1
|
Zecher BF, Ellinghaus D, Schloer S, Niehrs A, Padoan B, Baumdick ME, Yuki Y, Martin MP, Glow D, Schröder-Schwarz J, Niersch J, Brias S, Müller LM, Habermann R, Kretschmer P, Früh T, Dänekas J, Wehmeyer MH, Poch T, Sebode M, Ellinghaus E, Degenhardt F, Körner C, Hoelzemer A, Fehse B, Oldhafer KJ, Schumacher U, Sauter G, Carrington M, Franke A, Bunders MJ, Schramm C, Altfeld M. HLA-DPA1*02:01~B1*01:01 is a risk haplotype for primary sclerosing cholangitis mediating activation of NKp44+ NK cells. Gut 2024; 73:325-337. [PMID: 37788895 PMCID: PMC10850656 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is characterised by bile duct strictures and progressive liver disease, eventually requiring liver transplantation. Although the pathogenesis of PSC remains incompletely understood, strong associations with HLA-class II haplotypes have been described. As specific HLA-DP molecules can bind the activating NK-cell receptor NKp44, we investigated the role of HLA-DP/NKp44-interactions in PSC. DESIGN Liver tissue, intrahepatic and peripheral blood lymphocytes of individuals with PSC and control individuals were characterised using flow cytometry, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analyses. HLA-DPA1 and HLA-DPB1 imputation and association analyses were performed in 3408 individuals with PSC and 34 213 controls. NK cell activation on NKp44/HLA-DP interactions was assessed in vitro using plate-bound HLA-DP molecules and HLA-DPB wildtype versus knock-out human cholangiocyte organoids. RESULTS NKp44+NK cells were enriched in livers, and intrahepatic bile ducts of individuals with PSC showed higher expression of HLA-DP. HLA-DP haplotype analysis revealed a highly elevated PSC risk for HLA-DPA1*02:01~B1*01:01 (OR 1.99, p=6.7×10-50). Primary NKp44+NK cells exhibited significantly higher degranulation in response to plate-bound HLA-DPA1*02:01-DPB1*01:01 compared with control HLA-DP molecules, which were inhibited by anti-NKp44-blocking. Human cholangiocyte organoids expressing HLA-DPA1*02:01-DPB1*01:01 after IFN-γ-exposure demonstrated significantly increased binding to NKp44-Fc constructs compared with unstimulated controls. Importantly, HLA-DPA1*02:01-DPB1*01:01-expressing organoids increased degranulation of NKp44+NK cells compared with HLA-DPB1-KO organoids. CONCLUSION Our studies identify a novel PSC risk haplotype HLA-DP A1*02:01~DPB1*01:01 and provide clinical and functional data implicating NKp44+NK cells that recognise HLA-DPA1*02:01-DPB1*01:01 expressed on cholangiocytes in PSC pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta F Zecher
- Ist Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuko Yuki
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Maureen P Martin
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Dawid Glow
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schröder-Schwarz
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sébastien Brias
- Ist Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Malte H Wehmeyer
- Ist Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Poch
- Ist Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcial Sebode
- Ist Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frauke Degenhardt
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Angelique Hoelzemer
- Ist Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl J Oldhafer
- Department of General & Abdominal Surgery, Asklepios Hospital Barmbek, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Madeleine J Bunders
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- Ist Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases and Hamburg Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muñoz L, Caparrós E, Albillos A, Francés R. The shaping of gut immunity in cirrhosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139554. [PMID: 37122743 PMCID: PMC10141304 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is the common end-stage of chronic liver diseases of different etiology. The altered bile acids metabolism in the cirrhotic liver and the increase in the blood-brain barrier permeability, along with the progressive dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota, contribute to gut immunity changes, from compromised antimicrobial host defense to pro-inflammatory adaptive responses. In turn, these changes elicit a disruption in the epithelial and gut vascular barriers, promoting the increased access of potential pathogenic microbial antigens to portal circulation, further aggravating liver disease. After summarizing the key aspects of gut immunity during homeostasis, this review is intended to update the contribution of liver and brain metabolites in shaping the intestinal immune status and, in turn, to understand how the loss of homeostasis in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, as present in cirrhosis, cooperates in the advanced chronic liver disease progression. Finally, several therapeutic approaches targeting the intestinal homeostasis in cirrhosis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Muñoz
- Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Caparrós
- Grupo de Inmunobiología Hepática e Intestinal, Departamento Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Agustín Albillos
- Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Agustín Albillos, ; Rubén Frances,
| | - Rubén Francés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Inmunobiología Hepática e Intestinal, Departamento Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnologiía Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
- *Correspondence: Agustín Albillos, ; Rubén Frances,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stephens WZ, Kubinak JL, Ghazaryan A, Bauer KM, Bell R, Buhrke K, Chiaro TR, Weis AM, Tang WW, Monts JK, Soto R, Ekiz HA, O'Connell RM, Round JL. Epithelial-myeloid exchange of MHC class II constrains immunity and microbiota composition. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109916. [PMID: 34731608 PMCID: PMC9012449 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) have long been understood to express high levels of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) molecules but are not considered canonical antigen-presenting cells, and the impact of IEC-MHC class II signaling on gut homeostasis remains enigmatic. As IECs serve as the primary barrier between underlying host immune cells, we reasoned that IEC-intrinsic antigen presentation may play a role in responses toward the microbiota. Mice with an IEC-intrinsic deletion of MHC class II (IECΔMHC class II) are healthy but have fewer microbial-bound IgA, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and immune repertoire selection. This was associated with increased interindividual microbiota variation and altered proportions of two taxa in the ileum where MHC class II on IECs is highest. Intestinal mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) have similar MHC class II transcription but less surface MHC class II and are capable of acquiring MHC class II from IECs. Thus, epithelial-myeloid interactions mediate development of adaptive responses to microbial antigens within the gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Zac Stephens
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jason L Kubinak
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Arevik Ghazaryan
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kaylyn M Bauer
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Rickesha Bell
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kate Buhrke
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tyson R Chiaro
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Allison M Weis
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - William W Tang
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Josh K Monts
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Core, Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ray Soto
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - H Atakan Ekiz
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Izmir Institute of Technology, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Gulbahce, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Ryan M O'Connell
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - June L Round
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hantisteanu S, Dicken Y, Negreanu V, Goldenberg D, Brenner O, Leshkowitz D, Lotem J, Levanon D, Groner Y. Runx3 prevents spontaneous colitis by directing the differentiation of anti-inflammatory mononuclear phagocytes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233044. [PMID: 32453801 PMCID: PMC7250423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in the transcription factor Runx3 develop a multitude of immune system defects, including early onset colitis. This paper demonstrates that Runx3 is expressed in colonic mononuclear phagocytes (MNP), including resident macrophages (RM) and dendritic cell subsets (cDC2). Runx3 deletion in MNP causes early onset colitis due to their impaired maturation. Mechanistically, the resulting MNP subset imbalance leads to up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes as occurs in IL10R-deficient RM. In addition, RM and cDC2 display a marked decrease in expression of anti-inflammatory/TGF β-regulated genes and β-catenin signaling associated genes, respectively. MNP transcriptome and ChIP-seq data analysis suggest that a significant fraction of genes affected by Runx3 loss are direct Runx3 targets. Collectively, Runx3 imposes intestinal immune tolerance by regulating maturation of colonic anti-inflammatory MNP, befitting the identification of RUNX3 as a genome-wide associated risk gene for various immune-related diseases in humans, including gastrointestinal tract diseases such as Crohn’s disease and celiac.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shay Hantisteanu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yosef Dicken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Varda Negreanu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dalia Goldenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ori Brenner
- Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dena Leshkowitz
- Bioinformatics Unit, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Joseph Lotem
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ditsa Levanon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoram Groner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The Immunological Basis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:2097274. [PMID: 28070181 PMCID: PMC5192315 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2097274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic ailments, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis being the most important. These diseases present an inflammatory profile and they differ according to pathophysiology, the affected area in the gastrointestinal tract, and the depth of the inflammation in the intestinal wall. The immune characteristics of IBD arise from abnormal responses of the innate and adaptive immune system. The number of Th17 cells increases in the peripheral blood of IBD patients, while Treg cells decrease, suggesting that the Th17/Treg proportion plays an important role in the development and maintenance of inflammation. The purpose of this review was to determine the current state of knowledge on the immunological basis of IBD. Many studies have shown the need for further explanation of the development and maintenance of the inflammatory process.
Collapse
|
6
|
Endocytosis in enterocytes. Wien Med Wochenschr 2016; 166:205-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10354-016-0448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
7
|
Kambayashi T, Laufer TM. Atypical MHC class II-expressing antigen-presenting cells: can anything replace a dendritic cell? Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:719-30. [PMID: 25324123 DOI: 10.1038/nri3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells are regarded as the classical antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. However, in recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of cell types that are suggested to present antigens on MHC class II molecules to CD4(+) T cells. In this Review, we describe the key characteristics that define an antigen-presenting cell by examining the functions of dendritic cells. We then examine the functions of the haematopoietic cells and non-haematopoietic cells that can express MHC class II molecules and that have been suggested to represent 'atypical' antigen-presenting cells. We consider whether any of these cell populations can prime naive CD4(+) T cells and, if not, question the effects that they do have on the development of immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Terri M Laufer
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Interferon-γ induces expression of MHC class II on intestinal epithelial cells and protects mice from colitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86844. [PMID: 24489792 PMCID: PMC3904943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses against intestinal microbiota contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and involve CD4+ T cells, which are activated by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, it is largely unexplored how inflammation-induced MHCII expression by intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) affects CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity or tolerance induction in vivo. Here, we investigated how epithelial MHCII expression is induced and how a deficiency in inducible epithelial MHCII expression alters susceptibility to colitis and the outcome of colon-specific immune responses. Colitis was induced in mice that lacked inducible expression of MHCII molecules on all nonhematopoietic cells, or specifically on IECs, by continuous infection with Helicobacter hepaticus and administration of interleukin (IL)-10 receptor-blocking antibodies (anti-IL10R mAb). To assess the role of interferon (IFN)-γ in inducing epithelial MHCII expression, the T cell adoptive transfer model of colitis was used. Abrogation of MHCII expression by nonhematopoietic cells or IECs induces colitis associated with increased colonic frequencies of innate immune cells and expression of proinflammatory cytokines. CD4+ T-helper type (Th)1 cells - but not group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) or Th17 cells - are elevated, resulting in an unfavourably altered ratio between CD4+ T cells and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. IFN-γ produced mainly by CD4+ T cells is required to upregulate MHCII expression by IECs. These results suggest that, in addition to its proinflammatory roles, IFN-γ exerts a critical anti-inflammatory function in the intestine which protects against colitis by inducing MHCII expression on IECs. This may explain the failure of anti-IFN-γ treatment to induce remission in IBD patients, despite the association of elevated IFN-γ and IBD.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bär F, Sina C, Hundorfean G, Pagel R, Lehnert H, Fellermann K, Büning J. Inflammatory bowel diseases influence major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) and II compartments in intestinal epithelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 172:280-9. [PMID: 23574324 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation by intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) is crucial for intestinal homeostasis. Disturbances of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I)- and II-related presentation pathways in IEC appear to be involved in an altered activation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in inflammatory bowel disease. However, a comprehensive analysis of MHC I- and II-enriched compartments in IEC of the small and large bowel in the healthy state as opposed to inflammatory bowel diseases is lacking. The aim of this study was to characterize the subcellular expression of MHC I and II in the endocytic pathway of IEC throughout all parts of the intestinal tract, and to identify differences between the healthy state and inflammatory bowel diseases. Biopsies were taken by endoscopy from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon in healthy individuals (n = 20). In Crohn's disease (CD), biopsies were obtained from the ileum and colon and within the colon from ulcerative colitis (UC) patients (n = 15). Analysis of IEC was performed by immunoelectron microscopy. MHC I and II were identified in early endosomes and multi-vesicular, multi-lamellar, electrondense and vacuolar late endosomes. Both molecules were enriched in multi-vesicular bodies. No differences were found between the distinct parts of the gut axis. In CD and UC the expression of MHC I and II showed a shift from multi-vesicular bodies towards the basolateral membranes. Within the multi-vesicular bodies, MHC I and II moved from internal vesicles to the limiting membranes upon inflammation in CD and UC. MHC I- and II-enriched compartments in IEC were identical in all parts of the small and large bowel. CD and UC appear to modulate the MHC I- and II-related presentation pathways of exogenous antigens in IEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Bär
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Orzekowsky-Schroeder R, Klinger A, Martensen B, Blessenohl M, Gebert A, Vogel A, Hüttmann G. In vivo spectral imaging of different cell types in the small intestine by two-photon excited autofluorescence. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:116025. [PMID: 22112130 DOI: 10.1117/1.3655587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally resolved two-photon excited autofluorescence imaging is used to distinguish different cell types and functional areas during dynamic processes in the living gut. Excitation and emission spectra of mucosal tissue and tissue components are correlated to spectra of endogenous chromophores. We show that selective excitation with only two different wavelengths within the tuning range of a Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser system yields excellent discrimination between enterocytes, antigen presenting cells and lysosomes based on the excitation and emission properties of their autofluorescence. The method is employed for time-lapse microscopy over up to 8 h. Changes of the spectral signature with the onset of photodamage are demonstrated, and their origin is discussed.
Collapse
|
11
|
Im JP, Ye BD, Kim JM, Jung HC, Song IS, Kim JS. Rectal administration of lipopolysaccharide and ovalbumin ameliorates acute murine colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:2292-8. [PMID: 21359540 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated challenges of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could reduce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro, and oral administration of ovalbumin (OVA) induces mucosal tolerance in vivo. However, the effect of local administration of LPS and OVA on experimental colitis in vivo remains unknown. AIMS This study was performed to elucidate the effect of rectal administration of LPS and OVA on an acute murine colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). METHODS BALB/c mice were rectally administered LPS with or without OVA followed by 3% DSS. Colitis was assessed by disease activity index (DAI) including weight loss, stool consistency and rectal bleeding, and histopathology. Primary colon epithelial cells were isolated and the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was examined using the Western blot analysis. IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 mRNA levels in colonic tissue were assessed using real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS LPS administration significantly attenuated the severity of acute DSS-induced colitis as assessed by DAI and histopathologic scoring compared with the control group. Combined treatment of LPS and OVA restored body weight loss and further ameliorated the severity of acute DSS colitis. LPS pretreatment regardless of OVA administration decreased TLR4 expression. LPS and OVA pretreatment reduced IL-6 and IFN-γ mRNA expression and increased IL-10 mRNA expression compared with controls. CONCLUSION Rectal administration of LPS attenuated acute murine colitis, possibly through TLR4 down-regulation, and combined treatment of OVA additionally ameliorated colonic inflammation associated with up-regulation of IL-10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Pil Im
- Department of Internal Medicine Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Danese S. Immune and nonimmune components orchestrate the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G716-22. [PMID: 21233277 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00472.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis is driven by the interactions between the innate and the adaptive immune system. Both systems are actually expressed not only by immune cells, but also by essentially all types of nonimmune cells. Nonimmune cells have classically been considered as simple targets of the aberrant inflammatory process occurring in IBD. However, the discovery that many of the functions traditionally attributed to immune cells are also performed by nonimmune cells has caused a shift to a multidirectional hypothesis in which nonimmune cells and even acellular elements are considered active players of IBD pathogenesis. The aim of this review is to summarize the current role played by each cell type in IBD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Danese
- IBD Center, Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Niess JH. Role of gut-resident dendritic cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 5:451-61. [PMID: 20477041 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal immune system, innate and adaptive, is continuously exposed to challenges provided by the enteric flora. In most cases, the result of mucosal immune responses is the development of tolerance. Mucosal dendritic cells initiate and regulate local immune responses. Uncontrolled local immune responses are thought to be a major factor in the development of inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. This review will discuss the function of dendritic cells in the recognition of the enteric flora and their role in the development of intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hendrik Niess
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The human intestine is colonized by an estimated 100 trillion bacteria. Some of these bacteria are essential for normal physiology, whereas others have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple inflammatory diseases including IBD and asthma. This review examines the influence of signals from intestinal bacteria on the homeostasis of the mammalian immune system in the context of health and disease. We review the bacterial composition of the mammalian intestine, known bacterial-derived immunoregulatory molecules, and the mammalian innate immune receptors that recognize them. We discuss the influence of bacterial-derived signals on immune cell function and the mechanisms by which these signals modulate the development and progression of inflammatory disease. We conclude with an examination of successes and future challenges in using bacterial communities or their products in the prevention or treatment of human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Hill
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Philadelphia, 19104-4539, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Westendorf AM, Fleissner D, Hansen W, Buer J. T cells, dendritic cells and epithelial cells in intestinal homeostasis. Int J Med Microbiol 2009; 300:11-8. [PMID: 19781991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system of the intestinal tract is continuously exposed to both potential pathogens and beneficial commensal microorganism. A variety of mechanisms contribute to the ability of the gut to either react or remain tolerant to antigen present in the intestinal lumen. Antigens of the gut commensals are not simply ignored, but rather trigger an active immunosuppressive process, which prevents the outcome of immunopathology. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the mechanism of intestinal homeostasis, with particular focus on the complex crosstalk between T cells, dendritic cells and intestinal epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Danese S. Nonimmune cells in inflammatory bowel disease: from victim to villain. Trends Immunol 2009; 29:555-64. [PMID: 18838297 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonimmune cells have traditionally been viewed as target cells of the aberrant inflammatory process present in chronic immune-mediated conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the discovery that many of the functions traditionally attributed to immune cells are also performed by nonimmune cells has caused a shift to a multidirectional hypothesis in which nonimmune cells and acellular elements play active roles. Many types of interactions occur within this multidirectional system, and the difficulties associated with modeling these complex interactions currently limit our understanding of the cellular network that occurs in IBD. I describe the current knowledge of the roles played by nonimmune cells in the pathogenesis of IBD, as they emerge as crucial alternative targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Danese
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, IRCCS in Gastroenterology, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Büning J, von Smolinski D, Tafazzoli K, Zimmer KP, Strobel S, Apostolaki M, Kollias G, Heath JK, Ludwig D, Gebert A. Multivesicular bodies in intestinal epithelial cells: responsible for MHC class II-restricted antigen processing and origin of exosomes. Immunology 2009; 125:510-21. [PMID: 18710406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In normal conditions intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) constitutively stimulate regulatory CD4(+) T cells. However, in Crohn's disease (CD), this major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted antigen presentation results in stimulation of proinflammatory CD4(+) T cells. We hypothesized that these alternative functions might be mediated by differential sorting and processing of antigens into distinct MHC II-enriched compartments (MIICs). Accordingly, we analysed the endocytic pathways of lumenally applied ovalbumin (OVA) in IECs of the jejunum and ileum of wild-type (WT) and TNFDeltaARE/WT mice that develop a CD-resembling ileitis. Using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we found that messenger RNA levels of interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-17 and interleukin-10 were significantly up-regulated in the inflamed ileum of TNFDeltaARE/WT mice, confirming CD-like inflammation. Fluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy revealed the presence of MHC II and invariant chain throughout the late endocytic compartments, with most molecules concentrated in the multivesicular bodies (MVB). OVA was targeted into MVB and, in contrast to other MIICs, accumulated in these structures within 120 min of exposure. The IEC-specific A33 antigen localized to internal vesicles of MVB and A33/class II-bearing exosomes were identified in intercellular spaces. Remarkably, the expression pattern of MHC II/invariant chain molecules and the trafficking of OVA were independent of mucosal inflammation and the specific region in the small intestine. MVB seem to be principally responsible for class II-associated antigen processing in IECs and to constitute the origin of MHC II-loaded exosomes. The distinctive functions of IECs in antigen presentation to CD4(+) T cells might arise as a result of differential processing within the MVB identified here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Büning
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The gastrointestinal innate and adaptive immune system continuously faces the challenge of potent stimuli from the commensal microflora and food constituents. These local immune responses require a tight control, the outcome of which is in most cases the induction of tolerance. Local T cell immunity is an important compartment of the specific intestinal immune system. T cell reactivity is programmed during the initial stage of its activation by professional presenting cells. Mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) are assumed to play key roles in regulating immune responses in the antigen-rich gastrointestinal environment. Mucosal DCs are a heterogeneous population that can either initiate (innate and adaptive) immune responses, or control intestinal inflammation and maintain tolerance. Defects in this regulation are supposed to lead to the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). This review will discuss the emerging role of mucosal DCs in regulating intestinal inflammation and immune responses.
Collapse
|
19
|
Artis D. Epithelial-cell recognition of commensal bacteria and maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:411-20. [PMID: 18469830 DOI: 10.1038/nri2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 758] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces such as the intestinal tract are continuously exposed to both potential pathogens and beneficial commensal microorganisms. This creates a requirement for a homeostatic balance between tolerance and immunity that represents a unique regulatory challenge to the mucosal immune system. Recent findings suggest that intestinal epithelial cells, although once considered a simple physical barrier, are a crucial cell lineage for maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. This Review discusses recent findings that identify a cardinal role for epithelial cells in sampling the intestinal microenvironment, discriminating pathogenic and commensal microorganisms and influencing the function of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Artis
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104-4539, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The epithelium makes numerous important contributions to intestinal function. It acts as a physical barrier to prevent pathogenic infection, but allows nutrient uptake and the bidirectional passage of ions and water to lubricate the intestinal lumen while restricting fluid loss. The epithelium mediates communication between the immune system and the commensal flora, and plays a major role in antigen sampling and development of tolerance. After mucosal injury, the epithelium must reestablish its barrier and transport functions for homeostasis to be restored. Here, we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the roles of the epithelium in intestinal homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS Mechanisms responsible for epithelial communication with enteric flora and pathogens include the regulation and function of Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2, and maintenance and repair of epithelial barrier properties, including the role of growth factors and bacterial peptides in epithelial repair. SUMMARY Recent advances in our understanding of mechanisms by which the gut epithelium modulates, and is modified by, enteric flora and the mucosal immune system illuminate the importance of the epithelium in gut physiology. The work discussed may also identify novel targets that can potentially be modulated therapeutically, either with existing medications or newer agents in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Declan F McCole
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California 92093-0063, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hundorfean G, Zimmer KP, Strobel S, Gebert A, Ludwig D, Büning J. Luminal antigens access late endosomes of intestinal epithelial cells enriched in MHC I and MHC II molecules: in vivo study in Crohn's ileitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 293:G798-808. [PMID: 17673546 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00135.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to healthy conditions, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) stimulate proinflammatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during Crohn's disease (CD). The underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. Here we investigated the epithelial expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and MHC II and its interference with endocytic pathways, in vivo. During ileoscopy, ovalbumin (OVA) was sprayed onto ileal mucosa of CD patients (ileitis and remission) and controls. The epithelial traffic of OVA and MHC I/II pathways were studied in biopsies using fluorescence and electron microscopy. We found MHC I and MHC II to accumulate within multivesicular late endosomes (MVLE) of IECs. Faint labeling for these molecules was seen in early endosomes and lysosomes. MVLE were entered by OVA 10 min after exposure. Exosomes carrying MHC I, MHC II, and OVA were detected in intercellular spaces of the epithelium. OVA trafficking and labeling patterns for MHC I and MHC II in IECs showed no differences between CD patients and controls. Independent of inflammatory stimuli, MHC I and MHC II pathways intersect MVLE in IECs, which were efficiently targeted by luminal antigens. Similar to MHC II-enriched compartments in professional antigen presenting cells, these MVLE might be critically involved in MHC I- and MHC II-related antigen processing in IECs and the source of epithelial-released exosomes. The access of luminal antigens to MHC I in MVLE might indicate that the presentation of exogenous antigens by IECs must not be restricted to MHC II but might also occur as "cross-presentation" via MHC I to CD8+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Hundorfean
- Dept. of Internal Medicine I, Univ. Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The default response to protein antigens in the intestine is the induction of systemic and local hyporesponsiveness, ensuring the prevention of coeliac disease and food allergies. Interest is increasing in the role of dietary manipulation and probiotics in treating allergic and other diseases, but less is known about how these regimens might influence systemic and local immune responses. This paper addresses the mechanisms at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity that determine how the body responds to orally administered proteins and how local bacteria modify these. RECENT FINDINGS This paper discusses evidence that dendritic cells in the intestinal mucosa are the critical cells that take up dietary proteins and migrate to the draining mesenteric lymph node, where they induce regulatory CD4 T-cell differentiation. The properties of tolerized T cells are discussed and it is proposed that the gut microenvironment maintains homeostasis by conditioning dendritic cells to remain in a quiescent state. Inhibitory signalling by commensal bacteria possibly contributes to this process. SUMMARY A regulatory network controls how dietary antigens are taken up and presented to T lymphocytes by specialized antigen-presenting cells. Elucidating their nature and how they are influenced by external factors such as probiotics may help develop novel therapies for allergy and help understand diseases such as coeliac disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Strobel
- Peninsula Postgraduate Health Institute, Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|