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Russo A, Örzsik B, Yalin N, Simpson I, Nwaubani P, Pinna A, De Marco R, Sharp H, Kartar A, Singh N, Blockley N, Stone AJL, Turkheimer FE, Young AH, Cercignani M, Zelaya F, Asllani I, Colasanti A. Altered oxidative neurometabolic response to methylene blue in bipolar disorder revealed by quantitative neuroimaging. J Affect Disord 2024; 362:790-798. [PMID: 39019231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral mitochondrial and hemodynamic abnormalities have been implicated in Bipolar Disorder pathophysiology, likely contributing to neurometabolic vulnerability-leading to worsen clinical outcomes and mood instability. To investigate neurometabolic vulnerability in patients with BD, we combined multi-modal quantitative MRI assessment of cerebral oxygenation with acute administration of Methylene Blue, a neurometabolic/hemodynamic modulator acting on cerebral mitochondria. METHODS Fifteen euthymic patients with chronic BD-type 1, and fifteen age/gender-matched healthy controls underwent two separate MRI sessions in a single-blinded randomized cross-over design, each after intravenous infusion of either MB (0.5 mg/kg) or placebo. MRI-based measures of Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Extraction Fraction were integrated to compute Cerebral Metabolic Rate of Oxygen in Frontal Lobe, Anterior Cingulate, and Hippocampus-implicated in BD neurometabolic pathophysiology. Inter-daily variation in mood rating was used to assess mood instability. RESULTS A decrease in global CBF and CMRO2 was observed after acutely administrating MB to all participants. Greater regional CMRO2 reductions were observed after MB, in patients compared to controls in FL (mean = -14.2 ± 19.5 % versus 2.3 ± 14.8 %), ACC (mean = -14.8 ± 23.7 % versus 2.4 ± 15.7 %). The effects on CMRO2 in those regions were primarily driven by patients with longer disease duration and higher mood instability. LIMITATIONS Sample size; medications potentially impacting on response to MB. CONCLUSIONS An altered neurometabolic response to MB, a mitochondrial/hemodynamic modulator, was observed in patients, supporting the hypothesis of vulnerability to neurometabolic stress in BD. Integrating quantitative imaging of cerebral oxygen metabolism with a mitochondrial-targeting pharmacological challenge could provide a novel biomarker of neurometabolic and cerebrovascular pathophysiology in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Russo
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK; Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, UK.
| | - Balázs Örzsik
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK; Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nefize Yalin
- Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ivor Simpson
- School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Prince Nwaubani
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Antonello Pinna
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Riccardo De Marco
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Harriet Sharp
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Amy Kartar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Nisha Singh
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Allan H Young
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Mara Cercignani
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fernando Zelaya
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Iris Asllani
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK; Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, USA
| | - Alessandro Colasanti
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK; Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, UK
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Gao M, Luo J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Gao Y, Yang L, Wang J, Wang N. Association between glioma and neurodegenerative diseases risk: a two-sample bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1413015. [PMID: 39015316 PMCID: PMC11250058 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1413015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Earlier observational studies have demonstrated a correlation between glioma and the risk of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), but the causality and direction of their associations remain unclear. The objective of this study was to ascertain the causal link between glioma and NDs using Mendelian randomization (MR) methodology. Methods Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data were used in a two-sample bi-directional MR analysis. From the largest meta-analysis GWAS, encompassing 18,169 controls and 12,488 cases, summary statistics data on gliomas was extracted. Summarized statistics for NDs, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson's disease (PD) were obtained from the GWAS of European ancestry. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was elected as the core MR approach with weighted median (WM) method and MR-Egger method as complementary methods. In addition, sensitivity analyses were performed. A Bonferroni correction was used to correct the results. Results Genetically predicted glioma had been related to decreased risk of AD. Specifically, for all glioma (IVW: OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.90-0.96, p = 4.88 × 10-6) and glioblastoma (GBM) (IVW: OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.91-0.95, p = 5.11 × 10-9). We also found that genetically predicted all glioma has a suggestive causative association with MS (IVW: OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.81-1.00, p = 0.045). There was no evidence of causal association between glioma and ALS or PD. According to the results of reverse MR analysis, no discernible causal connection of NDs was found on glioma. Sensitivity analyses validated the robustness of the above associations. Conclusion We report evidence in support of potential causal associations of different glioma subtypes with AD and MS. More studies are required to uncover the underlying mechanisms of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Youqi Chen
- Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Bethune Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Clinical College, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Laiyu Yang
- Bethune Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingning Wang
- Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ningxin Wang
- Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Lyamzaev KG, Huan H, Panteleeva AA, Simonyan RA, Avetisyan AV, Chernyak BV. Exogenous Iron Induces Mitochondrial Lipid Peroxidation, Lipofuscin Accumulation, and Ferroptosis in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes. Biomolecules 2024; 14:730. [PMID: 38927133 PMCID: PMC11201805 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation plays an important role in various pathologies and aging, at least partially mediated by ferroptosis. The role of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation during ferroptosis remains poorly understood. We show that supplementation of exogenous iron in the form of ferric ammonium citrate at submillimolar doses induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation in mitochondria that precede ferroptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 and the redox mediator methylene blue, which inhibits the production of ROS in complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, prevent both mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. SkQ1 and methylene blue also prevented accumulation of lipofuscin observed after 24 h incubation of cardiomyocytes with ferric ammonium citrate. Using isolated cardiac mitochondria as an in vitro ferroptosis model, it was shown that rotenone (complex I inhibitor) in the presence of ferrous iron stimulates lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin accumulation. Our data indicate that ROS generated in complex I stimulate mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, lipofuscin accumulation, and ferroptosis induced by exogenous iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G. Lyamzaev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (H.H.); (A.A.P.); (R.A.S.); (A.V.A.)
- The Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - He Huan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (H.H.); (A.A.P.); (R.A.S.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Alisa A. Panteleeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (H.H.); (A.A.P.); (R.A.S.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Ruben A. Simonyan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (H.H.); (A.A.P.); (R.A.S.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Armine V. Avetisyan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (H.H.); (A.A.P.); (R.A.S.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Boris V. Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (H.H.); (A.A.P.); (R.A.S.); (A.V.A.)
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Schwab K, Lauer D, Magbagbeolu M, Theuring F, Gasiorowska A, Zadrozny M, Harrington CR, Wischik CM, Niewiadomska G, Riedel G. Hydromethylthionine rescues synaptic SNARE proteins in a mouse model of tauopathies: Interference by cholinesterase inhibitors. Brain Res Bull 2024; 212:110955. [PMID: 38677558 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
In clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease (AD), hydromethylthionine mesylate (HMTM) showed reduced efficacy when administered as an add-on to symptomatic treatments, while it produced a significant improvement of cognitive function when taken as monotherapy. Interference of cholinesterase inhibition with HMTM was observed also in a tau transgenic mouse model, where rivastigmine reduced the pharmacological activity of HMTM at multiple brain levels including hippocampal acetylcholine release, synaptosomal glutamate release and mitochondrial activity. Here, we examined the effect of HMTM, given alone or in combination with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, rivastigmine, at the level of expression of selected pre-synaptic proteins (syntaxin-1; SNAP-25, VAMP-2, synaptophysin-1, synapsin-1, α-synuclein) in brain tissue harvested from tau-transgenic Line 1 (L1) and wild-type mice using immunohistochemistry. L1 mice overexpress the tau-core unit that induces tau aggregation and results in an AD-like phenotype. Synaptic proteins were lower in hippocampus and cortex but greater in basal forebrain regions in L1 compared to wild-type mice. HMTM partially normalised the expression pattern of several of these proteins in basal forebrain. This effect was diminished when HMTM was administered in combination with rivastigmine, where mean protein expression seemed supressed. This was further confirmed by group-based correlation network analyses where important levels of co-expression correlations in basal forebrain regions were lost in L1 mice and partially re-established when HMTM was given alone but not in combination with rivastigmine. These data indicate a reduction in pharmacological activity of HMTM when given as an add-on therapy, a result that is consistent with the responses observed in the clinic. Attenuation of the therapeutic effects of HMTM by cholinergic treatments may have important implications for other potential AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Schwab
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Dilyara Lauer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Mandy Magbagbeolu
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Franz Theuring
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Anna Gasiorowska
- Clinical and Research Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Maciej Zadrozny
- Clinical and Research Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Charles R Harrington
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., 395 King Street, Aberdeen AB24 5RP, UK
| | - Claude M Wischik
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., 395 King Street, Aberdeen AB24 5RP, UK
| | - Grażyna Niewiadomska
- Clinical and Research Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Gernot Riedel
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Pominova D, Ryabova A, Skobeltsin A, Markova I, Linkov K, Romanishkin I. The use of methylene blue to control the tumor oxygenation level. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 46:104047. [PMID: 38503388 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia is a characteristic feature of many tumors. It promotes tumor proliferation, metastasis, and invasion and can reduce the effectiveness of many types of cancer treatment. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of methylene blue (MB) and its impact on the tumor oxygenation level at mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model using spectroscopic methods. APPROACH The pharmacokinetics of MB were studied qualitatively and quantitatively using video fluorescence imaging and fluorescence spectroscopy. The degree of hemoglobin oxygenation in vivo was examined by calculating hemoglobin optical absorption from the measured diffuse reflectance spectra. The distribution of MB fluorescence and the lifetime of NADH were analyzed using laser scanning microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to assess cellular metabolism. RESULTS After intravenous administration of MB at 10-20 mg/kg, it quickly transitioned in the tumor to a colorless leucomethylene blue, with maximum accumulation in the tumor occurring after 5-10 min. A concentration of 10 mg/kg resulted in a relative increase of the tumor oxygenation level for small tumors (volume 50-75 mm3) and normal tissue 120 min after the introduction of MB. A shift in tumor metabolism towards oxidative phosphorylation (according to the lifetime of the NADH coenzyme) was measured using FLIM method after intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg of MB. Intravenous administration of MB at 20 mg/kg results in a long-term decrease in oxygenation, which persisted for at least 120 min after the administration and did not return to its initial level. CONCLUSIONS Administration of MB at 10 mg/kg shown to increase tumor oxygenation level, potentially leading to more effective antitumor therapy. However, at higher doses (20 mg/kg), MB may cause long-term decrease in oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Pominova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Ryabova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Skobeltsin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
| | - Inessa Markova
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill Linkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Romanishkin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Yu N, Pasha M, Chua JJE. Redox changes and cellular senescence in Alzheimer's disease. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103048. [PMID: 38277964 PMCID: PMC10840360 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The redox process and cellular senescence are involved in a range of essential physiological functions. However, they are also implicated in pathological processes underlying age-related neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as a result of abnormal accumulation of beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ), tau protein, and heme dyshomeostasis and is further aggravated by mitochondria dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Excessive ROS damages vital cellular components such as proteins, DNA and lipids. Such damage eventually leads to impaired neuronal function and cell death. Heightened oxidative stress can also induce cellular senescence via activation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype to further exacerbate inflammation and tissue dysfunction. In this review, we focus on how changes in the redox system and cellular senescence contribute to AD and how they are affected by perturbations in heme metabolism and mitochondrial function. While potential therapeutic strategies targeting such changes have received some attention, more research is necessary to bring them into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Yu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mazhar Pasha
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Jia En Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
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Bartosz G, Pieńkowska N, Sadowska-Bartosz I. Effect of Selected Antioxidants on the In Vitro Aging of Human Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1529. [PMID: 38338809 PMCID: PMC10855218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The modification of the replicative lifespan (RLS) of fibroblasts is of interest both from a knowledge point of view and for the attenuation of skin aging. The effect of six antioxidants at a concentration of 1 μM on the replicative lifespan of human dermal fibroblasts was studied. The nitroxide 4-hydroxy-TEMPO (TEMPOL), ergothioneine, and Trolox extended the replicative lifespan (RLS) (40 ± 1 population doublings (PD)) by 7 ± 2, 4 ± 1, and 3 ± 1 PD and lowered the expression of p21 at late passages. Coumaric acid, curcumin and resveratrol did not affect the RLS . The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was decreased or not affected by the antioxidants although TEMPOL and coumaric acid decreased the level of glutathione. Only ergothioneine and resveratrol decreased the level of protein carbonylation. The antioxidants that could prolong the RLS elevated the mitochondrial membrane potential. Protecting the activity of mitochondria seems to be important for maintaining the replicative capacity of fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, Zelwerowicza Street 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland; (G.B.); (N.P.)
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Gao Y, Jiang Z, Xu B, Mo R, Li S, Jiang Y, Zhao D, Cao W, Chen B, Tian M, Tan Q. Evaluation of topical methylene blue nanoemulsion for wound healing in diabetic mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:1462-1473. [PMID: 37691404 PMCID: PMC10496548 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2254341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diabetic wounds (DW) are a complication of diabetes and slow wound healing is the main manifestation. Methylene blue (MB) has been shown to exhibit therapeutic effects on diabetes-related diseases. OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanisms of action of MB-nanoemulsion (NE) in the treatment of DW. MATERIALS AND METHODS The concentration of MB-NE used in the in vivo and in vitro experiments was 0.1 mg/mL. Streptozocin-induced diabetic mice were used as models. The mice were separated into nondiabetic, diabetic, MB-NE treated, and NE-treated groups. Intervention of high glucose-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells using MB-NE. The mechanism by which MB-NE promotes DW healing is investigated by combining histological analysis, immunofluorescence analysis, TUNEL and ROS assays and western blotting. RESULTS In diabetic mice, the MB-NE accelerated DW healing (p < 0.05), promoted the expression of endothelial cell markers (α-SMA, CD31 and VEGF) (p < 0.05), and reduced TUNEL levels. In vitro, MB accelerated the migration rate of cells (p < 0.05); promoted the expression of CD31, VEGF, anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 (p < 0.05) and decreased the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins cleaved caspase-3 and Bax (p < 0.05). MB upregulated the expression of Nrf2, catalase, HO-1 and SOD2 (p < 0.05). In addition, MB reduced the immunofluorescence intensity of TUNEL and ROS in cells and reduced apoptosis. The therapeutic effect of MB was attenuated after treatment with an Nrf2 inhibitor (ML385). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study provides a foundation for the application of MB-NE in the treatment of DW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhounan Jiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Hubei Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, China
| | - Ran Mo
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiyan Li
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Demei Zhao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wangbin Cao
- Nanjing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Plant Resources and Chemistry, Nanjing Research Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Tian
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Tan
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Singh N, MacNicol E, DiPasquale O, Randall K, Lythgoe D, Mazibuko N, Simmons C, Selvaggi P, Stephenson S, Turkheimer FE, Cash D, Zelaya F, Colasanti A. The effects of acute Methylene Blue administration on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in humans and rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:95-105. [PMID: 36803299 PMCID: PMC10638993 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231157958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Methylene Blue (MB) is a brain-penetrating drug with putative neuroprotective, antioxidant and metabolic enhancing effects. In vitro studies suggest that MB enhances mitochondrial complexes activity. However, no study has directly assessed the metabolic effects of MB in the human brain. We used in vivo neuroimaging to measure the effect of MB on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and brain metabolism in humans and in rats. Two doses of MB (0.5 and 1 mg/kg in humans; 2 and 4 mg/kg in rats; iv) induced reductions in global cerebral blood flow (CBF) in humans (F(1.74, 12.17)5.82, p = 0.02) and rats (F(1,5)26.04, p = 0.0038). Human cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) was also significantly reduced (F(1.26, 8.84)8.01, p = 0.016), as was the rat cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglu) (t = 2.6(16) p = 0.018). This was contrary to our hypothesis that MB will increase CBF and energy metrics. Nevertheless, our results were reproducible across species and dose dependent. One possible explanation is that the concentrations used, although clinically relevant, reflect MB's hormetic effects, i.e., higher concentrations produce inhibitory rather than augmentation effects on metabolism. Additionally, here we used healthy volunteers and healthy rats with normal cerebral metabolism where MB's ability to enhance cerebral metabolism might be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eilidh MacNicol
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ottavia DiPasquale
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Karen Randall
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Lythgoe
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ndabezinhle Mazibuko
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Camilla Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pierluigi Selvaggi
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Stephenson
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Federico E Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Cash
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fernando Zelaya
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Colasanti
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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10
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Lyamzaev KG, Panteleeva AA, Simonyan RA, Avetisyan AV, Chernyak BV. The critical role of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis: insights from recent studies. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:875-885. [PMID: 37974984 PMCID: PMC10643799 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01126-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a regulated form of necrotic cell death reliant on iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation. Although the precise involvement of mitochondria in ferroptosis remains incompletely elucidated, recent research indicates that mitochondrial oxidative events wield a pivotal influence in this mechanism. This article centers on the most recent discoveries, spotlighting the significance of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation in the occurrence of ferroptosis. Modern investigative tools, such as mitochondria-specific dyes responsive to lipid peroxidation and antioxidants targeting mitochondria, have been employed to delve into this phenomenon. The authors' recent empirical evidence demonstrates that mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, quantified using the innovative fluorescent ratiometric probe MitoCLox, takes place prior to the onset of ferroptotic cell death. The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 hinders mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and thwarts ferroptosis, all while leaving unaffected the buildup of reactive oxygen species within the cytoplasm, an antecedent to mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. Similarly, the redox agent methylene blue, impeding the genesis of reactive oxygen species in complex I of the electron transport chain, also imparts a comparable protective effect. These findings collectively imply that reactive oxygen species originating from complex I might hold particular significance in fomenting mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, a pivotal trigger of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G. Lyamzaev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- The “Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa A. Panteleeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ruben A. Simonyan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Armine V. Avetisyan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V. Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Lyamzaev KG, Panteleeva AA, Simonyan RA, Avetisyan AV, Chernyak BV. Mitochondrial Lipid Peroxidation Is Responsible for Ferroptosis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040611. [PMID: 36831278 PMCID: PMC9954536 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis induced by erastin (an inhibitor of cystine transport) and butionine sulfoximine (an inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis) was prevented by the mitochondria-targeted antioxidants SkQ1 and MitoTEMPO. These effects correlate with the prevention of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, which precedes cell death. Methylene blue, a redox agent that inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, also inhibits ferroptosis and mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. Activation of ROS production in complex I with rotenone in the presence of ferrous iron stimulates lipid peroxidation in isolated mitochondria, while ROS produced by complex III are ineffective. SkQ1 and methylene blue inhibit lipid peroxidation. We suggest that ROS formed in complex I promote mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G. Lyamzaev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- The “Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 129226 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (K.G.L.); (B.V.C.)
| | - Alisa A. Panteleeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ruben A. Simonyan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Armine V. Avetisyan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V. Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (K.G.L.); (B.V.C.)
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12
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Conjugates of Methylene Blue with Cycloalkaneindoles as New Multifunctional Agents for Potential Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213925. [PMID: 36430413 PMCID: PMC9697446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) would provide effective therapy of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) with complex and nonclear pathogenesis. A promising method to create such potential drugs is combining neuroactive pharmacophoric groups acting on different biotargets involved in the pathogenesis of ND. We developed a synthetic algorithm for the conjugation of indole derivatives and methylene blue (MB), which are pharmacophoric ligands that act on the key stages of pathogenesis. We synthesized hybrid structures and performed a comprehensive screening for a specific set of biotargets participating in the pathogenesis of ND (i.e., cholinesterases, NMDA receptor, mitochondria, and microtubules assembly). The results of the screening study enabled us to find two lead compounds (4h and 4i) which effectively inhibited cholinesterases and bound to the AChE PAS, possessed antioxidant activity, and stimulated the assembly of microtubules. One of them (4i) exhibited activity as a ligand for the ifenprodil-specific site of the NMDA receptor. In addition, this lead compound was able to bypass the inhibition of complex I and prevent calcium-induced mitochondrial depolarization, suggesting a neuroprotective property that was confirmed using a cellular calcium overload model of neurodegeneration. Thus, these new MB-cycloalkaneindole conjugates constitute a promising class of compounds for the development of multitarget neuroprotective drugs which simultaneously act on several targets, thereby providing cognitive stimulating, neuroprotective, and disease-modifying effects.
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13
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Bouillaud F, Ransy C, Moreau M, Benhaim J, Lombès A, Haouzi P. Methylene blue induced O 2 consumption is not dependent on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation: Implications for salvage pathways during acute mitochondrial poisoning. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022; 304:103939. [PMID: 35777722 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
While administration of the cyclic redox agent methylene blue (MB) during intoxication by mitochondrial poisons (cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, rotenone) increases survival, the mechanisms behind these antidotal properties remain poorly understood. The objective of the studies presented in this paper was to characterize the interactions between the redox properties of MB, the intermediate metabolism and the mitochondrial respiration. We first show that intra-venous administration of micromolar levels of methylene blue in sedated and mechanically ventilated rats, increases not only resting oxygen consumption but also CO2 production (by ~ 50%), with no change in their ratio. This hypermetabolic state could be reproduced in a cellular model, where we found that the rate of electron transfer to MB was of the same order of magnitude as that of normal cellular metabolism. Notably, the large increase in cellular oxygen consumption caused by MB was relatively indifferent to the status of the mitochondrial respiratory chain: oxygen consumption persisted even when the respiratory chain was inhibited or absent (using inhibitors and cells deficient in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation); yet MB did not impede mitochondrial ATP production in control conditions. We present evidence that after being reduced into leuco-methylene blue (LMB) in presence of reducing molecules that are physiologically found in cells (such as NADH), the re-oxidation of LMB by oxygen can account for the increased oxygen consumption observed in vivo. In conditions of acute mitochondrial dysfunction, these MB redox cycling properties allow the rescue of the glycolysis activity and Krebs cycle through an alternate route of oxidation of NADH (or other potential reduced molecules), which accumulation would have otherwise exerted negative feedback on these metabolic pathways. Our most intriguing finding is that re-oxidization of MB by oxygen ultimately results in an in vivo matching between the increase in the rate of O2 consumed, by MB re-oxidation, and the rate of CO2, produced by the intermediate metabolism, imitating the fundamental coupling between the glycolysis/Krebs cycle and the mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bouillaud
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F75014, France.
| | - C Ransy
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F75014, France
| | - M Moreau
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F75014, France
| | - J Benhaim
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F75014, France
| | - A Lombès
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F75014, France
| | - P Haouzi
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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14
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Varesi A, Chirumbolo S, Campagnoli LIM, Pierella E, Piccini GB, Carrara A, Ricevuti G, Scassellati C, Bonvicini C, Pascale A. The Role of Antioxidants in the Interplay between Oxidative Stress and Senescence. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1224. [PMID: 35883714 PMCID: PMC9311946 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an irreversible state of cell cycle arrest occurring in response to stressful stimuli, such as telomere attrition, DNA damage, reactive oxygen species, and oncogenic proteins. Although beneficial and protective in several physiological processes, an excessive senescent cell burden has been involved in various pathological conditions including aging, tissue dysfunction and chronic diseases. Oxidative stress (OS) can drive senescence due to a loss of balance between pro-oxidant stimuli and antioxidant defences. Therefore, the identification and characterization of antioxidant compounds capable of preventing or counteracting the senescent phenotype is of major interest. However, despite the considerable number of studies, a comprehensive overview of the main antioxidant molecules capable of counteracting OS-induced senescence is still lacking. Here, besides a brief description of the molecular mechanisms implicated in OS-mediated aging, we review and discuss the role of enzymes, mitochondria-targeting compounds, vitamins, carotenoids, organosulfur compounds, nitrogen non-protein molecules, minerals, flavonoids, and non-flavonoids as antioxidant compounds with an anti-aging potential, therefore offering insights into innovative lifespan-extending approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Varesi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Almo Collegio Borromeo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy;
| | | | - Elisa Pierella
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
| | | | - Adelaide Carrara
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Ricevuti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Catia Scassellati
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Cristian Bonvicini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
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15
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HMTM-Mediated Enhancement of Brain Bioenergetics in a Mouse Tauopathy Model Is Blocked by Chronic Administration of Rivastigmine. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040867. [PMID: 35453617 PMCID: PMC9029156 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The tau protein aggregation inhibitor hydromethylthionine mesylate (HMTM) was shown recently to have concentration-dependent pharmacological activity in delaying cognitive decline and brain atrophy in phase 3 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) clinical trials; the activity was reduced in patients receiving symptomatic therapies. The methylthionine (MT) moiety has been reported to increase the clearance of pathological tau and to enhance mitochondrial activity, which is impaired in AD patients. In line 1 (L1) mice (a model of AD), HMTM (5/15 mg/kg) was administered either as a monotherapy or as an add-on to a chronic administration with the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine (0.1/0.5 mg/kg) to explore mitochondrial function and energy substrate utilization as potential targets of drug interference. Compared with wild-type NMRI mice, the L1 mice accumulated greater levels of l-lactate and of the LDH-A subunit responsible for the conversion of pyruvate into l-lactate. In contrast, the levels of LDH-B and mitochondrial ETC subunits and the activity of complexes I and IV was not altered in the L1 mice. The activity of complex I and complex IV tended to increase with the HMTM dosing, in turn decreasing l-lactate accumulation in the brains of the L1 mice, despite increasing the levels of LDH-A. The chronic pre-dosing of the L1 mice with rivastigmine partially prevented the enhancement of the activity of complexes I and IV by HMTM and the increase in the levels of LDH-A while further reducing the levels of l-lactate. Thus, HMTM in combination with rivastigmine leads to a depletion in the energy substrate l-lactate, despite bioenergetic production not being favoured. In this study, the changes in l-lactate appear to be regulated by LDH-A, since neither of the experimental conditions affected the levels of LDH-B. The data show that HMTM monotherapy facilitates the use of substrates for energy production, particularly l-lactate, which is provided by astrocytes, additionally demonstrating that a chronic pre-treatment with rivastigmine prevented most of the HMTM-associated effects.
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16
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Kulkarni AS, Aleksic S, Berger DM, Sierra F, Kuchel G, Barzilai N. Geroscience-guided repurposing of FDA-approved drugs to target aging: A proposed process and prioritization. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13596. [PMID: 35343051 PMCID: PMC9009114 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Common chronic diseases represent the greatest driver of rising healthcare costs, as well as declining function, independence, and quality of life. Geroscience-guided approaches seek to delay the onset and progression of multiple chronic conditions by targeting fundamental biological pathways of aging. This approach is more likely to improve overall health and function in old age than treating individual diseases, by addressing aging the largest and mostly ignored risk factor for the leading causes of morbidity in older adults. Nevertheless, challenges in repurposing existing and moving newly discovered interventions from the bench to clinical care have impeded the progress of this potentially transformational paradigm shift. In this article, we propose the creation of a standardized process for evaluating FDA-approved medications for their geroscience potential. Criteria for systematically evaluating the existing literature that spans from animal models to human studies will permit the prioritization of efforts and financial investments for translating geroscience and allow immediate progress on the design of the next Targeting Aging with MEtformin (TAME)-like study involving such candidate gerotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya S. Kulkarni
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
- Present address:
AbbVie Inc.North ChicagoIL60064USA.
| | - Sandra Aleksic
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Geriatrics)Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - David M. Berger
- Department of Medicine (Hospital Medicine)Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Felipe Sierra
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - George A. Kuchel
- UConn Center on AgingUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineFarmingtonConnecticutUSA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
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17
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Farmoudeh A, enayatifard R, Saeedi M, Talavaki F, Ghasemi M, Akbari J, Nokhodchi A. Methylene blue loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: Preparation, optimization, and in-vivo burn healing assessment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Kondak C, Riedel G, Harrington CR, Wischik CM, Klein J. Hydromethylthionine enhancement of central cholinergic signalling is blocked by rivastigmine and memantine. J Neurochem 2021; 160:172-184. [PMID: 34855998 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevention of tau protein aggregations is a therapeutic goal for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and hydromethylthionine (HMT) (also known as leucomethylthioninium-mesylate [LMTM]), is a potent inhibitor of tau aggregation in vitro and in vivo. In two Phase 3 clinical trials in AD, HMT had greater pharmacological activity on clinical endpoints in patients not receiving approved symptomatic treatments for AD (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and/or memantine) despite different mechanisms of action. To investigate this drug interaction in an animal model, we used tau-transgenic L1 and wild-type NMRI mice treated with rivastigmine or memantine prior to adding HMT, and measured changes in hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) by microdialysis. HMT given alone doubled hippocampal ACh levels in both mouse lines and increased stimulated ACh release induced by exploration of the open field or by infusion of scopolamine. Rivastigmine increased ACh release in both mouse lines, whereas memantine was more active in tau-transgenic L1 mice. Importantly, our study revealed a negative interaction between HMT and symptomatic AD drugs: the HMT effect was completely eliminated in mice that had been pre-treated with either rivastigmine or memantine. Rivastigmine was found to inhibit AChE, whereas HMT and memantine had no effects on AChE or on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The interactions observed in this study demonstrate that HMT enhances cholinergic activity in mouse brain by a mechanism of action unrelated to AChE inhibition. Our findings establish that the drug interaction that was first observed clinically has a neuropharmacological basis and is not restricted to animals with tau aggregation pathology. Given the importance of the cholinergic system for memory function, the potential for commonly used AD drugs to interfere with the treatment effects of disease-modifying drugs needs to be taken into account in the design of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Kondak
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Translational Neuroscience, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.,Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gernot Riedel
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Translational Neuroscience, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Charles R Harrington
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Translational Neuroscience, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.,TauRx Therapeutics Ltd, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Claude M Wischik
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Translational Neuroscience, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.,TauRx Therapeutics Ltd, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Jochen Klein
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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19
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Xue H, Thaivalappil A, Cao K. The Potentials of Methylene Blue as an Anti-Aging Drug. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123379. [PMID: 34943887 PMCID: PMC8699482 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB), as the first fully man-made medicine, has a wide range of clinical applications. Apart from its well-known applications in surgical staining, malaria, and methemoglobinemia, the anti-oxidative properties of MB recently brought new attention to this century-old drug. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed in systematic aging that affects many different tissues, including the brain and skin. This leads to increaseding oxidative stress and results in downstream phenotypes under age-related conditions. MB can bypass Complex I/III activity in mitochondria and diminish oxidative stress to some degree. This review summarizes the recent studies on the applications of MB in treating age-related conditions, including neurodegeneration, memory loss, skin aging, and a premature aging disease, progeria.
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20
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Lim DJ. Methylene Blue-Based Nano and Microparticles: Fabrication and Applications in Photodynamic Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3955. [PMID: 34833254 PMCID: PMC8618133 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) has been used in the textile industry since it was first extracted by the German chemist Heinrich Caro. Its pharmacological properties have also been applied toward the treatment of certain diseases such as methemoglobinemia, ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, and thyroid conditions requiring surgery. Recently, the utilization of MB as a safe photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received attention. Recent findings demonstrate that photoactivated MB exhibits not only anticancer activity but also antibacterial activity both in vitro and in vivo. However, due to the hydrophilic nature of MB, it is difficult to create MB-embedded nano- or microparticles capable of increasing the clinical efficacy of the PDT. This review aims to summarize fabrication techniques for MB-embedded nano and microparticles and to provide both in vitro and in vivo examples of MB-mediated PDT, thereby offering a future perspective on improving this promising clinical treatment modality. We also address examples of MB-mediated PDT in both cancer and infection treatments. Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies are summarized here to document recent trends in utilizing MB as an effective photosensitizer in PDT. Lastly, we discuss how developing efficient MB-carrying nano- and microparticle platforms would be able to increase the benefits of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0012, USA
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21
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Schwab K, Melis V, Harrington CR, Wischik CM, Magbagbeolu M, Theuring F, Riedel G. Proteomic Analysis of Hydromethylthionine in the Line 66 Model of Frontotemporal Dementia Demonstrates Actions on Tau-Dependent and Tau-Independent Networks. Cells 2021; 10:2162. [PMID: 34440931 PMCID: PMC8391171 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal aggregation of tau is the pathological hallmark of tauopathies including frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We have generated tau-transgenic mice that express the aggregation-prone P301S human tau (line 66). These mice present with early-onset, high tau load in brain and FTD-like behavioural deficiencies. Several of these behavioural phenotypes and tau pathology are reversed by treatment with hydromethylthionine but key pathways underlying these corrections remain elusive. In two proteomic experiments, line 66 mice were compared with wild-type mice and then vehicle and hydromethylthionine treatments of line 66 mice were compared. The brain proteome was investigated using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to identify protein networks and pathways that were altered due to tau overexpression or modified by hydromethylthionine treatment. Overexpression of mutant tau induced metabolic/mitochondrial dysfunction, changes in synaptic transmission and in stress responses, and these functions were recovered by hydromethylthionine. Other pathways, such as NRF2, oxidative phosphorylation and protein ubiquitination were activated by hydromethylthionine, presumably independent of its function as a tau aggregation inhibitor. Our results suggest that hydromethylthionine recovers cellular activity in both a tau-dependent and a tau-independent fashion that could lead to a wide-spread improvement of homeostatic function in the FTD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Schwab
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.S.); (V.M.); (C.R.H.); (C.M.W.)
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (M.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Valeria Melis
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.S.); (V.M.); (C.R.H.); (C.M.W.)
| | - Charles R. Harrington
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.S.); (V.M.); (C.R.H.); (C.M.W.)
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., 395 King Street, Aberdeen AB24 5RP, UK
| | - Claude M. Wischik
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.S.); (V.M.); (C.R.H.); (C.M.W.)
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., 395 King Street, Aberdeen AB24 5RP, UK
| | - Mandy Magbagbeolu
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (M.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Franz Theuring
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (M.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Gernot Riedel
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.S.); (V.M.); (C.R.H.); (C.M.W.)
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22
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Wiklund L, Sharma A, Patnaik R, Muresanu DF, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Sharma HS. Upregulation of hemeoxygenase enzymes HO-1 and HO-2 following ischemia-reperfusion injury in connection with experimental cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Neuroprotective effects of methylene blue. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 265:317-375. [PMID: 34560924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in neuronal injuries after cardiac arrest. Increased production of carbon monoxide (CO) by the enzyme hemeoxygenase (HO) in the brain is induced by the oxidative stress. HO is present in the CNS in two isoforms, namely the inducible HO-1 and the constitutive HO-2. Elevated levels of serum HO-1 occurs in cardiac arrest patients and upregulation of HO-1 in cardiac arrest is seen in the neurons. However, the role of HO-2 in cardiac arrest is not well known. In this review involvement of HO-1 and HO-2 enzymes in the porcine brain following cardiac arrest and resuscitation is discussed based on our own observations. In addition, neuroprotective role of methylene blue- an antioxidant dye on alterations in HO under in cardiac arrest is also presented. The biochemical findings of HO-1 and HO-2 enzymes using ELISA were further confirmed by immunocytochemical approach to localize selective regional alterations in cardiac arrest. Our observations are the first to show that cardiac arrest followed by successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation results in significant alteration in cerebral concentrations of HO-1 and HO-2 levels indicating a prominent role of CO in brain pathology and methylene blue during CPR followed by induced hypothermia leading to superior neuroprotection after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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23
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Ye Z, Li X, Zheng D, Pei S, Cheng P, Zhang L, Zhu L. Intravitreally Injected Methylene Blue Protects Retina against Acute Ocular Hypertension in Rats. Curr Eye Res 2021; 47:91-101. [PMID: 34165383 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1948062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the neuroprotective effects of methylene blue (MB) in a rat model of acute ocular hypertension (AOH) and explore its possible mechanisms.Methods: Our AOH rat model was obtained with anterior chamber perfusion for 60 min. After that, 100 μM MB was injected into the vitreous cavity immediately after injury. Electroretinogram, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and retina morphology examination were utilized to quantify retinal damage before surgery, as well as 7, 14 and 28 days after. The average number of surviving retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was counted after fluorescent retrograde labelling with 4% DiI. And TUNEL assay was used to investigate retinal cell apoptosis at 24 hours after AOH. Nrf2 and BACE1 in the retina were determined by RT-qPCR analysis.Results: AOH did produce a severe degeneration effect on the whole retinal layer. Intravitreally injected MB maintained certain retinal thickness after AOH, reduced the destruction of electroretinograms, and enhanced RGCs survival. The average number of TUNEL-labelled cells statistically reduced in the MB-treated retina tissue compared with retina treated with normal saline. The relative mRNA level of Nrf2 was also much higher in the MB-treated retinas after AOH, and the expression of BACE1 had a decline in the AOH + MB group.Conclusions: MB can protect the retina from AOH injury and the possible mechanism might involve the inhibition of BACE1 expression and the activation of Nrf2 antioxidant pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ye
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Henan Provincial People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dongliang Zheng
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuaili Pei
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pei Cheng
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lishu Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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24
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Methylene blue can act as an antidote to pesticide poisoning of bumble bee mitochondria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14710. [PMID: 34282204 PMCID: PMC8289979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The population of bumble bees and other pollinators has considerably declined worldwide, probably, due to the toxic effect of pesticides used in agriculture. Inexpensive and available antidotes can be one of the solutions for the problem of pesticide toxicity for pollinators. We studied the properties of the thiazine dye Methylene blue (MB) as an antidote against the toxic action of pesticides in the bumble bee mitochondria and found that MB stimulated mitochondrial respiration mediated by Complex I of the electron transport chain (ETC) and increased respiration of the mitochondria treated with mitochondria-targeted (chlorfenapyr, hydramethylnon, pyridaben, tolfenpyrad, and fenazaquin) and non-mitochondrial (deltamethrin, metribuzin, and penconazole) pesticides. MB also restored the mitochondrial membrane potential dissipated by the pesticides affecting the ETC. The mechanism of MB action is most probably related to its ability to shunt electron flow in the mitochondrial ETC.
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25
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Ultraviolet radiation protection potentials of Methylene Blue for human skin and coral reef health. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10871. [PMID: 34050204 PMCID: PMC8163870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) is a century-old medicine, a laboratory dye, and recently shown as a premier antioxidant that combats ROS-induced cellular aging in human skins. Given MB's molecular structure and light absorption properties, we hypothesize that MB has the potential to be considered as a sunscreen active for UV radiation protection. In this study, we tested the effects of MB on UVB ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks in primary human keratinocytes. We found that MB treatment reduced DNA damages caused by UVB irradiation and subsequent cell death. Next, we compared MB with Oxybenzone, which is the most commonly used chemical active ingredient in sunscreens but recently proven to be hazardous to aquatic ecosystems, in particular to coral reefs. At the same concentrations, MB showed more effective UVB absorption ability than Oxybenzone and significantly outperformed Oxybenzone in the prevention of UVB-induced DNA damage and the clearance of UVA-induced cellular ROS. Furthermore, unlike Oxybenzone, MB-containing seawater did not affect the growth of the coral species Xenia umbellata. Altogether, our study suggests that MB has the potential to be a coral reef-friendly sunscreen active ingredient that can provide broad-spectrum protection against UVA and UVB.
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26
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Riedel G, Klein J, Niewiadomska G, Kondak C, Schwab K, Lauer D, Magbagbeolu M, Steczkowska M, Zadrozny M, Wydrych M, Cranston A, Melis V, Santos RX, Theuring F, Harrington CR, Wischik CM. Mechanisms of Anticholinesterase Interference with Tau Aggregation Inhibitor Activity in a Tau-Transgenic Mouse Model. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:285-296. [PMID: 32091331 PMCID: PMC7403648 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200224120926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Symptomatic treatments of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) with cholinesterase inhibitors and/or memantine are relatively ineffective and there is a need for new treatments targeting the underlying pathology of AD. In most of the failed disease-modifying trials, patients have been allowed to continue taking symptomatic treatments at stable doses, under the assumption that they do not impair efficacy. In recently completed Phase 3 trials testing the tau aggregation inhibitor leuco-methylthioninium bis (hydromethane-sulfonate) (LMTM), we found significant differences in treatment response according to whether patients were taking LMTM either as monotherapy or as an add-on to symptomatic treatments. Methods We have examined the effect of either LMTM alone or chronic rivastigmine prior to LMTM treatment of tau transgenic mice expressing the short tau fragment that constitutes the tangle filaments of AD. We have measured acetylcholine levels, synaptosomal glutamate release, synaptic proteins, mitochondrial complex IV activity, tau pathology and Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity. Results LMTM given alone increased hippocampal Acetylcholine (ACh) levels, glutamate release from synaptosomal preparations, synaptophysin levels in multiple brain regions and mitochondrial complex IV activity, reduced tau pathology, partially restored ChAT immunoreactivity in the basal forebrain and reversed deficits in spatial learning. Chronic pretreatment with rivastigmine was found to reduce or eliminate almost all these effects, apart from a reduction in tau aggregation pathology. LMTM effects on hippocampal ACh and synaptophysin levels were also reduced in wild-type mice. Conclusion The interference with the pharmacological activity of LMTM by a cholinesterase inhibitor can be reproduced in a tau transgenic mouse model and, to a lesser extent, in wild-type mice. Long-term pretreatment with a symptomatic drug alters a broad range of brain responses to LMTM across different transmitter systems and cellular compartments at multiple levels of brain function. There is, therefore, no single locus for the negative interaction. Rather, the chronic neuronal activation induced by reducing cholinesterase function produces compensatory homeostatic downregulation in multiple neuronal systems. This reduces a broad range of treatment responses to LMTM associated with a reduction in tau aggregation pathology. Since the interference is dictated by homeostatic responses to prior symptomatic treatment, it is likely that there would be similar interference with other drugs tested as add-on to the existing symptomatic treatment, regardless of the intended therapeutic target or mode of action. The present findings outline key results that now provide a working model to explain interference by symptomatic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Riedel
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Jochen Klein
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Grazyna Niewiadomska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Constantin Kondak
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karima Schwab
- Charite-Institute of Pharmacology, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dilyara Lauer
- Charite-Institute of Pharmacology, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mandy Magbagbeolu
- Charite-Institute of Pharmacology, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Steczkowska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, 5 Pawinski Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Zadrozny
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, 5 Pawinski Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Wydrych
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, 5 Pawinski Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Cranston
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Melis
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Renato X Santos
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Franz Theuring
- Charite-Institute of Pharmacology, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charles R Harrington
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.,TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., 395 King Street, Aberdeen AB24 5RP, United Kingdom
| | - Claude M Wischik
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.,TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., 395 King Street, Aberdeen AB24 5RP, United Kingdom
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27
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Shiells H, Schelter BO, Bentham P, Baddeley TC, Rubino CM, Ganesan H, Hammel J, Vuksanovic V, Staff RT, Murray AD, Bracoud L, Wischik DJ, Riedel G, Gauthier S, Jia J, Moebius HJ, Hardlund J, Kipps CM, Kook K, Storey JMD, Harrington CR, Wischik CM. Concentration-Dependent Activity of Hydromethylthionine on Clinical Decline and Brain Atrophy in a Randomized Controlled Trial in Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:501-519. [PMID: 32280089 PMCID: PMC7306898 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydromethylthionine is a potent inhibitor of pathological aggregation of tau and TDP-43 proteins. OBJECTIVE To compare hydromethylthionine treatment effects at two doses and to determine how drug exposure is related to treatment response in bvFTD. METHODS We undertook a 52-week Phase III study in 220 bvFTD patients randomized to compare hydromethylthionine at 200 mg/day and 8 mg/day (intended as a control). The principal outcomes were change on the Addenbrookes Cognitive Examination - Revised (ACE-R), the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ), and whole brain volume. Secondary outcomes included Modified Clinical Global Impression of Change (Modified-CGIC). A population pharmacokinetic exposure-response analysis was undertaken in 175 of the patients with available blood samples and outcome data using a discriminatory plasma assay for the parent drug. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the two doses as randomized. There were steep concentration-response relationships for plasma levels in the range 0.3-0.6 ng/ml at the 8 mg/day dose on clinical and MRI outcomes. There were significant exposure-dependent differences at 8 mg/day for FAQ, Modified-CGIC, and whole brain atrophy comparing patients with plasma levels greater than 0.346 ng/ml with having minimal drug exposure. The exposure-response is biphasic with worse outcomes at the high concentrations produced by 200 mg/day. CONCLUSIONS Hydromethylthionine has a similar concentration-response profile for effects on clinical decline and brain atrophy at the 8 mg/day dose in bvFTD as recently reported in AD. Treatment responses in bvFTD are predicted to be maximal at doses in the range 20-60 mg/day. A confirmatory placebo-controlled trial is now planned.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bjoern O Schelter
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Aberdeen, UK.,Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Thomas C Baddeley
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Aberdeen, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Harish Ganesan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacodynamics, Schenectady, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hammel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacodynamics, Schenectady, NY, USA
| | - Vesna Vuksanovic
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Roger T Staff
- Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alison D Murray
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Damon J Wischik
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Aberdeen, UK.,Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gernot Riedel
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Serge Gauthier
- McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jianping Jia
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Alzheimer's Disease Centre, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | - John M D Storey
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Aberdeen, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Charles R Harrington
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Aberdeen, UK.,School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Claude M Wischik
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Aberdeen, UK.,School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
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28
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Schwab N, Ju Y, Hazrati LN. Early onset senescence and cognitive impairment in a murine model of repeated mTBI. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:82. [PMID: 33964983 PMCID: PMC8106230 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) results in broad neurological symptoms and an increased risk of being diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease later in life. While the immediate oxidative stress response and post-mortem pathology of the injured brain has been well studied, it remains unclear how early pathogenic changes may drive persistent symptoms and confer susceptibility to neurodegeneration. In this study we have used a mouse model of repeated mTBI (rmTBI) to identify early gene expression changes at 24 h or 7 days post-injury (7 dpi). At 24 h post-injury, gene expression of rmTBI mice shows activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) towards double strand DNA breaks, altered calcium and cell–cell signalling, and inhibition of cell death pathways. By 7 dpi, rmTBI mice had a gene expression signature consistent with induction of cellular senescence, activation of neurodegenerative processes, and inhibition of the DDR. At both timepoints gliosis, microgliosis, and axonal damage were evident in the absence of any gross lesion, and by 7 dpi rmTBI also mice had elevated levels of IL1β, p21, 53BP1, DNA2, and p53, supportive of DNA damage-induced cellular senescence. These gene expression changes reflect establishment of processes usually linked to brain aging and suggests that cellular senescence occurs early and most likely prior to the accumulation of toxic proteins. These molecular changes were accompanied by spatial learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze. To conclude, we have identified DNA damage-induced cellular senescence as a repercussion of repeated mild traumatic brain injury which correlates with cognitive impairment. Pathways involved in senescence may represent viable treatment targets of post-concussive syndrome. Senescence has been proposed to promote neurodegeneration and appears as an effective target to prevent long-term complications of mTBI, such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy and other related neurodegenerative pathologies.
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29
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Gumeni S, Vantaggiato C, Montopoli M, Orso G. Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia and Future Therapeutic Directions: Beneficial Effects of Small Compounds Acting on Cellular Stress. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:660714. [PMID: 34025345 PMCID: PMC8134669 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.660714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of inherited neurodegenerative conditions that share a characteristic feature of degeneration of the longest axons within the corticospinal tract, which leads to progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs. Mutations of over 70 genes produce defects in various biological pathways: axonal transport, lipid metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) shaping, mitochondrial function, and endosomal trafficking. HSPs suffer from an adequate therapeutic plan. Currently the treatments foreseen for patients affected by this pathology are physiotherapy, to maintain the outgoing tone, and muscle relaxant therapies for spasticity. Very few clinical studies have been conducted, and it's urgent to implement preclinical animal studies devoted to pharmacological test and screening, to expand the rose of compounds potentially attractive for clinical trials. Small animal models, such as Drosophila melanogaster and zebrafish, have been generated, analyzed, and used as preclinical model for screening of compounds and their effects. In this work, we briefly described the role of HSP-linked proteins in the organization of ER endomembrane system and in the regulation of ER homeostasis and stress as a common pathological mechanism for these HSP forms. We then focused our attention on the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic features of some recently identified molecules with antioxidant property, such as salubrinal, guanabenz, N-acetyl cysteine, methylene blue, rapamycin, and naringenin, and on their potential use in future clinical studies. Expanding the models and the pharmacological screening for HSP disease is necessary to give an opportunity to patients and clinicians to test new molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sentiljana Gumeni
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Chiara Vantaggiato
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Genny Orso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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30
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Méndez M, Fidalgo C, Arias JL, Arias N. Methylene blue and photobiomodulation recover cognitive impairment in hepatic encephalopathy through different effects on cytochrome c-oxidase. Behav Brain Res 2021; 403:113164. [PMID: 33549685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in hepatic encephalopathy (HE), due to changes in enzyme cytochrome c-oxidase (CCO), causing a decline in brain metabolism. We used an HE animal model and applied intracranial administration of methylene blue (MB) and transcranial photobiomodulation (PBM), both targeting CCO, to determine their differential effects on recovering cognition. Five groups of rats were used: sham-operated group + saline (SHAM + SAL, n = 6), hepatic encephalopathy + SAL (HE + SAL, n = 7), SHAM + methylene blue (SHAM + MB, n = 7), HE + MB (n = 7), HE + PBM (n = 7). PBM animals were exposed transcranially to 670 +/- 10 nm LED light at a dose of 9 J/cm2 once a day for 7 days, and the MB and SAL groups were injected with 2.2 μg/0.5 μL in the accumbens. Cognitive dysfunction was evaluated on a striatal stimulus-response task using the Morris water maze. Our results showed cognitive improvement in the HE group when treated with MB. This improvement was accompanied by a decrease in CCO activity in the prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, and dorsal hippocampus. When comparing MB and PBM, we found that, although both treatments effectively improved the HE-memory deficit, there was a differential effect on CCO. A general decrease in CCO activity was found in the prefrontal and entorhinal cortices, dorsal striatum, and hippocampus when PBM, compared to MB, was applied. Our results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction and brain metabolic decline in HE might involve CCO alteration and can be improved by administering MB and PBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Méndez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, Oviedo, 33003, Spain; INEUROPA, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Camino Fidalgo
- INEUROPA, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Departamento de Psicología y Sociología, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ciudad Escolar s/n, Teruel, 44003, Spain
| | - Jorge L Arias
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, Oviedo, 33003, Spain; INEUROPA, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Natalia Arias
- INEUROPA, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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31
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Prašnikar E, Borišek J, Perdih A. Senescent cells as promising targets to tackle age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 66:101251. [PMID: 33385543 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As the world's population progressively ages, the burden on the socio-economic and health systems is escalating, demanding sustainable and lasting solutions. Cellular senescence, one of the hallmarks of ageing, is a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest that occurs in response to various genotoxic stressors and is considered an important factor in the development of many age-related diseases and therefore a potential therapeutic target. Here, the role of senescent cells in age-related diseases is discussed, focusing on their formation and main characteristics. The mechanisms leading to senescent cells are presented, including replicative and premature senescence as well as senescence that occurs in various physiological processes, such as wound healing. The second part comprises a comprehensive description of various biomarkers currently used for the detection of senescent cells along with the investigated therapeutic approaches, namely senolytics, senomorphics and the clearance of senescent cells by the immune system. Potential delivery systems suitable for such therapies and model organisms to study senescence are also briefly examined. This in-depth overview of cellular senescence contributes to a deeper understanding of a rapidly evolving area aimed to tackle the age-related diseases in a more mechanistic way, as well as highlights future research opportunities.
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32
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Jansen van Vuren E, Steyn SF, Brink CB, Möller M, Viljoen FP, Harvey BH. The neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19: Interactions with psychiatric illness and pharmacological treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111200. [PMID: 33421734 PMCID: PMC7834135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of the corona virus disease (COVID-19) has had major global impact. The relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection and psychiatric diseases is of great concern, with an evident link between corona virus infections and various central and peripheral nervous system manifestations. Unmitigated neuro-inflammation has been noted to underlie not only the severe respiratory complications of the disease but is also present in a range of neuro-psychiatric illnesses. Several neurological and psychiatric disorders are characterized by immune-inflammatory states, while treatments for these disorders have distinct anti-inflammatory properties and effects. With inflammation being a common contributing factor in SARS-CoV-2, as well as psychiatric disorders, treatment of either condition may affect disease progression of the other or alter response to pharmacological treatment. In this review, we elucidate how viral infections could affect pre-existing psychiatric conditions and how pharmacological treatments of these conditions may affect overall progress and outcome in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. We address whether any treatment-induced benefits and potential adverse effects may ultimately affect the overall treatment approach, considering the underlying dysregulated neuro-inflammatory processes and potential drug interactions. Finally, we suggest adjunctive treatment options for SARS-CoV-2-associated neuro-psychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmé Jansen van Vuren
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Stephan F Steyn
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Christiaan B Brink
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Marisa Möller
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Francois P Viljoen
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; South African MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Sváb G, Kokas M, Sipos I, Ambrus A, Tretter L. Methylene Blue Bridges the Inhibition and Produces Unusual Respiratory Changes in Complex III-Inhibited Mitochondria. Studies on Rats, Mice and Guinea Pigs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020305. [PMID: 33669457 PMCID: PMC7920423 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) is used in human therapy in various pathological conditions. Its effects in neurodegenerative disease models are promising. MB acts on multiple cellular targets and mechanisms, but many of its potential beneficial effects are ascribed to be mitochondrial. According to the “alternative electron transport” hypothesis, MB is capable of donating electrons to cytochrome c bypassing complex I and III. As a consequence of this, the deleterious effects of the inhibitors of complex I and III can be ameliorated by MB. Recently, the beneficial effects of MB exerted on complex III-inhibited mitochondria were debated. In the present contribution, several pieces of evidence are provided towards that MB is able to reduce cytochrome c and improve bioenergetic parameters, like respiration and membrane potential, in mitochondria treated with complex III inhibitors, either antimycin or myxothiazol. These conclusions were drawn from measurements for mitochondrial oxygen consumption, membrane potential, NAD(P)H steady state, MB uptake and MB-cytochrome c oxidoreduction. In the presence of MB and complex III inhibitors, unusual respiratory reactions, like decreased oxygen consumption as a response to ADP addition as well as stimulation of respiration upon administration of inhibitors of ATP synthase or ANT, were observed. Qualitatively identical results were obtained in three rodent species. The actual metabolic status of mitochondria is well reflected in the distribution of MB amongst various compartments of this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Sváb
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology MTA-SE, Semmelweis University, POB. 262 Budapest, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Márton Kokas
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology MTA-SE, Semmelweis University, POB. 262 Budapest, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Ildikó Sipos
- Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University, POB. 262 Budapest, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Attila Ambrus
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology MTA-SE, Semmelweis University, POB. 262 Budapest, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - László Tretter
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology MTA-SE, Semmelweis University, POB. 262 Budapest, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1-459-1500/60010
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Zhu H, Dronamraju V, Xie W, More SS. Sulfur-containing therapeutics in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:305-352. [PMID: 33613018 PMCID: PMC7889054 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur is widely existent in natural products and synthetic organic compounds as organosulfur, which are often associated with a multitude of biological activities. OBenzothiazole, in which benzene ring is fused to the 4,5-positions of the thiazolerganosulfur compounds continue to garner increasing amounts of attention in the field of medicinal chemistry, especially in the development of therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a fatal neurodegenerative disease and the primary cause of age-related dementia posing severe societal and economic burdens. Unfortunately, there is no cure for AD. A lot of research has been conducted on sulfur-containing compounds in the context of AD due to their innate antioxidant potential and some are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review, we have described emerging trends in the field, particularly the concept of multi-targeting and formulation of disease-modifying strategies. SAR, pharmacological targets, in vitro/vivo ADMET, efficacy in AD animal models, and applications in clinical trials of such sulfur compounds have also been discussed. This article provides a comprehensive review of organosulfur-based AD therapeutic agents and provides insights into their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhou Zhu
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Venkateshwara Dronamraju
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wei Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Swati S. More
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Oakley SS, Maina MB, Marshall KE, Al-Hilaly YK, Harrington CR, Wischik CM, Serpell LC. Tau Filament Self-Assembly and Structure: Tau as a Therapeutic Target. Front Neurol 2020; 11:590754. [PMID: 33281730 PMCID: PMC7688747 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.590754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau plays an important pathological role in a group of neurodegenerative diseases called tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy and corticobasal degeneration. In each disease, tau self-assembles abnormally to form filaments that deposit in the brain. Tau is a natively unfolded protein that can adopt distinct structures in different pathological disorders. Cryo-electron microscopy has recently provided a series of structures for the core of the filaments purified from brain tissue from patients with different tauopathies and revealed that they share a common core region, while differing in their specific conformation. This structurally resolvable part of the core is contained within a proteolytically stable core region from the repeat domain initially isolated from AD tau filaments. Tau has recently become an important target for therapy. Recent work has suggested that the prevention of tau self-assembly may be effective in slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Here we review the work that explores the importance of tau filament structures and tau self-assembly mechanisms, as well as examining model systems that permit the exploration of the mode of action of potential inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian S. Oakley
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmoud B. Maina
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- College of Medical Sciences, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria
| | - Karen E. Marshall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Youssra K. Al-Hilaly
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Charlie R. Harrington
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Claude M. Wischik
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Louise C. Serpell
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Liu J, Bandyopadhyay I, Zheng L, Khdour OM, Hecht SM. Antiferroptotic Activity of Phenothiazine Analogues: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Oxidative Stress Related Disease. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2165-2173. [PMID: 33214825 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-catalyzed, nonapoptotic form of regulated necrosis that has been implicated in the pathological cell death associated with various disorders including neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease), stroke, and traumatic brain injury. Recently, we showed that lipophilic methylene blue (MB) and methylene violet (MV) analogues both promoted increased frataxin levels and mitochondrial biogenesis, in addition to their antioxidant activity in cultured FRDA cells. Presently, we report the synthesis of series of lipophilic phenothiazine analogues that potently inhibit ferroptosis. The most promising compounds (1b-5b) exhibited an improved protection compared to the parent phenothiazine against erastin- and RSL3-induced ferroptotic cell death. These analogues have equivalent or better potency than ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and liproxstatin-1 (Lip-1), that are among the most potent inhibitors of this regulated cell death described so far. They represent novel lead compounds with therapeutic potential in relevant ferroptosis-driven disease models such as FRDA.
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Sharma HS, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Muresanu DF, Nozari A, Castellani RJ, Lafuente JV, Wiklund L, Sharma A. Protein kinase inhibitors in traumatic brain injury and repair: New roles of nanomedicine. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 258:233-283. [PMID: 33223036 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes physical injury to the cell membranes of neurons, glial and axons causing the release of several neurochemicals including glutamate and cytokines altering cell-signaling pathways. Upregulation of mitogen associated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) occurs that is largely responsible for cell death. The pharmacological blockade of these pathways results in cell survival. In this review role of several protein kinase inhibitors on TBI induced oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier breakdown, brain edema formation, and resulting brain pathology is discussed in the light of current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Moore T, Yanes RE, Calton MA, Vollrath D, Enns GM, Cowan TM. AMP-independent activator of AMPK for treatment of mitochondrial disorders. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240517. [PMID: 33052980 PMCID: PMC7556449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a clinically heterogenous group of disorders caused by respiratory chain dysfunction and associated with progressive, multi-systemic phenotype. There is no effective treatment or cure, and no FDA-approved drug for treating mitochondrial disease. To identify and characterize potential therapeutic compounds, we developed an in vitro screening assay and identified a group of direct AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators originally developed for the treatment of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Unlike previously investigated AMPK agonists such as AICAR, these compounds allosterically activate AMPK in an AMP-independent manner, thereby increasing specificity and decreasing pleiotropic effects. The direct AMPK activator PT1 significantly improved mitochondrial function in assays of cellular respiration, energy status, and cellular redox. PT1 also protected against retinal degeneration in a mouse model of photoreceptor degeneration associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, further supporting the therapeutic potential of AMP-independent AMPK agonists in the treatment of mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Moore
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Rolando E. Yanes
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Calton
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Douglas Vollrath
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Gregory M. Enns
- Department of Pediatrics (Medical Genetics), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Tina M. Cowan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yuan X, Wang L, Tandon N, Sun H, Tian J, Du H, Pascual JM, Guo L. Triheptanoin Mitigates Brain ATP Depletion and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:425-437. [PMID: 33016909 PMCID: PMC8502101 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain energy failure is an early pathological event associated with synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, mitigation or enhancement of brain energy metabolism may offer a therapeutic avenue. However, there is uncertainty as to what metabolic process(es) may be more appropriate to support or augment since metabolism is a multiform process such that each of the various metabolic precursors available is utilized via a specific metabolic pathway. In the brain, these pathways sustain not only a robust rate of energy production but also of carbon replenishment. OBJECTIVE Triheptanoin, an edible odd-chain fatty acid triglyceride, is uncommon in that it replenishes metabolites in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle via anaplerosis in addition to fueling the cycle via oxidation, thus potentially leading to both carbon replenishment and enhanced mitochondrial ATP production. METHODS To test the hypothesis that triheptanoin is protective in AD, we supplied mice with severe brain amyloidosis (5×FAD mice) with dietary triheptanoin for four and a half months, followed by biological and biochemical experiments to examine mice metabolic as well as synaptic function. RESULTS Triheptanoin treatment had minimal impact on systemic metabolism and brain amyloidosis as well as tauopathy while attenuating brain ATP deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction including respiration and redox balance in 5×FAD mice. Synaptic density, a disease hallmark, was also preserved in hippocampus and neocortex despite profound amyloid deposition. None of these effects took place in treated control mice. CONCLUSION These findings support the energy failure hypothesis of AD and justify investigating the mechanisms in greater depth with ultimate therapeutic intent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.,Health Management Center, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Neha Tandon
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Huili Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Higuchi Biosciences Center, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Juan M Pascual
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Higuchi Biosciences Center, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Effect of Antioxidants on the Fibroblast Replicative Lifespan In Vitro. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6423783. [PMID: 33029282 PMCID: PMC7530501 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6423783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Replicative senescence is an unalterable growth arrest of primary cells in the culture system. It has been reported that aging in vivo is related to the limited replicative capacity that normal somatic cells show in vitro. If oxidative damage contributes to the lifespan limitation, antioxidants are expected to extend the replicative lifespan of fibroblasts. This article critically reviews the results of experiments devoted to this problem performed within the last decades under conditions of in vitro culture. The results of studied are heterogeneous, some papers showing no effects of antioxidants; most finding limited enhancement of reproductive capacity of fibroblasts, some reporting a significant extension of replicative lifespan (RLS). Both natural and synthetic antioxidants were found to extend the RLS of fibroblasts, either by a direct antioxidant effect or, indirectly, by activation of signaling pathways and activation of proteasomes or hormetic effects. Most significant prolongation of RLS was reported so far for nicotinamide, N-hydroxylamines, carnosine and Methylene Blue. These results may be of importance for the design of skin-protecting cosmetics.
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The Efficacy of Cholesterol-Based Carriers in Drug Delivery. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184330. [PMID: 32971733 PMCID: PMC7570546 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several researchers have reported the use of cholesterol-based carriers in drug delivery. The presence of cholesterol in cell membranes and its wide distribution in the body has led to it being used in preparing carriers for the delivery of a variety of therapeutic agents such as anticancer, antimalarials and antivirals. These cholesterol-based carriers were designed as micelles, nanoparticles, copolymers, liposomes, etc. and their routes of administration include oral, intravenous and transdermal. The biocompatibility, good bioavailability and biological activity of cholesterol-based carriers make them potent prodrugs. Several in vitro and in vivo studies revealed cholesterol-based carriers potentials in delivering bioactive agents. In this manuscript, a critical review of the efficacy of cholesterol-based carriers is reported.
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Bioenergetic Impairment of Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate- (TEGDMA-) Treated Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) and Isolated Brain Mitochondria are Amended by Redox Compound Methylene Blue †. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13163472. [PMID: 32781723 PMCID: PMC7475988 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) monomers released from resin matrix are toxic to dental pulp cells, induce apoptosis, oxidative stress and decrease viability. Recently, mitochondrial complex I (CI) was identified as a potential target of TEGDMA. In isolated mitochondria supported by CI, substrates oxidation and ATP synthesis were inhibited, reactive oxygen species production was stimulated. Contrary to that, respiratory Complex II was not impaired by TEGDMA. The beneficial effects of electron carrier compound methylene blue (MB) are proven in many disease models where mitochondrial involvement has been detected. In the present study, the bioenergetic effects of MB on TEGDMA-treated isolated mitochondria and on human dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) were analyzed. METHODS Isolated mitochondria and DPSC were acutely exposed to low millimolar concentrations of TEGDMA and 2 μM concentration of MB. Mitochondrial and cellular respiration and glycolytic flux were measured by high resolution respirometry and by Seahorse XF extracellular analyzer. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured fluorimetrically. RESULTS MB partially restored the mitochondrial oxidation, rescued membrane potential in isolated mitochondria and significantly increased the impaired cellular O2 consumption in the presence of TEGDMA. CONCLUSION MB is able to protect against TEGDMA-induced CI damage, and might provide protective effects in resin monomer exposed cells.
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Shevtsova EF, Maltsev AV, Vinogradova DV, Shevtsov PN, Bachurin SO. Mitochondria as a promising target for developing novel agents for treating Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:803-827. [PMID: 32687230 DOI: 10.1002/med.21715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondria-targeting drugs can be conventionally divided into the following groups: those compensating for the energy deficit involved in neurodegeneration, including stimulants of mitochondrial bioenergetics and activators of mitochondrial biogenesis; and neuroprotectors, that are compounds increasing the resistance of mitochondria to opening of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pores. Although compensating for the energy deficit and inhibition of MPT are obvious targets for drugs used in the very early stages of Alzheimer-like pathology, but their use as the monotherapy for patients with severe symptoms is unlikely to be sufficiently effective. It would be optimal to combine targets that would provide the cognitive-stimulating, the neuroprotective effects and the ability to affect specific disease-forming mechanisms. In the design of such drugs, assessment of their potential mitochondrial-targeted effects is of particular importance. The possibility of targeted drug design for simultaneous action on mitochondrial and neurotransmitter's receptors targets is, in particularly, based on the known interplay of various cellular pathways and the presence of common structural components. Of particular interest is directed search for multitarget drugs that would act simultaneously on mitochondrial calcium-dependent functions, the targets (receptors, enzymes, etc.) facilitating neurotransmission, and the molecular targets related to the action of so-called disease-modifying factors, in particular, the formation and overcoming of the toxicity of β-amyloid or hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The examples of such approaches realized on the level of preclinical and clinical trials are presented below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Shevtsova
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Andrey V Maltsev
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Darya V Vinogradova
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Pavel N Shevtsov
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Sergey O Bachurin
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
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Imbimbo BP, Ippati S, Watling M. Should drug discovery scientists still embrace the amyloid hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease or should they be looking elsewhere? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1241-1251. [PMID: 32686970 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1793755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's Disease (AD) represents a large and growing challenge to patients, carers and healthcare systems, yet extensive efforts to develop therapeutics to modify its course have been met with repeated failure in recent decades. Although the evident presence of accumulated β-amyloid (Aβ) in AD brains has singled it out as an obvious therapeutic target, the effective reduction of plaque load or soluble Aβ by numerous drug candidates has not produced commensurate clinical benefits - calling into question the Aβ cascade hypothesis of AD. A similar path is now unfolding in the pursuit of therapeutics targeting hyperphosphorylated tau-comprised neurofibrillary tangles. AREAS COVERED This perspective reviews the basis of the Aβ cascade hypothesis of AD and how clinical trials of anti-Aβ drugs have failed to support it, and reflects upon the early findings suggesting that a similar path is being followed with therapeutics targeting tau. Other potential approaches to identifying therapeutics for AD are explored herein. EXPERT OPINION The relevance of the Aβ cascade hypothesis to the development of therapeutics for AD appears disproven. Drugs targeting tau appear to be suffering the same fate but may yet produce better results. Alternative approaches are being pursued, some of them with initial small-scale, but promising, results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Ippati
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milano, Italy
| | - Mark Watling
- CNS & Pain Department, Transcrip Partners LLP Reading , Berkshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Eldad S, Hertz R, Vainer G, Saada A, Bar-Tana J. Treatment of ErbB2 breast cancer by mitochondrial targeting. Cancer Metab 2020; 8:17. [PMID: 32695336 PMCID: PMC7362624 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-020-00223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ErbB2 breast cancer still remains an unmet need due to primary and/or acquired resistance to current treatment strategies. MEDICA compounds consist of synthetic long-chain α,ω-dicarboxylic acids previously reported to suppress breast cancer in PyMT transgenic mice. Methods MEDICA efficacy and mode of action in the ErbB2 context was studied in ErbB2 transgenic mice and human breast cancer cells. Results MEDICA treatment is shown here to suppress ErbB2 breast tumors and lung metastasis in ErbB2/neu MMTV transgenic mice, to suppress ErbB2/neu xenografts in nod/scid mice, and to suppress survival of AU565 and BT474 human ErbB2 breast cancer cells. Suppression of ErbB2 breast tumors by MEDICA is due to lipid raft disruption with loss of ErbB family members, including EGFR, ErbB2, and ErbB3. In addition, MEDICA inhibits mTORC1 activity, independently of abrogating the ErbB receptors and their signaling cascades. The double hit of MEDICA in abrogating ErbB and mTORC1 is partly accounted for by targeting mitochondria complex I. Conclusions Mitochondrial targeting by MEDICA suppresses ErbB2 breast tumors and metastasis due to lipid raft disruption and inhibition of mTORC1 activity. Inhibition of mTORC1 activity by MEDICA avoids the resistance acquired by canonical mTORC1 inhibitors like rapalogs or mTOR kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Eldad
- Dept of Human Nutrition and Metabolism, Hebrew University Medical School, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Hertz
- Dept of Human Nutrition and Metabolism, Hebrew University Medical School, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gilad Vainer
- Dept of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ann Saada
- Department of Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jacob Bar-Tana
- Dept of Human Nutrition and Metabolism, Hebrew University Medical School, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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46
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Fernández JC, Peláez R, Rey-Funes M, Soliño M, Contartese DS, Dorfman VB, López-Costa JJ, Larrayoz IM, Loidl CF, Martínez A. Methylene Blue Prevents Retinal Damage Caused by Perinatal Asphyxia in the Rat. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:157. [PMID: 32581722 PMCID: PMC7289067 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia (PA) is responsible for a large proportion of neonatal deaths and numerous neurological sequelae, including visual dysfunction and blindness. In PA, the retina is exposed to ischemia/reoxygenation, which results in nitric oxide (NO) overproduction and neurotoxicity. We hypothesized that methylene blue (MB), a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, and free-radical scavenger currently used in the clinic, may block this pathway and prevent PA-induced retinal degeneration. Male rat pups were subjected to an experimental model of PA. Four groups were studied: normally delivered (CTL), normally delivered treated with 2 mg Kg-1 MB (MB), exposed to PA for 20 min at 37°C (PA), and exposed to PA and, then, treated with MB (PA-MB). Scotopic electroretinography performed 45 days after birth showed that PA animals had significant defects in the a- and b-waves and oscillatory potentials (OP). The same animals presented a significant increase in the thickness of the inner retina and a large number of TUNEL-positive cells. All these physiological and morphological parameters were significantly prevented by the treatment with MB. Gene expression analysis demonstrated significant increases in iNOS, MMP9, and VEGF in the eyes of PA animals, which were prevented by MB treatment. In conclusion, MB regulates key players of inflammation, matrix remodeling, gliosis, and angiogenesis in the eye and could be used as a treatment to prevent the deleterious visual consequences of PA. Given its safety profile and low cost, MB may be used clinically in places where alternative treatments may be unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Fernández
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. de Robertis", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Primera Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Manuel Rey-Funes
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. de Robertis", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuel Soliño
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. de Robertis", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela S Contartese
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. de Robertis", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica B Dorfman
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan José López-Costa
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. de Robertis", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - César F Loidl
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. de Robertis", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
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47
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Yang L, Youngblood H, Wu C, Zhang Q. Mitochondria as a target for neuroprotection: role of methylene blue and photobiomodulation. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:19. [PMID: 32475349 PMCID: PMC7262767 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the formation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which are important factors contributing to the development of brain disease. Ample evidence suggests mitochondria are a promising target for neuroprotection. Recently, methods targeting mitochondria have been considered as potential approaches for treatment of brain disease through the inhibition of inflammation and oxidative injury. This review will discuss two widely studied approaches for the improvement of brain mitochondrial respiration, methylene blue (MB) and photobiomodulation (PBM). MB is a widely studied drug with potential beneficial effects in animal models of brain disease, as well as limited human studies. Similarly, PBM is a non-invasive treatment that promotes energy production and reduces both oxidative stress and inflammation, and has garnered increasing attention in recent years. MB and PBM have similar beneficial effects on mitochondrial function, oxidative damage, inflammation, and subsequent behavioral symptoms. However, the mechanisms underlying the energy enhancing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of MB and PBM differ. This review will focus on mitochondrial dysfunction in several different brain diseases and the pathological improvements following MB and PBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luodan Yang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Hannah Youngblood
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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48
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Klosowski EM, de Souza BTL, Mito MS, Constantin RP, Mantovanelli GC, Mewes JM, Bizerra PFV, Menezes PVMDC, Gilglioni EH, Utsunomiya KS, Marchiosi R, Dos Santos WD, Filho OF, Caetano W, Pereira PCDS, Gonçalves RS, Constantin J, Ishii-Iwamoto EL, Constantin RP. The photodynamic and direct actions of methylene blue on mitochondrial energy metabolism: A balance of the useful and harmful effects of this photosensitizer. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 153:34-53. [PMID: 32315767 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the literature, methylene blue (MB) is a photosensitizer (PS) with a high affinity for mitochondria. Therefore, several studies have explored this feature to evaluate its photodynamic effects on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway under normoxic conditions. We are aware only of limited reports regarding MB's photodynamic effects on mitochondrial energy metabolism, especially under hypoxic conditions. Thus, the purposes of this study were to determine the direct and photodynamic acute effects of MB on the energy metabolism of rat liver mitochondria under hypoxic conditions and its direct acute effects on several parameters linked to energy metabolism in the isolated perfused rat liver. MB presented a high affinity for mitochondria, irrespective of photostimulation or proton gradient formation. Upon photostimulation, MB demonstrated high in vitro oxidizing species generation ability. Consequently, MB damaged the mitochondrial macromolecules, as could be evidenced by the elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls. In addition to generating a pro-oxidant environment, MB also led to a deficient antioxidant defence system, as indicated by the reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion. Bioenergetically, MB caused uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and led to photodynamic inactivation of complex I, complex II, and F1FO-ATP synthase complex, thus decreasing mitochondrial ATP generation. Contrary to what is expected for an ideal PS, MB displayed appreciable dark toxicity on mitochondrial energy metabolism. The results indicated that MB acted via at least three mechanisms: direct damage to the inner mitochondrial membrane; uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation; and inhibition of electron transfer. Confirming the impairment of mitochondrial energy metabolism, MB also strongly inhibited mitochondrial ATP production. In the perfused rat liver, MB stimulated oxygen consumption, decreased the ATP/ADP ratio, inhibited gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis, and stimulated glycogenolysis, glycolysis, and ammoniagenesis, fully corroborating its uncoupling action in intact cells, as well. It can be concluded that even under hypoxic conditions, MB is a PS with potential for photodynamic effect-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. However, MB disrupts the mitochondrial energy metabolism even in the dark, causing energy-linked liver metabolic changes that could be harmful in specific circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Makiyama Klosowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Byanca Thais Lima de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Marcio Shigueaki Mito
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Renato Polimeni Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Gislaine Cristiane Mantovanelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Morais Mewes
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Francisco Veiga Bizerra
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Vinicius Moreira da Costa Menezes
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Hideo Gilglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Karina Sayuri Utsunomiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Wanderley Dantas Dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Osvaldo Ferrarese Filho
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Jorgete Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Emy Luiza Ishii-Iwamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Polimeni Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
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Wang H, Webster P, Chen L, Fisher AL. Cell-autonomous and non-autonomous roles of daf-16 in muscle function and mitochondrial capacity in aging C. elegans. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:2295-2311. [PMID: 31017874 PMCID: PMC6520005 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, contributes to disability and health-related conditions with aging. In vitro studies indicate that age-related mitochondrial dysfunction could play a central role in the development and progression of sarcopenia, but because of limitations in the methods employed, how aging affects muscle mitochondrial function in vivo is not fully understood. We use muscle-targeted fluorescent proteins and the ratiometric ATP reporter, ATeam, to examine changes in muscle mitochondrial mass and morphology, and intracellular ATP levels in C. elegans. We find that the preserved muscle function in aging daf-2 mutants is associated with higher muscle mitochondrial mass, preserved mitochondrial morphology, and higher levels of intracellular ATP. These phenotypes require the daf-16/FOXO transcription factor. Via the tissue-specific rescue of daf-16, we find that daf-16 activity in either muscle or neurons is sufficient to enhance muscle mitochondrial mass, whereas daf-16 activity in the muscle is required for the enhanced muscle function and mobility of the daf-2 mutants. Finally, we show through the use of drugs known to enhance mitochondrial activity that augmenting mitochondrial function leads to improved mobility during aging. These results suggest an important role for mitochondrial function in muscle aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongning Wang
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,Center for Healthy Aging, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Phillip Webster
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,Center for Healthy Aging, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Lizhen Chen
- Center for Healthy Aging, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Alfred L Fisher
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,Center for Healthy Aging, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,GRECC, South Texas VA Healthcare System, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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50
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Auchter AM, Barrett DW, Monfils MH, Gonzalez-Lima F. Methylene Blue Preserves Cytochrome Oxidase Activity and Prevents Neurodegeneration and Memory Impairment in Rats With Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:130. [PMID: 32508596 PMCID: PMC7251060 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in neurocognitive disorders diminishes cytochrome oxidase activity leading to neurodegenerative effects and impairment of learning and memory. Methylene blue at low doses stimulates cytochrome oxidase activity and may thus counteract the adverse effects of cerebral hypoperfusion. However, the effects of methylene blue on cytochrome oxidase activity during chronic cerebral hypoperfusion have not been described before. To test this hypothesis, rats underwent bilateral carotid artery occlusion or sham surgery, received daily 4 mg/kg methylene blue or saline injections, and learned a visual water task. Brain mapping of cytochrome oxidase activity was done by quantitative enzyme histochemistry. Permanent carotid occlusion for 1 month resulted in decreased cytochrome oxidase activity in visual cortex, prefrontal cortex, perirhinal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, and weaker interregional correlation of cytochrome oxidase activity between these regions. Methylene blue preserved cytochrome oxidase activity in regions affected by carotid occlusion and strengthened their interregional correlations of cytochrome oxidase activity, which prevented neurodegenerative effects and facilitated task-specific learning and memory. Brain-behavior correlations revealed positive correlations between performance and brain regions in which cytochrome oxidase activity was preserved by methylene blue. These results are the first to demonstrate that methylene blue prevents neurodegeneration and memory impairment by preserving cytochrome oxidase activity and interregional correlation of cytochrome oxidase activity in brain regions susceptible to chronic hypoperfusion. This demonstration provides further support for the hypothesis that lower cerebral blood flow results in an Alzheimer's-like syndrome and that stimulating cytochrome oxidase activity with low-dose methylene blue is neuroprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - F. Gonzalez-Lima
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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