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Zhao ZA, Yan L, Wen J, Satyanarayanan SK, Yu F, Lu J, Liu YU, Su H. Cellular and molecular mechanisms in vascular repair after traumatic brain injury: a narrative review. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad033. [PMID: 37675267 PMCID: PMC10478165 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupts normal brain function and is associated with high morbidity and fatality rates. TBI is characterized as mild, moderate or severe depending on its severity. The damage may be transient and limited to the dura matter, with only subtle changes in cerebral parenchyma, or life-threatening with obvious focal contusions, hematomas and edema. Blood vessels are often injured in TBI. Even in mild TBI, dysfunctional cerebral vascular repair may result in prolonged symptoms and poor outcomes. Various distinct types of cells participate in vascular repair after TBI. A better understanding of the cellular response and function in vascular repair can facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we analyzed the mechanism of cerebrovascular impairment and the repercussions following various forms of TBI. We then discussed the role of distinct cell types in the repair of meningeal and parenchyma vasculature following TBI, including endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, pericytes, glial cells (astrocytes and microglia), neurons, myeloid cells (macrophages and monocytes) and meningeal lymphatic endothelial cells. Finally, possible treatment techniques targeting these unique cell types for vascular repair after TBI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83# Wen-Hua Road, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Lingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jiahong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yong U Liu
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology in Health and Disease Institute, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
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Zang Q, Wang S, Qi Y, Zhang L, Huang C, Xiu Y, Zhou C, Luo Y, Jia G, Li S, Zhang Y, Tang Y. Running exercise improves spatial learning and memory ability and enhances angiogenesis in the cerebral cortex via endogenous nitric oxide. Behav Brain Res 2023; 439:114243. [PMID: 36462674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular mechanisms by which exercise improves brain function and capillaries in the cerebral cortex are unclear. Exercise can increase the expression of nitric oxide (NO) in the brain, and endogenous NO is thought to exert beneficial effects on proangiogenic factors, antiangiogenic factors and brain function. Therefore, we hypothesized that running exercise might improve brain function and enhance angiogenesis through endogenous NO. METHODS AND RESULTS The following three groups of rats were administered intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections before running exercise each day for 4 weeks: exercise+L-NAME group (i.c.v. L-NAME, an NO synthase blocker, dose: 1 μmol/μl and 5 μl/day; treadmill exercise, 20 min/day), exercise group (i.c.v. normal saline, 5 μl/day; treadmill exercise, 20 min/day), and sham group (i.c.v. normal saline, 5 μl/day; no treadmill exercise). Subsequently, the spatial learning and memory abilities were tested using a Morris water maze, and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in the cerebral cortex in each group of rats was measured using a method involving nitric acid reductase and metabolic chemistry. The parameters of the cortical capillaries were quantitatively investigated using an immunohistochemistry technique and stereological methods. The expression levels of proangiogenic factors (VEGF and FGF-2) and an antiangiogenic inhibitor (endostatin) in the cerebral cortex were tested using a Western blot analysis. Running exercise significantly improved the rats' spatial learning and memory abilities and increased NOS activity in the cortex. Running exercise also subsequently improved the expression of proangiogenic factors (VEGF and FGF-2) and the length, volume and surface area of capillaries and reduced the expression of antiangiogenic factors (endostatin) in the cortex. In contrast, the L-NAME treatment attenuated the effects of running exercise. CONCLUSIONS Running exercise regulates proangiogenic factors, antiangiogenic factors and angiogenesis in the cerebral cortex via a partially NO-dependent mechanism, and influencing endogenous NO might potentially affect the exercise-related beneficial effects on cognitive ability and cortical capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Zang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Sanrong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yinqiang Qi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- Department of physiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yun Xiu
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chunni Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yanmin Luo
- Department of physiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Gongwei Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shuangyu Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, PR China.
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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Niu X, Sun J, Meng L, Fang T, Zhang T, Jiang J, Li H. A Five-lncRNAs Signature-Derived Risk Score Based on TCGA and CGGA for Glioblastoma: Potential Prospects for Treatment Evaluation and Prognostic Prediction. Front Oncol 2020; 10:590352. [PMID: 33392085 PMCID: PMC7773845 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.590352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating studies have confirmed the crucial role of long non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as favorable biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis prediction. In our recent study, we established a robust model which is based on multi-gene signature to predict the therapeutic efficacy and prognosis in glioblastoma (GBM), based on Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. lncRNA-seq data of GBM from TCGA and CGGA datasets were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to normal brain tissues. The DEGs were then used for survival analysis by univariate and multivariate COX regression. Then we established a risk score model, depending on the gene signature of multiple survival-associated DEGs. Subsequently, Kaplan-Meier analysis was used for estimating the prognostic and predictive role of the model. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was applied to investigate the potential pathways associated to high-risk score by the R package “cluster profile” and Wiki-pathway. And five survival associated lncRNAs of GBM were identified: LNC01545, WDR11-AS1, NDUFA6-DT, FRY-AS1, TBX5-AS1. Then the risk score model was established and shows a desirable function for predicting overall survival (OS) in the GBM patients, which means the high-risk score significantly correlated with lower OS both in TCGA and CGGA cohort. GSEA showed that the high-risk score was enriched with PI3K-Akt, VEGFA-VEGFR2, TGF-beta, Notch, T-Cell pathways. Collectively, the five-lncRNAs signature-derived risk score presented satisfactory efficacies in predicting the therapeutic efficacy and prognosis in GBM and will be significant for guiding therapeutic strategies and research direction for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuegang Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin 4th Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiangnan Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingyin Meng
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin 4th Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tongshuo Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Jiangsu Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jipeng Jiang
- Postgraduate School, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huanming Li
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin 4th Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Endostatin predicts mortality in patients with acute dyspnea - A cohort study of patients seeking care in emergency departments. Clin Biochem 2019; 75:35-39. [PMID: 31672650 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased levels of circulating endostatin predicts cardiovascular morbidity and impaired kidney function in the general population. The utility of endostatin as a risk marker for mortality in the emergency department (ED) has not been reported. AIM Our main aim was to study the association between plasma endostatin and 90-day mortality in an unselected cohort of patients admitted to the ED for acute dyspnea. Design Circulating endostatin was analyzed in plasma from 1710 adults and related to 90-day mortality in Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, body temperature, C-reactive protein, lactate, creatinine and medical priority according to the Medical Emergency Triage and Treatment System-Adult score (METTS-A). The predictive value of endostatin for mortality was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and compared with the clinical triage scoring system and age. RESULTS Each one standard deviation increment of endostatin was associated with a HR of 2.12 (95% CI 1.31-3.44 p < 0.01) for 90-day mortality after full adjustment. Levels of endostatin were significantly increased in the group of patients with highest METTS-A (p < 0.001). When tested for the outcome 90-day mortality, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.616 for METTS-A, 0.701 for endostatin, 0.708 for METTS -A and age and 0.738 for METTS-A, age and levels of endostatin. CONCLUSIONS In an unselected cohort of patients admitted to the ED with acute dyspnea, endostatin had a string association to 90-day mortality and improved prediction of 90-day mortality in the ED beyond the clinical triage scoring system and age with 3%.
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Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are bone-marrow-derived cells that enter the systemic circulation to replace defective or injured mature endothelial cells. EPCs also contribute to neovascularization and limit the progression of atherosclero sis. Patients with reduced EPC levels or dysfunctional EPCs are at increased risk for coronary artery disease. Drug-mediated improvement of the mobilization, differenti ation, function and homing of EPCs to sites of ischemia or injured endothelium may therefore be a promising novel therapeutic approach for various cardiovascular dis eases. On the other hand, endogenous inhibitors of EPCs could also be valuable drug targets. The identification of EPC inhibitors and the development of novel drugs that can efficiently regulate production or elimination of these molecules may also be a promising approach for the future treatment of atherosclerosis. In the present review we summarize potential endogenous and exogenous inhibitors of EPCs, such as oxidized low-density lipoproteins, angiotensin II, glucose, cigarette smoke and others. Whenever possible, we also describe the underlying molecular events. Drug- induced mobilization and improvement of EPC function, as well as reduction of EPC inhibitors, is likely to enhance endothelial function and reduce atherosclerotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Thum
- Medizinische Klinik, Kardiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Medizinische Klinik, Kardiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Bandaru S, Grönros J, Redfors B, Çil Ç, Pazooki D, Salimi R, Larsson E, Zhou AX, Ömerovic E, Akyürek LM. Deficiency of filamin A in endothelial cells impairs left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 105:151-9. [PMID: 25344364 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Actin-binding protein filamin A (FLNA) regulates signal transduction important for cell locomotion, but the role of FLNA after myocardial infarction (MI) has not been explored. The main purpose of this study was to determine the impact of endothelial deletion of FLNA on post-MI remodelling of the left ventricle (LV). METHODS AND RESULTS We found that FLNA is expressed in human and mouse endothelial cells (ECs) during MI. To determine the biological significance of endothelial expression of FLNA, we used mice that are deficient for endothelial FLNA by cross-breeding adult mice expressing floxed Flna (Flna(o/fl)) with mice expressing Cre under the vascular endothelial-specific cadherin promoter (VECadCre+). Male Flna(o/fl) and Flna(o/fl)/VECadCre+ mice were subjected to permanent coronary artery ligation to induce MI. Flna(o/fl)/VECadCre+ mice that were deficient for endothelial FLNA exhibited larger and thinner LV with impaired cardiac function as well as elevated plasma levels of NT-proBNP and decreased secretion of VEGF-A. The number of capillary structures within the infarcted areas was reduced in Flna(o/fl)/VECadCre+ hearts. ECs silenced for Flna mRNA expression exhibited impaired tubular formation and migration, secreted less VEGF-A, and produced lower levels of phosphorylated AKT and ERK1/2 as well as active RAC1. CONCLUSION Deletion of FLNA in ECs aggravated MI-induced LV dysfunction and cardiac failure as a result of defective endothelial response and increased scar formation by impaired endothelial function and signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashidar Bandaru
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9A, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Björn Redfors
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Çağlar Çil
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9A, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Pazooki
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Reza Salimi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9A, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9A, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alex-Xianghua Zhou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elmir Ömerovic
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Levent M Akyürek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9A, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Academy Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Molecular cloning, expression and purification of recombinant soluble mouse endostatin as an anti-angiogenic protein in Escherichia coli. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:1027-33. [PMID: 23070914 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of angiogenesis has become a particular interest for treatment of solid tumors. Endostatin, a C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII, has been reported to exhibit potent inhibitory effect on endothelial cells proliferation, migration and tube formation. In this research, the cDNA library of endostatin was synthesized from mouse liver and inserted into the SacI and SalI enzyme-cutting sites of pUC18 cloning vector. The recombinant vector was transferred into Escherichia coli DH5a and the recombinant clone was selected on LB agar plate plus ampicillin. PCR analysis and DNA sequencing proved the presence of intact endostatin gene in pUC18. The endostatin gene subcloned into pET32a expression vector and the competent bacterial cells of E. coli BL21 were transformed by the vector harboring endostatin gene. In the optimum conditions, expression plasmid was induced with IPTG and recombinant soluble endostatin as a fusion with thioredoxin was purified with Ni-NTA (Ni(2+)-nitrilotriacetate) resin. The results showed that soluble recombinant endostatin as a fusion protein with thioredoxin is a homogenous polypeptide that inhibits angiogenesis (capillary tube formation) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by 200 ng/ml.
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Diminished Pulmonary Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2- α, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Chickens Exposed to Chronic Hypobaric Hypoxia. J Poult Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.011036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Endothelial nitric oxide synthase controls the expression of the angiogenesis inhibitor thrombospondin 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:E1137-45. [PMID: 21949402 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104357108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury- and ischemia-induced angiogenesis is critical for tissue repair and requires nitric oxide (NO) derived from endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). We present evidence that NO induces angiogenesis by modulating the level of the angiogenesis inhibitor thrombospondin 2 (TSP2). TSP2 levels were higher than WT in eNOS KO tissues in hind-limb ischemia and cutaneous wounds. In vitro studies confirmed that NO represses TSP2 promoter activity. Moreover, double-eNOS/TSP2 KO mice were generated and found to rescue the phenotype of eNOS KO mice. Studies in mice with knock-in constitutively active or inactive eNOS on the Akt-1 KO background showed that eNOS activity correlates with TSP2 levels. Our observations of NO-mediated regulation of angiogenesis via the suppression of TSP2 expression provide a description of improved eNOS KO phenotype by means other than restoring NO signaling.
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A Quantitative Study of the Pulmonary Vascular Bed and Pulmonary Weight: Body Weight Ratio in Chickens Exposed to Relative Normoxia and Chronic Hypobaric Hypoxia. J Poult Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.011030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Miller TW, Isenberg JS, Roberts DD. Molecular regulation of tumor angiogenesis and perfusion via redox signaling. Chem Rev 2009; 109:3099-124. [PMID: 19374334 PMCID: PMC2801866 DOI: 10.1021/cr8005125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David D. Roberts
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: NIH, Building 10, Room 2A33, 10 Center Dr, MSC1500, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
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Ischemia-reperfusion injury activates early extracellular matrix processing and expression of endostatin in the heart with differential effects of temperature. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 104:559-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-009-0013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Stefano GB, Kream RM, Mantione KJ, Sheehan M, Cadet P, Zhu W, Bilfinger TV, Esch T. Endogenous morphine/nitric oxide-coupled regulation of cellular physiology and gene expression: implications for cancer biology. Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 18:199-210. [PMID: 18203618 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a simplistic, yet complicated, process that promotes uncontrolled growth. In this regard, this unconstrained proliferation may represent primitive phenomena whereby cellular regulation is suspended or compromised. Given the new empirical evidence for a morphinergic presence and its profound modulatory actions on several cellular processes it is not an overstatement to hypothesize that morphine may represent a key chemical messenger in the process of modulating proliferation of diverse cells. This has been recently demonstrated by the finding of a novel opiate-alkaloid selective receptor subtype in human multilineage progenitor cells (MLPC). Adding to the significance of morphinergic signaling are the findings of its presence in plant, invertebrate and vertebrate cells, which also have been shown to synthesize this messenger as well. Interestingly, we and others have shown that some cancerous tissues contain morphine. Furthermore, in medullary histolytic reticulosis, which is exemplified by cells having hyperactivity, the mu3 (mu3) opiate select receptor was not present. Thus, it would appear that morphinergic signaling has inserted itself in many processes taking a long time to evolve, including those regulating the proliferation of cells across diverse phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B Stefano
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York - SUNY College at Old Westbury, P.O. Box 210, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
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14
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Suhr F, Brixius K, de Marées M, Bölck B, Kleinöder H, Achtzehn S, Bloch W, Mester J. Effects of short-term vibration and hypoxia during high-intensity cycling exercise on circulating levels of angiogenic regulators in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:474-83. [PMID: 17446405 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01160.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the biological response to hypoxia as a stimulus, as well as exercise- and vibration-induced shear stress, which is known to induce angiogenesis. Twelve male cyclists (27.8 ± 5.4 yr) participated in this study. Each subject completed four cycle training sessions under normal conditions (NC) without vibration, NC with vibration, normobaric hypoxic conditions (HC) without vibration, and HC with vibration. Each session lasted 90 min, and sessions were held at weekly intervals in a randomized order. Five blood samples (pretraining and 0 h post-, 0.5 h post-, 1 h post-, and 4 h posttraining) were taken from each subject at each training session. Hypoxia was induced by a normobaric hypoxic chamber with an altitude of 2,500 m. The mechanical forces (cycling with or without vibration) were induced by a cycling ergometer. The parameters VEGF, endostatin, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were analyzed using the ELISA method. VEGF showed a significant increase immediately after the exercise only with exogenously induced vibrations, as calculated with separate ANOVA analysis. Endostatin increased after training under all conditions. Western blot analysis was performed for the determination of endostatin corresponding to the 22-kDa cleavage product of collagen XVIII. This demonstrated elevated protein content for endostatin at 0 h postexercise. MMP-2 increased in three of the four training conditions. The exception was NC with vibration. MMP-9 reached its maximum level at 4 h postexercise. In conclusion, the results support the contention that mechanical stimuli differentially influence factors involved in the induction of angiogenesis. These findings may contribute to a broader understanding of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Suhr
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport Univ. Cologne, Köln, Germany.
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Zhang ZY, Zhang Z, Fauser U, Artelt M, Burnet M, Schluesener HJ. Dexamethasone transiently attenuates up-regulation of endostatin/collagen XVIII following traumatic brain injury. Neuroscience 2007; 147:720-6. [PMID: 17560042 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Endostatin/collagen XVIII is a specific inhibitor of endothelial proliferation and migration in vitro. It has also been shown to have anti-angiogenic activity and tumor growth inhibitory activity in vivo and in vitro. Here we studied expression of endostatin/collagen XVIII in a rat traumatic brain injury (TBI) model, focusing on the early phase. A significant up-regulation of endostatin/collagen XVIII in TBI began as early as 24 h post-TBI. Double-staining experiment revealed that the major resource of endostatin/collagen XVIII(+) cells in our TBI rat model was a subpopulation of reactivated microglia/macrophages. Our data further showed that dexamethasone attenuated up-regulation of endostatin/collagen XVIII expression at days 1 and 2, but not at day 4, post-TBI, indicating that dexamethasone might possess an early and transient influence to the angiogenesis following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-Y Zhang
- Institute of Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Mocellin S, Bronte V, Nitti D. Nitric oxide, a double edged sword in cancer biology: Searching for therapeutic opportunities. Med Res Rev 2007; 27:317-52. [PMID: 16991100 DOI: 10.1002/med.20092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a pleiotropic molecule critical to a number of physiological and pathological processes. The last decade has witnessed major advances in dissecting NO biology and its role in cancer pathogenesis. However, the complexity of the interactions between different levels of NO and several aspects of tumor development/progression has led to apparently conflicting findings. Furthermore, both anti-NO and NO-based anticancer strategies appear effective in several preclinical models. This paradoxical dichotomy is leaving investigators with a double challenge: to determine the net impact of NO on cancer behavior and to define the therapeutic role of NO-centered anticancer strategies. Only a comprehensive and dynamic view of the cascade of molecular and cellular events underlying tumor biology and affected by NO will allow investigators to exploit the potential antitumor properties of drugs interfering with NO metabolism. Available data suggest that NO should be considered neither a universal target nor a magic bullet, but rather a signal transducer to be modulated according to the molecular makeup of each individual cancer and the interplay with conventional antineoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mocellin
- Department of Oncological and Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Van Buren G, Camp ER, Yang AD, Gray MJ, Fan F, Somcio R, Ellis LM. The role of nitric oxide in mediating tumour blood flow. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2006; 10:689-701. [PMID: 16981826 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.10.5.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous molecule with a myriad of physiological and pathophysiological roles. It has numerous direct and indirect effects on tumour vasculature as both a regulatory and effector molecule. NO affects tumour blood flow through its effects on tumour angiogenesis, vascular tone and vascular permeability, partly via its interaction with vascular endothelial growth factor. In this review, the authors examine the basic tenants of NO biology, the association of NO with tumour progression, and the role NO plays in mediating alterations in vascular functions in tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Van Buren
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Surgical Oncology, Houston, TX 77230, USA
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Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are bone-marrow-derived cells that enter the systemic circulation to replace defective or injured mature endothelial cells. EPCs also contribute to neovascularization and limit the progression of atherosclerosis. Patients with reduced EPC levels or dysfunctional EPCs are at increased risk for coronary artery disease. Drug-mediated improvement of the mobilization, differentiation, function and homing of EPCs to sites of ischemia or injured endothelium may therefore be a promising novel therapeutic approach for various cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, endogenous inhibitors of EPCs could also be valuable drug targets. The identification of EPC inhibitors and the development of novel drugs that can efficiently regulate production or elimination of these molecules may also be a promising approach for the future treatment of atherosclerosis. In the present review we summarize potential endogenous and exogenous inhibitors of EPCs, such as oxidized low-density lipoproteins, angiotensin II, glucose, cigarette smoke and others. Whenever possible, we also describe the underlying molecular events. Drug-induced mobilization and improvement of EPC function, as well as reduction of EPC inhibitors, is likely to enhance endothelial function and reduce atherosclerotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Thum
- Medizinische Klinik, Kardiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany.
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Zacharakis N, Tone P, Flordellis CS, Maragoudakis ME, Tsopanoglou NE. Methylene blue inhibits angiogenesis in chick chorioallontoic membrane through a nitric oxide-independent mechanism. J Cell Mol Med 2006; 10:493-8. [PMID: 16796814 PMCID: PMC3933136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the process of generating new blood vessels from preexisting vessels and is considered essential in many pathological conditions. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of methylene blue in chick chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis model in vivo. In this well characterized model, methylene blue inhibited angiogenesis in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, when methylene blue was combined with sodium nitroprusside, a spontaneous generator of nitric oxide, an inhibition of angiogenesis was evident which was comparable with that observed by the application of methylene blue alone. Sodium nitroprusside, alone, caused a significant inhibition in basal angiogenesis. These results provide evidence that methylene blue inhibits angiogenesis independently of nitric oxide pathway and suggest that methylene blue may be useful for treating angiogenesis-dependent human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zacharakis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of PatrasGreece
| | - P Tone
- St. Vincent Catholic Medical Centers of New York, Staten Island DivisionNew York, USA
| | - CS Flordellis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of PatrasGreece
| | - ME Maragoudakis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of PatrasGreece
| | - NE Tsopanoglou
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of PatrasGreece
- * Correspondence to: Nikos E. TSOPANOGLOU Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece. Tel: 0030-2610-996171 Fax: 0030-2610-994720 E-mail:
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20
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Wenzel D, Schmidt A, Reimann K, Hescheler J, Pfitzer G, Bloch W, Fleischmann BK. Endostatin, the proteolytic fragment of collagen XVIII, induces vasorelaxation. Circ Res 2006; 98:1203-11. [PMID: 16574906 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000219899.93384.ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Collagen XVIII is an important component of the extracellular matrix and is expressed in basement membranes. Its degradation results in the generation of endostatin claimed to possess antiangiogenic activity. To date, only limited knowledge exists with regard to the cellular signaling of this molecule. We show in single-cell measurements using the Ca2+ indicator fura-2 acetoxy methylester (fura-2 AM) and the nitric oxide (NO) indicator 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate that application of endostatin (ES) (5 pmol/L, 100 ng/mL) induced Ca2+ spikes and an increase of NO production in human and murine endothelial cells. The NO response was independent of an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ and blocked by the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and by incubation with pertussis toxin known to inhibit G(i/o) proteins. The physiological relevance of this novel signaling pathway of ES was assessed with isometric force measurements in large and small arteries of mouse. Physiological concentrations of ES were found to decrease vascular tone in an endothelium-dependent manner. This occurred via an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide-independent pathway through activation of G(i/o) proteins, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, and eNOS. We conclude that the proteolytic matrix fragment ES is a prominent vasorelaxing agent. Because ES is constantly released into the blood, it is a novel regulator of blood pressure and, therefore, represents an interesting pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wenzel
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Bonn, Argelanderstr. 2a, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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21
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Paddenberg R, Faulhammer P, Goldenberg A, Kummer W. Hypoxia-induced increase of endostatin in murine aorta and lung. Histochem Cell Biol 2006; 125:497-508. [PMID: 16465514 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-006-0158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the lung, hypoxia induces pulmonary hypertension caused by vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. Additionally, hypoxia is an inducer of angiogenesis, which is assumed to counteract pulmonary hypertension. We asked whether the anti-angiogenic factor endostatin--a cleavage product of collagen XVIII--participates in the vascular alterations induced by hypoxia. By employing Western blotting of tissue extracts of murine brain, liver and heart an endostatin fragment of 22 kDa was detectable, whereas in lung and aorta additional bands of 24 and 26 kDa were found. The amount of these larger fragments was increased in tissues obtained from mice housed for 4 days or 3 weeks at hypobaric hypoxia. By immunohistochemistry endostatin was detected in association with elastic fibers and in close neighborhood to smooth muscle cells of intrapulmonary vessels and the aorta. In the lung, the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) known to generate endostatin by cleavage of collagen XVIII was increased (MMP-2) and decreased (proMMP-9), respectively, by hypoxia. Elevated amounts of endostatin within the aortic wall of mice exposed to hypobaric hypoxia may stabilize the vascular wall by inhibition of microvascular sprouting. The surprising finding of increased endostatin in the lung presumably contributes to the development of pulmonary hypertension by reduction of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Paddenberg
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385, Giessen, Germany.
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Kimura K, Goto T, Yagi K, Furuya H, Jujo S, Itoh J, Sawamura S, Koide S, Mori H, Fukuyama N. Biphasic Action of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in a Hindlimb Ischemia Model. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2006. [DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.38.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Hebert C, Siavash H, Norris K, Nikitakis NG, Sauk JJ. Endostatin inhibits nitric oxide and diminishes VEGF and collagen XVIII in squamous carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2005; 114:195-201. [PMID: 15540202 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Low pO(2) values are a common finding among oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Our objective was to determine the role that oxygen tension plays on the direct tumor effect of endostatin (ES). Squamous carcinoma cell lines were grown under normoxic or hypoxic conditions and treated with endostatin (ES), nitric oxide (NO) donors, NO scavengers, NO synthase inhibitors, or transduced with AdenoVec-hEndo or AdenoVec Null vectors. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and collagen XVIII were determined by RT-PCR and protein levels assessed by Western blot analyses. Our studies demonstrated that collagen XVIII and VEGF are expressed and responsive to ES in a limited number of SCC cell lines during normoxia but were most responsive when grown under hypoxic conditions. VEGF and collagen XVIII were downregulated by both ES and transduction of cells with AdenoVec-hEndo. The effects of ES on SCC cells were enhanced by aminoguanidine (Ag), L-NAME, and diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI). Endostatin and transduced with ES vectors diminished the levels of NO whereas NO donors enhanced VEGF expression and collagen XVIII expression. In conclusion, the direct effect of endostatins on tumor cells is most effective under conditions of low oxygen tension and can be potentiated by the use of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors or NO scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Hebert
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Pathology, University of Maryland-Baltimore, 666 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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