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Du B, Yin Y, Wang Y, Fu H, Sun H, Yue Z, Yu S, Zhang Z. Calcium dobesilate efficiency in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease through suppressing MAPK and chemokine signaling pathways based on clinical evaluation and network pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:850167. [PMID: 36160448 PMCID: PMC9493050 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.850167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness and potential mechanism of calcium dobesilate (CaD) in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) patients. Methods: We searched for available randomized controlled studies on DKD patients’ treatment with CaD through open databases. Continuous variables were expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The putative targets and possible pathways of CaD on DKD were analyzed by network pharmacology. Molecular docking was employed to verify the match between CaD and the target genes. Results: In the meta-analysis, 42 trials were included, involving 3,671 DKD patients, of which 1,839 received CaD treatment in addition to conventional treatment, while 1,832 received conventional treatment. Compared with routine therapy, the levels of serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) significantly decreased in the CaD treatment (early stage of DKD, Scr: p < 0.00001; BUN: p < 0.0001; clinical stage of DKD, Scr: p < 0.00001; BUN: p < 0.00001; kidney failure stage, Scr: p = 0.001; BUN: p = 0.004). The levels of serum cystatin C (Cys-C), urine levels of molecules reflecting kidney function (urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) and micro glycoprotein), and inflammatory factors [hypersensitive c-reactive protein (hs-CRP)] were reduced compared with control groups, while glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was increased in patients treated with CaD for 12 weeks. CaD also showed a better effect on improving endothelial function. Network pharmacology results showed that the interaction pathway between CaD and DKD was mainly enriched in MAPK and chemokine signaling pathways. AKT1, CASP3, IGF1, MAPK8, and CCL5 might be the key targets for CaD in treating DKD. Conclusion: Combination with CaD is effective and safe in patients with DKD. Inhibition of MAPK and chemokine signaling pathways might be vital in treating CaD in DKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College and Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yanyan Yin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College and Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Fu
- The Clinical Medical College, Cheeloo Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Helin Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaodi Yue
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shaohong Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College and Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Shaohong Yu, ; Zhongwen Zhang,
| | - Zhongwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College and Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Shaohong Yu, ; Zhongwen Zhang,
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Molecular Mechanisms of Renal Progenitor Regulation: How Many Pieces in the Puzzle? Cells 2021; 10:cells10010059. [PMID: 33401654 PMCID: PMC7823786 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys of mice, rats and humans possess progenitors that maintain daily homeostasis and take part in endogenous regenerative processes following injury, owing to their capacity to proliferate and differentiate. In the glomerular and tubular compartments of the nephron, consistent studies demonstrated that well-characterized, distinct populations of progenitor cells, localized in the parietal epithelium of Bowman capsule and scattered in the proximal and distal tubules, could generate segment-specific cells in physiological conditions and following tissue injury. However, defective or abnormal regenerative responses of these progenitors can contribute to pathologic conditions. The molecular characteristics of renal progenitors have been extensively studied, revealing that numerous classical and evolutionarily conserved pathways, such as Notch or Wnt/β-catenin, play a major role in cell regulation. Others, such as retinoic acid, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2) and leptin, are also important in this process. In this review, we summarize the plethora of molecular mechanisms directing renal progenitor responses during homeostasis and following kidney injury. Finally, we will explore how single-cell RNA sequencing could bring the characterization of renal progenitors to the next level, while knowing their molecular signature is gaining relevance in the clinic.
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Fujimoto D, Kuwabara T, Hata Y, Umemoto S, Kanki T, Nishiguchi Y, Mizumoto T, Hayata M, Kakizoe Y, Izumi Y, Takahashi S, Mukoyama M. Suppressed ER-associated degradation by intraglomerular cross talk between mesangial cells and podocytes causes podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease. FASEB J 2020; 34:15577-15590. [PMID: 32996639 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000078rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesangial lesions and podocyte injury are essential manifestations of the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Although cross-communication between mesangial cells (MCs) and podocytes has recently been suggested by the results of single-nucleus RNA sequencing analyses, the molecular mechanisms and role in disease progression remain elusive. Our cDNA microarray data of diabetic mouse glomeruli suggested the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in DKD pathophysiology. In vitro experiments revealed the suppression of the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway and induction of apoptosis in podocytes that were stimulated with the supernatant of MCs cultured in high glucose conditions. In diabetic mice, ERAD inhibition resulted in exacerbated albuminuria, increased apoptosis in podocytes, and reduced nephrin expression associated with the downregulation of ERAD-related biomolecules. Flow cytometry analysis of podocytes isolated from MafB (a transcription factor known to be expressed in macrophages and podocytes)-GFP knock-in mice revealed that ERAD inhibition resulted in decreased nephrin phosphorylation. These findings suggest that an intraglomerular cross talk between MCs and podocytes can inhibit physiological ERAD processes and suppress the phosphorylation of nephrin in podocytes, which thereby lead to podocyte injury under diabetic conditions. Therapeutic intervention of the ERAD pathway through the cross talk between these cells is potentially a novel strategy for DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fujimoto
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashige Kuwabara
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hata
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shuro Umemoto
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kanki
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nishiguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Mizumoto
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Hayata
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kakizoe
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Izumi
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Mukoyama
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
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Cortese L, Terrazzano G, Pelagalli A. Leptin and Immunological Profile in Obesity and Its Associated Diseases in Dogs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2392. [PMID: 31091785 PMCID: PMC6566566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing scientific evidence has unveiled increased incidences of obesity in domestic animals and its influence on a plethora of associated disorders. Leptin, an adipokine regulating body fat mass, represents a key molecule in obesity, able to modulate immune responses and foster chronic inflammatory response in peripheral tissues. High levels of cytokines and inflammatory markers suggest an association between inflammatory state and obesity in dogs, highlighting the parallelism with humans. Canine obesity is a relevant disease always accompanied with several health conditions such as inflammation, immune-dysregulation, insulin resistance, pancreatitis, orthopaedic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and neoplasia. However, leptin involvement in many disease processes in veterinary medicine is poorly understood. Moreover, hyperleptinemia as well as leptin resistance occur with cardiac dysfunction as a consequence of altered cardiac mitochondrial metabolism in obese dogs. Similarly, leptin dysregulation seems to be involved in the pancreatitis pathophysiology. This review aims to examine literature concerning leptin and immunological status in obese dogs, in particular for the aspects related to obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cortese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Terrazzano
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Lee HL, Waldman MA, Auh S, Balow JE, Cochran EK, Gorden P, Brown RJ. Effects of metreleptin on proteinuria in patients with lipodystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4169-4177. [PMID: 30990519 PMCID: PMC6688455 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients with lipodystrophy have high prevalence of proteinuria. OBJECTIVE To assess kidney disease in patients with generalized (GLD) versus partial lipodystrophy (PLD), and effects metreleptin on proteinuria in patients with lipodystrophy. DESIGN/SETTING/PATIENTS/INTERVENTION Prospective, open-label studies of metreleptin treatment in patients with GLD and PLD at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. OUTCOME MEASURES 24-hour urinary albumin and protein excretion rates, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and creatinine clearance (CrCl) were measured at baseline and during up to 24 months of metreleptin treatment. Patients with increases in medications affecting outcome measures were excluded. RESULTS At baseline, patients with GLD had significantly greater albuminuria, proteinuria, eGFR, and CrCl compared to patients with PLD. CrCl was above the normal range in 69% of patients with GLD, and 39% with PLD (P=0.02). With up to 24 months of metreleptin treatment, there were significant reductions in albuminuria and proteinuria in patients with GLD, but not in those with PLD. No changes in eGFR or CrCl were observed in patients with GLD or PLD during metreleptin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Patients with GLD had significantly greater proteinuria than those with PLD, which improved with metreleptin treatment. The mechanisms leading to proteinuria in lipodystrophy and improvements in proteinuria with metreleptin are not clear. Hyperfiltration was also more common in GLD versus PLD but did not change with metreleptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Lim Lee
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Meryl A Waldman
- Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sungyoung Auh
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James E Balow
- Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elaine K Cochran
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Phillip Gorden
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rebecca J Brown
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Rebecca J. Brown, MD, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10-CRC, Room 6-5942, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892. E-mail:
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NAKAO K. Translational science: Newly emerging science in biology and medicine - Lessons from translational research on the natriuretic peptide family and leptin. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 95:538-567. [PMID: 31708497 PMCID: PMC6856003 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.95.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Translation is the process of turning observations in the laboratory, clinic, and community into interventions that improve the health of individuals and the public, ranging from diagnostics and therapeutics to medical procedures and behavioral changes. Translational research is defined as the effort to traverse a particular step of the translation process for a particular target or disease. Translational science is a newly emerging science, distinct from basic and clinical sciences in biology and medicine, and is a field of investigation focused on understanding the scientific and operational principles underlying each step of the translational process. Advances in translational science will increase the efficacy and safety of translational research in all diagnostic and therapeutic areas. This report examines translational research on novel hormones, the natriuretic peptide family and leptin, which have achieved clinical applications or for which studies are still ongoing, and also emphasizes the lessons that translational science has learned from more than 30 years' experience in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuwa NAKAO
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Toffoli B, Zennaro C, Winkler C, Giordano Attianese GMP, Bernardi S, Carraro M, Gilardi F, Desvergne B. Hemicentin 1 influences podocyte dynamic changes in glomerular diseases. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F1154-F1165. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00198.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Different complex mechanisms control the morphology of podocyte foot processes and their interactions with the underlying basement membrane. Injuries to this system often cause glomerular dysfunction and albuminuria. The present study aimed at identifying early markers of glomerular damage in diabetic nephropathy. For this purpose, we performed a microarray analysis on kidneys of 3-wk-old peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ)-null and AZIP/F1 mice, which are two models of diabetic nephropathy due to lipodystrophy. This was followed by functional annotation of the enriched clusters of genes. One of the significant changes in the early stages of glomerular damage was the increase of hemicentin 1 (HMCN1). Its expression and distribution were then studied by real-time PCR and immunofluorescence in various models of glomerular damage and on podocyte cell cultures. HMCN1 progressively increased in the glomeruli of diabetic mice, according to disease severity, as well as in puromycin aminonucleoside (PA)-treated rats. Studies on murine and human podocytes showed an increased HMCN1 deposition upon different pathological stimuli, such as hyperglycemia, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and PA. In vitro silencing studies showed that HMCN1 mediated the rearrangements of podocyte cytoskeleton induced by TGF-β. Finally, we demonstrated an increased expression of HMCN1 in the kidneys of patients with proteinuric nephropathies. In summary, our studies identified HMCN1 as a new molecule involved in the dynamic changes of podocyte foot processes. Its increased expression associated with podocyte dysfunction points to HMCN1 as a possible marker for the early glomerular damage occurring in different proteinuric nephropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Toffoli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Zennaro
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Carine Winkler
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Stella Bernardi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Carraro
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Federica Gilardi
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Desvergne
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Liu XJ, Wu XY, Wang H, Wang SX, Kong W, Zhang L, Liu G, Huang W. Renal injury in Seipin-deficient lipodystrophic mice and its reversal by adipose tissue transplantation or leptin administration alone: adipose tissue-kidney crosstalk. FASEB J 2018; 32:5550-5562. [PMID: 29738274 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701427r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Seipin deficiency is responsible for type 2 congenital generalized lipodystrophy with severe loss of adipose tissue (AT) and could lead to renal failure in humans. However, the effect of Seipin on renal function is poorly understood. Here we report that Seipin knockout (SKO) mice exhibited impaired renal function, enlarged glomerular and mesangial surface areas, renal depositions of lipid, and advanced glycation end products. Elevated glycosuria and increased electrolyte excretion were also detected. Relative renal gene expression in fatty acid oxidation and reabsorption pathways were impaired in SKO mice. Elevated glycosuria might be associated with reduced renal glucose transporter 2 levels. To improve renal function, AT transplantation or leptin administration alone was performed. Both treatments effectively ameliorated renal injury by improving all of the parameters that were measured in the kidney. The treatments also rescued insulin resistance and low plasma leptin levels in SKO mice. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that Seipin deficiency induces renal injury, which is closely related to glucolipotoxicity and impaired renal reabsorption in SKO mice, and is primarily caused by the loss of AT and especially the lack of leptin. AT transplantation and leptin administration are two effective treatments for renal injury in Seipin-deficient mice.-Liu, X.-J., Wu, X.-Y., Wang, H., Wang, S.-X., Kong, W., Zhang, L., Liu, G., Huang, W. Renal injury in Seipin-deficient lipodystrophic mice and its reversal by adipose tissue transplantation or leptin administration alone: adipose tissue-kidney crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jing Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Xia Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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10
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Obesity-promoting and anti-thermogenic effects of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15501. [PMID: 29138470 PMCID: PMC5686189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15825-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL, lipocalin 2 or LCN2) is an iron carrier protein whose circulating level is increased by kidney injury, bacterial infection and obesity, but its metabolic consequence remains elusive. To study physiological role of LCN2 in energy homeostasis, we challenged female Lcn2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice with high fat diet (HFD) or cold exposure. Under normal diet, physical constitutions of Lcn2 KO and WT mice were indistinguishable. During HFD treatment, Lcn2 KO mice exhibited larger brown adipose tissues (BAT), consumed more oxygen, ate more food and gained less body weights as compared to WT mice. When exposed to 4 °C, KO mice showed higher body temperature and more intense 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in BAT, which were cancelled by β3 adrenergic receptor blocker or iron-loaded (but not iron-free) LCN2 administration. These findings suggest that circulating LCN2 possesses obesity-promoting and anti-thermogenic effects through inhibition of BAT activity in an iron-dependent manner.
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11
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Toffoli B, Gilardi F, Winkler C, Soderberg M, Kowalczuk L, Arsenijevic Y, Bamberg K, Bonny O, Desvergne B. Nephropathy in Pparg-null mice highlights PPARγ systemic activities in metabolism and in the immune system. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171474. [PMID: 28182703 PMCID: PMC5300244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor involved in many aspects of metabolism, immune response, and development. Total-body deletion of the two Pparg alleles provoked generalized lipoatrophy along with severe type 2 diabetes. Herein, we explore the appearance and development of structural and functional alterations of the kidney, comparing Pparg null-mice to their littermate controls (carrying Pparg floxed alleles). We show that renal hypertrophy and functional alterations with increased glucosuria and albuminuria are already present in 3 weeks-old Pparg null-mice. Renal insufficiency with decreased creatinine clearance progress at 7 weeks of age, with the advance of the type 2 diabetes. At 52 weeks of age, these alterations are accompanied by signs of fibrosis and mesangial expansion. More intriguingly, aged Pparg null-mice concomitantly present an anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS), characterized by the late appearance of microthrombi and a mesangioproliferative pattern of glomerular injury, associated with significant plasmatic levels of anti-β2- glycoprotein1 antibodies and renal deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3. Thus, in line with the role of PPARγ in metabolic homeostasis, Pparg null-mice first represent a potent model for studying the initiation and the development of diabetic nephropathy. Second, and in relation with the important PPARγ activity in inflammation and in immune system, these mice also highlight a new role for PPARγ signaling in the promotion of APS, a syndrome whose pathogenesis is poorly known and whose current treatment is limited to prevention of thrombosis events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Toffoli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federica Gilardi
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carine Winkler
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Laura Kowalczuk
- Unit of Gene Therapy & Stem Cell Biology, University of Lausanne, Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Arsenijevic
- Unit of Gene Therapy & Stem Cell Biology, University of Lausanne, Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Olivier Bonny
- Service of Nephrology, Lausanne University Hospital and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Desvergne
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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12
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Stern JH, Rutkowski JM, Scherer PE. Adiponectin, Leptin, and Fatty Acids in the Maintenance of Metabolic Homeostasis through Adipose Tissue Crosstalk. Cell Metab 2016; 23:770-84. [PMID: 27166942 PMCID: PMC4864949 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 678] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism research has made tremendous progress over the last several decades in establishing the adipocyte as a central rheostat in the regulation of systemic nutrient and energy homeostasis. Operating at multiple levels of control, the adipocyte communicates with organ systems to adjust gene expression, glucoregulatory hormone exocytosis, enzymatic reactions, and nutrient flux to equilibrate the metabolic demands of a positive or negative energy balance. The identification of these mechanisms has great potential to identify novel targets for the treatment of diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Herein, we review the central role of the adipocyte in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, highlighting three critical mediators: adiponectin, leptin, and fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Stern
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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13
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Goto K, Kaneko Y, Sato Y, Otsuka T, Yamamoto S, Goto S, Yamamoto K, Yamamoto T, Kawachi H, Madaio MP, Narita I. Leptin deficiency down-regulates IL-23 production in glomerular podocytes resulting in an attenuated immune response in nephrotoxic serum nephritis. Int Immunol 2015; 28:197-208. [PMID: 26567290 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin, one of the typical adipokines, is reported to promote Th17 cell responses and to enhance production of proinflammatory cytokines. To clarify the role of leptin in the regulation of the IL-23/IL-17 axis and the development of kidney disease, we used a murine model of nephrotoxic serum (NTS) nephritis (NTN). Sheep NTS was administered in wild-type C57BL/6J mice and food-restricted, leptin-deficient C57BL/6J-ob/ob(FR-ob/ob) mice after preimmunization with sheep IgG. The profile of mRNA expression relevant to T helper lymphocytes in the kidneys was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Cultured murine glomerular podocytes and peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs) were used to investigate the direct effect of leptin on IL-23 or MCP-1 production by qRT-PCR. Kidney injury and macrophage infiltration were significantly attenuated in FR-ob/obmice 7 days after NTS injection. The Th17-dependent secondary immune response against deposited NTS in the glomeruli was totally impaired in FR-ob/obmice because of deteriorated IL-17 and proinflammatory cytokine production including IL-23 and MCP-1 in the kidney. IL-23 was produced in glomerular podocytes in NTN mice and cultured murine glomerular podocytes produced IL-23 under leptin stimulation. MCP-1 production in PEMs was also promoted by leptin. Induction of MCP-1 expression was observed in PEMs regardless of Ob-Rb, and the leptin signal was transduced without STAT3 phosphorylation in PEMs. Leptin deficiency impairs the secondary immune response against NTS and down-regulates IL-23 production and Th17 responses in the NTN kidney, which is accompanied by decreased MCP-1 production and macrophage infiltration in the NTN kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Goto
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kaneko
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuya Sato
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - Tadashi Otsuka
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - Suguru Yamamoto
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - Shin Goto
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamamoto
- Department of Structural Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Department of Structural Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawachi
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Nephrology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - Michael P Madaio
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ichiei Narita
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
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14
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Matsubara T, Araki M, Abe H, Ueda O, Jishage KI, Mima A, Goto C, Tominaga T, Kinosaki M, Kishi S, Nagai K, Iehara N, Fukushima N, Kita T, Arai H, Doi T. Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 and Smad1 Mediate Extracellular Matrix Production in the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes 2015; 64:2978-90. [PMID: 25995358 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. It is pathologically characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix in the mesangium, of which the main component is α1/α2 type IV collagen (Col4a1/a2). Recently, we identified Smad1 as a direct regulator of Col4a1/a2 under diabetic conditions in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that Smad1 plays a key role in diabetic nephropathy through bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) in vivo. Smad1-overexpressing mice (Smad1-Tg) were established, and diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. Nondiabetic Smad1-Tg did not exhibit histological changes in the kidney; however, the induction of diabetes resulted in an ∼1.5-fold greater mesangial expansion, consistent with an increase in glomerular phosphorylated Smad1. To address regulatory factors of Smad1, we determined that BMP4 and its receptor are increased in diabetic glomeruli and that diabetic Smad1-Tg and wild-type mice treated with a BMP4-neutralizing antibody exhibit decreased Smad1 phosphorylation and ∼40% less mesangial expansion than those treated with control IgG. Furthermore, heterozygous Smad1 knockout mice exhibit attenuated mesangial expansion in the diabetic condition. The data indicate that BMP4/Smad1 signaling is a critical cascade for the progression of mesangial expansion and that blocking this signal could be a novel therapeutic strategy for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Makoto Araki
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideharu Abe
- Department of Nephrology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Otoya Ueda
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Akira Mima
- Department of Nephrology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chisato Goto
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tominaga
- Department of Nephrology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Seiji Kishi
- Department of Nephrology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kojiro Nagai
- Department of Nephrology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | - Toru Kita
- Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenori Arai
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshio Doi
- Department of Nephrology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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15
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Briffa JF, Grinfeld E, Mathai ML, Poronnik P, McAinch AJ, Hryciw DH. Acute leptin exposure reduces megalin expression and upregulates TGFβ1 in cultured renal proximal tubule cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 401:25-34. [PMID: 25478926 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased leptin concentrations observed in obesity can lead to proteinuria, suggesting that leptin may play a role in obesity-related kidney disease. Obesity reduces activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increases transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression in the kidney, leading to albuminuria. Thus we investigated if elevated leptin altered AMPK and TGF-β1 signaling in proximal tubule cells (PTCs). In opossum kidney (OK) PTCs Western blot analysis demonstrated that leptin upregulates TGF-β1 secretion (0.50 µg/ml) and phosphorylated AMPKα (at 0.25, and 0.50 µg/ml), and downregulates megalin expression at all concentrations (0.05-0.50 µg/ml). Using the AMPK inhibitor, Compound C, leptin exposure regulated TGF-β1 expression and secretion in PTCs via an AMPK mediated pathway. In addition, elevated leptin exposure (0.50 µg/ml) reduced albumin handling in OK cells independently of megalin expression. This study demonstrates that leptin upregulates TGF-β1, reduces megalin, and reduces albumin handling in PTCs by an AMPK mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Briffa
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans, Vic. 3021, Australia; Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Esther Grinfeld
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans, Vic. 3021, Australia
| | - Michael L Mathai
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans, Vic. 3021, Australia
| | - Phillip Poronnik
- School of Medical Sciences, The Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans, Vic. 3021, Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans, Vic. 3021, Australia; Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.
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16
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Ghantous CM, Azrak Z, Hanache S, Abou-Kheir W, Zeidan A. Differential Role of Leptin and Adiponectin in Cardiovascular System. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:534320. [PMID: 26064110 PMCID: PMC4433709 DOI: 10.1155/2015/534320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin and adiponectin are differentially expressed adipokines in obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Leptin levels are directly associated with adipose tissue mass, while adiponectin levels are downregulated in obesity. Although significantly produced by adipocytes, leptin is also produced by vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes. Plasma leptin concentrations are elevated in cases of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, and myocardial infarction. As for the event of left ventricular hypertrophy, researchers have been stirring controversy about the role of leptin in this form of cardiac remodeling. In this review, we discuss how leptin has been shown to play an antihypertrophic role in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy through in vitro experiments, population-based cross-sectional studies, and longitudinal cohort studies. Conversely, we also examine how leptin may actually promote left ventricular hypertrophy using in vitro analysis and human-based univariate and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis. On the other hand, as opposed to leptin's generally detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system, adiponectin is a cardioprotective hormone that reduces left ventricular and vascular hypertrophy, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In this review, we also highlight adiponectin signaling and its protective actions on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Ghantous
- Department of Anatomy, Cell biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Z. Azrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - S. Hanache
- Department of Anatomy, Cell biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - W. Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - A. Zeidan
- Department of Anatomy, Cell biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- *A. Zeidan:
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17
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Kuwabara T, Mori K, Mukoyama M, Kasahara M, Yokoi H, Nakao K. Macrophage-mediated glucolipotoxicity via myeloid-related protein 8/toll-like receptor 4 signaling in diabetic nephropathy. Clin Exp Nephrol 2013; 18:584-92. [PMID: 24357461 PMCID: PMC4139582 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-013-0922-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is an independent risk factor for the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). In this review, we summarize mouse models with both diabetes and dyslipidemia, and their associated complications. We then discuss molecules potentially involved in deterioration of DN by dyslipidemia. We focus especially upon toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and one of its endogenous ligands, myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8 or S100A8), since we have found that their mRNA levels are commonly increased in glomeruli of type 1 (streptozotocin [STZ]-induced) and type 2 (A-ZIP/F-1 lipoatrophic) diabetic mice. Gene expression of MRP8 and Tlr4 is further upregulated during worsening of STZ-induced DN by a high fat diet (HFD). Moreover, these HFD-induced changes are accompanied by enhanced gene expression of CCAAT element binding protein β and phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in the kidney, which have also been reported in pancreatic β cells under diabetic-hyperlipidemic conditions. Effects of a HFD upon DN are cancelled in Tlr4 knockout mice. Macrophages are the predominant source of MRP8 in glomeruli. In cultured macrophages, combinatorial treatment with high glucose and palmitate amplifies MRP8 expression in a Tlr4-dependent manner, and recombinant MRP8 protein markedly increases gene expression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α. Here, we propose ‘macrophage-mediated glucolipotoxicity’ via activation of MRP8/TLR4 signaling as a novel mechanism of pathophysiology for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashige Kuwabara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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18
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Nasrallah MP, Ziyadeh FN. Overview of the physiology and pathophysiology of leptin with special emphasis on its role in the kidney. Semin Nephrol 2013; 33:54-65. [PMID: 23374894 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adipocyte product leptin is a pleiotropic adipokine and hormone, with a role extending beyond appetite suppression and increased energy expenditure. This review summarizes the biology of the leptin system and the roles of its different receptors in a multitude of cellular functions in different organs, with special emphasis on the kidney. Leptin's physiological functions as well as deleterious effects in states of leptin deficiency or hyperleptinemia are emphasized. Chronic hyperleptinemia can increase blood pressure through the sympathetic nervous system and renal salt retention. The concept of selective leptin resistance in obesity is emerging, whereby leptin's effect on appetite and energy expenditure is blunted, with a concomitant increase in leptin's other effects as a result of the accompanying hyperleptinemia. The divergence in response likely is explained by different receptors and post-receptor activating mechanisms. Chronic kidney disease is a known cause of hyperleptinemia. There is an emerging view that the effect of hyperleptinemia on the kidney can contribute to the development and/or progression of chronic kidney disease in selective resistance states such as in obesity or type 2 diabetes mellitus. The mechanisms of renal injury are likely the result of exaggerated and undesirable hemodynamic influences as well as profibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona P Nasrallah
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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19
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Abstract
The most problematic issue in clinical nephrology is the relentless and progressive increase in patients with ESRD (end-stage renal disease) worldwide. The impact of diabetic nephropathy on the increasing population with CKD (chronic kidney disease) and ESRD is enormous. Three major pathways showing abnormality of intracellular metabolism have been identified in the development of diabetic nephropathy: (i) the activation of polyol and PKC (protein kinase C) pathways; (ii) the formation of advanced glycation end-products; and (iii) intraglomerular hypertension induced by glomerular hyperfiltration. Upstream of these three major pathways, hyperglycaemia is the major driving force of the progression to ESRD from diabetic nephropathy. Downstream of the three pathways, microinflammation and subsequent extracellular matrix expansion are common pathways for the progression of diabetic nephropathy. In recent years, many researchers have been convinced that the inflammation pathways play central roles in the progression of diabetic nephropathy, and the identification of new inflammatory molecules may link to the development of new therapeutic strategies. Various molecules related to the inflammation pathways in diabetic nephropathy include transcription factors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, Toll-like receptors, adipokines and nuclear receptors, which are candidates for the new molecular targets for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Understanding of these molecular pathways of inflammation would translate into the development of anti-inflammation therapeutic strategies.
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20
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Kuwabara T, Mori K, Mukoyama M, Kasahara M, Yokoi H, Saito Y, Ogawa Y, Imamaki H, Kawanishi T, Ishii A, Koga K, Mori KP, Kato Y, Sugawara A, Nakao K. Exacerbation of diabetic nephropathy by hyperlipidaemia is mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 in mice. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2256-66. [PMID: 22610400 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Hyperlipidaemia is an independent risk factor for the progression of diabetic nephropathy, but its molecular mechanism remains elusive. We investigated in mice how diabetes and hyperlipidaemia cause renal lesions separately and in combination, and the involvement of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the process. METHODS Diabetes was induced in wild-type (WT) and Tlr4 knockout (KO) mice by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). At 2 weeks after STZ injection, normal diet was substituted with a high-fat diet (HFD). Functional and histological analyses were carried out 6 weeks later. RESULTS Compared with treatment with STZ or HFD alone, treatment of WT mice with both STZ and HFD markedly aggravated nephropathy, as indicated by an increase in albuminuria, mesangial expansion, infiltration of macrophages and upregulation of pro-inflammatory and extracellular-matrix-associated gene expression in glomeruli. In Tlr4 KO mice, the addition of an HFD to STZ had almost no effects on the variables measured. Production of protein S100 calcium binding protein A8 (calgranulin A; S100A8), a potent ligand for TLR4, was observed in abundance in macrophages infiltrating STZ-HFD WT glomeruli and in glomeruli of diabetic nephropathy patients. High-glucose and fatty acid treatment synergistically upregulated S100a8 gene expression in macrophages from WT mice, but not from KO mice. As putative downstream targets of TLR4, phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) was enhanced in kidneys of WT mice co-treated with STZ and HFD. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Activation of S100A8/TLR4 signalling was elucidated in an animal model of diabetic glomerular injury accompanied with hyperlipidaemia, which may provide novel therapeutic targets in progressive diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuwabara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawaharacho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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21
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Naito M, Fujikura J, Ebihara K, Miyanaga F, Yokoi H, Kusakabe T, Yamamoto Y, Son C, Mukoyama M, Hosoda K, Nakao K. Therapeutic impact of leptin on diabetes, diabetic complications, and longevity in insulin-deficient diabetic mice. Diabetes 2011; 60:2265-73. [PMID: 21810600 PMCID: PMC3161331 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to evaluate the long-term effects of leptin on glucose metabolism, diabetes complications, and life span in an insulin-dependent diabetes model, the Akita mouse. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We cross-mated Akita mice with leptin-expressing transgenic (LepTg) mice to produce Akita mice with physiological hyperleptinemia (LepTg:Akita). Metabolic parameters were monitored for 10 months. Pair-fed studies and glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed. The pancreata and kidneys were analyzed histologically. The plasma levels and pancreatic contents of insulin and glucagon, the plasma levels of lipids and a marker of oxidative stress, and urinary albumin excretion were measured. Survival rates were calculated. RESULTS Akita mice began to exhibit severe hyperglycemia and hyperphagia as early as weaning. LepTg:Akita mice exhibited normoglycemia after an extended fast even at 10 months of age. The 6-h fasting blood glucose levels in LepTg:Akita mice remained about half the level of Akita mice throughout the study. Food intake in LepTg:Akita mice was suppressed to a level comparable to that in WT mice, but pair feeding did not affect blood glucose levels in Akita mice. LepTg:Akita mice maintained insulin hypersensitivity and displayed better glucose tolerance than did Akita mice throughout the follow-up. LepTg:Akita mice had normal levels of plasma glucagon, a marker of oxidative stress, and urinary albumin excretion rates. All of the LepTg:Akita mice survived for >12 months, the median mortality time of Akita mice. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that leptin is therapeutically useful in the long-term treatment of insulin-deficient diabetes.
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22
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Stieger N, Worthmann K, Schiffer M. The role of metabolic and haemodynamic factors in podocyte injury in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27:207-15. [PMID: 21309047 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Podocyte loss is a common feature in human diabetes as well as in experimental diabetes in rodents. Almost all components of the diabetic milieu lead to serious podocyte stress, driving the cells towards cell cycle arrest and hypertrophy, detachment and apoptosis. Common pathway components induced by high glucose and advanced glycation end-products are reactive oxygen species, cyclin-dependent kinases (p27(Kip1)) and transforming growth factor-beta. In addition, mechanical stresses by stretch or shear forces, insulin deficiency or insulin resistance are independent components resulting in podocyte apoptosis and detachment. In this review, we discuss the common pathways leading to podocyte death as well as novel pathways and concepts of podocyte dedifferentiation and detachment that influence the progression of diabetic glomerulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Stieger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover, Germany
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23
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24
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Tanaka M, Suganami T, Sugita S, Shimoda Y, Kasahara M, Aoe S, Takeya M, Takeda S, Kamei Y, Ogawa Y. Role of central leptin signaling in renal macrophage infiltration. Endocr J 2010; 57:61-72. [PMID: 19851035 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k09e-296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are key mediators of wound repair, tissue remodeling, and inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying macrophage recruitment to the site of inflammation is not fully understood. Leptin acts directly on the hypothalamus, thereby regulating food intake and energy expenditure. The leptin receptor, a single transmembrane protein that belongs to the gp130 family of cytokine receptor superfamily, is expressed not only in the hypothalamus but in a variety of peripheral tissues, suggesting the role of leptin as a pro-inflammatory adipocytokine in peripheral tissues. Here, we show that deficiency of leptin signaling reduces renal macrophage infiltration after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Bone marrow transplantation studies using leptin signaling-deficient db/db mice revealed that leptin signaling in bone marrow cells may not play a major role in the UUO-induced renal macrophage infiltration. Interestingly, central leptin administration reverses the otherwise reduced UUO-induced renal macrophage infiltration in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. This is effectively abolished by central co-administration of SHU9119, a melanocortin-3 receptor/melanocortin-4 receptor antagonist. This study demonstrates that central leptin administration in ob/ ob mice accelerates renal macrophage infiltration through the melanocortin system, thereby suggesting that the central nervous system, which is inherent to integrate information from throughout the organism, is able to control peripheral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Nakao K, Yasoda A, Ebihara K, Hosoda K, Mukoyama M. Translational research of novel hormones: lessons from animal models and rare human diseases for common human diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:1029-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Yan GT, Lin J, Hao XH, Xue H, Zhang K, Wang LH. Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein is a useful marker for organ dysfunction and leptin alleviates sepsis-induced organ injuries by restraining its tissue levels. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 616:244-50. [PMID: 19576209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) is widely distributed and has been used to diagnose certain diseases. However, its alteration during infection-evoked organ dysfunction, and the potential association between leptin and it in injury or infection has not been investigated. In the current study, serum H-FABP, leptin, C-reactive protein and interleukin-1beta in the patients with pulmonary infection-induced multiple organ dysfunction were detected. Moreover, a mouse model of sepsis was established, and serum alanine transaminase, uric acid, tissue H-FABP, myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase activity and histological alterations in lung and intestine were investigated. Serum H-FABP and leptin increased simultaneously and significantly in the patients, and leptin alleviated pulmonary and intestinal injuries by restraining tissue H-FABP secretions in the mouse model of sepsis. Other investigated variables showed different but independent alterations. In conclusion, H-FABP represents a useful diagnostic marker for organ dysfunction, and its association with leptin will be a novel target for emergency aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-tao Yan
- Research Laboratory of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Institute, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
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27
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Historical chronology of basic and clinical research in diabetic nephropathy and contributions of Japanese scientists. Clin Exp Nephrol 2009; 13:405-414. [PMID: 19363645 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-009-0175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The most problematic issue in clinical nephrology worldwide is the relentless and progressive increase in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Diabetic nephropathy has considerable impact on society in the areas of public health and social economy; many scientists are involved in research for the elucidation of the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and for the prevention and cure of the disease. In contrast, diabetic nephropathy was a neglected or ignored disease in the historical era, and few dedicated physicians recognized the disease process of diabetic nephropathy. In this review, we look back on the history of basic and clinical research on diabetic nephropathy and survey the recent progress of the research, especially focusing on the contribution of Japanese scientists.
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Barisoni L, Schnaper HW, Kopp JB. Advances in the biology and genetics of the podocytopathies: implications for diagnosis and therapy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009; 133:201-16. [PMID: 19195964 DOI: 10.5858/133.2.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Etiologic factors and pathways leading to altered podocyte phenotype are clearly numerous and involve the activity of different cellular function. OBJECTIVE To focus on recent discoveries in podocyte biology and genetics and their relevance to these human glomerular diseases, named podocytopathies. DATA SOURCES Genetic mutations in genes encoding for proteins in the nucleus, slit diaphragm, podocyte cytoplasm, and cell membrane are responsible for podocyte phenotype and functional abnormalities. Podocyte injury may also derive from secondary stimuli, such as mechanical stress, infections, or use of certain medications. Podocytes can respond to injury in a limited number of ways, which include (1) effacement, (2) apoptosis, (3) arrest of development, and (4) dedifferentiation. Each of these pathways results in a specific glomerular morphology: minimal change nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, diffuse mesangial sclerosis, and collapsing glomerulopathy. CONCLUSIONS Based on current knowledge of podocyte biology, we organized etiologic factors and morphologic features in a taxonomy of podocytopathies, which provides a novel approach to the classification of these diseases. Current and experimental therapeutic approaches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barisoni
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10017, USA.
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Barisoni L, Schnaper HW, Kopp JB. Advances in the biology and genetics of the podocytopathies: implications for diagnosis and therapy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009. [PMID: 19195964 DOI: 10.1043/1543-2165-133.2.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Etiologic factors and pathways leading to altered podocyte phenotype are clearly numerous and involve the activity of different cellular function. OBJECTIVE To focus on recent discoveries in podocyte biology and genetics and their relevance to these human glomerular diseases, named podocytopathies. DATA SOURCES Genetic mutations in genes encoding for proteins in the nucleus, slit diaphragm, podocyte cytoplasm, and cell membrane are responsible for podocyte phenotype and functional abnormalities. Podocyte injury may also derive from secondary stimuli, such as mechanical stress, infections, or use of certain medications. Podocytes can respond to injury in a limited number of ways, which include (1) effacement, (2) apoptosis, (3) arrest of development, and (4) dedifferentiation. Each of these pathways results in a specific glomerular morphology: minimal change nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, diffuse mesangial sclerosis, and collapsing glomerulopathy. CONCLUSIONS Based on current knowledge of podocyte biology, we organized etiologic factors and morphologic features in a taxonomy of podocytopathies, which provides a novel approach to the classification of these diseases. Current and experimental therapeutic approaches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barisoni
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10017, USA.
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Tesař V, Zima T. Recent Progress in the Pathogenesis of Nephrotic Proteinuria. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2008; 45:139-220. [DOI: 10.1080/10408360801934865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels reflect damage to glomeruli, proximal tubules, and distal nephrons. Kidney Int 2008; 75:285-94. [PMID: 19148153 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (Ngal or lipocalin 2) is a very early and sensitive biomarker of kidney injury. Here we determined the origin and time course of Ngal appearance in several experimental and clinically relevant renal diseases. Urinary Ngal levels were found to be markedly increased in lipoatrophic- and streptozotocin-induced mouse models of diabetic nephropathy. In the latter mice, the angiotensin receptor blocker candesartan dramatically decreased urinary Ngal excretion. The reabsorption of Ngal by the proximal tubule was severely reduced in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, but upregulation of its mRNA and protein in the kidney was negligible, compared to those of control mice, suggesting that increased urinary Ngal was mainly due to impaired renal reabsorption. In the mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction, Ngal protein synthesis was dramatically increased in the dilated thick ascending limb of Henle and N was found in the urine present in the swollen pelvis of the ligated kidney. Five patients with nephrotic syndrome or interstitial nephritis had markedly elevated urinary Ngal levels at presentation, but these decreased in response to treatment. Our study shows that the urinary Ngal level may be useful for monitoring the status and treatment of diverse renal diseases reflecting defects in glomerular filtration barrier, proximal tubule reabsorption, and distal nephrons.
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Yokoi H, Mukoyama M, Mori K, Kasahara M, Suganami T, Sawai K, Yoshioka T, Saito Y, Ogawa Y, Kuwabara T, Sugawara A, Nakao K. Overexpression of connective tissue growth factor in podocytes worsens diabetic nephropathy in mice. Kidney Int 2007; 73:446-55. [PMID: 18075496 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a potent inducer of extracellular matrix accumulation. In diabetic nephropathy, CTGF expression is markedly upregulated both in podocytes and mesangial cells, and this may play an important role in its pathogenesis. We established podocyte-specific CTGF-transgenic mice, which were indistinguishable at baseline from their wild-type littermates. Twelve weeks after streptozotocin-induced diabetes, these transgenic mice showed a more severe proteinuria, mesangial expansion, and a decrease in matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity compared to diabetic wild-type mice. Furthermore, diabetic transgenic mice exhibited less podocin expression and a decreased number of diffusely vacuolated podocytes compared to diabetic wild-type mice. Importantly, induction of diabetes in CTGF-transgenic mice resulted in a further elevation of endogenous CTGF mRNA expression and protein in the glomerular mesangium. Our findings suggest that overexpression of CTGF in podocytes is sufficient to exacerbate proteinuria and mesangial expansion through a functional impairment and loss of podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yokoi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Sawai K, Mukoyama M, Mori K, Kasahara M, Koshikawa M, Yokoi H, Yoshioka T, Ogawa Y, Sugawara A, Nishiyama H, Yamada S, Kuwahara T, Saleem MA, Shiota K, Ogawa O, Miyazato M, Kangawa K, Nakao K. Expression of CCN1 (CYR61) in developing, normal, and diseased human kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F1363-72. [PMID: 17699553 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00205.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CCN1 (cysteine-rich protein 61; Cyr61) is an extracellular matrix-associated signaling molecule that functions in cell migration, adhesion, and differentiation. We previously reported that CCN1 is induced at podocytes in rat anti-Thy-1 glomerulonephritis, a well-known model of reversible glomerular injury, but its expression and significance in the human kidney remain totally unknown (Sawai K, Mori K, Mukoyama M, Sugawara A, Suganami T, Koshikawa M, Yahata K, Makino H, Nagae T, Fujinaga Y, Yokoi H, Yoshioka T, Yoshimoto A, Tanaka I, Nakao K. J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 1154-1163, 2003). Here we report that, in the human kidney, CCN1 expression was confined to podocytes in normal adult and embryonic glomeruli from the capillary loop stage. Podocyte CCN1 expression was decreased in IgA nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, and membranous nephropathy, whereas it remained unchanged in minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Downregulation of CCN1 was significantly greater in diseased kidneys with severe mesangial expansion. CCN1 protein was also localized in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, distal and proximal tubules, and collecting ducts, which was not altered in diseased kidneys. In vitro, recombinant CCN1 protein enhanced endothelial cell adhesion, whereas it prominently inhibited mesangial cell adhesion. CCN1 also completely suppressed mesangial cell migration, suggesting its role as a mesangial-repellent factor. In cultured podocytes, CCN1 markedly induced the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) as well as synaptopodin in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed podocyte migration. These data indicate that CCN1 is expressed in podocytes, can act on glomerular cells to modulate glomerular remodeling, and is downregulated in diseased kidneys, suggesting that impairment of CCN1 expression in podocytes may contribute to the progression of glomerular disease with mesangial expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutomo Sawai
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas II. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007; 14:329-57. [PMID: 17940461 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3282c3a898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Growth and development. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007; 14:74-89. [PMID: 17940424 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32802e6d87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2007; 16:52-7. [PMID: 17143072 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32801271d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Suganami T, Tanimoto-Koyama K, Nishida J, Itoh M, Yuan X, Mizuarai S, Kotani H, Yamaoka S, Miyake K, Aoe S, Kamei Y, Ogawa Y. Role of the Toll-like receptor 4/NF-kappaB pathway in saturated fatty acid-induced inflammatory changes in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 27:84-91. [PMID: 17082484 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000251608.09329.9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 599] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies demonstrated that obese adipose tissue is characterized by increased infiltration of macrophages, suggesting that they might represent an important source of inflammation. Using an in vitro coculture system composed of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264 macrophages, we previously demonstrated that saturated fatty acids (FAs) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha derived from adipocytes and macrophages, respectively, play a major role in the coculture-induced inflammatory changes. METHODS AND RESULTS Coculture of adipocytes and macrophages resulted in the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), a primary regulator of inflammatory responses, in both cell types. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-kappaB markedly suppressed the coculture-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines and adipocyte lipolysis. Peritoneal macrophages obtained from Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mutant mice exhibited marked attenuation of TNFalpha production in response to saturated FAs. Notably, coculture of hypertrophied adipocytes and TLR4-mutant macrophages resulted in marked inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production and adipocyte lipolysis. We also observed that endogenous FAs, which are released from adipocytes via the beta3-adrenergic stimulation, resulted in the activation of the TLR4/NF-kappaB pathway. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that saturated FAs, which are released in large quantities from hypertrophied adipocytes via the macrophage-induced adipocyte lipolysis, serve as a naturally occurring ligand for TLR4, thereby inducing the inflammatory changes in both adipocytes and macrophages through NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Suganami
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Sawai K, Mukoyama M, Mori K, Yokoi H, Koshikawa M, Yoshioka T, Takeda R, Sugawara A, Kuwahara T, Saleem MA, Ogawa O, Nakao K. Redistribution of connexin43 expression in glomerular podocytes predicts poor renal prognosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and overt nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21:2472-7. [PMID: 16820374 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfl260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significance of podocyte injury in the progression of diabetic nephropathy is not well-understood. In this study, we examined whether alteration of gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43) expression in podocytes is associated with the progression of overt diabetic nephropathy. METHODS We recruited 29 type 2 diabetic patients with overt nephropathy who underwent renal biopsy. Nephrectomized kidney samples obtained from seven subjects with localized neoplasm and biopsy specimens from five patients diagnosed as minor glomerular abnormalities were used as controls. Cx43 staining on paraffin-embedded kidney sections were studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In controls, Cx43 was expressed at podocytes in a linear pattern along the glomerular basement membrane. In contrast, downregulation and loss of uniformly linear staining of Cx43 (Cx43 heterogeneity) in podocytes were observed in diabetic nephropathy. Cx43 intensity correlated with current renal function (R = 0.647, P < 0.005), whereas the magnitude of Cx43 heterogeneity correlated well with the degree of future decline in renal function (R = -0.705, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Alteration of Cx43 expression in podocytes was closely associated with the progression of overt diabetic nephropathy. These results indicate that change in Cx43 expression at podocytes represents a progressive stage in overt diabetic nephropathy and that it may be a convenient way to predict future decline in renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutomo Sawai
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adipose tissue is a key player in metabolic homeostasis through its role as an energy depot and endocrine organ. The characterization of mouse models of lipodystrophy, in which adipose tissue development and function are impaired, has shed new light on the mechanisms by which adipose tissue dysregulation may contribute to conditions such as insulin resistance, fatty liver, and beta-cell toxicity. RECENT FINDINGS Here we review recent findings from mouse models with genetic alterations leading to reduced adipose tissue mass. The metabolic consequences depend on the basis for the adipose tissue reduction, and we classify mouse models into three categories based on whether they confer (1) lipoatrophy accompanied by insulin resistance, (2) reduced adipose tissue storage associated with enhanced energy expenditure, or (3) both lipoatrophic and energetic effects. SUMMARY Reductions in the capacity of adipose tissue to store triglycerides or to secrete adipokine hormones lead to altered lipid metabolism and insulin resistance. In contrast, depletion of fat stores by virtue of enhanced energy metabolism does not produce undesirable metabolic effects. However, enhanced energy metabolism cannot overcome the deleterious effects of impaired adipokine production, as revealed by studies of models with both lipoatrophic and energetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA.
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Kanetsuna Y, Hirano K, Nagata M, Gannon MA, Takahashi K, Harris RC, Breyer MD, Takahashi T. Characterization of diabetic nephropathy in a transgenic model of hypoinsulinemic diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291:F1315-22. [PMID: 16705146 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00379.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mouse models provide a unique opportunity to investigate gene function in the natural course of the disease. Although diabetic nephropathy (DN) in models of type II diabetes has been well characterized, diabetic renal disease in hypoinsulinemic diabetic mice is still incompletely understood. Here, we characterized renal changes in the pdx1(PB)-HNF6 transgenic mouse that exhibits beta-cell dysfunction and nonobese hypoinsulinemic diabetes. Male transgenic mice developed hyperglycemia by the age of 7 wk and survived for over 1 yr without insulin treatment. Diabetes ensued earlier and progressed more severely in the HNF6 males than the females. The HNF6 males exhibited albuminuria as early as 10 wk of age, and the urinary albumin excretion increased with age, exceeding 150 microg/24 h at 11 mo of age. Diabetic males developed renal hypertrophy after 7 wk of age, whereas glomerular hyperfiltration was not observed in the mice. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia were not observed in the diabetic mice. Histological analysis of the HNF6 kidneys displayed diabetic glomerular changes, including glomerular enlargement, diffuse mesangial proliferation and matrix expansion, thickened glomerular basement membrane, and arteriolar hyalinosis. Mesangial matrix accumulation increased with age, resulting in nodular lesions by 44 wk of age. Immunohistochemistry showed accumulation of type IV collagen and TGF-beta1 in the mesangial area. No significant immune complex deposition was observed in the HNF6 glomeruli. Thus the HNF6 mouse exhibits diabetic renal changes that parallel the early phase of human DN. The model should facilitate studies of genetic and environmental factors that may affect DN in hypoinsulinemic diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kanetsuna
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Chade AR, Mushin OP, Zhu X, Rodriguez-Porcel M, Grande JP, Textor SC, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Pathways of renal fibrosis and modulation of matrix turnover in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Hypertension 2005; 46:772-9. [PMID: 16172424 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000184250.37607.da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia often accompanies and accelerates renal disease, partly by promoting fibrosis. However, the mechanisms mediating this effect are unclear. We hypothesized that hypercholesterolemia modulates several interlinked pathways that promote deposition and blunt degradation of extracellular matrix, and that these could be manipulated by reversal of hypercholesterolemia. Fourteen pigs were fed a 16-week 2% high-cholesterol diet (HC-HC; n=7) or normal diet (n=7), whereas in 7 others, a 10-week HC was followed by a 6-week normal diet (HC-N). Renal endothelial function was assessed in vivo with electron-beam computed tomography, and renal tissue was then studied ex vivo using Western blot, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, gelatin zymography, and immunostaining. HC-HC kidneys showed endothelial dysfunction, accompanied by increased intrarenal oxidative stress, inflammation, activation of the endothelin and transforming-growth factor-beta systems, and decreased matrix metalloproteinase expression and activity. Accordingly, HC-HC kidneys showed increased collagen IV expression and fibrosis. A lipid-lowering dietary intervention reversed most of these changes. In conclusion, this study indicates that renal fibrosis in early atherosclerosis is a result of a simultaneous increase in extracellular matrix deposition and blunted matrix metalloproteinase-mediated degradation, overall promoting perivascular and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Notably, many of these pathways may be reversible in hypercholesterolemia, and crucial targets could potentially be identified for early interventions to preserve the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro R Chade
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Suganami T, Nishida J, Ogawa Y. A paracrine loop between adipocytes and macrophages aggravates inflammatory changes: role of free fatty acids and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:2062-8. [PMID: 16123319 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000183883.72263.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 763] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weight gain is associated with infiltration of fat by macrophages, suggesting that they are an important source of inflammation in obese adipose tissue. Here we developed an in vitro coculture system composed of adipocytes and macrophages and examined the molecular mechanism whereby these cells communicate. METHODS AND RESULTS Coculture of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and macrophage cell line RAW264 results in the marked upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and the downregulation of the antiinflammatory cytokine adiponectin. Such inflammatory changes are induced by the coculture without direct contact, suggesting the role of soluble factors. A neutralizing antibody to TNF-alpha, which occurs mostly in macrophages, inhibits the inflammatory changes in 3T3-L1, suggesting that TNF-alpha is a major macrophage-derived mediator of inflammation in adipocytes. Conversely, free fatty acids (FFAs) may be important adipocyte-derived mediators of inflammation in macrophages, because the production of TNF-alpha in RAW264 is markedly increased by palmitate, a major FFA released from 3T3-L1. The inflammatory changes in the coculture are augmented by use of either hypertrophied 3T3-L1 or adipose stromal vascular fraction obtained from obese ob/ob mice. CONCLUSIONS We postulate that a paracrine loop involving FFAs and TNF-alpha between adipocytes and macrophages establishes a vicious cycle that aggravates inflammatory changes in the adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Suganami
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Koshikawa M, Mukoyama M, Mori K, Suganami T, Sawai K, Yoshioka T, Nagae T, Yokoi H, Kawachi H, Shimizu F, Sugawara A, Nakao K. Role of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Podocyte Injury and Proteinuria in Experimental Nephrotic Syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:2690-701. [PMID: 15987752 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2004121084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes play an important role in maintaining normal glomerular function and structure, and podocyte injury leads to proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. The family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK; extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK], c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38) may be implicated in the progression of various glomerulopathies, but the role of MAPK in podocyte injury remains elusive. This study examined phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in clinical glomerulopathies with podocyte injury, as well as in rat puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephropathy and mouse adriamycin (ADR) nephropathy. The effect of treatment with FR167653, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, was also investigated in rodent models. In human podocyte injury diseases, the increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was observed at podocytes. In PAN and ADR nephropathy, the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK was marked but transient, preceding overt proteinuria. Pretreatment with FR167653 (day -2 to day 14, subcutaneously) to PAN or ADR nephropathy completely inhibited p38 MAPK activation and attenuated ERK phosphorylation, with complete suppression of proteinuria. Electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry for nephrin and connexin43 revealed that podocyte injury was markedly ameliorated by FR167653. Furthermore, early treatment with FR167653 effectively prevented glomerulosclerosis and renal dysfunction in the chronic phase of ADR nephropathy. In cultured podocytes, PAN or oxidative stress induced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK along with actin reorganization, and FR167653 inhibited such changes. These findings indicate that the activation of MAPK is necessary for podocyte injury, suggesting that p38 MAPK and, possibly, ERK should become a potential target for therapeutic intervention in proteinuric glomerulopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Koshikawa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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