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Sakurai A, Kawaguchi K, Watanabe M, Okajima S, Furukawa S, Koga K, Oh-Hashi K, Hirata Y, Furuta K, Takemori H. Melanosomal localization is required for GIF-2115/2250 to inhibit melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024; 46:668-679. [PMID: 38327040 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tyrosinase inhibitors suppress melanogenesis in melanocytes. During a screening for tyrosinase inhibitors, however, we noticed some discrepancies in inhibitory efficacies between melanocytes and in vitro assays. The compound (S)-N-{3-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]propyl}-N-methyl-indan-1-amine (GIF-2115) exerts antioxidative stress activity upon accumulation in late endosomes and lysosomes. GIF-2115 was also identified as a potent antimelanogenic reagent in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. GIF-2115 inhibited the activity of mushroom tyrosinase and the lysates of B16F10 cells. However, structure-activity relationship studies indicated that GIF-2238, which lacks the benzene ring in the aminoindan structure of GIF-2115, inhibited tyrosinase activity in vitro but did not inhibit melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. The aim of the present study is to show the importance of the intracellular distribution of tyrosinase inhibitors in exerting their antimelanogenic activity in melanocytes. METHODS The intracellular distribution of compounds was monitored by linking with the fluorescent group of 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD). To mislocalize GIF-2115 to mitochondria, the mitochondria-preferring fluoroprobe ATTO565 was used. RESULTS We reconfirmed the localization of GIF-2250 (GIF-2115-NBD) not only to matured but also to early-stage melanosomes. Although GIF-2286 (GIF-2238-NBD) maintained tyrosinase inhibitory activity, it did not show specific intracellular localization. Moreover, when GIF-2115 was linked with ATTO565, the resultant compound GIF-2265 did not inhibit melanogenesis in B16F10 cells, despite its strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION These results suggest that melanosomal localization is essential for the antimelanogenic activity of GIF-2115, and GIF-2115 derivatives may be new guides for drugs to endosomes and lysosomes as well as melanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kyoka Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Miyu Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sayaka Okajima
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Saho Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kenichi Koga
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Fernandes B, Cavaco-Paulo A, Matamá T. A Comprehensive Review of Mammalian Pigmentation: Paving the Way for Innovative Hair Colour-Changing Cosmetics. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020290. [PMID: 36829566 PMCID: PMC9953601 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The natural colour of hair shafts is formed at the bulb of hair follicles, and it is coupled to the hair growth cycle. Three critical processes must happen for efficient pigmentation: (1) melanosome biogenesis in neural crest-derived melanocytes, (2) the biochemical synthesis of melanins (melanogenesis) inside melanosomes, and (3) the transfer of melanin granules to surrounding pre-cortical keratinocytes for their incorporation into nascent hair fibres. All these steps are under complex genetic control. The array of natural hair colour shades are ascribed to polymorphisms in several pigmentary genes. A myriad of factors acting via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms also contributes for hair colour diversity. Given the enormous social and cosmetic importance attributed to hair colour, hair dyeing is today a common practice. Nonetheless, the adverse effects of the long-term usage of such cosmetic procedures demand the development of new methods for colour change. In this context, case reports of hair lightening, darkening and repigmentation as a side-effect of the therapeutic usage of many drugs substantiate the possibility to tune hair colour by interfering with the biology of follicular pigmentary units. By scrutinizing mammalian pigmentation, this review pinpoints key targetable processes for the development of innovative cosmetics that can safely change the hair colour from the inside out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fernandes
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
| | - Teresa Matamá
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
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Liu Y, Chi W, Tao L, Wang G, Deepak RK, Sheng L, Chen T, Feng Y, Cao X, Cheng L, Zhao X, Liu X, Deng H, Fan H, Jiang P, Chen L. Ablation of H+/glucose Exporter SLC45A2 Enhances Melanosomal Glycolysis to Inhibit Melanin Biosynthesis and Promote Melanoma Metastasis. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2744-2755.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Santos SHD, Peery RM, Miller JM, Dao A, Lyu FH, Li X, Li MH, Coltman DW. Ancient hybridization patterns between bighorn and thinhorn sheep. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6273-6288. [PMID: 34845798 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing has advanced the study of species evolution, including the detection of genealogical discordant events such as ancient hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). The evolutionary history of bighorn (Ovis canadensis) and thinhorn (Ovis dalli) sheep present an ideal system to investigate evolutionary discordance due to their recent and rapid radiation and putative secondary contact between bighorn and thinhorn sheep subspecies, specifically the dark pelage Stone sheep (O. dalli stonei) and predominately white Dall sheep (O. dalli dalli), during the last ice age. Here, we used multiple genomes of bighorn and thinhorn sheep, together with snow (O. nivicola) and the domestic sheep (O. aries) as outgroups, to assess their phylogenomic history, potential introgression patterns and their adaptive consequences. Among the Pachyceriforms (snow, bighorn and thinhorn sheep) a consistent monophyletic species tree was retrieved; however, many genealogical discordance patterns were observed. Alternative phylogenies frequently placed Stone and bighorn as sister clades. This relationship occurred more often and was less divergent than that between Dall and bighorn. We also observed many blocks containing introgression signal between Stone and bighorn genomes in which coat colour genes were present. Introgression signals observed between Dall and bighorn were more random and less frequent, and therefore probably due to ILS or intermediary secondary contact. These results strongly suggest that Stone sheep originated from a complex series of events, characterized by multiple, ancient periods of secondary contact with bighorn sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H D Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rhiannon M Peery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Joshua M Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anh Dao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Feng-Hua Lyu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Hua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - David W Coltman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Renal and Extra Renal Manifestations in Adult Zebrafish Model of Cystinosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179398. [PMID: 34502306 PMCID: PMC8430996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystinosis is a rare, incurable, autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the CTNS gene. This gene encodes the lysosomal cystine transporter cystinosin, leading to lysosomal cystine accumulation in all cells of the body, with kidneys being the first affected organs. The current treatment with cysteamine decreases cystine accumulation, but does not reverse the proximal tubular dysfunction, glomerular injury or loss of renal function. In our previous study, we have developed a zebrafish model of cystinosis through a nonsense mutation in the CTNS gene and have shown that zebrafish larvae recapitulate the kidney phenotype described in humans. In the current study, we characterized the adult cystinosis zebrafish model and evaluated the long-term effects of the disease on kidney and extra renal organs through biochemical, histological, fertility and locomotor activity studies. We found that the adult cystinosis zebrafish presents cystine accumulation in various organs, altered kidney morphology, impaired skin pigmentation, decreased fertility, altered locomotor activity and ocular anomalies. Overall, our data indicate that the adult cystinosis zebrafish model reproduces several human phenotypes of cystinosis and may be useful for studying pathophysiology and long-term effects of novel therapies.
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Kulkarni A, Pandey A, Trainor P, Carlisle S, Chhilar JS, Yu W, Moon A, Xu J. Trained Immunity in Anopheles gambiae: Antibacterial Immunity Is Enhanced by Priming via Sugar Meal Supplemented With a Single Gut Symbiotic Bacterial Strain. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:649213. [PMID: 33995307 PMCID: PMC8121176 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.649213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes have evolved an effective innate immune system. The mosquito gut accommodates various microbes, which play a crucial role in shaping the mosquito immune system during evolution. The resident bacteria in the gut microbiota play an essential role in priming basal immunity. In this study, we show that antibacterial immunity in Anopheles gambiae can be enhanced by priming via a sugar meal supplemented with bacteria. Serratia fonticola S1 and Enterobacter sp. Ag1 are gut bacteria in mosquitoes. The intrathoracic injection of the two bacteria can result in an acute hemocoelic infection in the naïve mosquitoes with mortality of ∼40% at 24 h post-infection. However, the Enterobacter orSerratia primed mosquitoes showed a better 24 h survival upon the bacterial challenge. The priming confers the protection with a certain degree of specificity, the Enterobacter primed mosquitoes had a better survival upon the Enterobacter but not Serratia challenge, and the Serratia primed mosquitoes had a better survival upon the Serratia but not Enterobacter challenge. To understand the priming-mediated immune enhancement, the transcriptomes were characterized in the mosquitoes of priming as well as priming plus challenges. The RNA-seq was conducted to profile 10 transcriptomes including three samples of priming conditions (native microbiota, Serratia priming, and Enterobacter priming), six samples of priming plus challenges with the two bacteria, and one sample of injury control. The three priming regimes resulted in distinctive transcriptomic profiles with about 60% of genes affected by both bacteria. Upon challenges, different primed mosquitoes displayed different transcriptomic patterns in response to different bacteria. When a primed cohort was challenged with a heterogenous bacterium, more responsive genes were observed than when challenged with a homogenous bacterium. As expected, many canonical immune genes were responsive to the priming and challenge, but much more non-immune genes with various functions were also responsive in the contexts, which implies that the prior priming triggers a delicately coordinated systemic regulation that results in an enhanced immunity against the subsequent challenge. Besides the participation of typical immune pathways, the transcriptome data suggest the involvement of lysosome and metabolism in the context. Overall, this study demonstrated a trained immunity via priming with bacteria in diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Kulkarni
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Ashmita Pandey
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Patrick Trainor
- Department of Economics, Applied Statistics and International Business, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Samantha Carlisle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Jainder S. Chhilar
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Wanqin Yu
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Alex Moon
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Jiannong Xu
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
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Wakamatsu K, Zippin JH, Ito S. Chemical and biochemical control of skin pigmentation with special emphasis on mixed melanogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:730-747. [PMID: 33751833 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are widely distributed in animals and plants; in vertebrates, most melanins are present on the body surface. The diversity of pigmentation in vertebrates is mainly attributed to the quantity and ratio of eumelanin and pheomelanin synthesis. Most natural melanin pigments in animals consist of both eumelanin and pheomelanin in varying ratios, and thus, their combined synthesis is called "mixed melanogenesis." Gene expression is an established mechanism for controlling melanin synthesis; however, there are multiple factors that affect melanin synthesis besides gene expression. Due to the differential sensitivity of the eumelanin and pheomelanin synthetic pathways to pH, melanosomal pH likely plays a major role in mixed melanogenesis. Here, we focused on various factors affecting mixed melanogenesis including (1) chemical regulation of melanin synthesis, (2) melanosomal pH regulation during normal melanogenesis and effect on mixed melanogenesis, and (3) mechanisms of melanosomal pH control (proton pumps, channels, transporters, and signaling pathways).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Jonathan H Zippin
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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Bengali M, Goodman S, Sun X, Dohil MA, Dohil R, Newbury R, Lobry T, Hernandez L, Antignac C, Jain S, Cherqui S. Non-invasive intradermal imaging of cystine crystals in cystinosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247846. [PMID: 33661986 PMCID: PMC7932553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Development of noninvasive methodology to reproducibly measure tissue cystine crystal load to assess disease status and guide clinical care in cystinosis, an inherited lysosomal storage disorder characterized by widespread cystine crystal accumulation. OBJECTIVE To develop an unbiased and semi-automated imaging methodology to quantify dermal cystine crystal accumulation in patients to correlate with disease status. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS 101 participants, 70 patients and 31 healthy controls, were enrolled at the University of California, San Diego, Cystinosis Clinics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego and at the annual Cystinosis Research Foundation family conference for an ongoing prospective longitudinal cohort study of cystinosis patients with potential yearly follow-up. EXPOSURES Intradermal reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) imaging, blood collection via standard venipuncture, medical record collection, and occasional skin punch biopsies. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was to establish an automated measure of normalized confocal crystal volume (nCCV) for each subject. Secondary analysis examined the association of nCCV with various clinical indicators to assess nCCV's possible predictive potential. RESULTS Over 2 years, 57 patients diagnosed with cystinosis (median [range] age: 15.1 yrs [0.8, 54]; 41.4% female) were intradermally assessed by RCM to produce 84 image stacks. 27 healthy individuals (38.7 yrs [10, 85]; 53.1% female) were also imaged providing 37 control image stacks. Automated 2D crystal area quantification revealed that patients had significantly elevated crystal accumulation within the superficial dermis. 3D volumetric analysis of this region was significantly higher in patients compared to healthy controls (mean [SD]: 1934.0 μm3 [1169.1] for patients vs. 363.1 μm3 [194.3] for controls, P<0.001). Medical outcome data was collected from 43 patients with infantile cystinosis (media [range] age: 11 yrs [0.8, 54]; 51% female). nCCV was positively associated with hypothyroidism (OR = 19.68, 95% CI: [1.60, 242.46], P = 0.02) and stage of chronic kidney disease (slope estimate = 0.53, 95%CI: [0.05, 1.00], P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study used non-invasive RCM imaging to develop an intradermal cystine crystal quantification method. Results showed that cystinosis patients had increased nCCV compared to healthy controls. Level of patient nCCV correlated with several clinical outcomes suggesting nCCV may be used as a potential new biomarker for cystinosis to monitor long-term disease control and medication compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marya Bengali
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Spencer Goodman
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- Biostatistics Research Center, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Magdalene A. Dohil
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ranjan Dohil
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Newbury
- Department of Pathology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Lobry
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Hernandez
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Corinne Antignac
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Imagine Institute, Inserm UMR1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Jain
- Biostatistics Research Center, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Cherqui
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Galván I, Inácio Â, Dañino M, Corbí-Llopis R, Monserrat MT, Bernabeu-Wittel J. High SLC7A11 expression in normal skin of melanoma patients. Cancer Epidemiol 2019; 62:101582. [PMID: 31419780 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2019.101582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is one of the highest metastatic cancers and its incidence is rapidly increasing. A great effort has been devoted to determine gene mutations and expression profiles in melanoma cells, but less attention has been given to the possible influence of melanin synthesis in melanocytes on melanomagenesis. SLC7A11 encodes the cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT and its expression increases the antioxidant capacity of cells by providing cysteine that may be used for glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Melanocytes, however, can also use cysteine for pheomelanin synthesis and pigmentation. Therefore, pheomelanin synthesis may lead to chronic oxidative stress. Possible consequences of this for melanomagenesis have never been explored. METHODS We quantified the expression of SLC7A11 and other genes that are involved in the synthesis of pheomelanin but do not regulate the transport of cysteine from the extracellular medium to the cytosol (CTNS, MC1R, ASIP and SLC45A2) in non-tumorous skin of 45 patients of cutaneous melanoma and 50 healthy individuals. We controlled for the effects of Fitzpatrick skin type, age, gender, body mass, frequency of sun exposure and sunburns and number of melanocytic nevi, as well as for the intrinsic antioxidant capacity as given by the expression of the gene NFE2L2. RESULTS The expression of SLC7A11, but not of the other genes, was significantly higher in melanoma patients than in healthy individuals. This was independent of phenotypic factors and antioxidant capacity, thus supporting an effect of pheomelanin-induced oxidative stress on melanomagenesis. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that SLC7A11 downregulation in normal epidermal melanocytes may represent a preventive treatment against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ângela Inácio
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, Edifício Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - María Dañino
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rosa Corbí-Llopis
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María T Monserrat
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Bernabeu-Wittel
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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Rodríguez-Martínez S, Galván I. Exposure to a competitive social environment activates an epigenetic mechanism that limits pheomelanin synthesis in zebra finches. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:3698-3708. [PMID: 31290207 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Competitive environments promote high testosterone levels, produce oxidative stress and, consequently, impair cellular homeostasis. The regulation of genes involved in the synthesis of the pigment pheomelanin in melanocytes seems to help to maintain homeostasis against environmental oxidative stress. Here, we experimentally increased social interactions in some zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) males by keeping them in groups of six birds during feather growth, while others were kept alone, to test if melanocytes show epigenetic lability under a competitive social environment. As these changes may depend on the oxidative status, we administrated buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to decrease the antioxidant capacity of some birds. The competitive environment downregulated a gene involved in pheomelanin synthesis (Slc7a11) by changing the level of DNA methylation in feather melanocytes. In other genes involved in pheomelanin synthesis (Slc45a2, MC1R and AGRP), DNA methylation was also affected, but no changes in expression were detected. Exposure to the competitive environment did not affect systemic oxidative stress and damage, indicating that a protective epigenetic mechanism that changes the expression of Slc7a11 may have been activated. However, no changes to the pigmentation phenotype of birds were found, probably due to the short duration or low intensity of the competitive environment. BSO treatment did not affect the epigenetic mechanism, suggesting that the antioxidant capacity of birds was high enough to deal with the competitive environment. An epigenetic mechanism limiting pheomelanin synthesis therefore becomes activated under exposure to a competitive environment in male zebra finches, which may help to avoid damage caused by competitive interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ismael Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
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Galván I, Jorge A, Nielsen JT, Møller AP. Pheomelanin synthesis varies with protein food abundance in developing goshawks. J Comp Physiol B 2019; 189:441-450. [PMID: 31104080 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-019-01222-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of the amino acid cysteine in lysosomes produces toxic substances, which are avoided by a gene (CTNS) coding for a transporter that pumps cystine out of lysosomes. Melanosomes are lysosome-related organelles that synthesize melanins, the most widespread pigments in animals. The synthesis of the orange melanin, termed pheomelanin, depends on cysteine levels because the sulfhydryl group is used to form the pigment. Pheomelanin synthesis may, therefore, be affected by cysteine homeostasis, although this has never been explored in a natural system. As diet is an important source of cysteine, here we indirectly tested for such an effect by searching for an association between food abundance and pheomelanin content of feathers in a wild population of Northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis. As predicted on the basis that CTNS expression may inhibit pheomelanin synthesis and increase with food abundance as previously found in other strictly carnivorous birds, we found that the feather pheomelanin content in nestling goshawks, but not in adults, decreased as the abundance of prey available to them increased. In contrast, variation in the feather content of the non-sulphurated melanin form (eumelanin) was only explained by sex in both nestlings and adults. We also found that the feather pheomelanin content of nestlings was negatively related to that of their mothers, suggesting a relevant environmental influence on pheomelanin synthesis. Overall, our findings suggest that variation in pheomelanin synthesis may be a side effect of the maintenance of cysteine homeostasis. This may help explaining variability in the expression of pigmented phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Alberto Jorge
- Laboratorio de Técnicas Analíticas No Destructivas, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Anders P Møller
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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Veys KRP, Elmonem MA, Dhaenens F, Van Dyck M, Janssen MMCH, Cornelissen EAM, Hohenfellner K, Reda A, Quatresooz P, van den Heuvel B, Boone MALM, Levtchenko E. Enhanced Intrinsic Skin Aging in Nephropathic Cystinosis Assessed by High-Definition Optical Coherence Tomography. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:2242-2245.e5. [PMID: 31022388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.03.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koenraad R P Veys
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Development & Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Mohamed A Elmonem
- Department of Development & Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Maria Van Dyck
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mirian M C H Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ahmed Reda
- Department of Development & Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pascale Quatresooz
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bert van den Heuvel
- Department of Development & Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc A L M Boone
- Department of Dermatology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Development & Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Rodríguez‐Martínez S, Márquez R, Inácio Â, Galván I. Changes in melanocyte RNA and DNA methylation favour pheomelanin synthesis and may avoid systemic oxidative stress after dietary cysteine supplementation in birds. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:1030-1042. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Márquez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC Sevilla Spain
| | - Ângela Inácio
- Laboratório de GenéticaInstituto de Saúde AmbientalFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Ismael Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC Sevilla Spain
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14
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Gong Y, Hu M, Xu S, Wang B, Wang C, Mu X, Xu P, Jiang Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals expression signatures of albino Russian sturgeon, Acipenseriformes gueldenstaedtii. Mar Genomics 2019; 46:1-7. [PMID: 30852186 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Albinism is a genetically inherited condition that is caused by a series of genetic abnormalities leading to a reduction in melanin production. Russian sturgeon is one of the most valuable freshwater fish species worldwide, and albino individuals have been found in fish farms. Due to its complicated genome and scarce genome-wide genetic resources, the underlying molecular basis of albinism in Russian sturgeon is unknown. In the present study, we first generated transcriptome profile of Acipenser gueldenstaedtii using pooled tissues, which provided reliable reference sequences for future molecular genetic studies. A total of 369,441 contigs were assembled, corresponding to 32,965 unique genes. A comparative analysis of the transcripts from the skin of albino and wildtype individuals was conducted afterwards. A total of 785 unique genes were differentially expressed, including the upregulation of 385 genes and the downregulation of 400 genes in albino individuals. The expression pattern of 16 selected differentially expressed genes was validated using qRT-PCR. Additional annotation, GO enrichment analysis and gene pathway analysis indicated that the melanogenesis pathway may be interrupted in albinism. Eight potential causative genes that were highly likely to be responsible for sturgeon albinism were identified, including Dct, Tyrp1b, Slc45a2, Ctns, Pmela, Pmelb, Cd63, and Bloc1s3, which were found to be significantly down-regulated in albino Russian sturgeon. Moreover, a sliding window analysis of the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitution rates (Ka/Ks) ratios indicated that seven out of the eight genes underwent positive selection during evolution. Our results provide a valuable basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of albinism in fish species and will facilitate future genetic selection and breeding of sturgeon with market-favored traits in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Gong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, CAFS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mou Hu
- Hangzhou Qiandaohu Xunlong Sci-Tech Development Company Limited, Quzhou, China
| | - Shijian Xu
- Hangzhou Qiandaohu Xunlong Sci-Tech Development Company Limited, Quzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Hangzhou Qiandaohu Xunlong Sci-Tech Development Company Limited, Quzhou, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Xidong Mu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanliang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, CAFS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China; Hangzhou Qiandaohu Xunlong Sci-Tech Development Company Limited, Quzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China.
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15
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Galván I. Predation risk determines pigmentation phenotype in nuthatches by melanin-related gene expression effects. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1760-1771. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology; Doñana Biological Station; CSIC; Sevilla Spain
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16
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Silencing of PMEL attenuates melanization via activating lysosomes and degradation of tyrosinase by lysosomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2536-2542. [PMID: 30208522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The functionally specialized melanosome is a membrane-enclosed lysosome-related organelle, which coexists with lysosomes in melanocytes. Pre-melanosomal protein (PMEL) initiates pre-melanosome morphogenesis and is the only cell-specific pigment protein required for the formation of fibrils on which melanin is deposited in melanosomes. But the effects of PMEL on melanin synthesis and lysosome activity remain unclear. In the study, PMEL was silenced in human epidermal melanocytes by siRNA transfection. Compared to the non-treated group, melanin content in the transfected cells was greatly reduced. Real-time qPCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses all showed that PMEL-siRNA transfection reduced protein level of tyrosinase, a key enzyme in melanogenesis, but it does not affect tyrosinase gene expression. Moreover, in the absence of PMEL, lysosomal activation was manifested by an increase in the number of lysosomes and activity of hydrolysis enzymes. The lysosome inhibitors restored tyrosinase expression after PMEL silencing, indicating that tyrosinase was degradated by lysosomes. The data collectively showed that silencing of PMEL suppressed melanization through activating lysosomes and degradation of tyrosinase by lysosomes. Our findings provide novel insight into the interaction between the melanosome and its related organelle, the lysosome, supplying a new idea for the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of pigmented diseases.
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Slow progression of renal failure in a child with infantile cystinosis. CEN Case Rep 2018; 7:153-157. [PMID: 29446030 DOI: 10.1007/s13730-018-0316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystinosis is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal transport disorder, characterized by the accumulation of the aminoacid cystine and progressive dysfunction of several organs. Kidneys are severely affected, and the most frequent form, infantile nephropathic cystinosis, presents with growth failure in infancy, renal Fanconi syndrome and end-stage renal disease by the first decade of life. We report of a girl with infantile nephropathic cystinosis that has reached adolescence without the need of renal replacement therapy and without extrarenal manifestations despite her delayed diagnosis and treatment initiation. The girl with this intermediate phenotype was found to have compound heterozygosity of one known (1015G > A) and one novel (587_588insA) mutation in CTNS gene. Our case points to the wide clinical presentation of infantile nephropathic cystinosis and suggest that long-term outcome is not always ominous as generally thought.
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Galván I, Moraleda V, Otero I, Álvarez E, Inácio Â. Genetic favouring of pheomelanin-based pigmentation limits physiological benefits of coloniality in lesser kestrels Falco naumanni. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5594-5602. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva; Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC; Sevilla Spain
| | - Virginia Moraleda
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA); Majadahonda Spain
| | - Ignacio Otero
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA); Majadahonda Spain
| | - Ernesto Álvarez
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA); Majadahonda Spain
| | - Ângela Inácio
- Laboratório de Genética; Instituto de Saúde Ambiental (ISAMB); Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
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Gyrfalcons Falco rusticolus adjust CTNS expression to food abundance: a possible contribution to cysteine homeostasis. Oecologia 2017; 184:779-785. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Yoshizaki N, Hashizume R, Masaki H. A polymethoxyflavone mixture extracted from orange peels, mainly containing nobiletin, 3,3',4',5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone and tangeretin, suppresses melanogenesis through the acidification of cell organelles, including melanosomes. J Dermatol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28629701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin color is determined by melanin contents and its distribution. Melanin is synthesized in melanosomes of melanocytes, catalyzed by tyrosinase, melanogenic enzymes. Regarding the process of melanin synthesis, melanosomal pH is considered to play an important role, because it has been reported to differ between Caucasian and Black melanocytes. OBJECTIVE Although polymethoxyflavone (PMF) has many beneficial effects, it has not been reported which PMF suppresses melanogenesis. In this study, we identified the mechanism underlying the effect of PMF on melanogenesis METHODS: We determined the effects of a PMF mixture extracted from orange peels on melanogenesis, on tyrosinase expression, on the localization of tyrosinase and on the acidification of organelles, including melanosomes, in HM3KO human melanoma cells. RESULTS TREATMENT: with the PMF mixture elicited the suppression of melanogenesis, the degradation of tyrosinase in lysosomes and the mislocalization of tyrosinase associated with the acidification of intracellular organelles, including melanosomes. The neutralization of cell organelle pH by ammonium chloride restored melanogenesis and the correct localization of tyrosinase to melanosomes, which had been suppressed by the PMF mixture. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the PMF mixture suppresses the localization of tyrosinase to melanosomes and consequently inhibits melanogenesis due to the acidification of cell organelles, including melanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Yoshizaki
- Advanced Technology Research Laboratory, NOF Corporation, 5-10 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan.
| | - Ron Hashizume
- Advanced Technology Research Laboratory, NOF Corporation, 5-10 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Masaki
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1, Katakura-machi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
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Wakamatsu K, Nagao A, Watanabe M, Nakao K, Ito S. Pheomelanogenesis is promoted at a weakly acidic pH. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:372-377. [PMID: 28271633 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes of humans has been largely attributed to the diversity of pH in melanosomes with an acidic pH being proposed to suppress melanin production, especially eumelanogenesis. We previously showed that an acidic pH greatly suppresses the late stage of eumelanogenesis after the dopachrome stage. The oxidation of tyrosine by tyrosinase in the presence of cysteine forms cysteinyldopa isomers, which are further oxidized to give rise to pheomelanin via benzothiazine intermediates. However, how those steps are controlled by pH has not been characterized. We therefore examined whether pheomelanin synthesis is chemically promoted at an acidic pH. We found that pheomelanin production either from dopa or tyrosine in the presence of cysteine by tyrosinase was greatest at pH values of 5.8-6.3, while eumelanin production was suppressed at pH 5.8. This suggests that mixed melanogenesis is chemically shifted to more pheomelanic states at a weakly acidic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ayano Nagao
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Miu Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenta Nakao
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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22
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Saidijam M, Azizpour S, Patching SG. Amino acid composition analysis of human secondary transport proteins and implications for reliable membrane topology prediction. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:929-949. [PMID: 27159787 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1167622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Secondary transporters in humans are a large group of proteins that transport a wide range of ions, metals, organic and inorganic solutes involved in energy transduction, control of membrane potential and osmotic balance, metabolic processes and in the absorption or efflux of drugs and xenobiotics. They are also emerging as important targets for development of new drugs and as target sites for drug delivery to specific organs or tissues. We have performed amino acid composition (AAC) and phylogenetic analyses and membrane topology predictions for 336 human secondary transport proteins and used the results to confirm protein classification and to look for trends and correlations with structural domains and specific substrates and/or function. Some proteins showed statistically high contents of individual amino acids or of groups of amino acids with similar physicochemical properties. One recurring trend was a correlation between high contents of charged and/or polar residues with misleading results in predictions of membrane topology, which was especially prevalent in Mitochondrial Carrier family proteins. We demonstrate how charged or polar residues located in the middle of transmembrane helices can interfere with their identification by membrane topology tools resulting in missed helices in the prediction. Comparison of AAC in the human proteins with that in 235 secondary transport proteins from Escherichia coli revealed similar overall trends along with differences in average contents for some individual amino acids and groups of similar amino acids that are presumed to result from a greater number of functions and complexity in the higher organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massoud Saidijam
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Sonia Azizpour
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Simon G Patching
- b School of BioMedical Sciences and the Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
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Elmonem MA, Veys KR, Soliman NA, van Dyck M, van den Heuvel LP, Levtchenko E. Cystinosis: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:47. [PMID: 27102039 PMCID: PMC4841061 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystinosis is the most common hereditary cause of renal Fanconi syndrome in children. It is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the CTNS gene encoding for the carrier protein cystinosin, transporting cystine out of the lysosomal compartment. Defective cystinosin function leads to intra-lysosomal cystine accumulation in all body cells and organs. The kidneys are initially affected during the first year of life through proximal tubular damage followed by progressive glomerular damage and end stage renal failure during mid-childhood if not treated. Other affected organs include eyes, thyroid, pancreas, gonads, muscles and CNS. Leucocyte cystine assay is the cornerstone for both diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of the disease. Several lines of treatment are available for cystinosis including the cystine depleting agent cysteamine, renal replacement therapy, hormonal therapy and others; however, no curative treatment is yet available. In the current review we will discuss the most important clinical features of the disease, advantages and disadvantages of the current diagnostic and therapeutic options and the main topics of future research in cystinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Elmonem
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven & KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49-3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Koenraad R Veys
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven & KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Neveen A Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation (CPNT), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,EGORD, Egyptian group of orphan renal diseases, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maria van Dyck
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven & KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lambertus P van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven & KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49-3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven & KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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24
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Solano F. Photoprotectionversusphotodamage: updating an old but still unsolved controversy about melanin. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Research Group for Molecular Control of Cell Proliferation, School of Medicine and IMIB; University of Murcia; 30100 Murcia Spain
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Galván I, Solano F. Bird Integumentary Melanins: Biosynthesis, Forms, Function and Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:520. [PMID: 27070583 PMCID: PMC4848976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanins are the ubiquitous pigments distributed in nature. They are one of the main pigments responsible for colors in living cells. Birds are among the most diverse animals regarding melanin-based coloration, especially in the plumage, although they also pigment bare parts of the integument. This review is devoted to the main characteristics of bird melanins, including updated views of the formation and nature of melanin granules, whose interest has been raised in the last years for inferring the color of extinct birds and non-avian theropod dinosaurs using resistant fossil feathers. The molecular structure of the two main types of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin, and the environmental and genetic factors that regulate avian melanogenesis are also presented, establishing the main relationship between them. Finally, the special functions of melanin in bird feathers are also discussed, emphasizing the aspects more closely related to these animals, such as honest signaling, and the factors that may drive the evolution of pheomelanin and pheomelanin-based color traits, an issue for which birds have been pioneer study models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station-CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Francisco Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B & Immunology, School of Medicine and IMIB, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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26
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Del Bino S, Ito S, Sok J, Nakanishi Y, Bastien P, Wakamatsu K, Bernerd F. Chemical analysis of constitutive pigmentation of human epidermis reveals constant eumelanin to pheomelanin ratio. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:707-17. [PMID: 26285058 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The skin constitutive pigmentation is given by the amount of melanin pigment, its relative composition (eu/pheomelanin) and distribution within the epidermis, and is largely responsible for the sensitivity to UV exposure. Nevertheless, a precise knowledge of melanins in human skin is lacking. We characterized the melanin content of human breast skin samples with variable pigmentations rigorously classified through the Individual Typology Angle (ITA) by image analysis, spectrophotometry after solubilization with Soluene-350 and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after chemical degradation. ITA and total melanin content were found correlated, ITA and PTCA (degradation product of DHICA melanin), and TTCA (degradation product of benzothiazole-type pheomelanin) as well but not 4-AHP (degradation product of benzothiazine-type pheomelanin). Results revealed that human epidermis comprises approximately 74% of eumelanin and 26% pheomelanin, regardless of the degree of pigmentation. They also confirm the low content of photoprotective eumelanin among lighter skins thereby explaining the higher sensitivity toward UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Juliette Sok
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Yukiko Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Cistinosis en pacientes adolescentes y adultos: Recomendaciones para la atención integral de la cistinosis. Nefrologia 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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28
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Ariceta G, Camacho JA, Fernández-Obispo M, Fernández-Polo A, Gamez J, García-Villoria J, Lara Monteczuma E, Leyes P, Martín-Begué N, Oppenheimer F, Perelló M, Morell GP, Torra R, Santandreu AV, Güell A. Cystinosis in adult and adolescent patients: Recommendations for the comprehensive care of cystinosis. Nefrologia 2015; 35:304-321. [PMID: 26523297 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cystinosis is a rare lysosomal systemic disease that mainly affects the kidney and the eye. Patients with cystinosis begin renal replacement therapy during the first decade of life in absence of treatment. Prognosis of cystinosis depends on early diagnosis, and prompt starting and good compliance with cysteamine treatment. Kidney disease progression, extra-renal complications and shorter life expectancy are more pronounced in those patients that do not follow treatment. The objective of this work was to elaborate recommendations for the comprehensive care of cystinosis and the facilitation of patient transition from paediatric to adult treatment, based on clinical experience. The goal is to reduce the impact of the disease, and to improve patient quality of life and prognosis. METHODS Bibliographic research and consensus meetings among a multidisciplinary professional team of experts in the clinical practice, with cystinotic patients (T-CiS.bcn group) from 5 hospitals located in Barcelona. RESULTS This document gathers specific recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and multidisciplinary follow-up of cystinotic patients in the following areas: nephrology, dialysis,renal transplant, ophthalmology, endocrinology, neurology, laboratory, genetic counselling,nursing and pharmacy. CONCLUSIONS A reference document for the comprehensive care of cystinosis represents a support tool for health professionals who take care of these patients. It is based on the following main pillars: (a) a multi-disciplinary approach, (b) appropriate disease monitoring and control of intracellular cystine levels in leukocytes, (c) the importance of adherence to treatment with cysteamine, and (d) the promotion of patient self-care by means of disease education programmes. All these recommendations will lead us, in a second phase, to create a coordinated transition model between paediatric and adult care services which will contemplate the specific needs of cystinosis.
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Proteomics and pathway analysis of N-glycosylated mammary gland proteins in response to Escherichia coli mastitis in cattle. Vet J 2014; 200:420-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Human melanocytes are distributed not only in the epidermis and in hair follicles but also in mucosa, cochlea (ear), iris (eye), and mesencephalon (brain) among other tissues. Melanocytes, which are derived from the neural crest, are unique in that they produce eu-/pheo-melanin pigments in unique membrane-bound organelles termed melanosomes, which can be divided into four stages depending on their degree of maturation. Pigmentation production is determined by three distinct elements: enzymes involved in melanin synthesis, proteins required for melanosome structure, and proteins required for their trafficking and distribution. Many genes are involved in regulating pigmentation at various levels, and mutations in many of them cause pigmentary disorders, which can be classified into three types: hyperpigmentation (including melasma), hypopigmentation (including oculocutaneous albinism [OCA]), and mixed hyper-/hypopigmentation (including dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria). We briefly review vitiligo as a representative of an acquired hypopigmentation disorder.
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Ito S, Suzuki N, Takebayashi S, Commo S, Wakamatsu K. Neutral pH and copper ions promote eumelanogenesis after the dopachrome stage. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:817-25. [PMID: 23844795 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes of humans has been largely attributed to the diversity of pH in melanosomes with acidic pH being proposed to suppress melanin production. Tyrosinase has an optimum pH of 7.4 and its activity is suppressed greatly at lower pH values. The first step of eumelanogenesis is the oxidation of tyrosine to dopachrome (DC) via dopaquinone. However, how eumelanogenesis is controlled by pH beyond this stage is not known. In this study, we examined the effects of pH (5.3-7.3) on the conversion of DC to 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) and the subsequent oxidation of DHI and DHICA to form eumelanin. The effects of Cu(2+) ions on those reactions were also compared. The results indicate that an acidic pH greatly suppresses the late stages of eumelanogenesis and that Cu(2+) ions accelerate the conversion of DC to DHICA and its subsequent oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Abstract
Genome-wide association studies and comparative genomics have established major loci and specific polymorphisms affecting human skin, hair and eye color. Environmental changes have had an impact on selected pigmentation genes as populations have expanded into different regions of the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Sturm
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Melanogenix Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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