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Weiss F, Chawaguta A, Tolpeit M, Volk V, Schiller A, Ruzsanyi V, Hillinger P, Lederer W, Märk TD, Mayhew CA. Detecting Hexafluoroisopropanol Using Soft Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Analytical Applications to Exhaled Breath. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:958-968. [PMID: 36995741 PMCID: PMC10161230 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we explore the potential use of proton transfer reaction/selective reagent ion-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (PTR/SRI-ToF-MS) to monitor hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) in breath. Investigations of the reagent ions H3O+, NO+, and O2+• are reported using dry (relative humidity (rH) ≈ 0%) and humid (rH ≈ 100%)) nitrogen gas containing traces of HFIP, i.e., divorced from the complex chemical environment of exhaled breath. HFIP shows no observable reaction with H3O+ and NO+, but it does react efficiently with O2+• via dissociative charge transfer resulting in CHF2+, CF3+, C2HF2O+, and C2H2F3O+. A minor competing hydride abstraction channel results in C3HF6O+ + HO2• and, following an elimination of HF, C3F5O+. There are two issues associated with the use of the three dominant product ions of HFIP, CHF2+, CF3+, and C2H2F3O+, to monitor it in breath. One is that CHF2+ and CF3+ also result from the reaction of O2+• with the more abundant sevoflurane. The second is the facile reaction of these product ions with water, which reduces analytical sensitivity to detect HFIP in humid breath. To overcome the first issue, C2H2F3O+ is the ion marker for HFIP. The second issue is surmounted by using a Nafion tube to reduce the breath sample's humidity prior to its introduction into drift tube. The success of this approach is illustrated by comparing the product ion signals either in dry or humid nitrogen gas flows and with or without the use of the Nafion tube, and practically from the analysis of a postoperative exhaled breath sample from a patient volunteer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Weiss
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anesu Chawaguta
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Tolpeit
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Valeria Volk
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arne Schiller
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Ruzsanyi
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petra Hillinger
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Lederer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tilmann D Märk
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25/3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Fernández Del Río R, O'Hara ME, Pemberton P, Whitehouse T, Mayhew CA. Elimination characteristics of post-operative isoflurane levels in alveolar exhaled breath via PTR-MS analysis. J Breath Res 2016; 10:046006. [PMID: 27732571 PMCID: PMC6050519 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/4/046006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Isoflurane (1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether), C3H2ClF5O, is a commonly used inhalation anaesthetic. Using a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) we have detected isoflurane in the breath of patients several weeks following major surgery. That isoflurane is detected in the breath of patients so long after being anaesthetised raises questions about when cognitive function has fully returned to a patient. Temporal profiles of isoflurane concentrations in breath are presented for five patients (F/M 3/2, mean age 50 years, min-max 36-58 years) who had undergone liver transplant surgery. In addition, results from a headspace analysis of isoflurane are presented so that the product ions resulting from the reactions of H3O+ with isoflurane in PTR-MS could be easily identified in the absence of the complex chemical environment of breath. Six product ions were identified. In order of increasing m/z (using the 35Cl isotope where appropriate) these are [Formula: see text] (m/z 51), CHFCl+ (m/z 67), CF3CHCl+ (m/z 117), C3F4OCl+ (m/z 163), C3H2F4OCl+ (m/z 165), and C3F4OCl+ H2O (m/z 183). No protonated parent was detected. For the headspace study both clean air and CO2 enriched clean air (4% CO2) were used as buffer gases in the drift tube of the PTR-MS. The CO2 enriched air was used to determine if exhaled breath would affect the product ion branching ratios. Importantly no significant differences were observed, and therefore for isoflurane the product ion distributions determined in a normal air mixture can be used for breath analysis. Given that PTR-MS can be operated under different reduced electric fields (E/N), the dependence of the product ion branching percentages for isoflurane on E/N (96-138 Td) are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fernández Del Río
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Kunze N, Weigel C, Vautz W, Schwerdtfeger K, Jünger M, Quintel M, Perl T. Multi-capillary column-ion mobility spectrometry (MCC-IMS) as a new method for the quantification of occupational exposure to sevoflurane in anaesthesia workplaces: an observational feasibility study. J Occup Med Toxicol 2015; 10:12. [PMID: 25829942 PMCID: PMC4379543 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-015-0056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Occupational exposure to sevoflurane has the potential to cause health damage in hospital personnel. Workplace contamination with the substance mostly is assessed by using photoacoustic infrared spectrometry with detection limits of 10 ppbv. Multi-capillary column-ion mobility spectrometry (MCC-IMS) could be an alternative technology for the quantification of sevoflurane in the room air and could be even more accurate because of potentially lower detection limits. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that MCC-IMS is able to detect and monitor very low concentrations of sevoflurane (<10 ppbv) and to evaluate the exposure of hospital personnel to sevoflurane during paediatric anaesthesia and in the post anaesthesia care unit (PACU). Methods A MCC-IMS device was calibrated to several concentrations of sevoflurane and limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated. Sevoflurane exposure of hospital personnel was measured at two anaesthesia workplaces and time-weighted average (TWA) values were calculated. Results The LOD was 0.0068 ppbv and the LOQ was 0.0189 ppbv. During paediatric anaesthesia the mean sevoflurane concentration was 46.9 ppbv (8.0 - 314.7 ppbv) with TWA values between 5.8 and 45.7 ppbv. In the PACU the mean sevoflurane concentration was 27.9 ppbv (8.0 – 170.2 ppbv) and TWA values reached from 8.3 to 45.1 ppbv. Conclusions MCC-IMS shows a significantly lower LOD and LOQ than comparable methods. It is a reliable technology for monitoring sevoflurane concentrations at anaesthesia workplaces and has a particular strength in quantifying low-level contaminations of sevoflurane. The exposure of the personnel working in these areas did not exceed recommended limits and therefore adverse health effects are unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Kunze
- Department for Anaesthesiology, Centre for Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cathrin Weigel
- Department for Anaesthesiology, Centre for Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Vautz
- Leibniz-Insitut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e. V, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Schwerdtfeger
- Department for Anaesthesiology, Centre for Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Jünger
- Department of Molecular Plant Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststraße 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Quintel
- Department for Anaesthesiology, Centre for Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Perl
- Department for Anaesthesiology, Centre for Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Clementschitsch F, Bayer K. Improvement of bioprocess monitoring: development of novel concepts. Microb Cell Fact 2006; 5:19. [PMID: 16716212 PMCID: PMC1481511 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-5-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of bioprocess monitoring will play a crucial role to meet the future requirements of bioprocess technology. Major issues are the acceleration of process development to reduce the time to the market and to ensure optimal exploitation of the cell factory and further to cope with the requirements of the Process Analytical Technology initiative. Due to the enormous complexity of cellular systems and lack of appropriate sensor systems microbial production processes are still poorly understood. This holds generally true for the most microbial production processes, in particular for the recombinant protein production due to strong interaction between recombinant gene expression and host cell metabolism. Therefore, it is necessary to scrutinise the role of the different cellular compartments in the biosynthesis process in order to develop comprehensive process monitoring concepts by involving the most significant process variables and their interconnections. Although research for the development of novel sensor systems is progressing their applicability in bioprocessing is very limited with respect to on-line and in-situ measurement due to specific requirements of aseptic conditions, high number of analytes, drift, and often rather low physiological relevance. A comprehensive survey of the state of the art of bioprocess monitoring reveals that only a limited number of metabolic variables show a close correlation to the currently explored chemical/physical principles. In order to circumvent this unsatisfying situation mathematical methods are applied to uncover "hidden" information contained in the on-line data and thereby creating correlations to the multitude of highly specific biochemical off-line data. Modelling enables the continuous prediction of otherwise discrete off-line data whereby critical process states can be more easily detected. The challenging issue of this concept is to establish significant on-line and off-line data sets. In this context, online sensor systems are reviewed with respect to commercial availability in combination with the suitability of offline analytical measurement methods. In a case study, the aptitude of the concept to exploit easily available online data for prediction of complex process variables in a recombinant E. coli fed-batch cultivation aiming at the improvement of monitoring capabilities is demonstrated. In addition, the perspectives for model-based process supervision and process control are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Bayer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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