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Habelrih T, Augustin TL, Mauffette-Whyte F, Ferri B, Sawaya K, Côté F, Gallant M, Olson DM, Chemtob S. Inflammatory mechanisms of preterm labor and emerging anti-inflammatory interventions. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 78:50-63. [PMID: 39048393 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Preterm birth is a major public health concern, requiring a deeper understanding of its underlying inflammatory mechanisms and to develop effective therapeutic strategies. This review explores the complex interaction between inflammation and preterm labor, highlighting the pivotal role of the dysregulation of inflammation in triggering premature delivery. The immunological environment of pregnancy, characterized by a fragile balance of immune tolerance and resistance, is disrupted in preterm labor, leading to a pathological inflammatory response. Feto-maternal infections, among other pro-inflammatory stimuli, trigger the activation of toll-like receptors and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, promoting uterine contractility and cervical ripening. Emerging anti-inflammatory therapeutics offer promising approaches for the prevention of preterm birth by targeting key inflammatory pathways. From TLR-4 antagonists to chemokine and interleukin receptor antagonists, these interventions aim to modulate the inflammatory environment and prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms leading to preterm labor is crucial for the development of targeted interventions in hope of reducing the incidence of preterm birth and improving neonatal health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Habelrih
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thalyssa-Lyn Augustin
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Félix Mauffette-Whyte
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Béatrice Ferri
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Sawaya
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada; Programmes de cycles supérieurs en sciences biomédicales, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - France Côté
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathilde Gallant
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David M Olson
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, and Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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2
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Lima RS, Belchior-Bezerra M, Silva de Oliveira D, Rocha RDS, Medeiros NI, Mattos RT, Camile Dos Reis I, Marques AS, Rosário PW, Calsolari MR, Correa-Oliveira R, Dutra WO, Moreira PR, Gomes JA. Obesity Influences T CD4 Lymphocytes Subsets Profiles in Children and Adolescent's Immune Response. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00386-9. [PMID: 39019165 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES: Evidence shows that CD4+ T cells are altered in obesity and play a significant role in the systemic inflammation in adults with the disease. Because the profile of these cells is poorly understood in the pediatric population, this study aims to investigate the profile of CD4+ T lymphocytes and the plasma levels of cytokines in this population. METHODS Using flow cytometry, we compared the expression profile of lymphocyte markers, master transcription factors, cytokines, and molecules involved in the regulation of the immune response in CD4+ T cells from children and adolescents with obesity (OB group, n = 20) with those with eutrophy group (EU group, n = 16). Plasma levels of cytokines in both groups were determined by CBA. RESULTS The OB group presents a lower frequency of CD3+ T cells, as well as a decreased frequency of CD4+ T cells expressing CD28, IL-4, and FOXP3, but an increased frequency of CD4+IL-17A+ cells compared with the EU group. The frequency of CD28 is increased in Th2 and Treg cells in the OB group, whereas CTLA-4 is decreased in all subpopulations compared with the EU group. Furthermore, Th2, Th17, and Treg profiles can differentiate the EU and OB groups. IL-10 plasma levels are reduced in the OB group and negatively correlated with adiposity and inflammatory parameters. CONCLUSIONS CD4+ T cells have an altered pattern of expression in children and adolescents with obesity, contributing to the inflammatory state and clinical characteristics of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Silva Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mayara Belchior-Bezerra
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniela Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Nayara I Medeiros
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafael T Mattos
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Camile Dos Reis
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aiessa Santos Marques
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ws Rosário
- Centro de Especialidades Médicas (CEM), Hospital Santa Casa, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Walderez O Dutra
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paula Rocha Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana As Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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3
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Wu N, Zhao Y, Xiao M, Liu H, Chen H, Liu B, Wang X, Fan X. Methylprednisolone Modulates the Tfr/Tfh ratio in EAE-Induced Neuroinflammation through the PI3K/AKT/FoxO1 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signalling Pathways. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02099-y. [PMID: 38980500 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Methylprednisolone (MP) is a potent glucocorticoid that can effectively inhibit immune system inflammation and brain tissue damage in Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a subpopulation of activated CD4 + T cells, while T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells, a novel subset of Treg cells, possess specialized abilities to suppress the Tfh-GC response and inhibit antibody production. Dysregulation of either Tfh or Tfr cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of MS. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of MP therapy on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a representative model for MS, remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MP treatment on EAE and elucidate the possible underlying molecular mechanisms involed. We evaluated the effects of MP on disease progression, CNS inflammatory cell infiltration and myelination, microglia and astrocyte activation, as well as Tfr/Tfh ratio and related molecules/inflammatory factors in EAE mice. Additionally, Western blotting was used to assess the expression of proteins associated with the PI3K/AKT pathway. Our findings demonstrated that MP treatment ameliorated clinical symptoms, inflammatory cell infiltration, and myelination. Furthermore, it reduced microglial and astrocytic activation. MP may increase the number of Tfr cells and the levels of cytokine TGF-β1, while reducing the number of Tfh cells and the levels of cytokine IL-21, as well as regulate the imbalanced Tfr/Tfh ratio in EAE mice. The PI3K/AKT/FoxO1 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways were found to be involved in EAE development. However, MP treatment inhibited their activation. MP reduced neuroinflammation in EAE by regulating the balance between Tfr/Tfh cells via inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/FoxO1 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Minjun Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xuezhen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China.
| | - Xueli Fan
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China.
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4
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Wu C, Jiang ML, Pang T, Zhang CJ. T Cell Subsets and Immune Homeostasis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2782:39-63. [PMID: 38622391 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3754-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
T cells are a heterogeneous group of cells that can be classified into different subtypes according to different classification methods. The body's immune system has a highly complex and effective regulatory network that allows for the relative stability of immune system function. Maintaining proper T cell homeostasis is essential for promoting protective immunity and limiting autoimmunity and tumor formation. Among the T cell family members, more and more T cell subsets have gradually been characterized. In this chapter, we summarize the functions of some key T cell subsets and their impact on immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyu Wu
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-Ling Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cun-Jin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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5
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Podestà MA, Cavazzoni CB, Hanson BL, Bechu ED, Ralli G, Clement RL, Zhang H, Chandrakar P, Lee JM, Reyes-Robles T, Abdi R, Diallo A, Sen DR, Sage PT. Stepwise differentiation of follicular helper T cells reveals distinct developmental and functional states. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7712. [PMID: 38001088 PMCID: PMC10674016 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are essential for the formation of high affinity antibodies after vaccination or infection. Although the signals responsible for initiating Tfh differentiation from naïve T cells have been studied, the signals controlling sequential developmental stages culminating in optimal effector function are not well understood. Here we use fate mapping strategies for the cytokine IL-21 to uncover sequential developmental stages of Tfh differentiation including a progenitor-like stage, a fully developed effector stage and a post-effector Tfh stage that maintains transcriptional and epigenetic features without IL-21 production. We find that progression through these stages are controlled intrinsically by the transcription factor FoxP1 and extrinsically by follicular regulatory T cells. Through selective deletion of Tfh stages, we show that these cells control antibody dynamics during distinct stages of the germinal center reaction in response to a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Together, these studies demonstrate the sequential phases of Tfh development and how they promote humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Podestà
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Renal Division, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cecilia B Cavazzoni
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin L Hanson
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elsa D Bechu
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Garyfallia Ralli
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel L Clement
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hengcheng Zhang
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pragya Chandrakar
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeong-Mi Lee
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alos Diallo
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debattama R Sen
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Peter T Sage
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Zhang H, Cavazzoni CB, Podestà MA, Bechu ED, Ralli G, Chandrakar P, Lee JM, Sayin I, Tullius SG, Abdi R, Chong AS, Blazar BR, Sage PT. IL-21-producing effector Tfh cells promote B cell alloimmunity in lymph nodes and kidney allografts. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e169793. [PMID: 37870962 PMCID: PMC10619486 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells have been implicated in controlling rejection after allogeneic kidney transplantation, but the precise subsets, origins, and functions of Tfh cells in this process have not been fully characterized. Here we show that a subset of effector Tfh cells marked by previous IL-21 production is potently induced during allogeneic kidney transplantation and is inhibited by immunosuppressive agents. Single-cell RNA-Seq revealed that these lymph node (LN) effector Tfh cells have transcriptional and clonal overlap with IL-21-producing kidney-infiltrating Tfh cells, implicating common origins and developmental trajectories. To investigate the precise functions of IL-21-producing effector Tfh cells in LNs and allografts, we used a mouse model to selectively eliminate these cells and assessed allogeneic B cell clonal dynamics using a single B cell culture system. We found that IL-21-producing effector Tfh cells were essential for transplant rejection by regulating donor-specific germinal center B cell clonal dynamics both systemically in the draining LN and locally within kidney grafts. Thus, IL-21-producing effector Tfh cells have multifaceted roles in Ab-mediated rejection after kidney transplantation by promoting B cell alloimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengcheng Zhang
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cecilia B. Cavazzoni
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manuel A. Podestà
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elsa D. Bechu
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Garyfallia Ralli
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pragya Chandrakar
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeong-Mi Lee
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ismail Sayin
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stefan G. Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery & Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anita S. Chong
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter T. Sage
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Laranjeira P, dos Santos F, Salvador MJ, Simões IN, Cardoso CMP, Silva BM, Henriques-Antunes H, Corte-Real L, Couceiro S, Monteiro F, Santos C, Santiago T, da Silva JAP, Paiva A. Umbilical-Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Modulate 26 Out of 41 T Cell Subsets from Systemic Sclerosis Patients. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1329. [PMID: 37239000 PMCID: PMC10215673 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an immune-mediated disease wherein T cells are particularly implicated, presenting a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Thus, mesenchymal-stem/stromal-cell (MSC)-based therapies can be of great benefit to SSc patients given their immunomodulatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-angiogenic potential, which is associated with low toxicity. In this study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals (HC, n = 6) and SSc patients (n = 9) were co-cultured with MSCs in order to assess how MSCs affected the activation and polarization of 58 different T cell subsets, including Th1, Th17, and Treg. It was found that MSCs downregulated the activation of 26 out of the 41 T cell subsets identified within CD4+, CD8+, CD4+CD8+, CD4-CD8-, and γδ T cells in SSc patients (HC: 29/42) and affected the polarization of 13 out of 58 T cell subsets in SSc patients (HC: 22/64). Interestingly, SSc patients displayed some T cell subsets with an increased activation status and MSCs were able to downregulate all of them. This study provides a wide-ranging perspective of how MSCs affect T cells, including minor subsets. The ability to inhibit the activation and modulate the polarization of several T cell subsets, including those implicated in SSc's pathogenesis, further supports the potential of MSC-based therapies to regulate T cells in a disease whose onset/development may be due to immune system's malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Laranjeira
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco dos Santos
- Stemlab S.A., Famicord Group, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (F.d.S.); (I.N.S.); (C.M.P.C.); (H.H.-A.); (L.C.-R.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Maria João Salvador
- Rheumatology Department, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.J.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Irina N. Simões
- Stemlab S.A., Famicord Group, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (F.d.S.); (I.N.S.); (C.M.P.C.); (H.H.-A.); (L.C.-R.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Carla M. P. Cardoso
- Stemlab S.A., Famicord Group, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (F.d.S.); (I.N.S.); (C.M.P.C.); (H.H.-A.); (L.C.-R.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Bárbara M. Silva
- Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Helena Henriques-Antunes
- Stemlab S.A., Famicord Group, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (F.d.S.); (I.N.S.); (C.M.P.C.); (H.H.-A.); (L.C.-R.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Luísa Corte-Real
- Stemlab S.A., Famicord Group, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (F.d.S.); (I.N.S.); (C.M.P.C.); (H.H.-A.); (L.C.-R.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Sofia Couceiro
- Stemlab S.A., Famicord Group, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (F.d.S.); (I.N.S.); (C.M.P.C.); (H.H.-A.); (L.C.-R.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Filipa Monteiro
- Stemlab S.A., Famicord Group, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (F.d.S.); (I.N.S.); (C.M.P.C.); (H.H.-A.); (L.C.-R.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Carolina Santos
- Stemlab S.A., Famicord Group, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (F.d.S.); (I.N.S.); (C.M.P.C.); (H.H.-A.); (L.C.-R.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Tânia Santiago
- Rheumatology Department, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.J.S.); (T.S.)
| | - José A. P. da Silva
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Rheumatology Department, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.J.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Artur Paiva
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Ciências Biomédicas Laboratoriais, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
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8
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Betzler AC, Ezić J, Abou Kors T, Hoffmann TK, Wirth T, Brunner C. T Cell Specific BOB.1/OBF.1 Expression Promotes Germinal Center Response and T Helper Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:889564. [PMID: 35603192 PMCID: PMC9114770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.889564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional co-activator BOB.1/OBF.1 is expressed in both B and T cells. The main characteristic of conventional BOB.1/OBF.1 deficient mice is the complete absence of germinal centers (GCs). This defect was mainly attributed to the defective B cell compartment. However, it is unknown whether and how BOB.1/OBF.1 expression in T cells contributes to the GC reaction. To finally clarify this question, we studied the in vivo function of BOB.1/OBF.1 in CD4+ T and follicular T helper (TFH) cell subpopulations by conditional mutagenesis, in the presence of immunocompetent B lymphocytes. BOB.1/OBF.1 deletion in CD4+ T as well as TFH cells resulted in impaired GC formation demonstrating that the impaired GC reaction described for conventional BOB.1/OBF.1-deficient mice cannot exclusively be traced back to the B cell compartment. Furthermore, we show a requirement of BOB.1/OBF.1 for T helper (TH) cell subsets, particularly for TFH cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika C Betzler
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jasmin Ezić
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tsima Abou Kors
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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9
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Cui D, Tang Y, Jiang Q, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Lv Y, Xu D, Wu J, Xie J, Wen C, Lu L. Follicular Helper T Cells in the Immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731100. [PMID: 34603308 PMCID: PMC8481693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a serious infectious disease that has led to a global pandemic with high morbidity and mortality. High-affinity neutralizing antibody is important for controlling infection, which is closely regulated by follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. Tfh cells play a central role in promoting germinal center reactions and driving cognate B cell differentiation for antibody secretion. Available studies indicate a close relationship between virus-specific Tfh cell-mediated immunity and SARS-CoV-2 infection progression. Although several lines of evidence have suggested that Tfh cells contribute to the control of SARS-CoV-2 infection by eliciting neutralizing antibody productions, further studies are needed to elucidate Tfh-mediated effector mechanisms in anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Here, we summarize the functional features and roles of virus-specific Tfh cells in the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and in COVID-19 vaccines, and highlight the potential of targeting Tfh cells as therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China.,Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Daixi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jue Xie
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengping Wen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China.,Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China
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10
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Eisenbarth SC, Baumjohann D, Craft J, Fazilleau N, Ma CS, Tangye SG, Vinuesa CG, Linterman MA. CD4 + T cells that help B cells - a proposal for uniform nomenclature. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:658-669. [PMID: 34244056 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells cognately guide differentiation of antigen-primed B cells in secondary lymphoid tissues. 'Tfh-like' populations not expressing the canonical Tfh cell transcription factor BCL6 have also been described, which can aid particular aspects of B cell differentiation. Tfh and Tfh-like cells are essential for protective and pathological humoral immunity. These CD4+ T cells that help B cells are polarized to produce diverse combinations of cytokines and chemokine receptors and can be grouped into distinct subsets that promote antibodies of different isotype, affinity, and duration, according to the nature of immune challenge. However, unified nomenclature to describe the distinct functional Tfh and Tfh-like cells does not exist. While explicitly acknowledging cellular plasticity, we propose categorizing these cell states into three groups based on phenotype and function, paired with their anatomical site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 0652, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 0652, USA; Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 0652, USA.
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 0652, USA; Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 0652, USA
| | - Nicolas Fazilleau
- Infinity, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- John Curtin School for Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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11
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Duckworth BC, Groom JR. Conversations that count: Cellular interactions that drive T cell fate. Immunol Rev 2021; 300:203-219. [PMID: 33586207 PMCID: PMC8048805 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the extrinsic environment and the internal transcriptional network is circular. Naive T cells first engage with antigen‐presenting cells to set transcriptional differentiation networks in motion. In turn, this regulates specific chemokine receptors that direct migration into distinct lymph node niches. Movement into these regions brings newly activated T cells into contact with accessory cells and cytokines that reinforce the differentiation programming to specify T cell function. We and others have observed similarities in the transcriptional networks that specify both CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells and CD8+ central memory stem‐like (TSCM) cells. Here, we compare and contrast the current knowledge for these shared differentiation programs, compared to their effector counterparts, CD4+ T‐helper 1 (TH1) and CD8+ short‐lived effector (TSLEC) cells. Understanding the interplay between cellular interactions and transcriptional programming is essential to harness T cell differentiation that is fit for purpose; to stimulate potent T cell effector function for the elimination of chronic infection and cancer; or to amplify the formation of humoral immunity and longevity of cellular memory to prevent infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigette C Duckworth
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Joanna R Groom
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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12
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Sheikh AA, Groom JR. Transcription tipping points for T follicular helper cell and T-helper 1 cell fate commitment. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:528-538. [PMID: 32999454 PMCID: PMC7525231 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, immune cells coordinate the induction of inflammatory responses that clear infection and humoral responses that promote protection. CD4+ T-cell differentiation sits at the center of this axis. Differentiation toward T-helper 1 (Th1) cells mediates inflammation and pathogen clearance, while T follicular helper (Tfh) cells facilitate germinal center (GC) reactions for the generation of high-affinity antibodies and immune memory. While Th1 and Tfh differentiation occurs in parallel, these CD4+ T-cell identities are mutually exclusive, and progression toward these ends is determined via the upregulation of T-bet and Bcl6, respectively. These lineage-defining transcription factors act in concert with multiple networks of transcriptional regulators that tip the T-bet and Bcl6 axis in CD4+ T-cell progenitors to either a Th1 or Tfh fate. It is now clear that these transcriptional networks are guided by cytokine cues that are not only varied between distinct viral infections but also dynamically altered throughout the duration of infection. Thus, multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors combine to specify the fate, plasticity, and function of Th1 and Tfh cells during infection. Here, we review the current information on the mode of action of the lineage-defining transcription factors Bcl6 and T-bet and how they act individually and in complex to govern CD4+ T-cell ontogeny. Furthermore, we outline the multifaceted transcriptional regulatory networks that act upstream and downstream of Bcl6 and T-bet to tip the differentiation equilibrium toward either a Tfh or Th1 fate and how these are impacted by dynamic inflammatory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amania A Sheikh
- Divisions of Immunology and Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Joanna R Groom
- Divisions of Immunology and Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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13
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Olson WJ, Jakic B, Hermann‐Kleiter N. Regulation of the germinal center response by nuclear receptors and implications for autoimmune diseases. FEBS J 2020; 287:2866-2890. [PMID: 32246891 PMCID: PMC7497069 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays an essential role in protecting the host from infectious diseases and cancer. Notably, B and T lymphocytes from the adaptive arm of the immune system can co-operate to form long-lived antibody responses and are therefore the main target in vaccination approaches. Nevertheless, protective immune responses must be tightly regulated to avoid hyper-responsiveness and responses against self that can result in autoimmunity. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are perfectly adapted to rapidly alter transcriptional cellular responses to altered environmental settings. Their functional role is associated with both immune deficiencies and autoimmunity. Despite extensive linking of nuclear receptor function with specific CD4 T helper subsets, research on the functional roles and mechanisms of specific NRs in CD4 follicular T helper cells (Tfh) and germinal center (GC) B cells during the germinal center reaction is just emerging. We review recent advances in our understanding of NR regulation in specific cell types of the GC response and discuss their implications for autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Olson
- Translational Cell GeneticsDepartment of Pharmacology and GeneticsMedical University of InnsbruckAustria
| | - Bojana Jakic
- Translational Cell GeneticsDepartment of Pharmacology and GeneticsMedical University of InnsbruckAustria
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala UniversitySweden
| | - Natascha Hermann‐Kleiter
- Translational Cell GeneticsDepartment of Pharmacology and GeneticsMedical University of InnsbruckAustria
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14
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Mikuda N, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Kärgel E, Golusda L, Wolf J, Höpken UE, Scheidereit C, Kühl AA, Kolesnichenko M. Deficiency in IκBα in the intestinal epithelium leads to spontaneous inflammation and mediates apoptosis in the gut. J Pathol 2020; 251:160-174. [PMID: 32222043 DOI: 10.1002/path.5437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The IκB kinase (IKK)-NF-κB signaling pathway plays a multifaceted role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): on the one hand, it protects from apoptosis; on the other, it activates transcription of numerous inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Although several murine models of IBD rely on disruption of IKK-NF-κB signaling, these involve either knockouts of a single family member of NF-κB or of upstream kinases that are known to have additional, NF-κB-independent, functions. This has made the distinct contribution of NF-κB to homeostasis in intestinal epithelium cells difficult to assess. To examine the role of constitutive NF-κB activation in intestinal epithelial cells, we generated a mouse model with a tissue-specific knockout of the direct inhibitor of NF-κB, Nfkbia/IκBα. We demonstrate that constitutive activation of NF-κB in intestinal epithelial cells induces several hallmarks of IBD including increased apoptosis, mucosal inflammation in both the small intestine and the colon, crypt hyperplasia, and depletion of Paneth cells, concomitant with aberrant Wnt signaling. To determine which NF-κB-driven phenotypes are cell-intrinsic, and which are extrinsic and thus require the immune compartment, we established a long-term organoid culture. Constitutive NF-κB promoted stem-cell proliferation, mis-localization of Paneth cells, and sensitization of intestinal epithelial cells to apoptosis in a cell-intrinsic manner. Increased number of stem cells was accompanied by a net increase in Wnt activity in organoids. Because aberrant Wnt signaling is associated with increased risk of cancer in IBD patients and because NFKBIA has recently emerged as a risk locus for IBD, our findings have critical implications for the clinic. In a context of constitutive NF-κB, our findings imply that general anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive therapies should be supplemented with direct targeting of NF-κB within the epithelial compartment in order to attenuate apoptosis, inflammation, and hyperproliferation. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Mikuda
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Cells, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Schmidt-Ullrich
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Cells, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Kärgel
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Cells, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Golusda
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, iPATH.Berlin - Core Unit for Immunopathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Wolf
- Mathematical Modelling of Cellular Processes, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta E Höpken
- Microenvironmental Regulation in Autoimmunity and Cancer, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus Scheidereit
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Cells, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, iPATH.Berlin - Core Unit for Immunopathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Kolesnichenko
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Cells, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Ali S, Majid S, Niamat Ali M, Taing S. Evaluation of T cell cytokines and their role in recurrent miscarriage. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106347. [PMID: 32143004 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is defined as two or more consecutive pregnancy losses that affect approximately 5% of conceived women worldwide. RM is a multi-factorial reproductive problem and has been associated with parental chromosomal abnormalities, embryonic chromosomal rearrangements, uterine anomalies, autoimmune disorders, endocrine dysfunction, thrombophilia, life style factors, and maternal infections. However, the exact cause is still undecided in remaining 50% of cases. Immunological rejection of the embryo due to exacerbated maternal immune reaction against paternal embryonic antigens has been set forth as one of the significant reason for RM. The accurate means that shield the embryo during normal pregnancy from the attack of maternal immune network and dismissal are inadequately implicit. However, it is suggested that the genetically irreconcilable embryo escapes maternal immune rejection due to communication among many vital cytokines exuded at maternal-embryonic interface both by maternal and embryonic cells. Previous investigations suggested the Th1/Th2 dominance in altered immunity of RM patients, according to which the allogenic embryo flees maternal T cell reaction by inclining the Th0 differentiation toward Th2 pathway resulting into diminished pro-inflammatory Th1 immunity. However, recently pro-inflammatory Th17 cells and immunoregulatory Treg cells have been discovered as essential immune players in RM besides Th1/Th2 components. Cytokines are believed to develop a complicated regulatory network so as to establish a state of homeostasis between the semi-allogenic embryo and the maternal immune system. However, an adverse imbalance among cytokines at maternal-embryonic interface perhaps due to their gene polymorphisms may render immunoregulatory means not enough to re-establish homeostasis and thus may collapse pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafat Ali
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, 190006 Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Sabhiya Majid
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Md Niamat Ali
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, 190006 Srinagar, J&K, India.
| | - Shahnaz Taing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Government Medical College Associated Lalla Ded Hospital, Srinagar, J&K, India
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16
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Hetta HF, Elkady A, Yahia R, Meshall AK, Saad MM, Mekky MA, Al-Kadmy IMS. T follicular helper and T follicular regulatory cells in colorectal cancer: A complex interplay. J Immunol Methods 2020; 480:112753. [PMID: 32061875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is considered to be one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality all over the world. T Follicular helper (TFH) and T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells are specialized providers of T-cells to help B-cells and shaping germinal centers (GC) response. Recent researches reported a high percentage of TFH and TFR in different infectious diseases and certain malignancies. However, their functional role in human colorectal cancer (CRC) is relatively unknown. Furthermore, recent studies show that the interaction of both TFH cells and TFR cells are essential to promote several diseases. Under the control of specific cytokines and B-cell lymphoma 6 transcription factor (Bcl-6), the major transcription factor of TFH cells, TFH, can expand to the other distinct CD4 + T helper cells (TH1, TH2, and TH17) which exert a different role in the development of CRC. This review aims to discuss these suggested roles of the two-opposite subset of follicular T cells in colorectal cancer immune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helal F Hetta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Ramadan Yahia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kh Meshall
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Saad
- Assiut University Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Mekky
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Israa M S Al-Kadmy
- Branch of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, POX 10244, Baghdad, Iraq; Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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17
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The direct deleterious effect of Th17 cells in the nervous system compartment in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: one possible link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2020-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The processes of demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are secondary to numerous pathophysiological mechanisms. One of the main cellular players is the Th17 lymphocyte. One of the major functions described for Th17 cells is the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17 at the level of peripheral and CNS inflammation. This review will focus on the newly described and unexpected, direct role played by the Th17 cells in the CNS of MS patients and EAE models. Th17 and their main cytokine, IL-17, are actively involved in the onset and maintenance of the immune cascade in the CNS compartment as Th17 were found to achieve brain-homing potential. Direct interaction of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein - specific Th17 with the neuronal cells firstly induces demyelination and secondly, extensive axonal damage. The Th17 cells promote an inflammatory B cell response beyond the BBB through the presence of infiltrating Th follicles. Due to their role in preventing remyelination and direct neurotoxic effect, Th17 cells might stand for an important connection between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a devastating disease like MS. The Th17 cell populations have different mechanisms of provoking an autoimmune attack not only in the periphery but also in the CNS of MS patients.
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18
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Seth A, Craft J. Spatial and functional heterogeneity of follicular helper T cells in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 61:1-9. [PMID: 31374450 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells provide signals that promote B cell development, proliferation, and production of affinity matured and appropriately isotype switched antibodies. In addition to their classical locations within B cell follicles and germinal centers therein, B cell helper T cells are also found in extrafollicular spaces - either in secondary lymphoid or non-lymphoid tissues. Both follicular and extrafollicular T helper cells drive autoantibody-mediated autoimmunity. Interfering with B cell help provided by T cells can ameliorate autoimmune disease in animal models and human patients. The next frontier in Tfh cell biology will be identification of Tfh cell-specific pathogenic changes in autoimmunity and exploiting them for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Seth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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19
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Lee SY, Lee SH, Seo HB, Ryu JG, Jung K, Choi JW, Jhun J, Park JS, Kwon JY, Kwok SK, Youn J, Park SH, Cho ML. Inhibition of IL-17 ameliorates systemic lupus erythematosus in Roquin san/san mice through regulating the balance of TFH cells, GC B cells, Treg and Breg. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5227. [PMID: 30914691 PMCID: PMC6435653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is mediated by a chronic and dysregulated inflammatory response. Interleukin (IL)-17, a proinflammatory cytokine, and T helper (Th)17 cells are associated with chronic autoimmune diseases. We hypothesized that inhibition of IL-17 would decrease the numbers of T cell subsets that function as B-cell helpers, as well as B-cell differentiation into plasma cells and autoantibody expression. The IL-17 level was increased markedly in Roquinsan/san mice. Loss of IL-17 in Roquinsan/san mice improved nephritis by downregulating immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgG1, and IgG2a production. Formation of germinal centers (GCs), and follicular B- and T-cell differentiation was reduced, whereas the number of regulatory T (Treg) cells and immature B cells was increased, by IL-17 deficiency in Roquinsan/san mice. These results suggest that IL-17 inhibition can ameliorate SLE by inhibiting B-cell differentiation into GCs. Therefore, IL-17–producing Th17 cells show promise as a target for development of novel therapeutics for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Yeong Lee
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyeon-Beom Seo
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Geol Ryu
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - KyungAh Jung
- Impact Biotech, Korea 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku, 137-040, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Won Choi
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JooYeon Jhun
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sil Park
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ye Kwon
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kwok
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehee Youn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Laboratory of Immune Network, Conversant Research Consortium in Immunologic disease, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Qian J, Zhang N, Lin J, Wang C, Pan X, Chen L, Li D, Wang L. Distinct pattern of Th17/Treg cells in pregnant women with a history of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Biosci Trends 2018; 12:157-167. [PMID: 29657243 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2018.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to determine the pattern of immune cells and related functional molecules in peripheral blood and at the maternal-fetal interface in women with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA). In part I, 155 women were included and divided into four groups: non-pregnant controls with no history of URSA (NPCs), pregnant controls with no history of URSA (PCs), non-pregnant women with a history of URSA (NPUs), and pregnant women with a history of URSA (PUs). Venous blood samples were collected and analyzed. In part II, 35 subjects with URSA and 40 subjects in the early stage of normal pregnancy who chose to undergo an abortion were recruited. Samples of the decidua were collected, and the proportion of immune cells and the expression of related molecules were evaluated. Peripheral regulatory T cells (Treg cells) increased in PCs compared to NPCs, but in women with URSA the flux of Treg cells disappeared when pregnancy occurred. Levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and IL-17 and the ratio of Th17/Treg cells in peripheral blood remained stable among the four groups. At the maternal-fetal interface, the percentage of Treg cells, the level of CTLA-4 of CD4+CD25+CD127lo cells and CD4+Foxp3+ cells were significantly lower in women with URSA compared to controls, respectively. Levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) mRNA and protein in the decidua significantly decreased in URSA while levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-ɑ) and the Th17/Treg ratio significantly increased. In conclusion, peripheral Treg cells did not increase in pregnant women with URSA. The decrease in Treg cells and levels of CTLA-4 and TGF-β1 and as well as the increase in levels of IL-6 and TNF-ɑ, and the Th17/Treg ratio at the maternal-fetal interface might contribute to inappropriate maternal-fetal immune tolerance in URSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Qian
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases
| | - Na Zhang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases
| | - Jing Lin
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases
| | - Caiyan Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases
| | - Xinyao Pan
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases
| | - Lanting Chen
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases
| | - Dajin Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases
| | - Ling Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases
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Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are dynamic microenvironments that form in the secondary lymphoid organs and generate somatically mutated high-affinity antibodies necessary to establish an effective humoral immune response. Tight regulation of GC responses is critical for maintaining self-tolerance. GCs can arise in the absence of purposeful immunization or overt infection (called spontaneous GCs, Spt-GCs). In autoimmune-prone mice and patients with autoimmune disease, aberrant regulation of Spt-GCs is thought to promote the development of somatically mutated pathogenic autoantibodies and the subsequent development of autoimmunity. The mechanisms that control the formation of Spt-GCs and promote systemic autoimmune diseases remain an open question and the focus of ongoing studies. Here, we discuss the most current studies on the role of Spt-GCs in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip P Domeier
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine , USA
| | - Stephanie L Schell
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine , USA
| | - Ziaur S M Rahman
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine , USA
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Zhao S, Fang F, Tang X, Dou J, Wang W, Zheng X, Sun L, Zhang A. An in-depth analysis identifies two new independent signals in 11q23.3 associated with vitiligo in the Chinese Han population. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 88:103-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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23
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Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a specialized subset of CD4+ T cells located within temporary structures known as germinal centers (GC) formed within B cell follicles of secondary lymphoid organs. In the GC, Tfh cells facilitate the production of high-affinity antibodies through secretion of effector cytokines, such as IL-21 and IL-4, and through cell-to-cell interactions. The flow cytometric-based method described here allows the detection of intracellular cytokines within the Tfh population of secondary lymphoid organs (e.g., spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphoid nodules such as Peyer's patches), enabling the study of Tfh responses to different stimuli in the context of immunity and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jandl
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Department of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Claudia Loetsch
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Department of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Cecile King
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Department of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
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24
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Figueiredo AS, Schumacher A. The T helper type 17/regulatory T cell paradigm in pregnancy. Immunology 2016; 148:13-21. [PMID: 26855005 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper type 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells are active players in the establishment of tolerance and defence. These attributes of the immune system enmesh to guarantee the right level of protection. The healthy immune system, on the one hand, recognizes and eliminates dangerous non-self pathogens and, on the other hand, protects the healthy self. However, there are circumstances where this fine balance is disrupted. In fact, in situations such as in pregnancy, the foreign fetal antigens challenge the maternal immune system and Treg cells will dominate Th17 cells to guarantee fetal survival. In other situations such as autoimmunity, where the Th17 responses are often overwhelming, the immune system shifts towards an inflammatory profile and attacks the healthy tissue from the self. Interestingly, autoimmune patients have meliorating symptoms during pregnancy. This connects with the antagonist role of Th17 and Treg cells, and their specific profiles during these two immune challenging situations. In this review, we put into perspective the Th17/Treg ratio during pregnancy and autoimmunity, as well as in pregnant women with autoimmune conditions. We further review existing systems biology approaches that study specific mechanisms of these immune cells using mathematical modelling and we point out possible future directions of investigation. Understanding what maintains or disrupts the balance between these two opponent yet reciprocal cells in healthy physiological settings, sheds light into the development of innovative pharmacological approaches to fight pregnancy loss and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Figueiredo
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne Schumacher
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Shi J, Xu X, Luo F, Shi Q, He X, Xia Y. Differences in Tfh Cell Response Between the Graft and Spleen With Chronic Allograft Nephropathy. Cell Transplant 2016; 26:95-102. [PMID: 27524795 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x692816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate follicular helper T (Tfh) cell response and its difference between renal graft and spleen in a rat renal transplantation model undergoing chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). Orthotopical kidney transplantations were performed on Fischer (F344) rats and transplanted to Lewis rats, using syngeneic Lewis-Lewis grafts as controls. Tissue samples were collected at 8 weeks posttransplantation. The status of Tfh cell response was assessed by measuring the levels of transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6), interleukin-21 (IL-21), chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5), and B-cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF). Tfh cell response was upregulated in both renal graft and spleen of the CAN group compared to the control group. However, Tfh cell response of the spleen was weaker than that of the graft, which was possibly related to the upregulation of splenic Treg activation. Also, the difference between two tissues was partially associated with the different expressions of tristetraprolin (TTP)/IL-10. Our data help improve our understanding of the role of Tfh cell response in the body with CAN and may provide a valuable clue for better treatment of CAN.
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Liu Q, Tian FJ, Xie QZ, Zhang J, Liu L, Yang J. Fyn Plays a Pivotal Role in Fetomaternal Tolerance Through Regulation of Th17 Cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 75:569-79. [PMID: 26892111 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Fu-ju Tian
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease; the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Qing-zhen Xie
- Center for Reproductive Medicine; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Liu Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Jing Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
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Jandl C, King C. Cytokines in the Germinal Center Niche. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:antib5010005. [PMID: 31557986 PMCID: PMC6698856 DOI: 10.3390/antib5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are small, secreted, glycoproteins that specifically affect the interactions and communications between cells. Cytokines are produced transiently and locally, acting in a paracrine or autocrine manner, and they are extremely potent, ligating high affinity cell surface receptors to elicit changes in gene expression and protein synthesis in the responding cell. Cytokines produced during the differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and B cells within the germinal center (GC) niche play an important role in ensuring that the humoral immune response is robust, whilst retaining flexibility, during the generation of affinity matured antibodies. Cytokines produced by B cells, antigen presenting cells and stromal cells are important for the differentiation of Tfh cells and Tfh cell produced cytokines act both in an autocrine fashion to firm Tfh cell differentiation and in a paracrine fashion to support the differentiation of memory B cells and plasma cells. In this review, we discuss the role of cytokines during the GC reaction with a particular focus on the influence of cytokines on Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jandl
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- St Vincents Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Cecile King
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- St Vincents Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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