OXYGEN CONSUMPTIONS; CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC IONS IN URINE, SERUM AND DUODENAL FLUID, HEMATOCRITS, URINARY EXCRETIONS; PULSE RATES AND BLOOD PRESSURE DURING DUODENAL DEPLETIONS OF SODIUM SALTS IN NORMAL AND ALCOHOLIC MAN

Volume depletion versus dehydration: how understanding the difference can guide therapy

Although often used interchangeably, dehydration and volume depletion are not synonyms. Dehydration refers to loss of total-body water, producing hypertonicity, which now is the preferred term in lieu of dehydration, whereas volume depletion refers to a deficit in extracellular fluid volume. In particular, hypertonicity implies intracellular volume contraction, whereas volume depletion implies blood volume contraction. Using a case of hyperglycemic hypertonic nonketosis as an example, we examine the changing composition of body fluid spaces to explore the distinction between dehydration and hypertonicity from volume depletion.

Electrolytes and plasma volume regulation in hypovolemic shock

The concept of hypovolemic shock and its effects on plasma volume were described in the 1700s. It has been left for more recent investigators to elucidate the role of plasma volume and its mechanisms of regulation and interaction with the interstitial and intracellular fluid spaces. These interactions are discussed, and a therapeutic regimen of fluid administration based on a clinical classification of hypovolemic hemorrhagic states is presented. The merits and characteristics of the current fluids available for resuscitation are reviewed. The choices of fluid for resuscitation should be made with the overall goal of an efficient and effective restoration of circulating volume without producing excessive, avoidable, potentially harmful distortion of other organ systems and body fluid compartments.

Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of Ringer's lactate solution in hemorrhagic shock

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Treatment of severe burns with aqueous silver nitrate (0.5 percent)

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