microglial activity and leukocyte infiltration into hematoma and thus a potentially critical determinant of ICH pathogenesis and clinical outcome. Lipidomic analysis revealed markedly increased LTB4 concentration in the hematoma-containing brain tissues 6-24 h after experimental ICH in mice. Expression of 5-lipoxygenase, a rate-limiting enzyme for LTB4 production, was upregulated in activated microglia and neutrophils within the hematoma following ICH. Treatment of cultured BV-2 microglia with thrombin, which is abundant in hematoma, promoted activation, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and LTB4 secretion. Further, conditioned medium from thrombin-stimulated BV-2 cells potentiated the transwell migration of neutrophil-like cells, a response blocked by a LTB4 receptor antagonist. These results suggest that arachidonic acid conversion to LTB4 following ICH contributes to neuroinflammation and ensuing neural tissue damage by inducing microglial activation and neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Hijioka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Risa Futokoro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Nakanishi
- Lipidome Lab Co., Ltd., Akita 010-0825, Japan; Research Center for Biosignaling, Akita University, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kitamura
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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15
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Emerging Roles of 5-Lipoxygenase Phosphorylation in Inflammation and Cell Death. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2749173. [PMID: 31871543 PMCID: PMC6906800 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2749173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (ALOX5) is an iron-containing and nonheme dioxygenase that catalyzes the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid. ALOX5 is the rate-limiting enzyme for the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, a family of proinflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. ALOX5 also make great contributions to mediating lipid peroxidation. In recent years, it has been discovered that ALOX5 plays a central role in cell death including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, a newly discovered type of cell death. According to the previous studies, ALOX5 can regulate cell death in two ways: one is inflammation and the other is lipid peroxidation. Meanwhile, it has been shown that ALOX5 activity is regulated by several factors including protein phosphorylation, ALOX5-interactng protein, redox state, and metal ions such as iron and calcium. In this review, we aim to summarize the knowledge on the emerging roles of ALOX5 protein phosphorylation in the regulation of cell death and inflammation in order to explore a potential target for human diseases.
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16
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Häfner AK, Kahnt AS, Steinhilber D. Beyond leukotriene formation—The noncanonical functions of 5-lipoxygenase. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 142:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Kuhn H, Humeniuk L, Kozlov N, Roigas S, Adel S, Heydeck D. The evolutionary hypothesis of reaction specificity of mammalian ALOX15 orthologs. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 72:55-74. [PMID: 30237084 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Kuhn
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, CCO- Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lia Humeniuk
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, CCO- Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikita Kozlov
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, CCO- Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Roigas
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, CCO- Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susan Adel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hepathology and Gastroenterology, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, CCO- Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Fettel J, Kühn B, Guillen NA, Sürün D, Peters M, Bauer R, Angioni C, Geisslinger G, Schnütgen F, Heringdorf DM, Werz O, Meybohm P, Zacharowski K, Steinhilber D, Roos J, Maier TJ. Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) induces potent anti‐inflammatory effects
in vitro
and
in vivo
by S1P receptor 4‐mediated suppression of 5‐lipoxygenase activity. FASEB J 2018; 33:1711-1726. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800221r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Fettel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe UniversityFrankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Benjamin Kühn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe UniversityFrankfurt/MainGermany
| | | | - Duran Sürün
- Department of Medicine 2, Hematology/OncologyGoethe UniversityFrankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Marcus Peters
- Department of Experimental PneumologyRuhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Rebekka Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe UniversityFrankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Carlo Angioni
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyGoethe UniversityFrankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyGoethe UniversityFrankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Frank Schnütgen
- Department of Medicine 2, Hematology/OncologyGoethe UniversityFrankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Dagmar Meyer Heringdorf
- Institute of General PharmacologyPharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFESGoethe UniversityFrankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryFriedrich Schiller UniversityJenaGermany
| | - Patrick Meybohm
- Department for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, and Pain TherapyUniversity HospitalGoethe UniversityFrankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Department for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, and Pain TherapyUniversity HospitalGoethe UniversityFrankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe UniversityFrankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Jessica Roos
- Department for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, and Pain TherapyUniversity HospitalGoethe UniversityFrankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Thorsten J. Maier
- Department for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, and Pain TherapyUniversity HospitalGoethe UniversityFrankfurt/MainGermany
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19
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Abstract
Eicosanoids are 20-carbon bioactive lipids derived from the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can modulate various biological processes including cell proliferation, adhesion and migration, angiogenesis, vascular permeability and inflammatory responses. In recent years, studies have shown the importance of eicosanoids in the control of physiological and pathological processes associated with several diseases, including cancer. The polyunsaturated fatty acid predominantly metabolized to generate 2-series eicosanoids is arachidonic acid, which is the major n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in animal fat and in the occidental diet. The three main pathways responsible for metabolizing arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids to generate eicosanoids are the cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and P450 epoxygenase pathways. Inflammation plays a decisive role in various stages of tumor development including initiation, promotion, invasion and metastasis. This review will focus on studies that have investigated the role of prostanoids and lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids in the development and progression of different tumors, highlighting the findings that may provide insights into how these eicosanoids can influence cell proliferation, cell migration and the inflammatory process. A better understanding of the complex role played by eicosanoids in both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment may provide new markers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes and identify new therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Nascimento Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Souza Felipe da Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Alison Colquhoun
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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20
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Abstract
Leukotrienes are powerful immune-regulating lipid mediators with established pathogenic roles in inflammatory allergic diseases of the respiratory tract - in particular, asthma and hay fever. More recent work indicates that these lipids also contribute to low-grade inflammation, a hallmark of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic diseases as well as cancer. Biosynthesis of leukotrienes involves oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid and proceeds via a set of soluble and membrane enzymes that are primarily expressed by cells of myeloid origin. In activated immune cells, these enzymes assemble at the endoplasmic and perinuclear membrane, constituting a biosynthetic complex. This Review describes recent advances in our understanding of the components of the leukotriene-synthesizing enzyme machinery, emerging opportunities for pharmacological intervention, and the development of new medicines exploiting both antiinflammatory and pro-resolving mechanisms.
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21
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Nunns GR, Stringham JR, Gamboni F, Moore EE, Fragoso M, Stettler GR, Silliman CC, Banerjee A. Trauma and hemorrhagic shock activate molecular association of 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase-Activating protein in lung tissue. J Surg Res 2018; 229:262-270. [PMID: 29936999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic lung injury following trauma and hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) is associated with significant morbidity. Leukotriene-induced inflammation has been implicated in the development of post-traumatic lung injury through a mechanism that is only partially understood. Postshock mesenteric lymph returning to the systemic circulation is rich in arachidonic acid, the substrate of 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5). ALOX5 is the rate-limiting enzyme in leukotriene synthesis and, following T/HS, contributes to the development of lung dysfunction. ALOX5 colocalizes with its cofactor, 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (ALOX5AP), which is thought to potentiate ALOX5 synthetic activity. We hypothesized that T/HS results in the molecular association and nuclear colocalization of ALOX5 and ALOX5AP, which ultimately increases leukotriene production and potentiates lung injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS To examine these molecular interactions, a rat T/HS model was used. Post-T/HS tissue was evaluated for lung injury through both histologic analysis of lung sections and biochemical analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Lung tissue was immunostained for ALOX5 and ALOX5AP with association and colocalization evaluated by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. In addition, rats undergoing T/HS were treated with MK-886, a known ALOX5AP inhibitor. RESULTS ALOX5 levels increase and ALOX5/ALOX5AP association occurred after T/HS, as evidenced by increases in total tissue fluorescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer signal intensity, respectively. These findings coincided with increased leukotriene production and with the histological changes characteristic of lung injury. ALOX5/ALOX5AP complex formation, leukotriene production, and lung injury were decreased after inhibition of ALOX5AP with MK-886. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the association of ALOX5/ALOX5AP contributes to leukotriene-induced inflammation and predisposes the T/HS animal to lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey R Nunns
- School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Trauma Research Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - John R Stringham
- School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Trauma Research Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Fabia Gamboni
- School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Trauma Research Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ernest E Moore
- School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Trauma Research Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; Denver Health Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Denver, Colorado
| | - Miguel Fragoso
- School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Trauma Research Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; Denver Health Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Denver, Colorado
| | - Gregory R Stettler
- School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Trauma Research Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christopher C Silliman
- School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Trauma Research Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics-Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; Research Laboratory, Bonfils Blood Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Trauma Research Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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22
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Abstract
Bioactive lipids regulate most physiological processes, from digestion to blood flow and from hemostasis to labor. Lipid mediators are also involved in multiple pathologies including cancer, autoimmunity or asthma. The pathological roles of lipid mediators are based on their intricate involvement in the immune system, which comprises source and target cells of these mediators. Based on their biosynthetic origin, bioactive lipids can be grouped into different classes [e.g. sphingolipids, formed from sphingosine or eicosanoids, formed from arachidonic acid (AA)]. Owing to the complexity of different mediator classes and the prominent immunological roles of eicosanoids, this review will focus solely on the immune-regulation of eicosanoids. Eicosanoids do not only control key immune responses (e.g. chemotaxis, antigen presentation, phagocytosis), but they are also subject to reciprocal control by the immune system. Particularly, key immunoregulatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IFN-γ shape the cellular eicosanoid profile, thus providing efficient feedback regulation between cytokine and eicosanoid networks. For the purpose of this review, I will first provide a short overview of the most important immunological functions of eicosanoids with a focus on prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs). Second, I will summarize the current knowledge on immunological factors that regulate eicosanoid production during infection and inflammation.
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23
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Sorgi CA, Zarini S, Martin SA, Sanchez RL, Scandiuzzi RF, Gijón MA, Guijas C, Flamand N, Murphy RC, Faccioli LH. Dormant 5-lipoxygenase in inflammatory macrophages is triggered by exogenous arachidonic acid. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10981. [PMID: 28887514 PMCID: PMC5591212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of resident tissue macrophages from embryonic precursors and that of inflammatory macrophages from bone marrow cells leads to macrophage heterogeneity. Further plasticity is displayed through their ability to be polarized as subtypes M1 and M2 in a cell culture microenvironment. However, the detailed regulation of eicosanoid production and its involvement in macrophage biology remains unclear. Using a lipidomics approach, we demonstrated that eicosanoid production profiles between bone marrow-derived (BMDM) and peritoneal macrophages differed drastically. In polarized BMDMs, M1 and M2 phenotypes were distinguished by thromboxane B2, prostaglandin (PG) E2, and PGD2 production, in addition to lysophospholipid acyltransferase activity. Although Alox5 expression and the presence of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) protein in BMDMs was observed, the absence of leukotrienes production reflected an impairment in 5-LO activity, which could be triggered by addition of exogenous arachidonic acid (AA). The BMDM 5-LO regulatory mechanism was not responsive to PGE2/cAMP pathway modulation; however, treatment to reduce glutathione peroxidase activity increased 5-LO metabolite production after AA stimulation. Understanding the relationship between the eicosanoids pathway and macrophage biology may offer novel strategies for macrophage-associated disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Sorgi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Simona Zarini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Sarah A Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Raphael L Sanchez
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Scandiuzzi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Gijón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Carlos Guijas
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1V 4G5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Lucia H Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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24
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Ball AK, Beilstein K, Wittmann S, Sürün D, Saul MJ, Schnütgen F, Flamand N, Capelo R, Kahnt AS, Frey H, Schaefer L, Marschalek R, Häfner AK, Steinhilber D. Characterization and cellular localization of human 5-lipoxygenase and its protein isoforms 5-LOΔ13, 5-LOΔ4 and 5-LOp12. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:561-571. [PMID: 28257804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO-WT) initiates the leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis. LTs play an important role in diseases like asthma, atherosclerosis and in many types of cancer. In this study, we investigated the 5-LO isoforms 5-LO∆13, 5-LO∆4 and 5-LOp12, lacking the exons 13, 4 or a part of exon 12, respectively. We were able to detect the mRNA of the isoforms 5-LO∆13 and 5-LOp12 in B and T cell lines as well as in primary B and T cells and monocytes. Furthermore, we found that expression of 5-LO and particularly of the 5-LO∆13 and 5-LOp12 isoforms is increased in monocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and sepsis. Confocal microscopy of HEK293T cells stably transfected with tagged 5-LO-WT and/or the isoforms revealed that 5-LO-WT is localized in the nucleus whereas all isoforms are located in the cytosol. Additionally, all isoforms are catalytically inactive and do not seem to influence the specific activity of 5-LO-WT. S271A mutation in 5-LO-WT and treatment of the cells with sorbitol or KN-93/SB203580 changes the localization of the WT enzyme to the cytosol. Despite colocalization with the S271A mutant, the isoforms did not affect LT biosynthesis. Analysis of the phosphorylation pattern of 5-LO-WT and all the isoforms revealed that 5-LOp12 and 5-LO∆13 are highly phosphorylated at Ser271 and 5-LOp12 at Ser523. Furthermore, coexpression of the isoforms inhibited or stimulated 5-LO-WT expression in transiently and stably transfected HEK293T cells suggesting that the isoforms have other functions than canonical LT biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Ball
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kim Beilstein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Wittmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Duran Sürün
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Meike J Saul
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Schnütgen
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l'IUCPQ, Département de Médecine et Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Ricardo Capelo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Astrid S Kahnt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Helena Frey
- General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rolf Marschalek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Häfner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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25
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Werz O, Gerstmeier J, Garscha U. Novel leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors (2012-2016) as anti-inflammatory agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:607-620. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1276568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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26
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Zemski Berry KA, Murphy RC. Phospholipid Ozonation Products Activate the 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway in Macrophages. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1355-64. [PMID: 27448436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is a highly reactive environmental toxicant that can react with the double bonds of lipids in pulmonary surfactant. This study was undertaken to investigate the proinflammatory properties of the major lipid-ozone product in pulmonary surfactant, 1-palmitoyl-2-(9'-oxo-nonanoyl)-glycerophosphocholine (16:0/9al-PC), with respect to eicosanoid production. A dose-dependent increase in the formation of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) products was observed in murine resident peritoneal macrophages (RPM) and alveolar macrophages (AM) upon treatment with 16:0/9al-PC. In contrast, the production of cyclooxygenase (COX) derived eicosanoids did not change from basal levels in the presence of 16:0/9al-PC. When 16:0/9al-PC and the TLR2 ligand, zymosan, were added to RPM or AM, an enhancement of 5-LO product formation along with a concomitant decrease in COX product formation was observed. Neither intracellular calcium levels nor arachidonic acid release was influenced by the addition of 16:0/9al-PC to RPM. Results from mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor studies and direct measurement of phosphorylation of MAPKs revealed that 16:0/9al-PC activates the p38 MAPK pathway in RPM, which results in the activation of 5-LO. Our results indicate that 16:0/9al-PC has a profound effect on the eicosanoid pathway, which may have implications in inflammatory pulmonary disease states where eicosanoids have been shown to play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Zemski Berry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver , 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Mail Stop 8303, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver , 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Mail Stop 8303, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Hu Y, Li S. Survival regulation of leukemia stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1039-50. [PMID: 26686687 PMCID: PMC11108378 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are a subpopulation cells at the apex of hierarchies in leukemia cells and responsible for disease continuous propagation. In this article, we discuss some cellular and molecular components, which are critical for LSC survival. These components include intrinsic signaling pathways and extrinsic microenvironments. The intrinsic signaling pathways to be discussed include Wnt/β-catenin signaling, Hox genes, Hh pathway, Alox5, and some miRNAs, which have been shown to play important roles in regulating LSC survival and proliferation. The extrinsic components to be discussed include selectins, CXCL12/CXCR4, and CD44, which involve in LSC homing, survival, and proliferation by affecting bone marrow microenvironment. Potential strategies for eradicating LSCs will also discuss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguo Hu
- Department of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, The Third Part Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shaoguang Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Roos J, Grösch S, Werz O, Schröder P, Ziegler S, Fulda S, Paulus P, Urbschat A, Kühn B, Maucher I, Fettel J, Vorup-Jensen T, Piesche M, Matrone C, Steinhilber D, Parnham MJ, Maier TJ. Regulation of tumorigenic Wnt signaling by cyclooxygenase-2, 5-lipoxygenase and their pharmacological inhibitors: A basis for novel drugs targeting cancer cells? Pharmacol Ther 2016; 157:43-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Mahshid Y, Markoutsa S, Dincbas-Renqvist V, Sürün D, Christensson B, Sander B, Björkholm M, Sorg BL, Rådmark O, Claesson HE. Phosphorylation of serine 523 on 5-lipoxygenase in human B lymphocytes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015. [PMID: 26210919 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The key enzyme in leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis is 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), which is expressed in myeloid cells and in B lymphocytes. There are three phosphorylation sites on 5-LO (Ser271, Ser523 and Ser663). Protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylates 5-LO on Ser523. In this report, we demonstrate by immunoblotting that native 5-LO in mantle B cell lymphoma (MCL) cells (Granta519, JEKO1, and Rec1) and in primary chronic B lymphocytic leukemia cells (B-CLL) is phosphorylated on Ser523. In contrast, we could not detect phosphorylation of 5-LO on Ser523 in human granulocytes or monocytes. Phosphorylated 5-LO was purified from Rec1 cells, using an ATP-agarose column, and the partially purified enzyme could be dephosphorylated with alkaline phosphatase. Incubation of Rec1 cells with 8-Br-cAMP or prostaglandin E2 stimulated phosphorylation at Ser523. Furthermore, FLAG-5LO was expressed in Rec1 cells, and the cells were cultivated in the presence of 8-Br-cAMP. The 5-LO protein from these cells was immunoprecipitated, first with anti-FLAG, followed by anti-pSer523-5-LO. The presence of 5-LO protein in the final precipitate further supported the finding that the protein recognized by the pSer523 antibody was 5-LO. Taken together, this study shows that 5-LO in B cells is phosphorylated on Ser523 and demonstrates for the first time a chemical difference between 5-LO in myeloid cells and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilmaz Mahshid
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stavroula Markoutsa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Vildan Dincbas-Renqvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Duran Sürün
- University of Frankfurt Medical School, Department of Molecular Hematology, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Birger Christensson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Sander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Björkholm
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernd L Sorg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Olof Rådmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Erik Claesson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Pergola C, Schaible AM, Nikels F, Dodt G, Northoff H, Werz O. Progesterone rapidly down-regulates the biosynthesis of 5-lipoxygenase products in human primary monocytes. Pharmacol Res 2015; 94:42-50. [PMID: 25681061 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO), the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LTs) from arachidonic acid, is regulated by androgens in human neutrophils and monocytes accounting for sex differences in LT formation. Here we show that progesterone suppresses the synthesis of 5-LO metabolites in human primary monocytes. 5-LO product formation in monocytes stimulated with Ca(2+)-ionophore A23187 or with lipopolysaccharide/formyl peptide was suppressed by progesterone at concentrations of 10-100 nM in cells from females and at 1 μM in cells from males. Progesterone down-regulated 5-LO product formation in a rapid and reversible manner, but did not significantly inhibit 5-LO activity in cell-free assays using monocyte homogenates. Also, arachidonic acid release and its metabolism to other eicosanoids in monocytes were not significantly reduced by progesterone. The inhibitory effect of progesterone on LTs was still observed when mitogen-activated protein kinases were pharmacologically blocked, stimulatory 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol was exogenously supplied, or extracellular Ca(2+) was removed by chelation. Instead, suppression of PKA by means of two different pharmacological approaches (i.e. H89 and a cell-permeable PKA inhibitor peptide) prevented inhibition of 5-LO product generation by progesterone, to a similar extent as observed for the PKA activators prostaglandin E2 and 8-Br-cAMP, suggesting the involvement of PKA. In summary, progesterone affects the capacity of human primary monocytes to generate 5-LO products and, in addition to androgens, may account for sex-specific effects on pro-inflammatory LTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Pergola
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Anja M Schaible
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Felix Nikels
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Dodt
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Hinnak Northoff
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Horn T, Adel S, Schumann R, Sur S, Kakularam KR, Polamarasetty A, Redanna P, Kuhn H, Heydeck D. Evolutionary aspects of lipoxygenases and genetic diversity of human leukotriene signaling. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 57:13-39. [PMID: 25435097 PMCID: PMC7112624 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes are pro-inflammatory lipid mediators, which are biosynthesized via the lipoxygenase pathway of the arachidonic acid cascade. Lipoxygenases form a family of lipid peroxidizing enzymes and human lipoxygenase isoforms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, hyperproliferative (cancer) and neurodegenerative diseases. Lipoxygenases are not restricted to humans but also occur in a large number of pro- and eucaryotic organisms. Lipoxygenase-like sequences have been identified in the three domains of life (bacteria, archaea, eucarya) but because of lacking functional data the occurrence of catalytically active lipoxygenases in archaea still remains an open question. Although the physiological and/or pathophysiological functions of various lipoxygenase isoforms have been studied throughout the last three decades there is no unifying concept for the biological importance of these enzymes. In this review we are summarizing the current knowledge on the distribution of lipoxygenases in living single and multicellular organisms with particular emphasis to higher vertebrates and will also focus on the genetic diversity of enzymes and receptors involved in human leukotriene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Horn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, 95064 Santa Cruz, USA
| | - Susan Adel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Schumann
- Institute of Microbiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Saubashya Sur
- Institute of Microbiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kumar Reddy Kakularam
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Aparoy Polamarasetty
- School of Life Sciences, University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh 176215, India
| | - Pallu Redanna
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India; National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500049, Telangana, India
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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Phosphorylation mimicking mutations of ALOX5 orthologs of different vertebrates do not alter reaction specificities of the enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1842:1460-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Rådmark O, Werz O, Steinhilber D, Samuelsson B. 5-Lipoxygenase, a key enzyme for leukotriene biosynthesis in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:331-9. [PMID: 25152163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) catalyzes two steps in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes (LTs), lipid mediators of inflammation derived from arachidonic acid. In this review we focus on 5-LOX biochemistry including 5-LOX interacting proteins and regulation of enzyme activity. LTs function in normal host defense, and have roles in many disease states where acute or chronic inflammation is part of the pathophysiology, as briefly summarized at the end of this chapter. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Rådmark
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Div. of Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University Jena, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bengt Samuelsson
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Div. of Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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Rossi A, Pergola C, Pace S, Rådmark O, Werz O, Sautebin L. In vivo sex differences in leukotriene biosynthesis in zymosan-induced peritonitis. Pharmacol Res 2014; 87:1-7. [PMID: 24892983 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) metabolites which are implicated in sex-dependent inflammatory diseases (asthma, autoimmune diseases, etc.). We have recently reported sex differences in LT biosynthesis in in vitro models such as human whole blood, neutrophils and monocytes, due to down-regulation of 5-LO product formation by androgens. Here we present evidences for sex differences in LT synthesis and related inflammatory reactions in an in vivo model of inflammation (mouse zymosan-induced peritonitis). On the cellular level, differential 5-LO subcellular compartmentalization in peritoneal macrophages (PM) from male and female mice might be the basis for these differences. Sex differences in vascular permeability and neutrophil recruitment (cell number and myeloperoxidase activity) into peritoneal cavity were evident upon intraperitoneal zymosan injection, with more prominent responses in female mice. This was accompanied by higher levels of LTC4 and LTB4 in peritoneal exudates of female compared to male mice. Interestingly, LT peritoneal levels in orchidectomized mice were higher than in sham male mice. In accordance with the in vivo results, LT formation in stimulated PM from female mice was higher than in male PM, accompanied by alterations in 5-LO subcellular localization. The increased formation of LTC4 in incubations of PM from orchidectomized mice confirms a role of sex hormones. In conclusion, sex differences observed in LT biosynthesis during peritonitis in vivo may be related, at least in part, to a variant 5-LO localization in PM from male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Carlo Pergola
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Olof Rådmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.
| | - Lidia Sautebin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Markoutsa S, Sürün D, Karas M, Hofmann B, Steinhilber D, Sorg BL. Analysis of 5-lipoxygenase phosphorylation on molecular level by MALDI-MS. FEBS J 2014; 281:1931-47. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Markoutsa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES; Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Duran Sürün
- Department of Molecular Hematology; University of Frankfurt Medical School; Germany
| | - Michael Karas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES; Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Bettina Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES; Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES; Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Bernd L. Sorg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES; Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
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36
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Markoutsa S, Bahr U, Papasotiriou DG, Häfner AK, Karas M, Sorg BL. Sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin derivatization: A versatile tool for MALDI mass analysis of PTMs in lysine-rich proteins. Proteomics 2014; 14:659-67. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ute Bahr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Goethe-University; Frankfurt Germany
| | | | - Ann-Kathrin Häfner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Goethe-University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Michael Karas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Goethe-University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Bernd L. Sorg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Goethe-University; Frankfurt Germany
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Structure–activity relationship and in vitro pharmacological evaluation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-based inhibitors of 5-LO. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:865-80. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: 5-LO is an important enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, which are lipid mediators of immune and inflammation responses, with important roles in respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, immune responses and certain types of cancer. Therefore, this enzyme has been investigated as a potential target for the treatment of these pathophysiological conditions. Results: 5-LO inhibitory potential was investigated in intact polymorphonuclear leukocytes, a cell-free assay, in human whole blood and rodent cells to both elucidate structure–activity relationships and in vitro pharmacological evaluation. Chemical modifications for lead optimization via straight forward synthesis was used to combine small polar groups, which led to a suitable candidate (IC50 [polymorphonuclear leukocytes] = 1.15 µM, IC50 [S100] = 0.29 µM) with desired in vitro biopharmaceutical profiles in terms of solubility (451.9 µg/ml) and intrinsic clearance without demonstrating any cytotoxicity. Conclusion: Compound 9l is a novel, potent and selective 5-LO inhibitor with favorable preclinical drug-like properties.
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Hofmann B, Steinhilber D. 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors: a review of recent patents (2010-2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:895-909. [PMID: 23600432 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.791678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is a crucial enzyme of the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade and catalyzes the formation of bioactive leukotrienes (LTs) with the help of FLAP, the 5-LO-activating protein. LTs are inflammatory mediators playing a pathophysiological role in different diseases like asthma, allergic rhinitis as well as cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. With the rising number of indications for anti-LT therapy, 5-LO inhibitor drug development becomes increasingly important. AREAS COVERED Here, both recent findings regarding the pathophysiological role of 5-LO and the patents claimed for 5-LO inhibitors are discussed. Focusing on direct inhibitors, several patents disclosing FLAP antagonists are also subject of this review. Novel compounds include 1,5-diarylpyrazoles, indolizines and indoles and several natural product extracts. EXPERT OPINION Evaluation of the patent activities revealed only quite moderate action. Nevertheless, several auspicious drug-like molecules were disclosed. It seems that in the near future, FLAP inhibitors can be expected to enter the market for the treatment of asthma. With the resolved structure of 5-LO, structure-based drug design is now applicable. Together with the identification of downstream enzyme inhibitors and dual-targeting drugs within the AA cascade, several tools are at hand to cope with 5-LOs increasing pathophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hofmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
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Chaitidis P, Adel S, Anton M, Heydeck D, Kuhn H, Horn T. Lipoxygenase pathways in Homo neanderthalensis: functional comparison with Homo sapiens isoforms. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1397-409. [PMID: 23475662 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m035626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) have been implicated in biosynthesis of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and a previous report suggested compromised leukotriene signaling in H. neanderthalensis. To search for corresponding differences in leukotriene biosynthesis, we screened the Neandertal genome for LOX genes and found that, as modern humans, this archaic hominid contains six LOX genes (nALOX15, nALOX12, nALOX5, nALOX15B, nALOX12B, and nALOXE3) and one pseudogene. In the Neandertal genome, 60-75% of the amino acids of the different human LOX isoforms have been identified, and the degree of identity varies between 96 and 99%. Most functional amino acids (iron ligands, specificity determinants, calcium and ATP-binding sites, membrane-binding determinants, and phosphorylation sites) are well conserved in the Neandertal LOX isoforms, and expression of selected neandertalized human LOX mutants revealed no major functional defects. However, in nALOX12 and nALOXE3, two premature stop codons were found, leading to inactive enzyme species. These data suggest that ALOX15, ALOX5, ALOX15B, and ALOX12B should have been present as functional enzymes in H. neanderthalensis and that in contrast to lower nonhuman primates (M. mulatta) and other mammals (mice, rats), this ancient hominid expressed a 15-lipoxygenating ALOX15. Expression of ALOXE3 and ALOX12 was compromised, which might have caused problems in epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Chaitidis
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin - Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Lim JC, Park SY, Nam Y, Nguyen TT, Sohn UD. The Protective Effect of Eupatilin against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Injury Involving 5-Lipoxygenase in Feline Esophageal Epithelial Cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 16:313-20. [PMID: 23118554 PMCID: PMC3484515 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2012.16.5.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we focused to identify whether eupatilin (5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',6-trimethoxyflavone), an extract from Artemisia argyi folium, prevents H2O2-induced injury of cultured feline esophageal epithelial cells. Cell viability was measured by the conventional MTT reduction assay. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the expression of 5-lipoxygenase by H2O2 treatment in the absence and presence of inhibitors. When cells were exposed to 600 µM H2O2 for 24 hours, cell viability was decreased to 40%. However, when cells were pretreated with 25~150 µM eupatilin for 12 hours, viability was significantly restored in a concentration-dependent manner. H2O2-treated cells were shown to express 5-lipoxygenase, whereas the cells pretreated with eupatilin exhibited reduction in the expression of 5-lipoxygenase. The H2O2-induced increase of 5-lipoxygenase expression was prevented by SB202190, SP600125, or NAC. We further demonstrated that the level of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) was also reduced by eupatilin, SB202190, SP600125, NAC, or nordihydroguaiaretic acid (a lipoxygenase inhibitor) pretreatment. H2O2 induced the activation of p38MAPK and JNK, this activation was inhibited by eupatilin. These results indicate that eupatilin may reduce H2O2-induced cytotoxicity, and 5-lipoxygenase expression and LTB4 production by controlling the p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways through antioxidative action in feline esophageal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Chun Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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Bair AM, Turman MV, Vaine CA, Panettieri RA, Soberman RJ. The nuclear membrane leukotriene synthetic complex is a signal integrator and transducer. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:4456-64. [PMID: 23015755 PMCID: PMC3496618 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-06-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes are bioactive signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid that initiate and amplify innate immunity. A single structure, the leukotriene synthetic complex, on the nuclear membrane of neutrophils integrates and transduces extracellular signals to generate the chemotactic lipid LTB4. Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid-signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid (AA) that initiate and amplify inflammation. To initiate LT formation, the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) enzyme translocates to nuclear membranes, where it associates with its scaffold protein, 5-lipoxygenase–activating protein (FLAP), to form the core of the multiprotein LT synthetic complex. FLAP is considered to function by binding free AA and facilitating its use as a substrate by 5-LO to form the initial LT, LTA4. We used a combination of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, cell biology, and biochemistry to identify discrete AA-dependent and AA-independent steps that occur on nuclear membranes to control the assembly of the LT synthetic complex in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The association of AA with FLAP changes the configuration of the scaffold protein, enhances recruitment of membrane-associated 5-LO to form complexes with FLAP, and controls the closeness of this association. Granulocyte monocyte colony–stimulating factor provides a second AA-independent signal that controls the closeness of 5-LO and FLAP within complexes but not the number of complexes that are assembled. Our results demonstrate that the LT synthetic complex is a signal integrator that transduces extracellular signals to modulate the interaction of 5-LO and FLAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Bair
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Inada T, Ueshima H, Shingu K. Intravenous anesthetic propofol suppresses leukotriene production in murine dendritic cells. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 10:262-9. [PMID: 22953970 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.712066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes, divided into cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), which are important mediators of asthmatic responses, and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a chemotactic and chemokinetic agent for leukocytes, are potent lipid mediators generated from arachidonic acid by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). Leukotrienes are also considered to have immunoregulatory and pro-inflammatory actions. Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic widely used for anesthesia and sedation that is alleged to possess anti-inflammatory properties. The present study examined the effect of propofol on leukotriene production by dendritic cells (DC). In murine bone marrow-derived DC, propofol significantly suppressed CysLT and LTB4 production after short-term stimulation with zymosan. The protein levels of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and 5-LO, or arachidonic acid release from plasma membranes, were not affected by the presence of propofol. Although zymosan treatment induced or enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p-38 MAPK, and JNK, which presumably up-regulates the activity of 5-LO, the presence of propofol had no additional effect on the phosphorylation status of any of these MAPKs. Similarly, zymosan significantly increased the concentration of intracellular calcium, which is the most crucial activator of 5-LO, but no additional concentration changes were observed with the addition of propofol. Lastly, in an in-vitro cell-free ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange assay, propofol significantly inhibited the 5-LO activity of purified human recombinant 5-LO enzyme with an IC50 of ~7.5 µM. Thus, propofol's inhibition of 5-LO is not likely restricted to the circumstances surrounding the production of leukotrienes from DC, but applicable to other types of immune and non-immune cells that produce leukotrienes. The 5-LO-inhibiting activity of propofol may, at least in part, contribute to the well-known anti-inflammatory activity of propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Inada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.
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Gilbert NC, Rui Z, Neau DB, Waight MT, Bartlett SG, Boeglin WE, Brash AR, Newcomer ME. Conversion of human 5-lipoxygenase to a 15-lipoxygenase by a point mutation to mimic phosphorylation at Serine-663. FASEB J 2012; 26:3222-9. [PMID: 22516296 PMCID: PMC3405276 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-205286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) initiates biosynthesis of the proinflammatory leukotriene lipid mediators and, together with 15-LOX, is also required for synthesis of the anti-inflammatory lipoxins. The catalytic activity of 5-LOX is regulated through multiple mechanisms, including Ca(2+)-targeted membrane binding and phosphorylation at specific serine residues. To investigate the consequences of phosphorylation at S663, we mutated the residue to the phosphorylation mimic Asp, providing a homogenous preparation suitable for catalytic and structural studies. The S663D enzyme exhibits robust 15-LOX activity, as determined by spectrophotometric and HPLC analyses, with only traces of 5-LOX activity remaining; synthesis of the anti-inflammatory lipoxin A(4) from arachidonic acid is also detected. The crystal structure of the S663D mutant in the absence and presence of arachidonic acid (in the context of the previously reported Stable-5-LOX) reveals substantial remodeling of helices that define the active site so that the once fully encapsulated catalytic machinery is solvent accessible. Our results suggest that phosphorylation of 5-LOX at S663 could not only down-regulate leukotriene synthesis but also stimulate lipoxin production in inflammatory cells that do not express 15-LOX, thus redirecting lipid mediator biosynthesis to the production of proresolving mediators of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel C. Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zhe Rui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - David B. Neau
- Northeastern Collaborative Access Team, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA; and
| | - Maria T. Waight
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sue G. Bartlett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - William E. Boeglin
- Department of Pharmacology and
- Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alan R. Brash
- Department of Pharmacology and
- Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Marcia E. Newcomer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Hofmann B, Rödl CB, Kahnt AS, Maier TJ, Michel AA, Hoffmann M, Rau O, Awwad K, Pellowska M, Wurglics M, Wacker M, Zivković A, Fleming I, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Stark H, Schneider G, Steinhilber D. Molecular pharmacological profile of a novel thiazolinone-based direct and selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2304-13. [PMID: 21955369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The potency of many 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitors depends on the cellular peroxide tone and the mechanism of 5-LOX enzyme activation. Therefore, new inhibitors that act regardless of the mode of enzyme activation need to be developed. Recently, we identified a novel class of thiazolinone-based compounds as potent 5-LOX inhibitors. Here, we present the molecular pharmacological profile of (Z)-5-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-2-(p-tolyl)-5H-thiazol-4-one, compound C06. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Inhibition of 5-LOX product formation was determined in intact cells [polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), rat basophilic leukaemia-1, RAW264.7] and in cell-free assays [homogenates, 100, 000×g supernatant (S100), partially purified 5-LOX] applying different stimuli for 5-LOX activation. Inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2) ), 12-LOX, 15-LOX-1 and 15-LOX-2 as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were measured in vitro. KEY RESULTS C06 induced non-cytotoxic, direct 5-LOX inhibition with IC(50) values about 0.66 µM (intact PMNL, PMNL homogenates) and approximately 0.3 µM (cell-free PMNL S100, partially purified 5-LOX). Action of C06 was independent of the stimulus used for 5-LOX activation and cellular redox tone and was selective for 5-LOX compared with other arachidonic acid binding proteins (PPAR, cPLA(2) , 12-LOX, 15-LOX-1, 15-LOX-2, COX-2). Experimental results suggest an allosteric binding distinct from the active site and the C2-like domain of 5-LOX. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS C06 was identified as a potent selective direct 5-LOX inhibitor exhibiting a novel and unique mode of action, different from other established 5-LOX inhibitors. This thiazolinone may possess potential for intervention with inflammatory and allergic diseases and certain types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Häfner AK, Cernescu M, Hofmann B, Ermisch M, Hörnig M, Metzner J, Schneider G, Brutschy B, Steinhilber D. Dimerization of human 5-lipoxygenase. Biol Chem 2012; 392:1097-111. [PMID: 22050225 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) can form dimers as shown here via native gel electrophoresis, gel filtration chromatography and LILBID (laser induced liquid bead ion desorption) mass spectrometry. After glutathionylation of 5-LO by diamide/glutathione treatment, dimeric 5-LO was no longer detectable and 5-LO almost exclusively exists in the monomeric form which showed full catalytic activity. Incubation of 5-LO with diamide alone led to a disulfide-bridged dimer and to oligomer formation which displays a strongly reduced catalytic activity. The bioinformatic analysis of the 5-LO surface for putative protein-protein interaction domains and molecular modeling of the dimer interface suggests a head to tail orientation of the dimer which also explains the localization of previously reported ATP binding sites. This interface domain was confirmed by the observation that 5-LO dimer formation and inhibition of activity by diamide was largely prevented when four cysteines (C159S, C300S, C416S, C418S) in this domain were mutated to serines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Häfner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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46
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Wu L, Miao S, Zou LB, Wu P, Hao H, Tang K, Zeng P, Xiong J, Li HH, Wu Q, Cai L, Ye DY. Lipoxin A4 inhibits 5-lipoxygenase translocation and leukotrienes biosynthesis to exert a neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:185-200. [PMID: 22661361 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxin A(4) (LXA(4)), a biologically active eicosanoid with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution properties, was recently found to have neuroprotective effects in brain ischemia. As 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and leukotrienes are generally considered to aggravate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, we investigated their effects on LXA(4)-mediated neuroprotection by studying middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/reperfusion in rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/recovery in neonatal rat astrocyte primary cultures. LXA(4) effectively reduced infarct volumes and brain edema, and improved neurological scores in the MCAO/reperfusion experiments; this effect was partially blocked by butoxycarbonyl-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Phe (Boc2), a specific antagonist of the LXA(4) receptor (ALXR). Total 5-LOX expression did not change, regardless of treatment, but LXA(4) could inhibit nuclear translocation induced by MCAO or OGD. We also found that LXA(4) inhibits the upregulation of both leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) and leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) induced by MCAO or OGD. The phosphorylation of the 38-kDa protein kinase (p38) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was not altered throughout the experiment. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of LXA(4) are probably achieved by anti-inflammatory mechanisms that are partly mediated by ALXR and through an ERK signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
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Pergola C, Jazzar B, Rossi A, Northoff H, Hamburger M, Sautebin L, Werz O. On the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase product formation by tryptanthrin: mechanistic studies and efficacy in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:765-76. [PMID: 21797843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Leukotrienes (LTs) are pro-inflammatory mediators produced by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). Currently available 5-LO inhibitors either lack efficacy or are toxic and novel approaches are required to establish a successful anti-LT therapy. Here we provide a detailed evaluation of the effectiveness of the plant-derived alkaloid tryptanthrin as an inhibitor of LT biosynthesis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We analysed LT formation and performed mechanistic studies in human neutrophils stimulated with pathophysiologically relevant stimuli (LPS and formyl peptide), as well as in cell-free assays (neutrophil homogenates or recombinant human 5-LO) and in human whole blood. The in vivo effectiveness of tryptanthrin was evaluated in the rat model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. KEY RESULTS Tryptanthrin potently reduced LT-formation in human neutrophils (IC(50) = 0.6µM). However, tryptanthrin is not a redox-active compound and did not directly interfere with 5-LO activity in cell-free assays. Similarly, tryptanthrin did not inhibit the release of arachidonic acid, the activation of MAPKs, or the increase in [Ca(2+) ](i) , but it modified the subcellular localization of 5-LO. Moreover, tryptanthrin potently suppressed LT formation in human whole blood (IC(50) = 10µM) and reduced LTB(4) levels in the rat pleurisy model after a single oral dose of 10mg·kg(-1) . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data reveal that tryptanthrin is a potent natural inhibitor of cellular LT biosynthesis with proven efficacy in whole blood and is effective in vivo after oral administration. Its unique pharmacological profile supports further analysis to exploit its pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pergola
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Greiner C, Hörnig C, Rossi A, Pergola C, Zettl H, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Steinhilber D, Sautebin L, Werz O. 2-(4-(Biphenyl-4-ylamino)-6-chloropyrimidin-2-ylthio)octanoic acid (HZ52)--a novel type of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor with favourable molecular pharmacology and efficacy in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:781-93. [PMID: 21506958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LTs) representing a potential target for pharmacological intervention with inflammation and allergic disorders. Although many LT synthesis inhibitors are effective in simple in vitro test systems, they frequently fail in vivo due to lack of efficacy. Here, we attempted to assess the pharmacological potential of the previously identified 5-LO inhibitor 2-(4-(biphenyl-4-ylamino)-6-chloropyrimidin-2-ylthio)octanoic acid (HZ52). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated the efficacy of HZ52 in vivo using carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rats and platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced lethal shock in mice. We also characterized 5-LO inhibition by HZ52 at the cellular and molecular level in comparison with other types of 5-LO inhibitor, that is, BWA4C, ZM230487 and hyperforin. KEY RESULTS HZ52, 1.5 mg·kg⁻¹ i.p., prevented carrageenan-induced pleurisy accompanied by reduced LTB(4) levels and protected mice (10 mg·kg⁻¹, i.p.) against PAF-induced shock. Detailed analysis in cell-based and cell-free assays revealed that inhibition of 5-LO by HZ52 (i) does not depend on radical scavenging properties and is reversible; (ii) is not impaired by an increased peroxide tone or by elevated substrate concentrations; and (iii) is little affected by the cell stimulus or by phospholipids, glycerides, membranes or Ca²⁺. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS HZ52 is a promising new type of 5-LO inhibitor with efficacy in vivo and with a favourable pharmacological profile. It possesses a unique 5-LO inhibitory mechanism different from classical 5-LO inhibitors and seemingly lacks the typical disadvantages of former classes of LT synthesis blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Greiner
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Universität Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Citreorosein inhibits degranulation and leukotriene C4 generation through suppression of Syk pathway in mast cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 365:333-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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50
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Molecular characterization of EP6—A novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine based direct 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:228-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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