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Fessel J. Personalized, Precision Medicine to Cure Alzheimer's Dementia: Approach #1. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3909. [PMID: 38612719 PMCID: PMC11012190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The goal of the treatment for Alzheimer's dementia (AD) is the cure of dementia. A literature review revealed 18 major elements causing AD and 29 separate medications that address them. For any individual with AD, one is unlikely to discern which major causal elements produced dementia. Thus, for personalized, precision medicine, all causal elements must be treated so that each individual patient will have her or his causal elements addressed. Twenty-nine drugs cannot concomitantly be administered, so triple combinations of drugs taken from that list are suggested, and each triple combination can be administered sequentially, in any order. Ten combinations given over 13 weeks require 2.5 years, or if given over 26 weeks, they require 5.0 years. Such sequential treatment addresses all 18 elements and should cure dementia. In addition, any comorbid risk factors for AD whose first presence or worsening was within ±1 year of when AD first appeared should receive appropriate, standard treatment together with the sequential combinations. The article outlines a randomized clinical trial that is necessary to assess the safety and efficacy of the proposed treatments; it includes a triple-drug Rx for equipoise. Clinical trials should have durations of both 2.5 and 5.0 years unless the data safety monitoring board (DSMB) determines earlier success or futility since it is uncertain whether three or six months of treatment will be curative in humans, although studies in animals suggest that the briefer duration of treatment might be effective and restore defective neural tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Fessel
- Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, 2069 Filbert Street, San Francisco, CA 94123, USA
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Modi JP, Shen W, Menzie-Suderam J, Xu H, Lin CH, Tao R, Prentice HM, Schloss J, Wu JY. The Role of NMDA Receptor Partial Antagonist, Carbamathione, as a Therapeutic Agent for Transient Global Ischemia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1885. [PMID: 37509524 PMCID: PMC10377037 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbamathione (Carb), an NMDA glutamate receptor partial antagonist, has potent neuroprotective functions against hypoxia- or ischemia-induced neuronal injury in cell- or animal-based stroke models. We used PC-12 cell cultures as a cell-based model and bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) for stroke. Whole-cell patch clamp recording in the mouse retinal ganglion cells was performed. Key proteins involved in apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and heat shock proteins were analyzed using immunoblotting. Carb is effective in protecting PC12 cells against glutamate- or hypoxia-induced cell injury. Electrophysiological results show that Carb attenuates NMDA-mediated glutamate currents in the retinal ganglion cells, which results in activation of the AKT signaling pathway and increased expression of pro-cell survival biomarkers, e.g., Hsp 27, P-AKT, and Bcl2 and decreased expression of pro-cell death markers, e.g., Beclin 1, Bax, and Cleaved caspase 3, and ER stress markers, e.g., CHOP, IRE1, XBP1, ATF 4, and eIF2α. Using the BCAO animal stroke model, we found that Carb reduced the brain infarct volume and decreased levels of ER stress markers, GRP 78, CHOP, and at the behavioral level, e.g., a decrease in asymmetric turns and an increase in locomotor activity. These findings for Carb provide promising and rational strategies for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigar Pravinchandra Modi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Center of Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Program in Integrative Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Janet Menzie-Suderam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Program in Integrative Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Hongyuan Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Chun-Hua Lin
- Department of Nursing, Kang-Ning University, Taipei 11485, Taiwan
| | - Rui Tao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Program in Integrative Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Howard M Prentice
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Center of Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Program in Integrative Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - John Schloss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, American University of Health Sciences, Signal Hill, CA 90755, USA
| | - Jang-Yen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Center of Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Program in Integrative Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Kittur FS, Hung CY, Li PA, Sane DC, Xie J. Asialo-rhuEPO as a Potential Neuroprotectant for Ischemic Stroke Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:610. [PMID: 37111367 PMCID: PMC10143832 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotective drugs to protect the brain against cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury are urgently needed. Mammalian cell-produced recombinant human erythropoietin (rhuEPOM) has been demonstrated to have excellent neuroprotective functions in preclinical studies, but its neuroprotective properties could not be consistently translated in clinical trials. The clinical failure of rhuEPOM was thought to be mainly due to its erythropoietic activity-associated side effects. To exploit its tissue-protective property, various EPO derivatives with tissue-protective function only have been developed. Among them, asialo-rhuEPO, lacking terminal sialic acid residues, was shown to be neuroprotective but non-erythropoietic. Asialo-rhuEPO can be prepared by enzymatic removal of sialic acid residues from rhuEPOM (asialo-rhuEPOE) or by expressing human EPO gene in glycoengineered transgenic plants (asialo-rhuEPOP). Both types of asialo-rhuEPO, like rhuEPOM, displayed excellent neuroprotective effects by regulating multiple cellular pathways in cerebral I/R animal models. In this review, we describe the structure and properties of EPO and asialo-rhuEPO, summarize the progress on neuroprotective studies of asialo-rhuEPO and rhuEPOM, discuss potential reasons for the clinical failure of rhuEPOM with acute ischemic stroke patients, and advocate future studies needed to develop asialo-rhuEPO as a multimodal neuroprotectant for ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooqahmed S. Kittur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (C.-Y.H.); (P.A.L.)
| | - Chiu-Yueh Hung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (C.-Y.H.); (P.A.L.)
| | - P. Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (C.-Y.H.); (P.A.L.)
| | - David C. Sane
- Carilion Clinic and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA;
| | - Jiahua Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (C.-Y.H.); (P.A.L.)
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Delayed Therapeutic Administration of Melatonin Enhances Neuronal Survival Through AKT and MAPK Signaling Pathways Following Focal Brain Ischemia in Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:994-1007. [PMID: 35307786 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-01995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin has a role in the cell survival signaling pathways as a candidate for secondary stroke prevention. Therefore, in the present study, the coordination of ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres to evaluate delayed post-acute effect of melatonin was examined on recovery of the cell survival and apoptosis after stroke. Melatonin was administered (4 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for 45 days, starting 3 days after 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The genes and proteins related to the cell survival and apoptosis were investigated by immunofluorescence, western blotting, and RT-PCR techniques after behavioral experiments. Melatonin produced delayed neurological recovery by improving motor coordination on grip strength and rotarod tests. This neurological recovery was also reflected by high level of NeuN positive cells and low level of TUNEL-positive cells suggesting enhanced neuronal survival and reduced apoptosis at the fifty-fifth day of stroke. The increase of NGF, Nrp1, c-jun; activation of AKT; and dephosphorylation of ERK and JNK at the fifty-fifth day showed that cell survival and apoptosis signaling molecules compete to contribute to the remodeling of brain. Furthermore, an increase in the CREB and Atf-1 expressions suggested the melatonin's strong reformative effect on neuronal regeneration. The contralateral hemisphere was more active at the latter stages of the molecular and functional regeneration which provides a further proof of principle about melatonin's action on the promotion of brain plasticity and recovery after stroke.
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Abd Rashid M, Chenshen L, Ee Hwan AK, AlSaeedy H, Mok PL, Subbiah SK, Isa HM, Yong TK, Nizam Harun MH, B S Mohamad SMS, Min Hwei AN, Luu CD, Catherine Bastion ML. Rescue of photoreceptor with human mesenchyme stem cell and human mesenchyme stem cell expressing erythropoietin in total degeneration of retina animal model. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:921-929. [PMID: 35225544 PMCID: PMC9114553 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_472_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of human-derived umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HDUMSC) and human-derived umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells expressing erythropoietin (HDUMSC-EPO) to rescue total degenerated retina in a rat model. Methods: The study included four treatment groups, namely negative control using normal saline (HBSS) injection, positive control using sodium iodide 60 mg/kg (SI), SI treated with HDUMSC, and SI treated with HDUMSC-EPO given via subretinal and intravenous routes, to test the efficacy of retinal regeneration following SI-induced retinal degeneration. Retinal function in both phases was tested via electroretinography (ERG) and histological staining examining the outer nuclear layer (ONL). Results: There was a statistically significant result (P < 0.05) in the SI treated with HDUMSC-EPO only when comparing day 11 (mean = 23.6 μv), day 18 (mean = 25.2 μv), day 26 (mean = 26.3 μv), and day 32 (mean = 28.2 μv) to the b-wave ERG on day 4 rescue injection day (mean = 12.5 μv). The SI treated with HDUMSC-EPO showed significant improvement in b-wave ERG readings in the Sprague–Dawley (SD) rat but did not restore baseline readings prior to degeneration (day 0). Both treated groups’ ONL thicknesses did not show significant changes compared to the negative control group (HBSS) following rescue therapy. Conclusion: Total retinal degeneration following intravenous SI injection was observed at 60 mg/kg. SI treated with HDUMSC and HDUMSC-EPO showed no regenerative potential compared to baseline in SI-induced total retina degeneration on ERG or histology, whereas SI treated with HDUMSC-EPO group showed a substantial increase in b-wave ERG amplitude over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munirah Abd Rashid
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Sakaka, Al-Jawf Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lam Chenshen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Sakaka, Al-Jawf Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Avin Koh Ee Hwan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jawf Province, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hiba AlSaeedy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Pooi Ling Mok
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jawf Province, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Kumar Subbiah
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Hazlita Md Isa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Sakaka, Al-Jawf Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Then Kong Yong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre; Brighton Healthcare, UKM Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hairul Nizam Harun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Sakaka, Al-Jawf Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mohamed Suhail B S Mohamad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Sakaka, Al-Jawf Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angela Ng Min Hwei
- Tissue Engineering Centre, UKM Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur,, Malaysia
| | - Chi D Luu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mae-Lynn Catherine Bastion
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Sakaka, Al-Jawf Province, Saudi Arabia
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Li C, Chai X, Pan J, Huang J, Wu Y, Xue Y, Zhou W, Yang J, Zhu X, Zhao S. β-Hydroxybutyrate Alleviates Low Glucose-Induced Apoptosis via Modulation of ROS-Mediated p38 MAPK Signaling. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:923-938. [PMID: 35129799 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-01974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypoglycemia has emerged as a prominent complication in anti-diabetic drug therapy or negative energy balance of animals, which causes brain damage, cognitive impairment, and even death. Brain injury induced by hypoglycemia is closely related to oxidative stress and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The intracellular accumulation of ROS leads to neuronal damage, even death. Ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) not only serves as alternative energy source for glucose in extrahepatic tissues, but is also involved in cellular signaling transduction. Previous studies showed that BHBA reduces apoptosis by inhibiting the excessive production of ROS and activation of caspase-3. However, the effects of BHBA on apoptosis induced by glucose deprivation and its related molecular mechanisms have been seldom reported. In the present study, PC12 cells and primary cortical neurons were used to establish a low glucose injury model. The effects of BHBA on the survival and apoptosis in a glucose deficient condition and related molecular mechanisms were investigated by using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. PC12 cells were incubated with 1 mM glucose for 24 h as a low glucose cell model, in which ROS accumulation and cell mortality were significantly increased. After 24 h and 48 h treatment with different concentrations of BHBA (0 mM, 0.05 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM), ROS production was significantly inhibited. Moreover, cell apoptosis rate was decreased and survival rate was significantly increased in 1 mM and 2 mM BHBA groups. In primary cortical neurons, at 24 h after treatment with 2 mM BHBA, the injured length and branch of neurites were significantly improved. Meanwhile, the intracellular ROS level, the proportion of c-Fos+ cells, apoptosis rate, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB protein after treatment with BHBA were significantly decreased when compared with that in low glucose cells. Importantly, the expression of p38, p-p38, NF-κB, and caspase-3 were significantly decreased, while the expression of p-ERK was significantly increased in both PC12 cells and primary cortical neurons. Our results demonstrate that BHBA decreased the accumulation of intracellular ROS, and further inhibited cell apoptosis by mediating the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and caspase-3 apoptosis cascade during glucose deprivation. In addition, BHBA inhibited apoptosis by activating ERK phosphorylation and alleviated the damage of low glucose to PC12 cells and primary cortical neurons. These results provide new insight into the anti-apoptotic effect of BHBA in a glucose deficient condition and the related signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cixia Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Chai
- College of Basic Medicine, Xi'An Medical University, Xi'An, Shaanxi, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarong Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongji Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhuan Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentai Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiping Yang
- College of Basic Medicine, Xi'An Medical University, Xi'An, Shaanxi, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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Systematic Understanding of Mechanism of Danggui Shaoyao San against Ischemic Stroke Using a Network Pharmacology Approach. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3747285. [PMID: 35035503 PMCID: PMC8754614 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3747285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS) was developed to treat the ischemic stroke (IS) in patients and animal models. The purpose of this study was to explore its active compounds and demonstrate its mechanism against IS through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and animal experiment. Methods All the components of DSS were retrieved from the pharmacology database of TCM system. The genes corresponding to the targets were retrieved using OMIM, CTD database, and TTD database. The herb-compound-target network was constructed by Cytoscape software. The target protein-protein interaction network was built using the STRING database. The core targets of DSS were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Then, we achieved molecular docking between the hub proteins and the key active compounds. Finally, animal experiments were performed to verify the core targets. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was used to calculate the infarct size in mice. The protein expression was determined using the Western blot. Results Compound-target network mainly contained 51 compounds and 315 corresponding targets. Key targets contained MAPK1, SRC, PIK3R1, HRAS, AKT1, RHOA, RAC1, HSP90AA1, and RXRA FN1. There were 417 GO items in GO enrichment analysis (p < 0.05) and 119 signaling pathways (p < 0.05) in KEGG, mainly including negative regulation of apoptosis, steroid hormone-mediated signaling pathway, neutrophil activation, cellular response to oxidative stress, and VEGF signaling pathway. MAPK1, SRC, and PIK3R1 docked with small molecule compounds. According to the Western blot, the expression of p-MAPK 1, p-AKT, and p-SRC was regulated by DSS. Conclusions This study showed that DSS can treat IS through multiple targets and routes and provided new insights to explore the mechanisms of DSS against IS.
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Dey S, Lee J, Noguchi CT. Erythropoietin Non-hematopoietic Tissue Response and Regulation of Metabolism During Diet Induced Obesity. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:725734. [PMID: 34603036 PMCID: PMC8479821 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.725734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) receptor (EPOR) determines EPO response. High level EPOR on erythroid progenitor cells gives rise to EPO regulated production of red blood cells. Animal models provide evidence for EPO activity in non-hematopoietic tissue mediated by EPOR expression. Beyond erythropoiesis, EPO activity includes neuroprotection in brain ischemia and trauma, endothelial nitric oxide production and cardioprotection, skeletal muscle wound healing, and context dependent bone remodeling affecting bone repair or bone loss. This review highlights examples of EPO protective activity in select non-hematopoietic tissue with emphasis on metabolic response mediated by EPOR expression in fat and brain and sex-specific regulation of fat mass and inflammation associated with diet induced obesity. Endogenous EPO maintains glucose and insulin tolerance and protects against fat mass accumulation and inflammation. Accompanying the increase in erythropoiesis with EPO treatment is improved glucose tolerance and insulin response. During high fat diet feeding, EPO also decreases fat mass accumulation in male mice. The increased white adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage infiltration associated with diet induced obesity are also reduced with EPO treatment with a shift toward an anti-inflammatory state and decreased inflammatory cytokine production. In female mice the protective effect of estrogen against obesity supersedes EPO regulation of fat mass and inflammation, and requires estrogen receptor alpha activity. In brain, EPOR expression in the hypothalamus localizes to proopiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus that promotes a lean phenotype. EPO stimulation of proopiomelanocortin neurons increases STAT3 signaling and production of proopiomelanocortin. Cerebral EPO contributes to metabolic response, and elevated brain EPO reduces fat mass and hypothalamus inflammation during diet induced obesity in male mice without affecting EPO stimulated erythropoiesis. Ovariectomy abrogates the sex-specific metabolic response of brain EPO. The sex-dimorphic EPO metabolic response associated with fat mass accumulation and inflammation during diet induced obesity provide evidence for crosstalk between estrogen and EPO in their anti-obesity potential in female mice mediated in part via tissue specific response in brain and white adipose tissue. Endogenous and exogenous EPO response in non-hematopoietic tissue demonstrated in animal models suggests additional activity by which EPO treatment may affect human health beyond increased erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadeep Dey
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jeeyoung Lee
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Constance T Noguchi
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Hu SQ, Liu DL, Li CR, Xu YH, Hu K, Cui LD, Guo J. Wuzi-Yanzong prescription alleviates spermatogenesis disorder induced by heat stress dependent on Akt, NF-κB signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18824. [PMID: 34552120 PMCID: PMC8458393 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Akt and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways are involved in germ cell apoptosis and inflammation after testicular heat stress (THS). We observed that after THS induced by the exposure of rat testes to 43 °C for 20 min, their weight decreased, the fraction of apoptotic testicular germ cells significantly increased, and the proliferation of germ cells was inhibited. In addition, THS lowered serum testosterone (T) level, whereas the levels of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were not significantly changed. The ultrastructure of the seminiferous tubules became abnormal after THS, the structure of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) became loose, and the Sertoli cells showed a trend of differentiation. The level of phosphorylated Akt was reduced, whereas the amount of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 was augmented by THS. Wuzi-Yanzong (WZYZ), a classic Chinese medicine prescription for the treatment of male reproductive dysfunctions, alleviated the changes induced by THS. In order to determine the mechanism of action of WZYZ, we investigated how this preparation modulated the levels of T, androgen receptor (AR), erythropoietin (EPO), EPO receptor, and Tyro-3, Axl, and Mer (TAM) family of tyrosine kinase receptors. We found that WZYZ activated the Akt pathway, inhibited the Toll-like receptor/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, and repaired the structure of BTB by regulating the levels of T, AR, TAM receptors, and EPO. In conclusion, these results suggest that WZYZ activates the Akt pathway and inhibits the NF-κB pathway by acting on the upstream regulators, thereby improving spermatogenesis deficit induced by THS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Qin Hu
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Department of Physiology, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 11, East Beisanhuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Dian-Long Liu
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Department of Physiology, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 11, East Beisanhuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Rui Li
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Department of Physiology, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 11, East Beisanhuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Hui Xu
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Department of Physiology, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 11, East Beisanhuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Hu
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Department of Physiology, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 11, East Beisanhuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Dan Cui
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Department of Physiology, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 11, East Beisanhuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Guo
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Department of Physiology, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 11, East Beisanhuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
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Takagishi S, Arimura K, Murata M, Iwaki K, Okuda T, Ido K, Nishimura A, Narahara S, Kawano T, Iihara K. Protein Nanoparticles Modified with PDGF-B as a Novel Therapy After Acute Cerebral Infarction. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0098-21.2021. [PMID: 34462309 PMCID: PMC8445038 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0098-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for cerebral infarction beyond the time window of reperfusion therapy are limited, and novel approaches are needed. PDGF-B is considered neuroprotective; however, it is difficult to administer at effective concentrations to infarct areas. Nanoparticles (NPs) are small and stable; therefore, we modified PDGF-B to the surface of naturally occurring heat shock protein NPs (HSPNPs) to examine its therapeutic effect in cerebral infarction. PDGF-B modified HSPNPs (PDGF-B HSPNPs) were injected 1 d after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (t-MCAO) in CB-17 model mice. We analyzed the infarct volume and motor functional recovery at 3 and 7 d. PDGF-B HSPNPs were specifically distributed in the infarct area, and compared with HSPNPs alone, they significantly reduced infarct volumes and improved neurologic function 3 and 7 d after administration. PDGF-B HSPNP administration was associated with strong phosphorylation of Akt in infarct areas and significantly increased neurotrophin (NT)-3 production as well as reduced cell apoptosis compared with HSPNPs alone. Moreover, astrogliosis in peri-infarct area was significantly upregulated with PDGF-B HSPNPs compared with HSPNPs alone. Treatment with PDGF-B HSPNPs might be a novel approach for treating cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soh Takagishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Arimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuma Iwaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ido
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ataru Nishimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sayoko Narahara
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahito Kawano
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koji Iihara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
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11
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The Role of PI3K/AKT and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Erythropoietin Signalization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147682. [PMID: 34299300 PMCID: PMC8307237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein cytokine known for its pleiotropic effects on various types of cells and tissues. EPO and its receptor EPOR trigger signaling cascades JAK2/STAT5, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT that are interconnected and irreplaceable for cell survival. In this article, we describe the role of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways during red blood cell formation as well as in non-hematopoietic tissues and tumor cells. Although the central framework of these pathways is similar for most of cell types, there are some stage-specific, tissue, and cell-lineage differences. We summarize the current state of research in this field, highlight the novel members of EPO-induced PI3K and MAPK signaling, and in this respect also the differences between erythroid and non-erythroid cells.
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12
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Hemani S, Lane O, Agarwal S, Yu SP, Woodbury A. Systematic Review of Erythropoietin (EPO) for Neuroprotection in Human Studies. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:732-739. [PMID: 33521906 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is an exciting neurotherapeutic option. Despite its potential, concerns exist regarding the potential for thrombosis and adverse events with EPO administration in normonemic adults. Systematic review of literature using PRISMA guidelines to examine the application and risks of EPO as a treatment option for neuroprotection in normonemic adults. Independent, systematic searches were performed in July 2019. PubMed (1960-2019) and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (1960-2019) were screened. Search terms included erythropoietin, neuroprotection, and humans. The PubMed search resulted in the following search strategy: ("erythropoietin" [MeSH Terms] OR "erythropoietin" [All Fields] OR "epoetin alfa" [MeSH Terms] OR ("epoetin" [All Fields] AND "alfa" [All Fields]) OR "epoetin alfa" [All Fields]) AND ("neuroprotection" [MeSH Terms] OR "neuroprotection" [All Fields]) AND "humans" [MeSH Terms]. PubMed, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and articles based on prior searches yielded 388 citations. 50 studies were included, comprising of 4351 patients. There were 13 studies that noted adverse effects from EPO. Three attributed serious adverse effects to EPO and complications were statistically significant. Two of these studies related the adverse events to the co-administration of EPO with tPA. Minor adverse effects associated with the EPO group included nausea, pyrexia, headache, generalized weakness and superficial phlebitis. Most published studies focus on spinal cord injury, peri-surgical outcomes and central effects of EPO. We found no studies to date evaluating the role of EPO in post-operative pain. Future trials could evaluate this application in persistent post-surgical pain and in the peri-operative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Hemani
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Olabisi Lane
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Sunil Agarwal
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Anna Woodbury
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
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13
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Sakamoto I, Himi N, Hayashi N, Okabe N, Nakamura-Maruyama E, Tsukamoto I, Hasegawa T, Miyamoto O. The protective effect and mechanism of COA-Cl in acute phase after spinal cord injury. Neurosci Res 2020; 170:114-121. [PMID: 33316301 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces severe motor and sensory dysfunction. We previously showed the neuroprotective effects of COA-Cl, a novel synthesized adenosine analog, in a rat stroke model. In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of COA-Cl in acute phase of SCI. SCI was induced in rats at the T9 vertebra by using a drop device. Rats were divided into acute and subacute groups. A 5-day dose of 6 mg/kg COA-Cl in saline was given to the acute group immediately after SCI and the subacute group 4 days after SCI. Motor function assessed by Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scoring and inclined plane test improved significantly in the acute group while the subacute group did not. Histological evaluation and TUNEL staining revealed that both the cavity volume and apoptosis were significantly decreased in the acute group compared with the subacute group. In addition, pERK/ERK was increased in the acute group 7 days after SCI. These results suggest that COA-Cl exerts neuroprotective effects via the ERK pathway when administered in the acute phase after SCI, resulting in the recovery of motor function. COA-Cl could be a novel therapeutic agent for the acute phase of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei Sakamoto
- Department of Physiology 2, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Himi
- Department of Physiology 2, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Norito Hayashi
- Department of Physiology 2, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naohiko Okabe
- Department of Physiology 2, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Emi Nakamura-Maruyama
- Department of Physiology 2, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ikuko Tsukamoto
- Department of Pharmaco-bio-informatics, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Toru Hasegawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Osamu Miyamoto
- Department of Physiology 2, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
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14
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Jarero-Basulto JJ, Rivera-Cervantes MC, Gasca-Martínez D, García-Sierra F, Gasca-Martínez Y, Beas-Zárate C. Current Evidence on the Protective Effects of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin and Its Molecular Variants against Pathological Hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120424. [PMID: 33255969 PMCID: PMC7760199 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence in the literature demonstrates the pleiotropic effects of the administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) and its molecular variants in different tissues and organs, including the brain. Some of these reports suggest that the chemical properties of this molecule by itself or in combination with other agents (e.g., growth factors) could provide the necessary pharmacological characteristics to be considered a potential protective agent in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is a degenerative disorder of the brain, characterized by an aberrant accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (tau-p) proteins in the extracellular and intracellular space, respectively, leading to inflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and other neuronal alterations that compromise cell viability, causing neurodegeneration in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Unfortunately, to date, it lacks an effective therapeutic strategy for its treatment. Therefore, in this review, we analyze the evidence regarding the effects of exogenous EPOs (rhEPO and its molecular variants) in several in vivo and in vitro Aβ and tau-p models of AD-type neurodegeneration, to be considered as an alternative protective treatment to this condition. Particularly, we focus on analyzing the differential effect of molecular variants of rhEPO when changes in doses, route of administration, duration of treatment or application times, are evaluated for the improved cellular alterations generated in this disease. This narrative review shows the evidence of the effectiveness of the exogenous EPOs as potential therapeutic molecules, focused on the mechanisms that establish cellular damage and clinical manifestation in the AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J. Jarero-Basulto
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan 45220, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.J.J.-B.); (M.C.R.-C.); Tel.: +52-33-37771150 ((J.J.J.-B. & M.C.R.-C.)
| | - Martha C. Rivera-Cervantes
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan 45220, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.J.J.-B.); (M.C.R.-C.); Tel.: +52-33-37771150 ((J.J.J.-B. & M.C.R.-C.)
| | - Deisy Gasca-Martínez
- Behavioral Analysis Unit, Neurobiology Institute, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
| | - Francisco García-Sierra
- Department of Cell Biology, Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de Mexico 07360, Mexico;
| | - Yadira Gasca-Martínez
- Development and Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (Y.G.-M.); (C.B.-Z.)
| | - Carlos Beas-Zárate
- Development and Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (Y.G.-M.); (C.B.-Z.)
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15
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Insights into Potential Targets for Therapeutic Intervention in Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228573. [PMID: 33202963 PMCID: PMC7697405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease that affects approximately 65 million people worldwide. However, despite the continuous development of antiepileptic drugs, over 30% patients with epilepsy progress to drug-resistant epilepsy. For this reason, it is a high priority objective in preclinical research to find novel therapeutic targets and to develop effective drugs that prevent or reverse the molecular mechanisms underlying epilepsy progression. Among these potential therapeutic targets, we highlight currently available information involving signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and zinc signaling), enzymes (carbonic anhydrase), proteins (erythropoietin, copine 6 and complement system), channels (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 (TRPV1) channel) and receptors (galanin and melatonin receptors). All of them have demonstrated a certain degree of efficacy not only in controlling seizures but also in displaying neuroprotective activity and in modifying the progression of epilepsy. Although some research with these specific targets has been done in relation with epilepsy, they have not been fully explored as potential therapeutic targets that could help address the unsolved issue of drug-resistant epilepsy and develop new antiseizure therapies for the treatment of epilepsy.
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16
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Menzie-Suderam JM, Modi J, Xu H, Bent A, Trujillo P, Medley K, Jimenez E, Shen J, Marshall M, Tao R, Prentice H, Wu JY. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor gene therapy as a novel therapeutics for stroke in a mouse model. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:99. [PMID: 33126859 PMCID: PMC7596942 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Global ischemia is the resulting effect of a cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). Presently there is no effective treatment to address neurological deficits in patients who survived a CPA. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor is a growth factor (G-CSF) with a plethora of beneficial effects, including neuroprotection. Clinical application of human G-CSF (hG-CSF) is limited due to its plasma half-life of 4 h. Therefore, novel approaches need to be investigated that would (1) enable prolonged manifestation of hG-CSF and (2) demonstrate G-CSF efficacy from studying the underlying protective mechanisms of hG-CSF. In our previous work, we used the self-complementary adeno-associated virus (stereotype2: scAAV2) as a vector to transfect the hG-CSF gene into the global ischemic brain of a mouse. As an extension of that work, we now seek to elucidate the protective mechanisms of hG-CSF gene therapy against endoplasmic reticulum induced stress, mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy in global ischemia. Method A single drop of either AAV-CMV-hG-CSF or AAV-CMV-GFP was dropped into the conjunctival sac of the Swiss Webster mouse’s left eye, 30–60 min after bilateral common artery occlusion (BCAO). The efficacy of the expressed hG-CSF gene product was analyzed by monitoring the expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER), mitochondrial dynamics and autophagic proteins over 4- and 7-days post-BCAO in vulnerable brain regions including the striatum, overlying cortex (frontal brain regions) and the hippocampus (middle brain regions). Statistical analysis was performed using mostly One-Way Analysis of variance (ANOVA), except for behavioral analysis, which used Repeated Measures Two-Way ANOVA, post hoc analysis was performed using the Tukey test. Results Several biomarkers that facilitated cellular death, including CHOP and GRP78 (ER stress) DRP1 (mitochondrial dynamics) and Beclin 1, p62 and LC3-ll (autophagy) were significantly downregulated by hG-CSF gene transfer. hG-CSF gene therapy also significantly upregulated antiapoptotic Bcl2 while downregulating pro-apoptotic Bax. The beneficial effects of hG-CSF gene therapy resulted in an overall improvement in functional behavior. Conclusion Taken together, this study has substantiated the approach of sustaining the protein expression of hG-CSF by eye drop administration of the hG-CSF gene. In addition, the study has validated the efficacy of using hG-CSF gene therapy against endoplasmic reticulum induced stress, mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy in global ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Menzie-Suderam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.,Program in Integrative Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Jigar Modi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.,Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Hongyaun Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Andrew Bent
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Paula Trujillo
- Program in Integrative Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Kristen Medley
- College of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Eugenia Jimenez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Jessica Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | | | - Rui Tao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | - Howard Prentice
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA. .,Program in Integrative Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA. .,Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
| | - Jang-Yen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA. .,Program in Integrative Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA. .,Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
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17
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Feng C, Wan H, Zhang Y, Yu L, Shao C, He Y, Wan H, Jin W. Neuroprotective Effect of Danhong Injection on Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Activation of the PI3K-Akt Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:298. [PMID: 32218735 PMCID: PMC7078680 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many traditional Chinese medicines, including Danhong injection (DHI), can be used to treat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and have neuroprotective effects on the brain; however, few studies have explored the mechanism by which this effect is generated. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of DHI against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury mediated via the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. After establishing the model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), 60 male Sprague–Dawley rats were allocated to six groups as follows: sham, MCAO, DHI (MCAO + DHI), LY294002 (MCAO + LY294002 [PI3K-Akt pathway specific inhibitor]), DHI + LY294002 (MCAO + DHI + LY294002), and NMDP + LY294002 (MCAO + NMDP [nimodipine] + LY294002). Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining were used to evaluate the pathological changes of brain tissue and the degree of neuronal apoptosis. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure the expression of Bad, Bax, Bcl-2, Bim, P53, MDM2, Akt, PI3K, p-Akt, p-PI3K, and Cyt-C. Compared with the MCAO group, brain tissue cell apoptosis was significantly reduced in the DHI group, and the brain function score was significantly improved. In addition, the expression of pro-apoptotic factors (Bad, Bax, and Bim) was significantly downregulated in the DHI group, while expression of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 was significantly upregulated, and expression of the apoptotic gene p53 was also significantly attenuated. Moreover, this neuroprotective effect was attenuated by the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway inhibitor (LY294002). Thus, our results confirmed the neuroprotective effects of DHI in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury and indicate that these effects on the brain are partly generated by activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Feng
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haofang Wan
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Yu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongyu Shao
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Criscuoli M, Ulivieri C, Filippi I, Monaci S, Guerrini G, Crifò B, De Tommaso D, Pelicci G, Baldari CT, Taylor CT, Carraro F, Naldini A. The Shc protein Rai enhances T-cell survival under hypoxia. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8058-8070. [PMID: 31944299 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia occurs in physiological and pathological conditions. T cells experience hypoxia in pathological and physiological conditions as well as in lymphoid organs. Indeed, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) affects T cell survival and functions. Rai, an Shc family protein member, exerts pro-survival effects in hypoxic neuroblastoma cells. Since Rai is also expressed in T cells, we here investigated its role in hypoxic T cells. In this work, hypoxia differently affected cell survival, proapoptotic, and metabolic programs in T cells, depending upon Rai expression. By using Jurkat cells stably expressing Rai and splenocytes from Rai-/- mice, we demonstrated that Rai promotes T cell survival and affects cell metabolism under hypoxia. Upon exposure to hypoxia, Jurkat T cells expressing Rai show (a) higher HIF-1α protein levels; (b) a decreased cell death and increased Akt/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation; (c) a decreased expression of proapoptotic markers, including caspase activities and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage; (d) an increased glucose and lactate metabolism; (e) an increased activation of nuclear factor-kB pathway. The opposite effects were observed in hypoxic splenocytes from Rai-/- mice. Thus, Rai plays an important role in hypoxic signaling and may be relevant in the protection of T cells against hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Criscuoli
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Irene Filippi
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| | - Sara Monaci
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuditta Guerrini
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Bianca Crifò
- Department of Systems Biology, UCD Conway Institute and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Giuliana Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Piemonte Orientale University "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | | | - Cormac T Taylor
- Department of Systems Biology, UCD Conway Institute and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fabio Carraro
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Naldini
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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19
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Macias-Velez RJ, Fukushima-Díaz de León L, Beas-Zárate C, Rivera-Cervantes MC. Intranasal Erythropoietin Protects CA1 Hippocampal Cells, Modulated by Specific Time Pattern Molecular Changes After Ischemic Damage in Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:590-602. [PMID: 31054091 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin, a multitarget molecule exhibited neuroprotective properties, especially against cerebral ischemia. However, little effort has been made to determinate both the administration pathway and doses that diminishes neuronal damage. In this study, we investigate the effect on CA1 region of different intranasal doses of rHuEPO (500, 1000 and 2500 IU/kg) applied in distinct post-damage times (1, 6, and 24 h) against ischemic cellular damage. Furthermore, most effective dose and time were used to evaluate gen and protein expression changes in 3 key molecules (EPO, EPOR, and βcR). We established that CA1-region present histopathological damage in this ischemia model and that rHuEPO protects cells against damage, particularly at 1000 IU dose. Molecular data shows that EPO and EPOR gene expression are upregulated in a short term after damage treatment with rHuEPO (1 h); oppositely, BcR is upregulated in ischemic and Isc + EPO. Protein expression data displays no changes on EPO expression in evaluated times after treatment, but a tendency to increase 24 h after damage; in the opposite way, EPOR is upregulated significantly 6 h after treatment and this effect last until 24 h. So, our data suggest that a single intranasal dose of rHuEPO (1 h post-injury) provides histological neurorestoration in CA1 hippocampal region, even if we did not observe a dose-dependent dose effect, the medium dose evaluated (1000 UI/kg of b.w.) was more effective and sufficient for induces molecular changes that provides a platform for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Macias-Velez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - L Fukushima-Díaz de León
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - C Beas-Zárate
- Laboratorio de Regeneración Neural y Desarrollo Neural, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - M C Rivera-Cervantes
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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20
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Spinal cord stimulation postconditioning reduces microglial activation through down-regulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation during spinal cord ischemic reperfusion in rabbits. Neuroreport 2019; 29:1180-1187. [PMID: 29994810 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglial activation plays a critical role in spinal cord ischemic reperfusion injury. Spinal cord stimulation preconditioning and postconditioning has shown spinal cord protection in ischemic reperfusion injury in animal studies. However, whether spinal cord stimulation could reduce microglial activation is still unclear. In this study, rabbits experienced 28-min infrarenal aorta occlusion and reperfusion for 8 h, 1, 3, and 7 days correspondingly. Immediately after reperfusion, rabbits received spinal cord stimulation of 2 or 50 Hz for 30 min and daily for a week. The results showed that spinal cord stimulation of 2 Hz reduced microglial activation. Microglial activation was accompanied with up-regulated p-ERK1/2, and microglial inhibition by 2 Hz spinal cord stimulation was associated with down-regulated p-ERK1/2. Spinal cord stimulation increased the expression of IL-1β. Our results revealed, for the first time, that spinal cord stimulation postconditioning suppresses microglial activation during spinal cord ischemic reperfusion by down-regulation of p-ERK1/2, which may be the protective mechanism of spinal cord stimulation.
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Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a 34kD pleiotropic cytokine that was first identified as being essential for red blood cell (RBC) production. It is now recognized however that EPO is produced by many tissues. It plays a key role in the modulation of the response to injury, inflammation, and tissue hypoxia via the inhibition of apoptosis. Large clinical trials in the critically ill failed to demonstrate a role for EPO as an RBC transfusion sparing agent; however, improved clinical outcomes, attributable to EPO role in tissue protection are observed in critically ill trauma patients. Further research to confirm or refute these observations is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig French
- Western Health, Footscray Hospital, Gordon Street Footscray, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Monash University, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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22
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Pham TND, Ma W, Miller D, Kazakova L, Benchimol S. Erythropoietin inhibits chemotherapy-induced cell death and promotes a senescence-like state in leukemia cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:22. [PMID: 30622244 PMCID: PMC6325163 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are conflicting reports on the adverse effects of erythropoietin (EPO) for the management of cancer-associated anemia. The recognition that erythropoietin receptors (EPORs) are expressed outside the erythroid lineage and concerns that erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) may cause tumors to grow and increase the risk of venous thromboembolism have resulted in substantially fewer cancer patients receiving ESA therapy to manage myelosuppressive chemotherapy. In this study, we found that EPO suppresses p53-dependent apoptosis induced by genotoxic (daunorubicin, doxorubicin, and γ-radiation) and non-genotoxic (nutlin-3a) agents and induces a senescence-like state in myeloid leukemia cells. EPO interferes with stress-dependent Mdm2 downregulation and leads to the destabilization of p53 protein. EPO selectively modulates the expression of p53 target genes in response to DNA damage preventing the induction of a number of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) previously associated with p53-dependent apoptosis. EPO also enhances the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1 and promotes recruitment of p53 to the p21 promoter. In addition, EPO antagonizes Mcl-1 protein degradation in daunorubicin-treated cells. Hence, EPO signaling targets Mcl-1 expression and the p53-Mdm2 network to promote tumor cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weili Ma
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - David Miller
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Lidia Kazakova
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Samuel Benchimol
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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23
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Hooshmandi E, Motamedi F, Moosavi M, Katinger H, Zakeri Z, Zaringhalam J, Maghsoudi A, Ghasemi R, Maghsoudi N. CEPO-Fc (An EPO Derivative) Protects Hippocampus Against Aβ-induced Memory Deterioration: A Behavioral and Molecular Study in a Rat Model of Aβ Toxicity. Neuroscience 2018; 388:405-417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Günal MY, Ozansoy M, Kılıç Ü, Keskin İ, Özdemir EM, Aslan İ, Eren Z, Ersavaş C, Kılıç E. Role of erythropoietin and its receptor in the development of endometriosis in rats. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2018; 20:41-46. [PMID: 29916217 PMCID: PMC6501872 DOI: 10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2018.2018.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Besides its hematopoietic function, erythropoietin (EPO) may protect tissues from degenerative disorders. As such, EPO and its receptors were revealed in nonhematopoietic cells, including stromal and endometrial epithelial cells. However, the role of EPO in endometrial disorders is still unknown. Here, we aimed to examine the role of EPO and its receptor activation in the development of endometriosis in rats. Material and Methods: Animals were treated with EPO, darbepoietin (the synthetic form of EPO) or EPO’s receptor activator, methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (MIRCERA), after development of endometriosis. Endometriosis was induced by estrogen-administration following surgical attachment of endometrial surface on the inner abdominal wall. Treatments were started 3 weeks after induction of endometriosis and continued for the following 3 weeks. For the analysis of recurrence of endometriosis, additional analyses were conducted 3 weeks after cessation of treatments. Results: As compared with vehicle-treated animals, lesion size was reduced significantly and recurrence of endometriosis was not observed in all treatment groups. Histopathologic examination revealed that EPO and darbepoietin were more effective than MIRCERA- and vehicle-treated animals. Conclusion: Here we provide evidence that EPO is a promising candidate for the treatment of endometriosis. Our histopathologic results in particular indicate that EPO is more effective than its receptor activator MIRCERA in the development endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Yalçın Günal
- Department of Physiology, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozansoy
- Department of Physiology, İstanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ülkan Kılıç
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Health Sciences School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İlknur Keskin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, İstanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Musa Özdemir
- Experimental Animal Center, İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İsmail Aslan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Yeditepe University School of Pharmacy, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Zehra Eren
- Department of Nephrology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Cenk Ersavaş
- Department of General Surgery, İstanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertuğrul Kılıç
- Department of Physiology, İstanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
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25
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Sun M, Izumi H, Shinoda Y, Fukunaga K. Neuroprotective effects of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitor on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in mice. Brain Res 2018; 1694:1-12. [PMID: 29705606 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Akt (Protein kinase B, PKB), a serine/threonine kinase, plays a critical role in cell development, growth, and survival. Akt phosphorylation mediates a neuroprotective effect against ischemic injury. Recently, a protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) inhibitor (KY-226) was developed to elicit anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects via enhancement of insulin signaling. Previously, we reported that the nonselective PTP1B inhibitor, sodium orthovanadate, rescued neurons from delayed neuronal death during brain ischemia. In this study, we confirmed the ameliorative effects of KY-226 on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury using a murine model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). ICR mice were subjected to MCAO for 2 h followed by reperfusion. Although KY-226 permeability was poor through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of normal mice, it could penetrate through the BBB of mice after I/R insult. Intraperitoneal KY-226 administration elicited dose-dependent reductions in infarcted brain areas and improved neurological deficits. The neuroprotective effects of KY-266 were obtained when administered within 0.5 h after reperfusion. KY-226 (10 mg/kg) also restored reduced Akt phosphorylation and eNOS phosphorylation (Ser-1177) levels following I/R insult. Moreover, 10 mg/kg of KY-226 improved I/R-induced decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, KY-226 attenuated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mouse cortex. These results suggest that KY-226 may act as a novel therapeutic candidate for ischemic stroke. Activation of Akt and ERK possibly underlie the neuroprotective mechanism of KY-226.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai Japan
| | - Hisanao Izumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai Japan
| | - Yasuharu Shinoda
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai Japan
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai Japan.
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26
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Komnig D, Gertz K, Habib P, Nolte KW, Meyer T, Brockmann MA, Endres M, Rathkolb B, Hrabě de Angelis M, Schulz JB, Falkenburger BH, Reich A. Faim2 contributes to neuroprotection by erythropoietin in transient brain ischemia. J Neurochem 2018; 145:258-270. [PMID: 29315561 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Delayed cell death in the penumbra region of acute ischemic stroke occurs through apoptotic mechanisms, making it amenable to therapeutic interventions. Fas/CD95 mediates apoptotic cell death in response to external stimuli. In mature neurons, Fas/CD95 signaling is modulated by Fas-apoptotic inhibitory molecule 2 (Faim2), which reduces cell death in animal models of stroke, meningitis, and Parkinson disease. Erythropoietin (EPO) has been studied as a therapeutic strategy in ischemic stroke. Erythropoietin stimulates the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway, which regulates Faim2 expression. Therefore, up-regulation of Faim2 may contribute to neuroprotection by EPO. Male Faim2-deficient mice (Faim2-/- ) and wild-type littermates (WT) were subjected to 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) followed by 72 h of reperfusion. EPO was applied before (30 min) and after (24 and 48 h) MCAo. In WT mice application of EPO at a low dose (5000 U/kg) significantly reduced stroke volume, whereas treatment with high dose (90 000 U/kg) did not. In Faim2-/- animals administration of low-dose EPO did not result in a significant reduction in stroke volume. Faim2 expression as measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) increased after low-dose EPO but not with high dose. An extensive phenotyping including analysis of cerebral vessel architecture did not reveal confounding differences between the genotypes. In human post-mortem brain Faim2 displayed a differential expression in areas of penumbral ischemia. Faim2 up-regulation may contribute to the neuroprotective effects of low-dose erythropoietin in transient brain ischemia. The dose-dependency may explain mixed effects of erythropoietin observed in clinical stroke trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Komnig
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karen Gertz
- Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kay W Nolte
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tareq Meyer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc A Brockmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Excellence Cluster NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Gene Center, Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, München, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | | | - Jörg B Schulz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn H Falkenburger
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Arno Reich
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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27
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Ma L, Jiang Y, Dong Y, Gao J, Du B, Liu D. Anti-TNF-alpha antibody attenuates subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced apoptosis in the hypothalamus by inhibiting the activation of Erk. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:525-536. [PMID: 29497296 PMCID: PMC5819588 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s154809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can induce apoptosis in many regions of the brain including the cortex and hippocampus. However, few studies have focused on apoptosis in the hypothalamus after SAH. Although some antiapoptotic strategies have been developed for SAH, such as anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) antibody, the molecular mechanisms underlying this condition have yet to be elucidated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether SAH could induce apoptosis in the hypothalamus and identify the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of anti-TNF-α antibody, as a therapeutic regimen, upon apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS SAH was induced in a rat model. Thirty minutes prior to SAH, anti-TNF-α antibody or U0126, an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) inhibitor, was microinjected into the left lateral cerebral ventricle. In addition, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate was injected intraperitoneally immediately after the anti-TNF-α antibody microinjection. Then, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of caspase-3, bax, bcl-2, phosphorylated Erk (p-Erk) and Erk. Finally, anxiety-like behavior was identified by using open field. RESULTS Levels of caspase-3, bax and bcl-2, all showed a temporary rise after SAH in the hypothalamus, indicating the induction of apoptosis in this brain region. Interestingly, we found that the microinjection of anti-TNF-α antibody could selectively block the elevated levels of bax, suggesting the potential role of anti-TNF-α antibody in the inhibition of SAH-induced apoptosis in the hypothalamus. Moreover, we found that Erk activation was necessary for apoptosis after SAH and that the microinfusion of anti-TNF-α antibody could inhibit apoptosis by suppressing the increase of p-Erk in the hypothalamus. Finally, our data indicated that the infusion of anti-TNF-α antibody could improve anxiety-like behavior. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data demonstrate that anti-TNF-α antibody attenuates apoptosis in the hypothalamus by inhibiting the activation of Erk, which plays an important role in the treatment of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianwei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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28
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The erythropoietin-derived peptide MK-X and erythropoietin have neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain damage. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3003. [PMID: 28817120 PMCID: PMC5596568 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) has been well known as a hematopoietic cytokine over the past decades. However, recent reports have demonstrated that EPO plays a neuroprotective role in the central nervous system, and EPO has been considered as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases such as ischemic stroke. Despite the neuroprotective effect of EPO, clinical trials have shown its unexpected side effects, including undesirable proliferative effects such as erythropoiesis and tumor growth. Therefore, the development of EPO analogs that would confer neuroprotection without adverse effects has been attempted. In this study, we examined the potential of a novel EPO-based short peptide, MK-X, as a novel drug for stroke treatment in comparison with EPO. We found that MK-X administration with reperfusion dramatically reduced brain injury in an in vivo mouse model of ischemic stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, whereas EPO had little effect. Similar to EPO, MK-X efficiently ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction followed by neuronal death caused by glutamate-induced oxidative stress in cultured neurons. Consistent with this effect, MK-X significantly decreased caspase-3 cleavage and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor induced by glutamate. MK-X completely mimicked the effect of EPO on multiple activation of JAK2 and its downstream PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, and this signaling process was involved in the neuroprotective effect of MK-X. Furthermore, MK-X and EPO induced similar changes in the gene expression patterns under glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Interestingly, the most significant difference between MK-X and EPO was that MK-X better penetrated into the brain across the brain–blood barrier than did EPO. In conclusion, we suggest that MK-X might be used as a novel drug for protection from brain injury caused by ischemic stroke, which penetrates into the brain faster in comparison with EPO, even though MK-X and EPO have similar protective effects against excitotoxicity.
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29
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Sang H, Qiu Z, Cai J, Lan W, Yu L, Zhang H, Li M, Xie Y, Guo R, Ye R, Liu X, Liu L, Zhang R. Early Increased Bradykinin 1 Receptor Contributes to Hemorrhagic Transformation After Ischemic Stroke in Type 1 Diabetic Rats. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 8:597-611. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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30
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Caglayan B, Caglayan AB, Beker MC, Yalcin E, Beker M, Kelestemur T, Sertel E, Ozturk G, Kilic U, Sahin F, Kilic E. Evidence that activation of P2X7R does not exacerbate neuronal death after optic nerve transection and focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Exp Neurol 2017; 296:23-31. [PMID: 28669743 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conflicting data in the literature about the function of P2X7R in survival following ischemia necessitates the conductance of in-depth studies. To investigate the impacts of activation vs inhibition of the receptor on neuronal survival as well as the downstream signaling cascades, in addition to optic nerve transection (ONT), 30min and 90min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) models were performed in mice. Intracellular calcium levels were assessed in primary cortical neuron cultures. Here, we show that P2X7R antagonist Brilliant Blue G (BBG) decreased DNA fragmentation, infarct volume, brain swelling, neurological deficit scores and activation of microglial cells after focal cerebral ischemia. BBG also significantly increased the number of surviving retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after ONT and the number of surviving neurons following MCAo. Importantly, receptor agonist BzATP resulted in increased activation of microglial cells and induced phosphorylation of ERK, AKT and JNK. These results indicated that inhibition of P2X7R with BBG promoted neuronal survival, not through the activation of survival kinase pathways, but possibly by improved intracellular Ca2+ overload and decreased the levels of Caspase 1, IL-1β and Bax proteins. On the other hand, BzATP-mediated increased number of activated microglia and increased survival kinase levels in addition to increased caspase-1 and IL-1β levels indicate the complex nature of the P2X7 receptor-mediated signaling in neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrak Caglayan
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey; Yeditepe University, Dept. of Genetics and Bioengineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet B Caglayan
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa C Beker
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Yalcin
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Beker
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Dept. of Medical Biology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taha Kelestemur
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Sertel
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Ozturk
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ulkan Kilic
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Medical Biology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Sahin
- Yeditepe University, Dept. of Genetics and Bioengineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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31
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Jeong JE, Park JH, Kim CS, Lee SL, Chung HL, Kim WT, Lee EJ. Neuroprotective effects of erythropoietin against hypoxic injury via modulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and apoptosis. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2017; 60:181-188. [PMID: 28690645 PMCID: PMC5500386 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2017.60.6.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Erythropoietin (EPO) is emerging as a therapeutic candidate for neuroprotection. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the neuroprotective role of recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) and the possible mechanisms by which mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), JNK, and p38 MAPK is modulated in cultured cortical neuronal cells and astrocytes. Methods Primary neuronal cells and astrocytes were prepared from cortices of ICR mouse embryos and divided into the normoxic, hypoxia (H), and hypoxia-pretreated with EPO (H+EPO) groups. The phosphorylation of MAPK pathway was quantified using western blot, and the apoptosis was assessed by caspase-3 measurement and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. Results All MAPK pathway signals were activated by hypoxia in the neuronal cells and astrocytes (P<0.05). In the neuronal cells, phosphorylation of ERK-1/-2 and apoptosis were significantly decreased in the H+EPO group at 15 hours after hypoxia (P<0.05). In the astrocytes, phosphorylation of ERK-1/-2, p38 MAPK, and apoptosis was reduced in the H+EPO group at 15 hours after hypoxia (P<0.05). Conclusion Pretreatment with rHuEPO exerts neuroprotective effects against hypoxic injury reducing apoptosis by caspase-dependent mechanisms. Pathologic, persistent ERK activation after hypoxic injury may be attenuateed by pretreatment with EPO supporting that EPO may regulate apoptosis by affecting ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Jeong
- Department of Pediatrics, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chun Soo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Lak Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hai Lee Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Woo Taek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun Joo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Erythropoietin-Mediated Regulation of Central Respiratory Command. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017. [PMID: 28629514 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) is a cytokine expressed throughout the body, including in the central nervous system where it can act as a breathing modulator in the central respiratory network. In vitro, Epo allows maintaining the activity of respiratory neurons during acute hypoxia, resulting in inhibition of the hypoxia-induced rhythm depression. In vivo, Epo action on the central respiratory command results in enhancement of the acute hypoxic ventilatory response, allowing a better oxygenation of the body by improvement of gases exchanges in the lungs. Importantly, this effect of Epo is age-dependent, being observed at adulthood and at both early and late postnatal ages, but not at middle postnatal ages, when an important setup of the central respiratory command occurs. Epo regulation of the central respiratory command involves at least two intracellular signaling pathways, PI3K-Akt and MEK-ERK pathways. However, the exact mechanism underlying the action of Epo on the central respiratory control remains to be deciphered, as well as the exact cell types and nuclei involved in this control. Epo-mediated effect on the central respiratory command is regulated by several factors, including hypoxia, sex hormones, and an endogen antagonist. Although more knowledge is needed before reaching the clinical trial step, Epo seems to be a promising therapeutic treatment, notably against newborn breathing disorders.
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Jang JY, Lee HK, Yoo HS, Seong YH. Phytoceramide ameliorates ß-amyloid protein-induced memory impairment and neuronal death in mice. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:760-771. [PMID: 28600733 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the protective effect of phytoceramide against ß-amyloid protein (Aβ) (25-35)-induced memory impairment and its underlying mechanisms in mice. Memory impairment in mice was induced by intracerebroventricular injection of 15 nmol Aβ (25-35) and measured by the passive avoidance test and Morris water maze test. Chronic administration of phytoceramide (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg, p.o.) resulted in significantly less Aβ (25-35)-induced memory loss and hippocampal neuronal death in treated mice compared to controls. The decrease of glutathione level and increase of lipid peroxidation in brain tissue following injection of Aβ (25-35) was reduced by phytoceramide. Alteration of apoptosis-related proteins, increase of inflammatory factors, and phosphorylation of mitogen activated proteins kinases (MAPKs) in Aβ (25-35)-administered mice hippocampus were inhibited by phytoceramide. Phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were suppressed, while phosphorylation of tau (p-tau) was increased in Aß (25-35)-treated mice brain; these effects were significantly inhibited by administration of phytoceramide. These results suggest that phytoceramide has a possible therapeutic role in managing cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease. The underlying mechanism might involve inhibition of p-tau formation via anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammation activity and promotion of PI3K/Akt/CREB signaling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyu Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Su Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Seong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Wu XM, Qian C, Zhou YF, Yan YC, Luo QQ, Yung WH, Zhang FL, Jiang LR, Qian ZM, Ke Y. Bi-directionally protective communication between neurons and astrocytes under ischemia. Redox Biol 2017; 13:20-31. [PMID: 28551085 PMCID: PMC5447396 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive existing knowledge on bi-directional communication between astrocytes and neurons led us to hypothesize that not only ischemia-preconditioned (IP) astrocytes can protect neurons but also IP neurons protect astrocytes from lethal ischemic injury. Here, we demonstrated for the first time that neurons have a significant role in protecting astrocytes from ischemic injury. The cultured medium from IP neurons (IPcNCM) induced a remarkable reduction in LDH and an increase in cell viability in ischemic astrocytes in vitro. Selective neuronal loss by kainic acid injection induced a significant increase in apoptotic astrocyte numbers in the brain of ischemic rats in vivo. Furthermore, TUNEL analysis, DNA ladder assay, and the measurements of ROS, GSH, pro- and anti-apoptotic factors, anti-oxidant enzymes and signal molecules in vitro and/or in vivo demonstrated that IP neurons protect astrocytes by an EPO-mediated inhibition of pro-apoptotic signals, activation of anti-apoptotic proteins via the P13K/ERK/STAT5 pathways and activation of anti-oxidant proteins via up-regulation of anti-oxidant enzymes. We demonstrated the existence of astro-protection by IP neurons under ischemia and proposed that the bi-directionally protective communications between cells might be a common activity in the brain or peripheral organs under most if not all pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Christopher Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Fu Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yick-Chun Yan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian-Qian Luo
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fa-Li Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li-Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhong Ming Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Wang C, Wei Z, Jiang G, Liu H. Neuroprotective mechanisms of miR-124 activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in ischemic stroke. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:3315-3318. [PMID: 28587406 PMCID: PMC5450636 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective mechanisms of miR-124 activating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway in ischemic stroke were investigated. The oxygen-glucose deprivation model of nerve cells induced by PC12 cells was established in vitro, then miR-124 mimics or inhibitor was transfected and synthesized by liposome. Cells were divided into the blank control, model, mimics and inhibitor groups, and the apoptotic rate was determined using flow cytometry. Additionally, the expression levels of PI3K, Akt, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 mRNA and protein were tested by quantitative PCR and western blot analysis at 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, respectively. The apoptotic rate at each time-point in the blank control group was not significantly different. The apoptotic rate of the model and inhibitor groups increased over time, whereas the mimics group decreased (P<0.05). The apoptotic rate at each time-point in the mimics group was significantly lower than that of the model and inhibitor groups, and the rate of the inhibitor group was higher than that of the model group (P<0.05). PI3K, Akt and Bcl-2 mRNA and protein expression levels at the different time-points in the mimics group were significantly higher than those of the remaining groups (P<0.05). The expression levels of Bax and caspase-3 mRNA and protein in the inhibitor group were the highest, followed by the model and mimics groups, while that of the blank control group was the lowest (P<0.05). The results suggest that miR-124 participates in the neural protection of ischemic stroke by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changming Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Zhijie Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Guohong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Haijun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
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Kilic U, Caglayan AB, Beker MC, Gunal MY, Caglayan B, Yalcin E, Kelestemur T, Gundogdu RZ, Yulug B, Yılmaz B, Kerman BE, Kilic E. Particular phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt on Thr308 via PDK-1 and PTEN mediates melatonin's neuroprotective activity after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Redox Biol 2017; 12:657-665. [PMID: 28395173 PMCID: PMC5388917 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from its potent antioxidant property, recent studies have revealed that melatonin promotes PI3K/Akt phosphorylation following focal cerebral ischemia (FCI) in mice. However, it is not clear (i) whether increased PI3K/Akt phosphorylation is a concomitant event or it directly contributes to melatonin's neuroprotective effect, and (ii) how melatonin regulates PI3K/Akt signaling pathway after FCI. In this study, we showed that Akt was intensively phosphorylated at the Thr308 activation loop as compared with Ser473 by melatonin after FCI. Melatonin treatment reduced infarct volume, which was reversed by PI3K/Akt inhibition. However, PI3K/Akt inhibition did not inhibit melatonin's positive effect on brain swelling and IgG extravasation. Additionally, phosphorylation of mTOR, PTEN, AMPKα, PDK1 and RSK1 were increased, while phosphorylation of 4E-BP1, GSK-3α/β, S6 ribosomal protein were decreased in melatonin treated animals. In addition, melatonin decreased apoptosis through reduced p53 phosphorylation by the PI3K/Akt pathway. In conclusion, we demonstrated the activation profiles of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway components in the pathophysiological aspect of ischemic stroke and melatonin's neuroprotective activity. Our data suggest that Akt phosphorylation, preferably at the Thr308 site of the activation loop via PDK1 and PTEN, mediates melatonin's neuroprotective activity and increased Akt phosphorylation leads to reduced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulkan Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Medical Biology, Istanbul Medipol University, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Burak Caglayan
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Caglar Beker
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yalcin Gunal
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Turkey
| | - Berrak Caglayan
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Turkey
| | - Esra Yalcin
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Turkey
| | - Taha Kelestemur
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Turkey
| | - Reyhan Zeynep Gundogdu
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Turkey
| | - Burak Yulug
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Neurology, Istanbul Medipol University, Turkey
| | - Bayram Yılmaz
- Dept. of Physiology, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilal Ersen Kerman
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul Medipol University, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Turkey.
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Zhang ZF, Chen J, Han X, Zhang Y, Liao HB, Lei RX, Zhuang Y, Wang ZF, Li Z, Chen JC, Liao WJ, Zhou HB, Liu F, Wan Q. Bisperoxovandium (pyridin-2-squaramide) targets both PTEN and ERK1/2 to confer neuroprotection. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:641-656. [PMID: 28127755 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We and others have shown that inhibiting phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) or activating ERK1/2 confer neuroprotection. As bisperoxovanadium compounds are well-established inhibitors of PTEN, we designed bisperoxovandium (pyridin-2-squaramide) [bpV(pis)] and determined whether and how bpV(pis) exerts a neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Malachite green-based phosphatase assay was used to measure PTEN activity. A western blot assay was used to measure the phosphorylation level of Akt and ERK1/2 (p-Akt and p-ERK1/2). Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) was used to injure cultured cortical neurons. Cell death and viability were assessed by LDH and MTT assays. To verify the effects of bpV(pis) in vivo, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion, and brain infarct volume was measured and neurological function tests performed. KEY RESULTS bpV(pis) inhibited PTEN activity and increased p-Akt in SH-SY5Y cells but not in PTEN-deleted U251 cells. bpV(pis) also elevated p-ERK1/2 in both SH-SY5Y and U251 cells. These data indicate that bpV(pis) enhances Akt activation through PTEN inhibition but increases ERK1/2 activation independently of PTEN signalling. bpV(pis) prevented OGD-induced neuronal death in vitro and reduced brain infarct volume and promoted functional recovery in stroke animals. This neuroprotective effect of bpV(pis) was blocked by inhibiting Akt and/or ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS bpV(pis) confers neuroprotection in OGD-induced injury in vitro and in cerebral ischaemia in vivo by suppressing PTEN and activating ERK1/2. Thus, bpV(pis) is a bi-target neuroprotectant that may be developed as a drug candidate for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurology, the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Han
- School of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Bao Liao
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui-Xue Lei
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhuang
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze-Fen Wang
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Brain Centre, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Cao Chen
- Brain Centre, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Jing Liao
- Brain Centre, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Fang Liu
- Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Departments of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qi Wan
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Brain Centre, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
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38
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Wu H, Zhao J, Chen M, Wang H, Yao Q, Fan J, Zhang M. The Anti-Aging Effect of Erythropoietin via the ERK/Nrf2-ARE Pathway in Aging Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 61:449-458. [PMID: 28168414 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0885-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) has a neuroprotective effect and can resist aging, which most likely occur through EPO increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and scavenging free radicals. In this study, we verified the anti-aging function of EPO and discussed the mechanism occurring through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-ARE pathway. A rat model of aging was induced by the continuous subcutaneous injection of 5 % D-galactose for 6 weeks. At the beginning of the sixth week, physiological saline or EPO was administered twice per day through a lateral ventricle system for a total of 7 days. In one group, 2 μl PD98059 was administered 30 min before EPO. Learning and memory ability were analyzed with the Morris water maze system. HE staining was used to observe the morphological changes in the neurons in the hippocampus, and immunohistochemical staining as well as Western blots were carried out to detect the expression of ERK for each group of rats and the expression of phosphorylated-ERK (P-ERK), Nrf2, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Real-Time PCR was carried out to detect the amount of Nrf2 mRNA and the KEAP1 mRNA expression. EPO can significantly improve learning and memory ability in aging rats and can provide protection against aging by improving the hippocampus morphology. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blots showed P-ERK, Nrf2, and Cu-Zn SOD decreases in aging rats compared to the normal group, while the expression for those proteins increased after EPO intervention. PD98059 inhibited the enhanced expression of P-ERK, Nrf2, and Cu-Zn SOD induced by EPO. Real-Time PCR results suggested that the trend of Nrf2mRNA expression was the same as that for the proteins, which confirmed that the enhancement occurred at the gene level. As such, EPO can significantly resist or delay aging and protect the brain by reducing oxidative stress. The most likely mechanism is that EPO can promote the ERK/Nrf2-ARE pathway in aging rats and that PD98059 can inhibit that process. These findings may facilitate further studies on the mechanism of aging and applications for the neuroprotective properties of EPO for clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Wu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an, Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiaxin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyi Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an, Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Huqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an, Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingling Yao
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an, Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Fan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an, Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an, Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Chen CH, Chen NF, Feng CW, Cheng SY, Hung HC, Tsui KH, Hsu CH, Sung PJ, Chen WF, Wen ZH. A Coral-Derived Compound Improves Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury through Its Antiapoptotic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14090160. [PMID: 27598175 PMCID: PMC5039531 DOI: 10.3390/md14090160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Our previous in vitro results demonstrated that 11-dehydrosinulariolide significantly reduced 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in a human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, and suppressed the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage cells. The neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of 11-dehydrosinulariolide may be suitable for treating spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: In the present study, Wistar rats were pretreated with 11-dehydrosinulariolide or saline through intrathecal injection after a thoracic spinal cord contusion injury induced using a New York University (NYU) impactor. The apoptotic cells were assessed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The expression and localization of proinflammatory, apoptosis-associated and cell survival-related pathway proteins were examined through immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Results: 11-Dehydrosinulariolide attenuated SCI-induced cell apoptosis by upregulating the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and cell survival-related pathway proteins p-Akt and p-ERK, 8 h after SCI. Furthermore, the transcription factor p-CREB, which regulates Bcl-2 expression, was upregulated after 11-dehydrosinulariolide treatment. On day 7 after SCI, 11-dehydrosinulariolide exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect, attenuating SCI-induced upregulation of the inflammatory proteins iNOS and tumor necrosis factor-α. 11-Dehydrosinulariolide also induced an increase in the expression of arginase-1 and CD206, markers of M2 microglia, in the injured spinal cord on day 7 after SCI. Thus, the anti-inflammatory effect of 11-dehydrosinulariolide may be related to the promotion of an alternative pathway of microglia activation. Conclusion: The results show that 11-dehydrosinulariolide exerts antiapoptotic effects at 8 h after SCI and anti-inflammatory effects at 7 days after SCI. We consider that this compound may be a promising therapeutic agent for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Chen
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Nan-Fu Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Wei Feng
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Yu Cheng
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Chun Hung
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Hao Tsui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Hsin Hsu
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
| | - Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
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Beker MC, Caglayan AB, Kelestemur T, Caglayan B, Yalcin E, Yulug B, Kilic U, Hermann DM, Kilic E. Effects of normobaric oxygen and melatonin on reperfusion injury: role of cerebral microcirculation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30604-14. [PMID: 26416428 PMCID: PMC4741555 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to protect the brain before an irreversible injury occurs, penumbral oxygenation is the primary goal of current acute ischemic stroke treatment. However, hyperoxia treatment remains controversial due to the risk of free radical generation and vasoconstriction. Melatonin is a highly potent free radical scavenger that protects against ischemic stroke. Considering its anti-oxidant activity, we hypothesized that melatonin may augment the survival-promoting action of normobaric oxygen (NBO) and prevent brain infarction. Herein, we exposed mice to 30 or 90 min of intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and evaluated the effects of NBO (70% or 100% over 90 min), administered either alone or in combination with melatonin (4 mg/kg, i.p.), on disseminate neuronal injury, neurological deficits, infarct volume, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cell signaling. Both NBO and particularly melatonin alone reduced neuronal injury, neurological deficits, infarct volume and BBB permeability, and increased post-ischemic CBF, evaluated by laser speckle imaging (LSI). They also improved CBF significantly in the ischemic- core and penumbra, which was associated with reduced IgG extravasation, DNA fragmentation, infarct volume, brain swelling and neurological scores. Levels of phosphorylated Akt, anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL, pro-apoptotic Bax and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were re-regulated after combined oxygen and melatonin delivery, whereas neuronal and inducible NOS, which were increased by oxygen treatment, were not influenced by melatonin. Our present data suggest that melatonin and NBO are promising approaches for the treatment of acute-ischemic stroke, which encourage proof-of-concept studies in human stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa C Beker
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet B Caglayan
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taha Kelestemur
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berrak Caglayan
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Yalcin
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Yulug
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ulkan Kilic
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Menuet C, Khemiri H, de la Poëze d'Harambure T, Gestreau C. Polycythemia and high levels of erythropoietin in blood and brain blunt the hypercapnic ventilatory response in adult mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R979-91. [PMID: 26936784 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00474.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in arterial Po2, Pco2, and pH are the strongest stimuli sensed by peripheral and central chemoreceptors to adjust ventilation to the metabolic demand. Erythropoietin (Epo), the main regulator of red blood cell production, increases the hypoxic ventilatory response, an effect attributed to the presence of Epo receptors in both carotid bodies and key brainstem structures involved in integration of peripheral inputs and control of breathing. However, it is not known whether Epo also has an effect on the hypercapnic chemoreflex. In a first attempt to answer this question, we tested the hypothesis that Epo alters the ventilatory response to increased CO2 levels. Basal ventilation and hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) were recorded from control mice and from two transgenic mouse lines constitutively expressing high levels of human Epo in brain only (Tg21) or in brain and plasma (Tg6), the latter leading to polycythemia. To tease apart the potential effects of polycythemia and levels of plasma Epo in the HCVR, control animals were injected with an Epo analog (Aranesp), and Tg6 mice were treated with the hemolytic agent phenylhydrazine after splenectomy. Ventilatory parameters measured by plethysmography in conscious mice were consistent with data from electrophysiological recordings in anesthetized animals and revealed a blunted HCVR in Tg6 mice. Polycythemia alone and increased levels of plasma Epo blunt the HCVR. In addition, Tg21 mice with an augmented level of cerebral Epo also had a decreased HCVR. We discuss the potential implications of these findings in several physiopathological conditions.
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Millet A, Bouzat P, Trouve-Buisson T, Batandier C, Pernet-Gallay K, Gaide-Chevronnay L, Barbier EL, Debillon T, Fontaine E, Payen JF. Erythropoietin and Its Derivates Modulate Mitochondrial Dysfunction after Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1625-33. [PMID: 26530102 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), thereby maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential and calcium homeostasis, could reduce the induction of cell death. Although recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) and carbamylated erythropoietin (Cepo) were shown to prevent apoptosis after traumatic brain injury (TBI), their impact on mPTP is yet unknown. Thirty minutes after diffuse TBI (impact-acceleration model), rats were intravenously administered a saline solution (TBI-saline), 5000 UI/kg rhEpo (TBI-rhEpo) or 50 μg/kg Cepo (TBI-Cepo). A fourth group received no TBI insult (sham-operated) (n = 11 rats per group). Post-traumatic brain edema was measured using magnetic resonance imaging. A first series of experiments was conducted 2 h after TBI (or equivalent) to investigate the mitochondrial function with the determination of thresholds for mPTP opening and ultrastructural mitochondrial changes. In addition, the intramitochondrial calcium content [Caim] was measured. In a second series of experiments, brain cell apoptosis was assessed at 24 h post-injury. TBI-rhEpo and TBI-Cepo groups had a reduced brain edema compared with TBI-saline. They had higher threshold for mPTP opening with succinate as substrate: 120 (120-150) (median, interquartiles) and 100 (100-120) versus 80 (60-90) nmol calcium/mg protein in TBI-saline, respectively (p < 0.05). Similar findings were shown with glutamate-malate as substrate. TBI-rhEpo and Cepo groups had less morphological mitochondrial disruption in astrocytes. The elevation in [Caim] after TBI was not changed by rhEpo and Cepo treatment. Finally, rhEpo and Cepo reduced caspase-3 expression at 24 h post-injury. These results indicate that rhEpo and Cepo could modulate mitochondrial dysfunction after TBI. The mechanisms involved are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Millet
- 1 INSERM , U1216, Grenoble, France .,2 Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France .,3 Département de Réanimation Pédiatrique et Néonatale, Hôpital Couple Enfant , Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Bouzat
- 1 INSERM , U1216, Grenoble, France .,2 Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France .,4 Pôle d'Anesthésie Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Thibaut Trouve-Buisson
- 1 INSERM , U1216, Grenoble, France .,2 Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France .,4 Pôle d'Anesthésie Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Cécile Batandier
- 5 INSERM, U1055, Laboratoire de Biologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Joseph Fourier , Grenoble, France
| | - Karin Pernet-Gallay
- 1 INSERM , U1216, Grenoble, France .,2 Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Lucie Gaide-Chevronnay
- 1 INSERM , U1216, Grenoble, France .,2 Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France .,4 Pôle d'Anesthésie Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | | | - Thierry Debillon
- 3 Département de Réanimation Pédiatrique et Néonatale, Hôpital Couple Enfant , Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Fontaine
- 5 INSERM, U1055, Laboratoire de Biologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Joseph Fourier , Grenoble, France .,6 Unité de Nutrition Parentérale, Pôle de médecin Aigue Spécialisée, CHU Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-François Payen
- 1 INSERM , U1216, Grenoble, France .,2 Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France .,4 Pôle d'Anesthésie Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
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Karelina K, Sarac B, Freeman LM, Gaier KR, Weil ZM. Traumatic brain injury and obesity induce persistent central insulin resistance. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1034-43. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Karelina
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Benjamin Sarac
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Lindsey M. Freeman
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Kristopher R. Gaier
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Zachary M. Weil
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
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Jin M, Yang YW, Cheng WP, Lu JK, Hou SY, Dong XH, Liu SY. Serine-threonine protein kinase activation may be an effective target for reducing neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2016; 10:1830-5. [PMID: 26807120 PMCID: PMC4705797 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.170313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling mechanisms underlying ischemia-induced nerve cell apoptosis are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of apoptosis-related signal transduction pathways following ischemic spinal cord injury, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), serine-threonine protein kinase (Akt) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways. We established a rat model of acute spinal cord injury by inserting a catheter balloon in the left subclavian artery for 25 minutes. Rat models exhibited notable hindlimb dysfunction. Apoptotic cells were abundant in the anterior horn and central canal of the spinal cord. The number of apoptotic neurons was highest 48 hours post injury. The expression of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) increased immediately after reperfusion, peaked at 4 hours (p-Akt) or 2 hours (p-ERK), decreased at 12 hours, and then increased at 24 hours. Phosphorylated JNK expression reduced after reperfusion, increased at 12 hours to near normal levels, and then showed a downward trend at 24 hours. Pearson linear correlation analysis also demonstrated that the number of apoptotic cells negatively correlated with p-Akt expression. These findings suggest that activation of Akt may be a key contributing factor in the delay of neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord ischemia, particularly at the stage of reperfusion, and thus may be a target for neuronal protection and reduction of neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Wei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Ping Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Kai Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Yu Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Hua Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Yao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
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45
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Kelestemur T, Yulug B, Caglayan AB, Beker MC, Kilic U, Caglayan B, Yalcin E, Gundogdu RZ, Kilic E. Targeting different pathophysiological events after traumatic brain injury in mice: Role of melatonin and memantine. Neurosci Lett 2015; 612:92-97. [PMID: 26639427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The tissue damage that emerges during traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a consequence of a variety of pathophysiological events, including free radical generation and over-activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate-type glutamate receptors (NMDAR). Considering the complex pathophysiology of TBI, we hypothesized that combination of neuroprotective compounds, targeting different events which appear during injury, may be a more promising approach for patients. In this context, both NMDAR antagonist memantine and free radical scavenger melatonin are safe in humans and promising agents for the treatment of TBI. Herein, we examined the effects of melatonin administered alone or in combination with memantine on the activation of signaling pathways, injury development and DNA fragmentation. Both compounds reduced brain injury moderately and the density of DNA fragmentation significantly. Notably, melatonin/memantine combination decreased brain injury and DNA fragmentation significantly, which was associated with reduced p38 and ERK-1/2 phosphorylation. As compared with melatonin and memantine groups, SAPK/JNK-1/2 phosphorylation was also reduced in melatonin/memantine combined animals. In addition, melatonin, memantine and their combination decreased iNOS activity significantly. Here, we provide evidence that melatonin/memantine combination protects brain from traumatic injury, which was associated with decreased DNA fragmentation, p38 phosphorylation and iNOS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Kelestemur
- Department of Physiology, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, University of Istanbul Medipol, Turkey
| | - Burak Yulug
- Department of Neurology, University of Istanbul Medipol, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Burak Caglayan
- Department of Physiology, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, University of Istanbul Medipol, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Caglar Beker
- Department of Physiology, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, University of Istanbul Medipol, Turkey
| | - Ulkan Kilic
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Istanbul Medipol, Turkey
| | - Berrak Caglayan
- Department of Physiology, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, University of Istanbul Medipol, Turkey
| | - Esra Yalcin
- Department of Physiology, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, University of Istanbul Medipol, Turkey
| | - Reyhan Zeynep Gundogdu
- Department of Physiology, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, University of Istanbul Medipol, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Department of Physiology, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, University of Istanbul Medipol, Turkey.
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Erythropoietin reduces acute lung injury and multiple organ failure/dysfunction associated to a scald-burn inflammatory injury in the rat. Inflammation 2015; 38:312-26. [PMID: 25270658 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is an endogenous regulator of erythropoiesis and is given exogenously as a replacement therapy for selected red blood cell disorders. In the past years, EPO has been emerging as a multifunctional, cytoprotective cytokine with anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. We aimed to evaluate the cytoprotective effect of rhEPO (recombinant human EPO) treatment on a rat model of multiorgan dysfunction induced by thermal injury. rhEPO was administered at 1000 U/kg (i.v.) 5 min prior to induction of injury and significantly reduced multiorgan dysfunction markers (liver, kidney, lung, serum cytokine levels). In the lung, rhEPO reduced: histological signs of tissue injury, inflammatory/injury markers on the bronchoalveolar fluid, neutrophil chemotaxis/infiltration, GSK-3β activation, and apoptosis. Our study showed that erythropoietin has the potential to exhibit pleiotropic cytoprotective effects and that it might be an interesting pharmacological strategy in the modulation of acute lung injury, such as the one associated to severe burn.
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47
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Carbone F, Burger F, Roversi G, Tamborino C, Casetta I, Seraceni S, Trentini A, Padroni M, Bertolotto M, Dallegri F, Mach F, Fainardi E, Montecucco F. Leptin/adiponectin ratio predicts poststroke neurological outcome. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:1184-91. [PMID: 26381386 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Different adipokines have been associated with atherosclerotic plaque rupture and cardiovascular events, such as acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). However, the potential role of these molecules in postischaemic brain injury remains largely unknown. METHODS AND METHODS We performed a substudy analysis on nonobese patients with first atherothrombotic stroke (n = 35) from a recently published prospective cohort. Primary endpoint was to investigate the predictive value of serum leptin/adiponectin ratio on neurological recovery at 90 days after AIS. The secondary endpoint was the predictive value of serum adipokine levels of clinical and radiological outcomes at a shorter follow-up (at days 1 and 7 after AIS). The radiological evaluation included ischaemic lesion volume and haemorrhagic transformation (HT). The clinical examination was based on National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS). RESULTS At day 1 after AIS, serum leptin and leptin/adiponectin ratio were increased and inversely correlated with both radiological and clinical parameters at all follow-up time points. Once identified the best cut-off points by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, risk analysis showed that higher circulating leptin improved neurological recovery at day 90. In addition, leptin/adiponectin ratio maintained statistical significance after adjustment for age, gender and thrombolysis, also predicting the occurrence of HT in the first 7 days after AIS (adjusted OR 0·15 [95% CI 0·03-0·83); P = 0·030]). CONCLUSIONS Higher leptin/adiponectin ratio at day 1 predicted better neurological outcomes in patients with atherothrombotic AIS and might be potentially useful as a prognostic biomarker of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Burger
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gloria Roversi
- Department of Biological, Psychiatric and Psychological Science, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmine Tamborino
- Department of Biological, Psychiatric and Psychological Science, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Casetta
- Department of Biological, Psychiatric and Psychological Science, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silva Seraceni
- Istitute for Maternal and Child Health "IRCCS Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marina Padroni
- Department of Biological, Psychiatric and Psychological Science, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Bertolotto
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa - IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino -IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Dallegri
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa - IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino -IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - François Mach
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Fainardi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland.,Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
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Perinatal brain damage: The term infant. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 92:102-12. [PMID: 26409031 PMCID: PMC4915441 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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49
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Neuroprotective effect of phytoceramide against transient focal ischemia-induced brain damage in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:2241-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Comparison between single and combined post-treatment with S-Methyl-N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide and taurine following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat brain. Neuroscience 2015; 300:460-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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