1
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Dolfini D, Imbriano C, Mantovani R. The role(s) of NF-Y in development and differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2024:10.1038/s41418-024-01388-1. [PMID: 39327506 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
NF-Y is a conserved sequence-specific trimeric Transcription Factor -TF- binding to the CCAAT element. We review here the role(s) in development, from pre-implantation embryo to terminally differentiated tissues, by rationalizing and commenting on genetic, genomic, epigenetic and biochemical studies. This effort brings to light the impact of NF-YA isoforms on stemness and differentiation, as well as binding to distal vs promoter proximal sites and connections with selected TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Dolfini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Carol Imbriano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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2
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Chen X, Chen Z, Fiorentino A, Kuess M, Tharayil N, Kumar R, Leonard E, Noorai R, Hu Q, Luo H. MicroRNA169 integrates multiple factors to modulate plant growth and abiotic stress responses. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2541-2557. [PMID: 38715250 PMCID: PMC11331800 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNA169 (miR169) has been implicated in multi-stress regulation in annual species such as Arabidopsis, maize and rice. However, there is a lack of experimental functional and mechanistic studies of miR169 in plants, especially in perennial species, and its impact on plant growth and development remains unexplored. Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is a C3 cool-season perennial turfgrass of significant environmental and economic importance. In this study, we generated both miR169 overexpression and knockdown transgenic creeping bentgrass lines. We found that miR169 acts as a positive regulator in abiotic stress responses but is negatively associated with plant growth and development, playing multiple critical roles in the growth and environmental adaptation of creeping bentgrass. These roles include differentiated spatial hormone accumulation patterns associated with growth and stress accommodation, elevated antioxidant activity that alleviates oxidative damage induced by stress, ion-channelling membrane components for maintaining homeostasis under saline conditions, and potential cross-talks with stress-regulating transcription factors such as AsHsfA and AsWRKYs. Our results unravel the role of miR169 in modulating plant development and stress responses in perennial grass species. This underlines the potential of manipulating miR169 to generate crop cultivars with desirable traits to meet diverse agricultural demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Chen
- Department of Genetics and BiochemistryClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Zhaohui Chen
- Department of Genetics and BiochemistryClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Andrew Fiorentino
- Department of Genetics and BiochemistryClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Morgan Kuess
- Department of Genetics and BiochemistryClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Elizabeth Leonard
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Rooksana Noorai
- Department of Genetics and BiochemistryClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Qian Hu
- Department of Genetics and BiochemistryClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Genetics and BiochemistryClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
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3
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Weissman JD, Kotekar A, Barbash Z, Mu J, Singer DS. CCAAT Promoter element regulates transgenerational expression of the MHC class I gene. Chromosoma 2024; 133:203-216. [PMID: 38922437 PMCID: PMC11266202 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-024-00820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Transgenerational gene expression depends on both underlying DNA sequences and epigenetic modifications. The latter, which can result in transmission of variegated gene expression patterns across multiple generations without DNA alterations, has been termed epigenetic inheritance and has been documented in plants, worms, flies and mammals. Whereas transcription factors binding to cognate DNA sequence elements regulate gene expression, the molecular basis for epigenetic inheritance has been linked to histone and DNA modifications and non-coding RNA. Here we report that mutation of the CCAAT box promoter element abrogates NF-Y binding and disrupts the stable transgenerational expression of an MHC class I transgene. Transgenic mice with a mutated CCAAT box in the MHC class I transgene display variegated expression of the transgene among littermates and progeny in multiple independently derived transgenic lines. After 4 generations, CCAAT mutant transgenic lines derived from a single founder stably displayed distinct patterns of expression. Histone modifications and RNA polymerase II binding correlate with expression of CCAAT mutant transgenic lines, whereas DNA methylation and nucleosome occupancy do not. Mutation of the CCAAT box also results in changes to CTCF binding and DNA looping patterns across the transgene that correlate with expression status. These studies identify the CCAAT promoter element as a regulator of stable transgenerational gene expression such that mutation of the CCAAT box results in variegated transgenerational inheritance. Considering that the CCAAT box is present in 30% of eukaryotic promoters, this study provides insights into how fidelity of gene expression patterns is maintained through multiple generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn D Weissman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 10, Room 4B-36, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aparna Kotekar
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity (CHI), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Jie Mu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 10, Room 4B-36, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dinah S Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 10, Room 4B-36, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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4
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Durukan C, Arbore F, Klintrot R, Bigiotti C, Ilie IM, Vreede J, Grossmann TN, Hennig S. Binding Dynamics of a Stapled Peptide Targeting the Transcription Factor NF-Y. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400020. [PMID: 38470946 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) play a central role in gene regulation, and their malfunction can result in a plethora of severe diseases. TFs are therefore interesting therapeutic targets, but their involvement in protein-protein interaction networks and the frequent lack of well-defined binding pockets render them challenging targets for classical small molecules. As an alternative, peptide-based scaffolds have proven useful, in particular with an α-helical active conformation. Peptide-based strategies often require extensive structural optimization efforts, which could benefit from a more detailed understanding of the dynamics in inhibitor/protein interactions. In this study, we investigate how truncated stapled α-helical peptides interact with the transcription factor Nuclear Factor-Y (NF-Y). We identified a 13-mer minimal binding core region, for which two crystal structures with an altered C-terminal peptide conformation when bound to NF-Y were obtained. Subsequent molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that the C-terminal part of the stapled peptide is indeed relatively flexible while still showing defined interactions with NF-Y. Our findings highlight the importance of flexibility in the bound state of peptides, which can contribute to overall binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Durukan
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Arbore
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rasmus Klintrot
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Bigiotti
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box, 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ioana M Ilie
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box, 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jocelyne Vreede
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box, 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom N Grossmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Hennig
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Weissman JD, Kotekar A, Barbash Z, Mu J, Singer DS. Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance of MHC Class I Gene Expression is Regulated by the CCAAT Promoter Element. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.13.536772. [PMID: 37333336 PMCID: PMC10274869 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.13.536772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is defined as the transmission of traits or gene expression patterns across multiple generations that do not derive from DNA alterations. The effect of multiple stress factors or metabolic changes resulting in such inheritance have been documented in plants, worms and flies and mammals. The molecular basis for epigenetic inheritance has been linked to histone and DNA modifications and non-coding RNA. In this study, we show that mutation of a promoter element, the CCAAT box, disrupts stable expression of an MHC Class I transgene, resulting in variegated expression among progeny for at least 4 generations in multiple independently derived transgenic lines. Histone modifications and RNA polII binding correlate with expression, whereas DNA methylation and nucleosome occupancy do not. Mutation of the CCAAT box abrogates NF-Y binding and results in changes to CTCF binding and DNA looping patterns across the gene that correlate with expression status from one generation to the next. These studies identify the CCAAT promoter element as a regulator of stable transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Considering that the CCAAT box is present in 30% of eukaryotic promoters, this study could provide important insights into how fidelity of gene expression patterns is maintained through multiple generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn D Weissman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aparna Kotekar
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zohar Barbash
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jie Mu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Dinah S Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
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6
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Priest DG, Bernardini A, Lou J, Mantovani R, Hinde E. Live cell dynamics of the NF-Y transcription factor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10992. [PMID: 34040015 PMCID: PMC8155045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are core players in the control of gene expression, evolutionarily selected to recognise a subset of specific DNA sequences and nucleate the recruitment of the transcriptional machinery. How TFs assemble and move in the nucleus to locate and bind their DNA targets and cause a transcriptional response, remains mostly unclear. NF-Y is a highly conserved, heterotrimeric TF with important roles in both housekeeping and lineage-specific gene expression, functioning as a promoter organiser. Despite a large number of biochemical, structural and genomic studies of NF-Y, there is a lack of experiments in single living cells; therefore, basic assumptions of NF-Y biology remain unproven in vivo. Here we employ a series of dynamic fluorescence microscopy methods (FLIM-FRET, NB, RICS and FRAP) to study NF-Y dynamics and complex formation in live cells. Specifically, we provide quantitative measurement of NF-Y subunit association and diffusion kinetics in the nucleus that collectively suggest NF-Y to move and bind chromatin as a trimeric complex in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Priest
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Jieqiong Lou
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elizabeth Hinde
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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7
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Chaves-Sanjuan A, Gnesutta N, Gobbini A, Martignago D, Bernardini A, Fornara F, Mantovani R, Nardini M. Structural determinants for NF-Y subunit organization and NF-Y/DNA association in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:49-61. [PMID: 33098724 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
NF-Y transcription factor comprises three subunits: NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. NF-YB and NF-YC dimerize through their histone fold domain (HFD), which can bind DNA in a non-sequence-specific fashion while serving as a scaffold for NF-YA trimerization. Upon trimerization, NF-YA specifically recognizes the CCAAT box sequence on promoters and enhancers. In plants, each NF-Y subunit is encoded by several genes giving rise to hundreds of potential heterotrimeric combinations. In addition, plant NF-YBs and NF-YCs interact with other protein partners to recognize a plethora of genomic motifs, as the CCT protein family that binds CORE sites. The NF-Y subunit organization and its DNA-binding properties, together with the NF-Y HFD capacity to adapt different protein modules, represent plant-specific features that play a key role in development, growth and reproduction. Despite their relevance, these features are still poorly understood at the molecular level. Here, we present the structures of Arabidopsis and rice NF-YB/NF-YC dimers, and of an Arabidopsis NF-Y trimer in complex with the FT CCAAT box, together with biochemical data on NF-Y mutants. The dimeric structures identify the key residues for NF-Y HFD stabilization. The NF-Y/DNA structure and the mutation experiments shed light on HFD trimerization interface properties and the NF-YA sequence appetite for the bases flanking the CCAAT motif. These data explain the logic of plant NF-Y gene expansion: the trimerization adaptability and the flexible DNA-binding rules serve the scopes of accommodating the large number of NF-YAs, CCTs and possibly other NF-Y HFD binding partners and a diverse audience of genomic motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Chaves-Sanjuan
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Nerina Gnesutta
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Gobbini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Damiano Martignago
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Fabio Fornara
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Marco Nardini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
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8
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Nardone V, Chaves-Sanjuan A, Lapi M, Airoldi C, Saponaro A, Pasqualato S, Dolfini D, Camilloni C, Bernardini A, Gnesutta N, Mantovani R, Nardini M. Structural Basis of Inhibition of the Pioneer Transcription Factor NF-Y by Suramin. Cells 2020; 9:E2370. [PMID: 33138093 PMCID: PMC7692634 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-Y is a transcription factor (TF) comprising three subunits (NF-YA, NF-YB, NF-YC) that binds with high specificity to the CCAAT sequence, a widespread regulatory element in gene promoters of prosurvival, cell-cycle-promoting, and metabolic genes. Tumor cells undergo "metabolic rewiring" through overexpression of genes involved in such pathways, many of which are under NF-Y control. In addition, NF-YA appears to be overexpressed in many tumor types. Thus, limiting NF-Y activity may represent a desirable anti-cancer strategy, which is an ongoing field of research. With virtual-screening docking simulations on a library of pharmacologically active compounds, we identified suramin as a potential NF-Y inhibitor. We focused on suramin given its high water-solubility that is an important factor for in vitro testing, since NF-Y is sensitive to DMSO. By electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), STD NMR, X-ray crystallography, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we showed that suramin binds to the histone fold domains (HFDs) of NF-Y, preventing DNA-binding. Our analyses, provide atomic-level detail on the interaction between suramin and NF-Y and reveal a region of the protein, nearby the suramin-binding site and poorly conserved in other HFD-containing TFs, that may represent a promising starting point for rational design of more specific and potent inhibitors with potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Nardone
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (V.N.); (A.C.-S.); (M.L.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (N.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Antonio Chaves-Sanjuan
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (V.N.); (A.C.-S.); (M.L.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (N.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Michela Lapi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (V.N.); (A.C.-S.); (M.L.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (N.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Cristina Airoldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy;
| | - Andrea Saponaro
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (V.N.); (A.C.-S.); (M.L.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (N.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Sebastiano Pasqualato
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy;
| | - Diletta Dolfini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (V.N.); (A.C.-S.); (M.L.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (N.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Carlo Camilloni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (V.N.); (A.C.-S.); (M.L.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (N.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Andrea Bernardini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (V.N.); (A.C.-S.); (M.L.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (N.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Nerina Gnesutta
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (V.N.); (A.C.-S.); (M.L.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (N.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (V.N.); (A.C.-S.); (M.L.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (N.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Marco Nardini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (V.N.); (A.C.-S.); (M.L.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (N.G.); (R.M.)
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