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Salavaty A, Azadian E, Naik SH, Currie PD. Clonal selection parallels between normal and cancer tissues. Trends Genet 2023; 39:358-380. [PMID: 36842901 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Clonal selection and drift drive both normal tissue and cancer development. However, the biological mechanisms and environmental conditions underpinning these processes remain to be elucidated. Clonal selection models are centered in Darwinian evolutionary theory, where some clones with the fittest features are selected and populate the tissue or tumor. We suggest that different subclasses of stem cells, each of which is responsible for a distinct feature of the selection process, share common features between normal and cancer conditions. While active stem cells populate the tissue, dormant cells account for tissue replenishment/regeneration in both normal and cancerous tissues. We also discuss potential mechanisms that drive clonal drift, their interactions with clonal selection, and their similarities during normal and cancer tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Salavaty
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Esmaeel Azadian
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shalin H Naik
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter D Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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2
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Immunomodulatory Effects and Potential Applications in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:7538025. [PMID: 35222648 PMCID: PMC8881131 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7538025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degenerative disease is a common health problem worldwide. Administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) has been widely explored in recent years. However, transplantation of MSCs is restricted by several factors. Currently, paracrine signaling is one of the main mechanisms by which MSCs play a therapeutic role in disc regeneration. Extracellular vehicles (EVs) are the main paracrine products of MSCs. They show great potential as an effective alternative to MSCs and play immunomodulation roles such as anti-inflammatory effects, antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis, and antiextracellular matrix (ECM) degradation during treatment of IVDD. This review focuses on the immunomodulatory effect of MSC EVs and their potential applications.
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3
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Xiao L, Liu Q, Luo M, Xiong L. Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:729346. [PMID: 34631603 PMCID: PMC8495119 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.729346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional bowel disorder worldwide and is associated with visceral hypersensitivity, gut motility, immunomodulation, gut microbiota alterations, and dysfunction of the brain-gut axis; however, its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Gut microbiota and its metabolites are proposed as possible etiological factors of IBS. The aim of our study was to investigate specific types of microbiota-derived metabolites, especially bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids, serotonin and hypoxanthine, which are all implicated in the pathogenesis of IBS. Metabolites-focused research has identified multiple microbial targets relevant to IBS patients, important roles of microbiota-derived metabolites in the development of IBS symptoms have been established. Thus, we provide an overview of gut microbiota and their metabolites on the different subtypes of IBS (constipation-predominant IBS-C, diarrhea-predominant IBS-D) and present controversial views regarding the role of microbiota in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lishou Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Alt EU, Schmitz C, Bai X. Perspective: Why and How Ubiquitously Distributed, Vascular-Associated, Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Adult Body (vaPS Cells) Are the Next Generation of Medicine. Cells 2021; 10:2303. [PMID: 34571951 PMCID: PMC8467324 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A certain cell type can be isolated from different organs in the adult body that can differentiate into ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, providing significant support for the existence of a certain type of small, vascular-associated, pluripotent stem cell ubiquitously distributed in all organs in the adult body (vaPS cells). These vaPS cells fundamentally differ from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells in that the latter possess the necessary genetic guidance that makes them intrinsically pluripotent. In contrast, vaPS cells do not have this intrinsic genetic guidance, but are able to differentiate into somatic cells of all three lineages under guidance of the microenvironment they are located in, independent from the original tissue or organ where they had resided. These vaPS cells are of high relevance for clinical application because they are contained in unmodified, autologous, adipose-derived regenerative cells (UA-ADRCs). The latter can be obtained from and re-applied to the same patient at the point of care, without the need for further processing, manipulation, and culturing. These findings as well as various clinical examples presented in this paper demonstrate the potential of UA-ADRCs for enabling an entirely new generation of medicine for the benefit of patients and healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckhard U. Alt
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Isar Klinikum Munich, 80331 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Yuan Z, Zhu Z, Zhu F, Ding F, Wang Y, Wang X, Luo X, Yang J, Liu F, Sun D. Impact of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells on dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans cells in an indirect co-culture: an in vitro study. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:440. [PMID: 34362454 PMCID: PMC8344160 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous adipose tissue transfer may be performed for aesthetic needs following the resection of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), the most common cutaneous soft tissue sarcoma, excluding Kaposi sarcoma. The regenerative effectiveness of cell-assisted lipotransfer is dependent on the presence of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs). This is the first study to evaluate the potential oncological risks as ADSCs could unintentionally be sited within the proximity of the tumor microenvironment of DFSP cells. METHODS Primary DFSP cells were indirectly co-cultured with ADSCs in a conditioned medium or in a Transwell system. The impact was analyzed by assessing proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and tumor-associated genes and proteins. Results of these assays were compared between co-culture and mono-culture conditions. RESULTS Our experimental results showed that ADSCs were able to promote proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of DFSP cells; this was accompanied by a significant increase in the expression levels of beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor, collagen type I alpha 1 chain, vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. CONCLUSIONS The current report clearly demonstrates that ADSCs can enhance different malignant properties of DFSP cells in vitro, which should not be neglected when considering the clinical use of human ADSCs and its related derivatives in skin regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Yuan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Fangxing Zhu
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Feixue Ding
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yinmin Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiuxia Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xusong Luo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Di Sun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Suzuki J, Shimizu Y, Tsuzuki K, Pu Z, Narita S, Yamaguchi S, Katagiri T, Iwata E, Masutomi T, Fujikawa Y, Shibata R, Murohara T. No influence on tumor growth by intramuscular injection of adipose-derived regenerative cells: safety evaluation of therapeutic angiogenesis with cell therapy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H447-H457. [PMID: 33185457 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00564.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis with autologous stem/progenitor cells is a promising novel strategy for treatment of severe ischemic diseases. Human clinical trials utilizing autologous adipose-derived regenerative cells (ADRCs) have not reported treatment-related critical adverse effects thus far. However, there is still a large knowledge gap regarding whether treatment of ischemic diseases with angiogenic therapy using ADRCs would promote unfavorable angiogenesis associated with tumors in vivo. Herein, we addressed this clinical question using a mouse hindlimb ischemia (HLI) and simultaneous remote tumor implantation model. C57BL/6J background wild-type mice were injected with murine B16F10 melanoma cells on their back, 1 day before ischemic surgery. These mice were subjected to surgical unilateral hindlimb ischemia, followed by ADRC implantation or PBS injection into the hindlimb ischemic muscles on the next day. Intramuscular implantation of ADRCs enhanced tissue capillary density and blood flow examined by a laser Doppler blood perfusion analysis in hind limb. However, this therapeutic regimen for ischemic limb using ADRCs did not affect remote melanoma growth nor the density of its feeder artery, angiogenesis, and lymphatic vessels compared with the PBS group. In addition, no distant metastases were detected in any of the mice regardless of the group. In conclusion, local implantation of ADRCs promotes angiogenesis in response to tissue ischemia in the hindlimb without promoting remote tumor growth and related angio/lymphangiogenesis. Therapeutic angiogenesis to the ischemic hindlimb using ADRCs seems to be safe regarding remote tumor growth.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we demonstrated that local injection of ADRCs can promote angiogenesis in response to tissue ischemia without promoting remote tumor growth in a mouse model. Our findings indicate that therapeutic angiogenesis to the ischemic hindlimb using ADRCs seems to be safe regarding remote tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuuki Shimizu
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuzuki
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zhongyue Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Narita
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shukuro Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Katagiri
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Etsuo Iwata
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Masutomi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fujikawa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rei Shibata
- Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Klyachko NL, Arzt CJ, Li SM, Gololobova OA, Batrakova EV. Extracellular Vesicle-Based Therapeutics: Preclinical and Clinical Investigations. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1171. [PMID: 33271883 PMCID: PMC7760239 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug nanoformulations hold remarkable promise for the efficient delivery of therapeutics to a disease site. Unfortunately, artificial nanocarriers, mostly liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles, show limited applications due to the unfavorable pharmacokinetics and rapid clearance from the blood circulation by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Besides, many of them have high cytotoxicity, low biodegradability, and the inability to cross biological barriers, including the blood brain barrier. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are novel candidates for drug delivery systems with high bioavailability, exceptional biocompatibility, and low immunogenicity. They provide a means for intercellular communication and the transmission of bioactive compounds to targeted tissues, cells, and organs. These features have made them increasingly attractive as a therapeutic platform in recent years. However, there are many obstacles to designing EV-based therapeutics. In this review, we will outline the main hurdles and limitations for therapeutic and clinical applications of drug loaded EV formulations and describe various attempts to solve these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L. Klyachko
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (N.L.K.); (O.A.G.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.J.A.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Camryn J. Arzt
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.J.A.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Samuel M. Li
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.J.A.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Olesia A. Gololobova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (N.L.K.); (O.A.G.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.J.A.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Elena V. Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (N.L.K.); (O.A.G.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.J.A.); (S.M.L.)
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Tang H, Chu Y, Huang Z, Cai J, Wang Z. The metastatic phenotype shift toward myofibroblast of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes ovarian cancer progression. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:182-193. [PMID: 31046126 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer metastasizes to organs in the abdominal cavity, such as the omentum that is a rich source of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs). In present, ADSCs have received more and more attention for their roles in the development of cancer. In this study, we examined α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and carcinoma-associated fibroblast (CAF)-like differentiation capabilities in ADSCs from omentum of different patients. The effects of ADSCs on the proliferation and invasion of epithelial ovarian cancer cells (EOCCs) were also assessed in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that ADSCs from omentum of ovarian cancer patients, no matter whether metastasis or not, expressed higher levels of α-SMA than ADSCs from patients with benign gynecologic disease. Using direct and indirect co-culture system, we found that EOCCs induced ADSCs to express CAF markers, including α-SMA and fibroblast activation protein, via the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathway. Moreover, co-cultured ADSCs exhibited functional properties similar to those of CAFs, including the ability to promote EOCCs proliferation, progression and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, blocking the TGF-β1 pathway can counteract the CAF-like differentiation and tumor promotion effect of ADSCs. Our results suggest that ADSCs are a source of CAFs and that they participate in the interaction between EOCCs and the omental microenvironment. EOCCs could induce ADSCs in the omentum to differentiate before ovarian cancer metastasis, which participate in the formation of omental metastatic niches and promote the proliferation and invasion of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yijing Chu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zaiju Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Alt EU, Winnier G, Haenel A, Rothoerl R, Solakoglu O, Alt C, Schmitz C. Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of UA-ADRCs (Uncultured, Autologous, Fresh, Unmodified, Adipose Derived Regenerative Cells, Isolated at Point of Care) in Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2020; 9:E1097. [PMID: 32365488 PMCID: PMC7290808 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has become practically impossible to survey the literature on cells derived from adipose tissue for regenerative medicine. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive and translational understanding of the potential of UA-ADRCs (uncultured, unmodified, fresh, autologous adipose derived regenerative cells isolated at the point of care) and its application in regenerative medicine. We provide profound basic and clinical evidence demonstrating that tissue regeneration with UA-ADRCs is safe and effective. ADRCs are neither 'fat stem cells' nor could they exclusively be isolated from adipose tissue. ADRCs contain the same adult stem cells ubiquitously present in the walls of blood vessels that are able to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers. Of note, the specific isolation procedure used has a significant impact on the number and viability of cells and hence on safety and efficacy of UA-ADRCs. Furthermore, there is no need to specifically isolate and separate stem cells from the initial mixture of progenitor and stem cells found in ADRCs. Most importantly, UA-ADRCs have the physiological capacity to adequately regenerate tissue without need for more than minimally manipulating, stimulating and/or (genetically) reprogramming the cells for a broad range of clinical applications. Tissue regeneration with UA-ADRCs fulfills the criteria of homologous use as defined by the regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckhard U. Alt
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Sanford Health, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Isar Klinikum Munich, 80331 Munich, Germany
- InGeneron, Inc., Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | | | - Alexander Haenel
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Oender Solakoglu
- Dental Department of the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, 22453 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Schmitz
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80331 Munich, Germany
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10
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Abstract
Exosomes are bilayer vesicles with particle sizes between 50 and 150 nm. Owing to their bilayer membrane structure, cell-to-cell communication, and good absorbability, exosomes are increasingly used as carriers for drug delivery through phospholipid membrane structures to lesion sites with enhanced targeting. Exosome sources and drug-loading methods are important factors affecting their use as drug carriers. There are various ways to pack species in exosomes, and researchers are constantly seeking new and improved approaches. In both in vivo and in vitro evaluations, exosomal vectors have achieved good antitumor efficacies. Despite the importance of exosomes as drug delivery systems with accurate targeting ability and biocompatibility, improvements are needed to facilitate their widespread clinical use. This review focuses on the preparation of exosomes as carriers and their utilization in antitumor research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongtai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Nianping Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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11
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Wörner PM, Schächtele DJ, Barabadi Z, Srivastav S, Chandrasekar B, Izadpanah R, Alt EU. Breast Tumor Microenvironment Can Transform Naive Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Tumor-Forming Cells in Nude Mice. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:341-352. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M. Wörner
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Deborah J. Schächtele
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Zahra Barabadi
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sudesh Srivastav
- Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Harry S. Truman Veterans Memorial Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Reza Izadpanah
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Eckhard U. Alt
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Abstract
Cartilage damage is often associated with pain, reduced quality of life and decreased physical performance. In addition, even small cartilage lesions can lead to osteoarthritis. Since young active people are particularly affected, the correct treatment of cartilage damage plays an important role. Operative treatment includes bone marrow-stimulating procedures with or without a matrix, cell-based procedures and osteochondral graft transplantation. The choice of the best procedure depends on the localization, the size and the extent of the cartilage damage. In addition, especially in the treatment of cartilage damage to the lower limbs, the leg axis and loading relationships should be taken into account and possibly treated as well as additional joint instabilities. The following article gives an overview of the available surgical treatment possibilities as well as the correct indications and implementation. It also gives a brief projection of possible further treatment options associated with stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rauch
- Sporttraumatologie und Kniechirurgie an der ATOS Klinik München, ECOM - Excellent Center of Medicine, Arabellastr. 17, 81925, München, Deutschland.
| | - E Rembeck
- Sporttraumatologie und Kniechirurgie an der ATOS Klinik München, ECOM - Excellent Center of Medicine, Arabellastr. 17, 81925, München, Deutschland
| | - L Kohn
- Klinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie, Krankenhaus Landshut Achdorf, Landshut, Deutschland
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13
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Ma H, Zhang S, Xu Y, Zhang R, Zhang X. Analysis of differentially expressed microRNA of TNF-α-stimulated mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes from their culture supernatant. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:1102-1111. [PMID: 30154894 PMCID: PMC6111343 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.70878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To analyze the microRNA expression of tumor necrosi factor α (TNF-α) stimulated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and exosomes from their culture supernatant. MATERIAL AND METHODS TNF-α (20 ng/ml) was used to stimulate MSCs, which were then regarded as TNF-α cells (TC), while unstimulated cells were the normal control cells (NCC). MSCs and their culture supernatant were harvested after 48 h. Subsequently, exosomes were isolated from culture supernatants with ExoQuick-TC and were divided into two groups, TNF-α exosomes (TE) and normal control exosomes (NCE). Then, the microRNAs were measured by high-throughput sequencing and the results were differentially analyzed. Finally, the correlation of the target genes corresponding to differently expressed microRNAs was analyzed by gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analysis. RESULTS High-throughput sequencing showed that the cellular compartment (TC vs. NCC) had 280 microRNAs. miR-146a-5p was a uniquely up-regulated microRNA (p < 0.001) and the most significantly down-regulated microRNA among the 279 microRNAs included was miR-150-5p (p < 0.001). There were 180 differentially expressed microRNAs in the exosome compartment (TE vs. NCE), where miR-146-5p (p < 0.001) was one of 176 upregulated microRNAs and miR-203b-5p (p < 0.001) was one of 4 downregulated microRNAs. Coincidentally, bioinformatics analysis showed that IRAK1 was a critical target gene of miR-146-5p related to the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS In contrast with the control group, there were significantly differentially expressed microRNAs in both MSCs and exosomes. Interestingly, miR-146a-5p was up-regulated in both comparative groups, and its target gene IRAK1 plays a crucial part in the TLR signaling pathway. These investigations demonstrate a new direction for subsequent inflammation mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuyan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Hematology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinzhou Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
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14
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Alt EU, Barabadi Z, Pfnür A, Ochoa JE, Daneshimehr F, Lang LM, Lin D, Braun SE, Chandrasekar B, Izadpanah R. TRAF3IP2, a novel therapeutic target in glioblastoma multiforme. Oncotarget 2018; 9:29772-29788. [PMID: 30038719 PMCID: PMC6049871 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (glioblastoma) remains one of the deadliest cancers. Pro-inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic mediators present in tumor microenvironment (TME) facilitate communication between tumor cells and adjacent non-malignant cells, resulting in glioblastoma growth. Since a majority of these mediators are products of NF-κB- and/or AP-1-responsive genes, and as TRAF3 Interacting Protein 2 (TRAF3IP2) is an upstream regulator of both transcription factors, we hypothesized that targeting TRAF3IP2 blunts tumor growth by inhibiting NF-κB and pro-inflammatory/pro-tumorigenic mediators. Our in vitro data demonstrate that similar to primary glioblastoma tumor tissues, malignant glioblastoma cell lines (U87 and U118) express high levels of TRAF3IP2. Silencing TRAF3IP2 expression inhibits basal and inducible NF-κB activation, induction of pro-inflammatory mediators, clusters of genes involved in cell cycle progression and angiogenesis, and formation of spheroids. Additionally, silencing TRAF3IP2 significantly increases apoptosis. In vivo studies indicate TRAF3IP2-silenced U87 cells formed smaller tumors. Additionally, treating existing tumors formed by wild type U87 cells with lentiviral TRAF3IP2 shRNA markedly regresses their size. Analysis of residual tumors revealed reduced expression of pro-inflammatory/pro-tumorigenic/pro-angiogenic mediators and kinesins. In contrast, the expression of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was increased. Together, these novel data indicate that TRAF3IP2 is a master regulator of malignant signaling in glioblastoma, and its targeting modulates the TME and inhibits tumor growth by suppressing the expression of mediators involved in inflammation, angiogenesis, growth, and malignant transformation. Our data identify TRAF3IP2 as a potential therapeutic target in glioblastoma growth and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckhard U Alt
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zahra Barabadi
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andreas Pfnür
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Joana E Ochoa
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Fatemeh Daneshimehr
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lea M Lang
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Dong Lin
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stephen E Braun
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine and Harry S. Truman Veterans Memorial Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Reza Izadpanah
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Surgery, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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15
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Son B, Lee S, Youn H, Kim E, Kim W, Youn B. The role of tumor microenvironment in therapeutic resistance. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3933-3945. [PMID: 27965469 PMCID: PMC5354804 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo unlimited progression and survival owing to activation of oncogenes. However, support of the tumor microenvironment is essential to the formation of clinically relevant tumors. Recent evidence indicates that the tumor microenvironment is a critical regulator of immune escape, progression, and distant metastasis of cancer. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment is known to be involved in acquired resistance of tumors to various therapies. Despite significant advances in chemotherapy and radiotherapy, occurrence of therapeutic resistance leads to reduced efficacy. This review highlights myeloid cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells consisting of the tumor microenvironment, as well as the relevant signaling pathways that eventually render cancer cells to be therapeutically resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomseok Son
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeSook Youn
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - EunGi Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanyeon Kim
- Integrative Graduate Program of Ship and Offshore Plant Technology for Ocean Energy Resource, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - BuHyun Youn
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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16
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Huang WC, Chan ML, Chen MJ, Tsai TH, Chen YJ. Modulation of macrophage polarization and lung cancer cell stemness by MUC1 and development of a related small-molecule inhibitor pterostilbene. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39363-39375. [PMID: 27276704 PMCID: PMC5129938 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) polarized to the M2 phenotype play key roles in tumor progression in different cancer types, including lung cancer. MUC1 expression in various types of cancer is an indicator of poorer prognosis. Elevated MUC1 expression has been reported in inflammatory lung macrophages and is associated with lung cancer development. Here, we investigated the role of M2-polarized TAMs (M2-TAMs) in the generation of lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs) and tested pterostilbene, a small-molecule agent that modulates MUC1 expression in lung cancer cells, with the goal of subverting the microenvironment toward a favorable anti-tumor impact. We found that MUC1 was overexpressed in lung cancer patients, which was associated with poor survival rates. M2-TAMs and cancer cell lines were co-cultured in an experimental tumor microenvironment model. The expression levels of MUC1 and cancer stemness genes significantly increased in lung cancer cells in the presence of the M2-TAM cells. Intriguingly, pterostilbene dose-dependently suppressed self-renewal ability in M2-TAMs-co-cultured lung cancer cells, and this suppression was accompanied by downregulation of MUC1, NF-κB, CD133, β-catenin, and Sox2 expression. Moreover, MUC1-silenced M2-TAMs exhibited a significantly lower ability to promote LCSC generation and decreased levels of NF-κB, CD133, and Sox2. The results suggest that MUC1 plays an important role in TAM-induced LCSC progression. Pterostilbene may have therapeutic potential for modulating the unfavorable effects of TAMs in lung cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Huang
- MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lin Chan
- MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Chen
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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17
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Wen Y, Guo Y, Huang Z, Cai J, Wang Z. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate cisplatin-induced apoptosis in epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:9587-9592. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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18
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Konstantinow A, Arnold A, Djabali K, Kempf W, Gutermuth J, Fischer T, Biedermann T. Therapy of ulcus cruris of venous and mixed venous arterial origin with autologous, adult, native progenitor cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue: a prospective clinical pilot study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:2104-2118. [PMID: 28750144 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of adipose tissue consists of cellular subpopulations with distinct regenerative potential. OBJECTIVE To investigate the regenerative capacities of autologous SVF cells in the treatment of chronic leg ulcers of venous (VLU) and arterial-venous (AVLU) origin. METHODS Multimorbid ulcer patients received a singular topical treatment with 9-15 × 106 SVF cells, separated from abdominal lipoaspirates by digestion with collagenase and neutral protease and applied immediately after isolation. The primary endpoints were the change in wound size 12 weeks after treatment and evaluation of adverse events. Secondary endpoints included the time to complete wound epithelialization and change in pain levels. Postoperative wound treatment modalities and treatment of comorbidities were not intensified compared with pre-operative management. Follow-up period was at least 6 months. RESULTS Sixteen elderly ulcer patients (seven with VLU, nine with AVLU) were treated as described. All VLU patients (median ulcer size: 48.25 cm2 ) and four of nine AVLU patients showed complete epithelialization of the ulcers within 71-174 days. In three patients with large ulcerations on both legs, ulcerations on the non-treated, contralateral leg also epithelialized. Patients reported a considerable rapid decrease in pain intensity by 2.5 points on average on a visual scale from 1 to 5 within the first 2 weeks after treatment. The patients were followed up for 9-44 months (median: 30 months). No severe side-effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS The use of SVF cells presents an effective, minimally invasive option for the treatment of VLU and AVLU even in multimorbid patients. In patients with larger predominantly ischaemic AVLU and comorbidities, one-time application of the used amounts of SVF cells was not sufficient in the majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Konstantinow
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A Arnold
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K Djabali
- School of Medicine, Epigenetic of Aging, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - W Kempf
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Gutermuth
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Fischer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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19
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Polewski MD, Reveron-Thornton RF, Cherryholmes GA, Marinov GK, Aboody KS. SLC7A11 Overexpression in Glioblastoma Is Associated with Increased Cancer Stem Cell-Like Properties. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1236-1246. [PMID: 28610554 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
System xc- is a sodium-independent electroneutral transporter, comprising a catalytic subunit xCT (SLC7A11), which is involved in importing cystine. Certain cancers such as gliomas upregulate the expression of system xc-, which confers a survival advantage against the detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing generation of the antioxidant glutathione. However, ROS have also been shown to function as targeted, intracellular second messengers in an array of physiological processes such as proliferation. Several studies have implicated ROS in important cancer features such as migration, invasion, and contribution to a cancer stem cell (CSC)-like phenotype. The role of system xc- in regulating these ROS-sensitive processes in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in adults, remains unknown. Stable SLC7A11 knockdown and overexpressing U251 glioma cells were generated and characterized to understand the role of redox and system xc- in glioma progression. SLC7A11 knockdown resulted in higher endogenous ROS levels and enhanced invasive properties. On the contrary, overexpression of SLC7A11 resulted in decreased endogenous ROS levels as well as decreased migration and invasion. However, SLC7A11-overexpressing cells displayed actin cytoskeleton changes reminiscent of epithelial-like cells and exhibited an increased CSC-like phenotype. The enhanced CSC-like phenotype may contribute to increased chemoresistance and suggests that overexpression of SLC7A11 in the context of GBM may contribute to tumor progression. These findings have important implications for cancer management where targeting system xC- in combination with other chemotherapeutics can reduce cancer resistance and recurrence and improve GBM patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika D Polewski
- 1 Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute , Duarte, California.,2 Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute , Duarte, California
| | - Rosyli F Reveron-Thornton
- 1 Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute , Duarte, California.,3 Department of Biological Sciences, California State University , San Bernardino, California
| | - Gregory A Cherryholmes
- 2 Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute , Duarte, California.,4 Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute , Duarte, California
| | - Georgi K Marinov
- 5 Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California
| | - Karen S Aboody
- 1 Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute , Duarte, California.,6 Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute , Duarte, California
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20
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Plotnikov EY, Silachev DN, Popkov VA, Zorova LD, Pevzner IB, Zorov SD, Jankauskas SS, Babenko VA, Sukhikh GT, Zorov DB. Intercellular Signalling Cross-Talk: To Kill, To Heal and To Rejuvenate. Heart Lung Circ 2017; 26:648-659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Cell Connections by Tunneling Nanotubes: Effects of Mitochondrial Trafficking on Target Cell Metabolism, Homeostasis, and Response to Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6917941. [PMID: 28659978 PMCID: PMC5474251 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6917941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communications play a major role in tissue homeostasis and responses to external cues. Novel structures for this communication have recently been described. These tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) consist of thin-extended membrane protrusions that connect cells together. TNTs allow the cell-to-cell transfer of various cellular components, including proteins, RNAs, viruses, and organelles, such as mitochondria. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are both naturally present and recruited to many different tissues where their interaction with resident cells via secreted factors has been largely documented. Their immunosuppressive and repairing capacities constitute the basis for many current clinical trials. MSCs recruited to the tumor microenvironment also play an important role in tumor progression and resistance to therapy. MSCs are now the focus of intense scrutiny due to their capacity to form TNTs and transfer mitochondria to target cells, either in normal physiological or in pathological conditions, leading to changes in cell energy metabolism and functions, as described in this review.
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22
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Ejarque M, Ceperuelo-Mallafré V, Serena C, Pachón G, Núñez-Álvarez Y, Terrón-Puig M, Calvo E, Núñez-Roa C, Oliva-Olivera W, Tinahones FJ, Peinado MA, Vendrell J, Fernández-Veledo S. Survivin, a key player in cancer progression, increases in obesity and protects adipose tissue stem cells from apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2802. [PMID: 28518147 PMCID: PMC5520726 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) has a central role in obesity-related metabolic imbalance through the dysregulated production of cytokines and adipokines. In addition to its known risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, obesity is also a major risk for cancer. We investigated the impact of obesity for the expression of survivin, an antiapoptotic protein upregulated by adipokines and a diagnostic biomarker of tumor onset and recurrence. In a cross-sectional study of 111 subjects classified by body mass index, circulating levels of survivin and gene expression in subcutaneous AT were significantly higher in obese patients and positively correlated with leptin. Within AT, survivin was primarily detected in human adipocyte-derived stem cells (hASCs), the adipocyte precursors that determine AT expansion. Remarkably, survivin expression was significantly higher in hASCs isolated from obese patients that from lean controls and was increased by proinflammatory M1 macrophage soluble factors including IL-1β. Analysis of survivin expression in hASCs revealed a complex regulation including epigenetic modifications and protein stability. Surprisingly, obese hASCs showed survivin promoter hypermethylation that correlated with a significant decrease in its mRNA levels. Nonetheless, a lower level of mir-203, which inhibits survivin protein translation, and higher protein stability, was found in obese hASCs compared with their lean counterparts. We discovered that survivin levels determine the susceptibility of hASCs to apoptotic stimuli (including leptin and hypoxia). Accordingly, hASCs from an obese setting were protected from apoptosis. Collectively, these data shed new light on the molecular mechanisms governing AT expansion in obesity through promotion of hASCs that are resistant to apoptosis, and point to survivin as a potential new molecular player in the communication between AT and tumor cells. Thus, inhibition of apoptosis targeting survivin might represent an effective strategy for both obesity and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ejarque
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victòria Ceperuelo-Mallafré
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Serena
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gisela Pachón
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Brigham & Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Brigham & Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yaiza Núñez-Álvarez
- Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Badalona, Spain
| | - Margarida Terrón-Puig
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Núñez-Roa
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wilfredo Oliva-Olivera
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Peinado
- Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Badalona, Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Fernández-Veledo
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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JNK pathway inhibition selectively primes pancreatic cancer stem cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis without affecting the physiology of normal tissue resident stem cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:9890-906. [PMID: 26840266 PMCID: PMC4891091 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Successful treatment of solid cancers mandates targeting cancer stem cells (CSC) without impact on the physiology of normal tissue resident stem cells. C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling has been shown to be of importance in cancer. We test whether JNK inhibition would sensitize pancreatic CSCs to induction of apoptosis via low-dose TNFα-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Design Effects of JNK inhibition (JNKi) were evaluated in vitro in functional assays, through mRNA and protein expression analysis, and in in vivo mouse studies. CSCs were enriched in anoikis-resistant spheroid culture and analyzed accordingly. Results We confirmed that the JNK pathway is an important regulatory pathway in pancreatic cancer stem cells and further found that JNK inhibition downregulates the decoy receptor DcR1 through IL-8 signaling while upregulating pro-apoptotic death receptors DR4/5, thereby sensitizing cells - even with acquired TRAIL-resistance - to apoptosis induction. Treatment of orthotopic pancreatic cancer xenografts with either gemcitabine, JNKi or TRAIL alone for 4 weeks showed only modest effects compared to control, while the combination of JNKi and TRAIL resulted in significantly lower tumor burden (69%; p < 0.04), reduced numbers of circulating tumor cells, and less distant metastatic events, without affecting the general health of the animals. Conclusions The combination of JNKi and TRAIL significantly impacts on CSCs, but leaves regular tissue-resident stem cells unaffected – even under hypoxic stress conditions. This concept of selective treatment of pancreatic CSCs warrants further evaluation.
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El-Saghir J, Nassar F, Tawil N, El-Sabban M. ATL-derived exosomes modulate mesenchymal stem cells: potential role in leukemia progression. Retrovirology 2016; 13:73. [PMID: 27760548 PMCID: PMC5070229 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes are membrane nano-vesicles secreted by a multitude of cells that harbor biological constituents such as proteins, lipids, mRNA and microRNA. Exosomes can potentially transfer their cargo to other cells, implicating them in many patho-physiological processes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), residents of the bone marrow and metastatic niches, potentially interact with cancer cells and/or their derived exosomes. In this study, we investigated whether exosomes derived from adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) cells act as intercellular messengers delivering leukemia-related genes that modulate the properties of human MSCs in favor of leukemia. We hypothesized that the cargo of ATL-derived exosomes is transferred to MSCs and alter their functional behavior to support the establishment of the appropriate microenvironment for leukemia. Results We showed that both ATL cells (C81 and HuT-102) and patient-derived cells released Tax-containing exosomes. The cargo of HuT-102-derived exosomes consisted of miR-21, miR-155 and vascular endothelial growth factor. We demonstrated that HuT-102-derived exosomes not only deliver Tax to recipient MSCs, but also induce NF-κB activation leading to a change in cellular morphology, increase in proliferation and the induction of gene expression of migration and angiogenic markers. Conclusions This study demonstrates that ATL-derived exosomes deliver Tax and other leukemia-related genes to MSCs and alter their properties to presumably create a more conducive milieu for leukemia. These findings highlight the contribution of leukemia-derived exosomes in cellular transformation and their potential value as biomarkers and targets in therapeutic strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0307-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal El-Saghir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farah Nassar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadim Tawil
- Department of Internal Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan El-Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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25
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Wu H, Bi X, Cao F, Zhu C, Liu H, Song J, Ma L, Ma L, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Liu H, Xu X, Zhang S. Molecular Characterization of Equine APRIL and its Expression Analysis During the Adipogenic Differentiation of Equine Adipose-Derived Stem Cell In Vitro. Anim Biotechnol 2016; 27:262-8. [PMID: 27565870 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2016.1182540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily. It shares two receptors with B-cell activating factor (BAFF), B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), and transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI). Herein, the equine APRIL was identified from equine adipose-derived stem cell (ASC), and the protein expression of APRIL and its related molecules were detected during the adipogenic differentiation of equine ASC in vitro. The equine APRIL gene was located on chromosome 11, spans 1852 base pairs (bp). Its open reading frame covers 753 bp, encoding a 250-amino acid protein with the typical TNF structure domain. During the two weeks' adipogenic differentiation of equine ASC, although the protein expression of APRIL and TACI had an insignificant change, that of BCMA increased significantly. Moreover, with the addition of recombinant protein His6-sAPRIL, a reduced differentiation of equine ASC toward adipocyte was detected. These results may provide the basis for investigating the role of APRIL in ASC adipogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wu
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology , Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing , P.R. China.,b Basic Medical College , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Bi
- c College of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Fang Cao
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology , Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Cuicui Zhu
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology , Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Hongzhen Liu
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology , Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Jinyun Song
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology , Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Lei Ma
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology , Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Li Ma
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology , Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology , Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Dongwei Zhao
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology , Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology , Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Xinzhou Xu
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology , Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Shuangquan Zhang
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology , Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing , P.R. China
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The Roles of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells in Tumor Microenvironment Associated with Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7314016. [PMID: 27630452 PMCID: PMC5007366 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7314016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
State of tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely linked to regulation of tumor growth and progression affecting the final outcome, refractoriness, and relapse of disease. Interactions of tumor, immune, and mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have been recognized as crucial for understanding tumorigenesis. Due to their outstanding features, stem cell-like properties, capacity to regulate immune response, and dynamic functional phenotype dependent on microenvironmental stimuli, MSCs have been perceived as important players in TME. Signals provided by tumor-associated chronic inflammation educate MSCs to alter their phenotype and immunomodulatory potential in favor of tumor-biased state of MSCs. Adjustment of phenotype to TME and acquisition of tumor-promoting ability by MSCs help tumor cells in maintenance of permissive TME and suppression of antitumor immune response. Potential utilization of MSCs in treatment of tumor is based on their inherent ability to home tumor tissue that makes them suitable delivery vehicles for immune-stimulating factors and vectors for targeted antitumor therapy. Here, we review data regarding intrusive effects of inflammatory TME on MSCs capacity to affect tumor development through modification of their phenotype and interactions with immune system.
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LoGuidice A, Houlihan A, Deans R. Multipotent adult progenitor cells on an allograft scaffold facilitate the bone repair process. J Tissue Eng 2016; 7:2041731416656148. [PMID: 27493716 PMCID: PMC4959303 DOI: 10.1177/2041731416656148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent adult progenitor cells are a recently described population of stem cells derived from the bone marrow stroma. Research has demonstrated the potential of multipotent adult progenitor cells for treating ischemic injury and cardiovascular repair; however, understanding of multipotent adult progenitor cells in orthopedic applications remains limited. In this study, we evaluate the osteogenic and angiogenic capacity of multipotent adult progenitor cells, both in vitro and loaded onto demineralized bone matrix in vivo, with comparison to mesenchymal stem cells, as the current standard. When compared to mesenchymal stem cells, multipotent adult progenitor cells exhibited a more robust angiogenic protein release profile in vitro and developed more extensive vasculature within 2 weeks in vivo. The establishment of this vascular network is critical to the ossification process, as it allows nutrient exchange and provides an influx of osteoprogenitor cells to the wound site. In vitro assays confirmed the multipotency of multipotent adult progenitor cells along mesodermal lineages and demonstrated the enhanced expression of alkaline phosphatase and production of calcium-containing mineral deposits by multipotent adult progenitor cells, necessary precursors for osteogenesis. In combination with a demineralized bone matrix scaffold, multipotent adult progenitor cells demonstrated enhanced revascularization and new bone formation in vivo in an orthotopic defect model when compared to mesenchymal stem cells on demineralized bone matrix or demineralized bone matrix–only control groups. The potent combination of angiogenic and osteogenic properties provided by multipotent adult progenitor cells appears to create a synergistic amplification of the bone healing process. Our results indicate that multipotent adult progenitor cells have the potential to better promote tissue regeneration and healing and to be a functional cell source for use in orthopedic applications.
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Batrakova EV, Kim MS. Development and regulation of exosome-based therapy products. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:744-57. [PMID: 26888041 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently, various innovative therapies involving the ex vivo manipulation and subsequent reintroduction of exosome-based therapeutics into humans have been developed and validated, although no exosome-based therapeutics have yet to be brought into the clinic. Exosomes are nanosized vesicles secreted by many cells that utilize them for cell-to-cell communications to facilitate transport of proteins and genetic material. Comprised of cellular membranes with multiple adhesive proteins on their surface, exosomes offer distinct advantages that exceptionally position them as highly effective drug carriers. Additionally, exosomes can exert unique biological activity reflective of their origin that may be used for therapy of various diseases. In fact, exosomes have benefits of both synthetic nanocarriers and cell-mediated drug delivery systems, and avoid their limitations. This concise review highlights the recent developments in exosome-based drug delivery systems and the main regulatory considerations for using this type of therapeutic in clinic. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:744-757. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1395 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Myung Soo Kim
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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29
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Izadpanah R, Schächtele DJ, Pfnür AB, Lin D, Slakey DP, Kadowitz PJ, Alt EU. The impact of statins on biological characteristics of stem cells provides a novel explanation for their pleiotropic beneficial and adverse clinical effects. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00406.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins reduce atherosclerotic events and cardiovascular mortality. Their side effects include memory loss, myopathy, cataract formation, and increased risk of diabetes. As cardiovascular mortality relates to plaque instability, which depends on the integrity of the fibrous cap, we hypothesize that the inhibition of the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate into macrophages would help to explain the long known, but less understood “non-lipid-associated” or pleiotropic benefit of statins on cardiovascular mortality. In the present investigation, MSCs were treated with atorvastatin or pravastatin at clinically relevant concentrations and their proliferation, differentiation potential, and gene expression profile were assessed. Both types of statins reduced the overall growth rate of MSCs. Especially, statins reduced the potential of MSCs to differentiate into macrophages while they exhibited no direct effect on macrophage function. These findings suggest that the limited capacity of MSCs to differentiate into macrophages could possibly result in decreased macrophage density within the arterial plaque, reduced inflammation, and subsequently enhance plaque stability. This would explain the non-lipid-associated reduction in cardiovascular events. On a negative side, statins impaired the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential of MSCs and increased cell senescence and apoptosis, as indicated by upregulation of p16, p53 and Caspase 3, 8, and 9. Statins also impaired the expression of DNA repair genes, including XRCC4, XRCC6, and Apex1. While the effect on macrophage differentiation explains the beneficial side of statins, their impact on other biologic properties of stem cells provides a novel explanation for their adverse clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Izadpanah
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
| | - Deborah J. Schächtele
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Andreas B. Pfnür
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Dong Lin
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Douglas P. Slakey
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
| | - Philip J. Kadowitz
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Eckhard U. Alt
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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30
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Batrakova EV, Kim MS. Using exosomes, naturally-equipped nanocarriers, for drug delivery. J Control Release 2015; 219:396-405. [PMID: 26241750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 708] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes offer distinct advantages that uniquely position them as highly effective drug carriers. Comprised of cellular membranes with multiple adhesive proteins on their surface, exosomes are known to specialize in cell-cell communications and provide an exclusive approach for the delivery of various therapeutic agents to target cells. In addition, exosomes can be amended through their parental cells to express a targeting moiety on their surface, or supplemented with desired biological activity. Development and validation of exosome-based drug delivery systems are the focus of this review. Different techniques of exosome isolation, characterization, drug loading, and applications in experimental disease models and clinic are discussed. Exosome-based drug formulations may be applied to a wide variety of disorders such as cancer, various infectious, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. Overall, exosomes combine benefits of both synthetic nanocarriers and cell-mediated drug delivery systems while avoiding their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Myung Soo Kim
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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31
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Song N, Gao L, Qiu H, Huang C, Cheng H, Zhou H, Lv S, Chen L, Wang J. Mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibit leukemia/lymphoma cell proliferation in vitro and in a mouse model of allogeneic bone marrow transplant. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:139-49. [PMID: 25901937 PMCID: PMC4494598 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contributes to the reconstitution of hematopoiesis by ameliorating acute graft‑versus‑host disease (aGVHD). However, the role of MSCs in graft‑versus‑leukemia remains to be determined. In the present study, we co‑cultured C57BL/6 mouse bone marrow (BM)‑derived MSCs with A20 murine B lymphoma, FBL3 murine erythroleukemia and P388 murine acute lymphocytic leukemia cells. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle progression and the amount of cytokine secretion were then measured using a Cell Counting kit‑8, Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. We also established a model of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) using BALB/c mice. Following the administration of A20 cells and MSCs, we recorded the symptoms and the survival of the mice for 4 weeks, assessed the T cell subsets present in peripheral blood, and, after the mice were sacrifice, we determined the infiltration of MSCs into the organs by histological staining. Our results revealed that the MSCs inhibited the proliferation of the mouse lymphoma and leukemia cells in vitro, leading to cell cycle arrest and reducing the secretion of interleukin (IL)‑10. In our model of allogeneic BMT, the intravenous injection of MSCs into the mice injected wth A20 cells decreased the incidence of lymphoma, improved survival, increased the fraction of CD3+CD8+ T cells, decreased the fraction of CD3+CD4+ T cells and CD4+CD25+ T cells in peripheral blood, and ameliorated the manifestation of aGVHD. The results from the present study indicate that MSCs may be safe and effective when used in allogeneic BMT for the treatment of hemotological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxia Song
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Huiying Qiu
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Chongmei Huang
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Shuqing Lv
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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Freese KE, Kokai L, Edwards RP, Philips BJ, Sheikh MA, Kelley J, Comerci J, Marra KG, Rubin JP, Linkov F. Adipose-derived stems cells and their role in human cancer development, growth, progression, and metastasis: a systematic review. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1161-8. [PMID: 25736688 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a well recognized risk factor for several types of cancers, many of which occur solely or disproportionately in women. Adipose tissue is a rich source of adipose-derived stem cells (ASC), which have received attention for their role in cancer behavior. The purpose of this systematic review is to present the existing literature on the role of ASCs in the growth, development, progression, and metastasis of cancer, with an emphasis on malignancies that primarily affect women. To accomplish this goal, the bibliographic database PubMed was systematically searched for articles published between 2001 and 2014 that address ASCs' relationship to human cancer. Thirty-seven articles on ASCs' role in human cancer were reviewed. Literature suggests that ASCs exhibit cancer-promoting properties, influence/are influenced by the tumor microenvironment, promote angiogenesis, and may be associated with pathogenic processes through a variety of mechanisms, such as playing a role in hypoxic tumor microenvironment. ASCs appear to be important contributors to tumor behavior, but research in areas specific to women's cancers, specifically endometrial cancer, is scarce. Also, because obesity continues to be a major health concern, it is important to continue research in this area to improve understanding of the impact adiposity has on cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E Freese
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Lauren Kokai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert P Edwards
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian J Philips
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - M Aamir Sheikh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Kelley
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John Comerci
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kacey G Marra
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - J Peter Rubin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Faina Linkov
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Bonafè F, Guarnieri C, Muscari C. Cancer stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells in the hypoxic tumor niche: two different targets for one only drug. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:227-30. [PMID: 25620576 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Putative cancer stem cells (CSCs) reside in a hypoxic microenvironment where mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are also present. In this niche MSCs seem to promote the generation of CSCs and sustain tumor progression. Therefore, it may assume clinical relevance to produce a drug which kills not only CSCs but also MSCs. We hypothesized that bifunctional nanoparticles, loaded with a HIF-1α inhibitor and conjugated with an aptamer targeting a common receptor of CSCs and MSCs, may fulfill this strategy. The nanoparticle should ensure that: (1) the conveyed drug is less susceptible to degradation, (2) the common receptor of CSCs and MSCs is recognized by a superselective aptamer, and (3) receptor-mediated internalization is the main process to enter target cells. Small RNA or DNA aptamers represent an advantage over antibodies because do not cause immune reactions, are better internalized into the target cell, are more resistant to degradation, their cost of production are lower, and the purity of the oligonucleotide ligand is extremely elevated. Concerning the drugs to be delivered, we suggest to employ those exerting an anti-HIF-1α activity because they should be harmful for hypoxic CSCs and MCSs in their tumor niche but provide very limited toxicity, or even none, to well-oxygenated normal cells. Corresponding experimental approaches to perform pre-clinical studies and verify this hypothesis are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonafè
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Carlo Guarnieri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Claudio Muscari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Zielins ER, Atashroo DA, Maan ZN, Duscher D, Walmsley GG, Hu M, Senarath-Yapa K, McArdle A, Tevlin R, Wearda T, Paik KJ, Duldulao C, Hong WX, Gurtner GC, Longaker MT. Wound healing: an update. Regen Med 2014; 9:817-30. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wounds, both chronic and acute, continue to be a tremendous socioeconomic burden. As such, technologies drawn from many disciplines within science and engineering are constantly being incorporated into innovative wound healing therapies. While many of these therapies are experimental, they have resulted in new insights into the pathophysiology of wound healing, and in turn the development of more specialized treatments for both normal and abnormal wound healing states. Herein, we review some of the emerging technologies that are currently being developed to aid and improve wound healing after cutaneous injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Zielins
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5148, USA
| | - David A Atashroo
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5148, USA
| | - Zeshaan N Maan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5148, USA
| | - Dominik Duscher
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5148, USA
| | - Graham G Walmsley
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5148, USA
| | - Michael Hu
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5148, USA
- Department of Surgery, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI
| | - Kshemendra Senarath-Yapa
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5148, USA
| | - Adrian McArdle
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5148, USA
| | - Ruth Tevlin
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5148, USA
| | - Taylor Wearda
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5148, USA
| | - Kevin J Paik
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5148, USA
| | - Christopher Duldulao
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5148, USA
| | - Wan Xing Hong
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5148, USA
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5148, USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5148, USA
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Abstract
Natural selection defined by differential survival and reproduction of individuals in populations is influenced by genetic, developmental, and environmental factors operating at every age and stage in human life history: generation of gametes, conception, birth, maturation, reproduction, senescence, and death. Biological systems are built upon a hierarchical organization nesting subcellular organelles, cells, tissues, and organs within individuals, individuals within families, and families within populations, and the latter among other populations. Natural selection often acts simultaneously at more than one level of biological organization and on specific traits, which we define as multilevel selection. Under this model, the individual is a fundamental unit of biological organization and also of selection, imbedded in a larger evolutionary context, just as it is a unit of medical intervention imbedded in larger biological, cultural, and environmental contexts. Here, we view human health and life span as necessary consequences of natural selection, operating at all levels and phases of biological hierarchy in human life history as well as in sociological and environmental milieu. An understanding of the spectrum of opportunities for natural selection will help us develop novel approaches to improving healthy life span through specific and global interventions that simultaneously focus on multiple levels of biological organization. Indeed, many opportunities exist to apply multilevel selection models employed in evolutionary biology and biodemography to improving human health at all hierarchical levels. Multilevel selection perspective provides a rational theoretical foundation for a synthesis of medicine and evolution that could lead to discovering effective predictive, preventive, palliative, potentially curative, and individualized approaches in medicine and in global health programs.
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