1
|
Modarai B, Haulon S, Ainsbury E, Böckler D, Vano-Carruana E, Dawson J, Farber M, Van Herzeele I, Hertault A, van Herwaarden J, Patel A, Wanhainen A, Weiss S, Esvs Guidelines Committee, Bastos Gonçalves F, Björck M, Chakfé N, de Borst GJ, Coscas R, Dias NV, Dick F, Hinchliffe RJ, Kakkos SK, Koncar IB, Kolh P, Lindholt JS, Trimarchi S, Tulamo R, Twine CP, Vermassen F, Document Reviewers, Bacher K, Brountzos E, Fanelli F, Fidalgo Domingos LA, Gargiulo M, Mani K, Mastracci TM, Maurel B, Morgan RA, Schneider P. Editor's Choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines on Radiation Safety. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2023; 65:171-222. [PMID: 36130680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
2
|
Park S, Kim M, Kim JH. Radiation safety for pain physicians: principles and recommendations. Korean J Pain 2022; 35:129-139. [PMID: 35354676 PMCID: PMC8977205 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2022.35.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
C-arm fluoroscopy is a useful tool for interventional pain management. However, with the increasing use of C-arm fluoroscopy, the risk of accumulated radiation exposure is a significant concern for pain physicians. Therefore, efforts are needed to reduce radiation exposure. There are three types of radiation exposure sources: (1) the primary X-ray beam, (2) scattered radiation, and (3) leakage from the X-ray tube. The major radiation exposure risk for most medical staff members is scattered radiation, the amount of which is affected by many factors. Pain physicians can reduce their radiation exposure by use of several effective methods, which utilize the following main principles: reducing the exposure time, increasing the distance from the radiation source, and radiation shielding. Some methods reduce not only the pain physician's but also the patient's radiation exposure. Taking images with collimation and minimal use of magnification are ways to reduce the intensity of the primary X-ray beam and the amount of scattered radiation. It is also important to carefully select the C-arm fluoroscopy mode, such as pulsed mode or low-dose mode, for ensuring the physician's and patient's radiation safety. Pain physicians should practice these principles and also be aware of the annual permissible radiation dose as well as checking their radiation exposure. This article aimed to review the literature on radiation safety in relation to C-arm fluoroscopy and provide recommendations to pain physicians during C-arm fluoroscopy-guided interventional pain management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sewon Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hun Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Provenzano DA, Florentino SA, Kilgore JS, De Andres J, Sitzman BT, Brancolini S, Lamer TJ, Buvanendran A, Carrino JA, Deer TR, Narouze S. Radiation safety and knowledge: an international survey of 708 interventional pain physicians. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2021; 46:469-476. [PMID: 33688038 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2020-102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interventional pain procedures have increased in complexity, often requiring longer radiation exposure times and subsequently higher doses. The practicing physician requires an in-depth knowledge and evidence-based knowledge of radiation safety to limit the health risks to themselves, patients and healthcare staff. The objective of this study was to examine current radiation safety practices and knowledge among interventional pain physicians and compare them to evidence-based recommendations. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 49-question survey was developed based on an extensive review of national and international guidelines on radiation safety. The survey was web-based and distributed through the following professional organizations: Association of Pain Program Directors, American Academy of Pain Medicine, American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, European Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Therapy, International Neuromodulation Society, and North American Neuromodulation Society. Responses to radiation safety practices and knowledge questions were evaluated and compared with evidence-based recommendations. An exploratory data analysis examined associations with radiation safety training/education, geographical location, practice type, self-perceived understanding, and fellowship experience. RESULTS Of 708 responding physicians, 93% reported concern over the health effects of radiation, while only 63% had ever received radiation safety training/education. Overall, ≥80% physician compliance with evidence-based radiation safety practice recommendations was demonstrated for only 2/15 survey questions. Physician knowledge of radiation safety principles was low, with 0/10 survey questions having correct response rates ≥80%. CONCLUSION We have identified deficiencies in the implementation of evidence-based practices and knowledge gaps in radiation safety. Further education and training are warranted for both fellowship training and postgraduate medical practice. The substantial gaps identified should be addressed to better protect physicians, staff and patients from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation during interventional pain procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Ambrose Florentino
- Pain Diagnostics and Interventional Care, Sewickley, Pennsylvania, USA.,University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jason S Kilgore
- Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jose De Andres
- Anesthesiology Critical Care and Pain Management, Valencia University Medical School and General University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Scott Brancolini
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tim J Lamer
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - John A Carrino
- Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Timothy R Deer
- Spine and Nerve Center of the Virginias, West Virginia University - Health Sciences Campus, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Samer Narouze
- Center for Pain Medicine, Western Reserve Hospital, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Petrucci C. Review of experimental estimates for the protection afforded by eyewear for interventional x-ray staff. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2020; 40:R46-R70. [PMID: 32143203 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab7d8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper attempts to systematise all published experimental results for the dose reduction factor (DRF) offered by leaded eyewear on clinicians performing interventional procedures. We aim to present a comprehensive analysis of the issue and a comparison of the various equipment models at different exposure geometries. The main purpose of the paper is, however, to clarify the best choice for the DRF within the possible diverse contexts and approaches to eye lens dose assessment. Evidence has been obtained that the lowest estimates of DRF are associated with larger scatter incidence angles and that, except for the slightly better performance exhibited by wraparound eyeglasses, there is no real distinction between the DRFs for the different equipment categories. The dataset as a whole confirms that, when measurements for the concerned eyewear model and irradiation conditions are unattainable, assuming DRF = 2 represents an adequately conservative choice. Nonetheless, this value includes only 17% of all results from the literature, whereas their histogram follows a distribution skewed towards higher values, represented by a median equal to 5. Therefore, if more realistic dose reconstructions are necessary, such as for purposes of epidemiological investigations or compensation decisions, the adoption of this central tendency index appears to be more reasonable. The complexity of characterising the DRF behaviour as a function of the various exposure factors reinforces the consideration of a statistical approach to eye lens dose assessment as a viable alternative. In this perspective, assuming for DRF a lognormal distribution with parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] which has been verified to satisfactorily approximate the literature data distribution, should be deemed to be an appropriate option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Petrucci
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Workplace and Environmental Hygiene, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work (INAIL), via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shankar S, Padmanabhan D, Chandrashekharaiah A, Deshpande S. Strategies to Reduce Radiation Exposure in Electrophysiology and Interventional Cardiology. US CARDIOLOGY REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.15420/usc.2019.21.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical diagnosis sometimes involves the use of medical instruments that employ ionizing radiation. However, ionizing radiation exposure is a workplace hazard that goes undetected and is detrimental to patients and staff in the catheterization laboratory. Every possible effort should be made to reduce the amount of radiation, including scattered radiation. Implementing radiation dose feedback may have a role in reducing exposure. In medicine, it is important to estimate the potential biologic effects on, and the risk to, an individual. In general, implantation of cardiac resynchronization devices is associated with one of the highest operator exposure doses due to the proximity of the operator to the radiation source. All physicians should work on the principle of as low as reasonably achievable. Methods for reducing radiation exposure must be implemented in the catheterization laboratory. In this article, we review the available tools to lower the radiation exposure dose to the operator during diagnostic, interventional, and electrophysiological cardiac procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Shankar
- Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepak Padmanabhan
- Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Saurabh Deshpande
- Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Videofluoroscopy was used as a radiographic technique to visualize a canine tooth during root canal therapy in a Siberian tiger. Videofluoroscopy was useful because the procedure was performed in a zoo setting with no access to an on-site darkroom. The fluoroscopic screen and videotape allowed for immediate viewing of the root canal system.
Collapse
|
7
|
Choi EJ, Go G, Han WK, Lee PB. Radiation exposure to the eyes and thyroid during C-arm fluoroscopy-guided cervical epidural injections is far below the safety limit. Korean J Pain 2020; 33:73-80. [PMID: 31888321 PMCID: PMC6944368 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2020.33.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate radiation exposure to the eye and thyroid in pain physicians during the fluoroscopy-guided cervical epidural block (CEB). Methods Two pain physicians (a fellow and a professor) who regularly performed C-arm fluoroscopy-guided CEBs were included. Seven dosimeters were used to measure radiation exposure, five of which were placed on the physician (forehead, inside and outside of the thyroid protector, and inside and outside of the lead apron) and two were used as controls. Patient age, sex, height, and weight were noted, as were radiation exposure time, absorbed radiation dose, and distance from the X-ray field center to the physician. Results One hundred CEB procedures using C-arm fluoroscopy were performed on comparable patients. Only the distance from the X-ray field center to the physician was significantly different between the two physicians (fellow: 37.5 ± 2.1 cm, professor: 41.2 ± 3.6 cm, P = 0.03). The use of lead-based protection effectively decreased the absorbed radiation dose by up to 35%. Conclusions Although there was no difference in radiation exposure between the professor and the fellow, there was a difference in the distance from the X-ray field during the CEBs. Further, radiation exposure can be minimized if proper protection (thyroid protector, leaded apron, and eyewear) is used, even if the distance between the X-ray beam and the pain physician is small. Damage from frequent, low-dose radiation exposure is not yet fully understood. Therefore, safety measures, including lead-based protection, should always be enforced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Gwangcheol Go
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Woong Ki Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Pyung-Bok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Whitney GM, Thomas JJ, Austin TM, Fanfan J, Yaster M. Radiation Safety Perceptions and Practices Among Pediatric Anesthesiologists: A Survey of the Physician Membership of the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2019; 128:1242-1248. [PMID: 31094794 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000003773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric anesthesiologists are exposed to ionizing radiation from x-rays on an almost daily basis. Our goal was to determine the culture of safety in which they work and how they adhere to preventative strategies that minimize exposure risk in their daily practice. METHODS After Institutional Review Board waiver and approval of the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia's research and quality and safety committees, an electronic e-mail questionnaire was sent to the Society's physician, nontrainee members and consisted of questions specific to provider use of protective lead shielding, the routine use of dosimeters, and demographic information. Univariate analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test for ordinal variables, the Fisher exact test for categorical variables, and the Spearman test to analyze correlation between 2 ordinal variables, while a proportional odds logistic regression was used for a multivariable ordinal outcome analysis. P values of <.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Twenty-one percent (674/3151) of the surveyed anesthesiologists completed the online questionnaire. Radiation exposure is ubiquitous (98.7%), and regardless of sex, most respondents were either concerned or very concerned about radiation exposure (76.8%); however, women were significantly more concerned than men (proportional odds ratio, 1.66 [95% confidence interval, 1.20-2.31]; P = .002). Despite this and independent of sex, level of concern was not associated with use of a radiation dosimeter (P = .85), lead glasses (odds ratio, 1.07 [95% confidence interval, 0.52-2.39]; P = 1.0), or a thyroid shield (P = .12). Dosimeters were rarely (13%) or never used (52%) and were mandated in only 28.5% of institutions. Virtually none of the respondents had ever taken a radiation safety course, received a personal radiation dose report, notification of their radiation exposure, or knew how many millirem/y was considered safe. Half of the respondents were female, and while pregnant, 73% (151/206) tried to avoid radiation exposure by requesting not to be assigned to cases requiring x-rays. These requests were honored 78% (160/206) of the time. DISCUSSION Despite universal exposure to ionizing radiation from x-rays, pediatric anesthesiologists do not routinely adhere to strategies designed to limit the intensity of this exposure and rarely work in institutions in which a culture of radiation safety exists. Our study highlights the need to improve radiation safety education, the need to change the safety culture within the operating rooms and imaging suites, and the need to more fully investigate the utility of dosimeters, lead shielding, and eye safety measures in pediatric anesthesia practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Whitney
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James J Thomas
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Thomas M Austin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jemel Fanfan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Myron Yaster
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fernandez R, Ellwood L, Barrett D, Weaver J. Effectiveness of protection strategies for reducing radiation exposure in proceduralists during cardiac catheterization procedures: a systematic review protocol. JBI DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND IMPLEMENTATION REPORTS 2019; 17:660-666. [PMID: 30889072 DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
REVIEW QUESTION What is the effectiveness of radiation protection strategies for reducing the radiation dose received by the proceduralist during cardiac catheterization procedures?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritin Fernandez
- Centre for Evidence Based Initiatives in Health Care: a Joanna Briggs Centre of Excellence, Australia
- Centre for Research in Nursing and Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- School of Nursing, University of Wollongong, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laura Ellwood
- Centre for Evidence Based Initiatives in Health Care: a Joanna Briggs Centre of Excellence, Australia
- Centre for Research in Nursing and Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Barrett
- Interventional Cardiology, St Andrews Private Hospital, Ipswich, Australia
| | - James Weaver
- Cardiology Department, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Balter S. PROMOTING FLUOROSCOPIC PERSONAL RADIATION PROTECTION EQUIPMENT: UNFAMILIARITY, FACTS AND FEARS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2017; 173:180-184. [PMID: 27885096 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An incomplete understanding of risk can cause inappropriate fear. Personal protective equipment (PPE) offered for the prevention of brain cancer in interventional fluoroscopists (IR-PPE). Similar items are offered for cell-phone use (RF-PPE). Publications on fluoroscopy staff brain cancer and similar papers on cell-phone induced brain cancer were reviewed. An internet safety product search was performed, which resulted in many tens of thousands of hits. Vendor claims for either ionizing radiation or radio frequency products seldom addressed the magnitude of the risk. Individuals and institutions can buy a wide variety of safety goods. Any purchase of radioprotective equipment reduces the funds available to mitigate other safety risks. The estimated cost of averting an actuarial fatal brain cancer appears to be in the order of magnitude $10 000 000-$100 000 000. Unwarranted radiation fears should not drive the radiation protection system to the point of decreasing overall safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Balter
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Christakopoulos GE, Christopoulos G, Karmpaliotis D, Alaswad K, Yeh RW, Jaffer FA, Wyman MR, Lombardi WL, Tarar MNJ, Grantham JA, Kandzari DE, Lembo N, Moses JW, Kirtane AJ, Parikh M, Green P, Finn M, Garcia S, Doing AH, Hatem R, Thompson CA, Banerjee S, Brilakis ES. Predictors of Excess Patient Radiation Exposure During Chronic Total Occlusion Coronary Intervention: Insights From a Contemporary Multicentre Registry. Can J Cardiol 2016; 33:478-484. [PMID: 28169091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High patient radiation dose during chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) might lead to procedural failure and radiation skin injury. METHODS We examined the association between several clinical and angiographic variables on patient air kerma (AK) radiation dose among 748 consecutive CTO PCIs performed at 9 experienced US centres between May 2012 and May 2015. RESULTS The mean age was 65 ± 10 years, 87% of patients were men, and 35% had previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Technical and procedural success was 92% and 90%, respectively. The median patient AK dose was 3.40 (interquartile range, 2.00-5.40) Gy and 34% of the patients received > 4.8 Gy (high radiation exposure). In univariable analysis male sex (P = 0.016), high body mass index (P < 0.001), history of hyperlipidemia (P = 0.023), previous CABG (P < 0.001), moderate or severe calcification (P < 0.001), tortuosity (P < 0.001), proximal cap ambiguity (P = 0.001), distal cap at a bifurcation (P = 0.006), longer CTO occlusion length (P < 0.001), blunt/no blunt stump (P < 0.001), and centre (P < 0.001) were associated with higher patient AK dose. In multivariable analysis high body mass index (P < 0.001), previous CABG (P = 0.005), moderate or severe calcification (P = 0.005), longer CTO occlusion length (P < 0.001), and centre (P < 0.001) were independently associated with higher patient AK dose. CONCLUSIONS Approximately 1 in 3 patients who undergo CTO PCI receive high AK radiation dose (> 4.8 Gy). Several baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics can help predict the likelihood of high radiation dose and assist with intensifying efforts to reduce radiation exposure for the patient and the operator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robert W Yeh
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Farouc A Jaffer
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Santiago Garcia
- Minneapolis VA Healthcare System and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Raja Hatem
- Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Subhash Banerjee
- VA North Texas Healthcare System and UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Emmanouil S Brilakis
- VA North Texas Healthcare System and UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Minneapolis Heart Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A Review of Radiation Protection Solutions for the Staff in the Cardiac Catheterisation Laboratory. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 25:961-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
14
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purposes of this article are to review available data regarding the range of protection devices and garments with a focus on eye protection and to summarize techniques for reducing scatter radiation exposure. CONCLUSION Fluoroscopy operators and staff can greatly reduce their radiation exposure by wearing properly fitted protective garments, positioning protective devices to block scatter radiation, and adhering to good radiation practices. By understanding the essentials of radiation physics, protective equipment, and the features of each imaging system, operators and staff can capitalize on opportunities for radiation protection while minimizing ergonomic strain. Practicing and promoting a culture of radiation safety can help fluoroscopy operators and staff enjoy long, productive careers helping patients.
Collapse
|
15
|
Haussen DC, Van Der Bom IMJ, Nogueira RG. A prospective case control comparison of the ZeroGravity system versus a standard lead apron as radiation protection strategy in neuroendovascular procedures. J Neurointerv Surg 2015; 8:1052-5. [DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2015-012038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background and purposeWe aimed to compare the performance of the ZeroGravity (ZG) system (radiation protection system composed by a suspended lead suit) against the use of standard protection (lead apron (LA), thyroid shield, lead eyeglasses, table skirts, and ceiling suspended shield) in neuroangiography procedures.Materials and methodsRadiation exposure data were prospectively collected in consecutive neuroendovascular procedures between December 2014 and February 2015. Operator No 1 was assigned to the use of an LA (plus lead glasses, thyroid shield, and a 1 mm hanging shield at the groin) while operator No 2 utilized the ZG system. Dosimeters were used to measure peak skin dose for the head, thyroid, and left foot.ResultsThe two operators performed a total of 122 procedures during the study period. The ZG operator was more commonly the primary operator compared with the LA operator (85% vs 71%; p=0.04). The mean anterior-posterior (AP), lateral, and cumulative dose area product (DAP) radiation exposure as well as the mean fluoroscopy time were not statistically different between the operators’ cases. The peak skin dose to the head of the operator with LA was 2.1 times higher (3380 vs 1600 μSv), while the thyroid was 13.9 (4460 vs 320 μSv), the mediastinum infinitely (520 vs 0 μSv), and the foot 3.3 times higher (4870 vs 1470 μSv) compared with the ZG operator, leading to an overall accumulated dose 4 times higher. The ratio of cumulative operator received dose/total cumulative DAP was 2.5 higher on the LA operator.ConclusionsThe ZG radiation protection system leads to substantially lower radiation exposure to the operator in neurointerventional procedures. However, substantial exposure may still occur at the level of the lens and thyroid to justify additional protection.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lian Y, Xiao J, Ji X, Guan S, Ge H, Li F, Ning L, Liu J. Protracted low-dose radiation exposure and cataract in a cohort of Chinese industry radiographers. Occup Environ Med 2015; 72:640-7. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
17
|
Bitarafan Rajabi A, Noohi F, Hashemi H, Haghjoo M, Miraftab M, Yaghoobi N, Rastgou F, Malek H, Faghihi H, Firouzabadi H, Asgari S, Rezvan F, Khosravi H, Soroush S, Khabazkhoob M. Ionizing radiation-induced cataract in interventional cardiology staff. Res Cardiovasc Med 2015; 4:e25148. [PMID: 25789258 PMCID: PMC4350158 DOI: 10.5812/cardiovascmed.25148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of ionizing radiation has led to advances in medical diagnosis and treatment. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of radiation cataractogenesis in the interventionists and staff performing various procedures in different interventional laboratories. Patients and Methods: This cohort study included 81 interventional cardiology staff. According to the working site, they were classified into 5 groups. The control group comprised 14 professional nurses who did not work in the interventional sites. Participants were assigned for lens assessment by two independent trained ophthalmologists blinded to the study. Results: The electrophysiology laboratory staff received higher doses of ionizing radiation (17.2 ± 11.9 mSv; P < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between the years of working experience and effective dose in the lens (P < 0.001). In general, our findings showed that the incidence of lens opacity was 79% (95% CI, 69.9-88.1) in participants with exposure (the case group) and our findings showed that the incidence of lenses opacity was 7.1% (95% CI:2.3-22.6) with the relative risk (RR) of 11.06 (P < 0.001). Conclusions: We believe that the risk of radiation-induced cataract in cardiology interventionists and staff depends on their work site. As the radiation dose increases, the prevalence of posterior eye changes increases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Bitarafan Rajabi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Feridoun Noohi
- Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Hassan Hashemi, Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2188651515, Fax: +98-2188651514, E-mail:
| | - Majid Haghjoo
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Miraftab
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Nahid Yaghoobi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fereydon Rastgou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hadi Malek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hoshang Faghihi
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hassan Firouzabadi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Soheila Asgari
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Farhad Rezvan
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hamidreza Khosravi
- Department of Nation Radiation Protection, Iranian Nuclear Regulatory Authority, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Sara Soroush
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Magee JS, Martin CJ, Sandblom V, Carter MJ, Almén A, Cederblad Å, Jonasson P, Lundh C. Derivation and application of dose reduction factors for protective eyewear worn in interventional radiology and cardiology. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2014; 34:811-823. [PMID: 25332300 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/34/4/811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Doses to the eyes of interventional radiologists and cardiologists could exceed the annual limit of 20 mSv proposed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Lead glasses of various designs are available to provide protection, but standard eye dosemeters will not take account of the protection they provide. The aim of this study has been to derive dose reduction factors (DRFs) equal to the ratio of the dose with no eyewear, divided by that when lead glasses are worn. Thirty sets of protective eyewear have been tested in x-ray fields using anthropomorphic phantoms to simulate the patient and clinician in two centres. The experiments performed have determined DRFs from simulations of interventional procedures by measuring doses to the eyes of the phantom representing the clinician, using TLDs in Glasgow, Scotland and with an electronic dosemeter in Gothenburg, Sweden. During interventional procedures scattered x-rays arising from the patient will be incident on the head of the clinician from below and to the side. DRFs for x-rays incident on the front of lead glasses vary from 5.2 to 7.6, while values for orientations similar to those used in the majority of clinical practice are between 1.4 and 5.2. Specialised designs with lead glass side shields or of a wraparound style with angled lenses performed better than lead glasses based on the design of standard spectacles. Results suggest that application of a DRF of 2 would provide a conservative factor that could be applied to personal dosemeter measurements to account for the dose reduction provided by any type of lead glasses provided certain criteria relating to design and consistency of use are applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill S Magee
- Health Physics, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, G12 0XH, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ray MJ, Mohammad F, Taylor WB, Cura M, Savage C. Comparison of fluoroscopic operator eye exposures when working from femoral region, side, or head of patient. Proc AMIA Symp 2013; 26:243-6. [PMID: 23814380 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2013.11928971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Operator radiation exposure is an important occupational hazard compounded over the course of an interventional radiologist's career. This study compared operator radiation dose to the eye and head for different positions around the patient. Compared with cases performed from the femoral region, exposures were 1.8 times higher at the side, and 1.6 times higher at the head, using conventional aprons, table shields, and mobile suspended shields. Exposures were 99% lower when using a suspended personal radiation protection system in all positions. In conclusion, standing at the side or head results in higher head exposures in a conventional setup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jordan Ray
- Department of Radiology, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Smilowitz NR, Balter S, Weisz G. Occupational hazards of interventional cardiology. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2013; 14:223-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
21
|
Durán A, Hian SK, Miller DL, Le Heron J, Padovani R, Vano E. Recommendations for occupational radiation protection in interventional cardiology. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 82:29-42. [PMID: 23475846 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.24694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The radiation dose received by cardiologists during percutaneous coronary interventions, electrophysiology procedures and other interventional cardiology procedures can vary by more than an order of magnitude for the same type of procedure and for similar patient doses. There is particular concern regarding occupational dose to the lens of the eye. This document provides recommendations for occupational radiation protection for physicians and other staff in the interventional suite. Simple methods for reducing or minimizing occupational radiation dose include: minimizing fluoroscopy time and the number of acquired images; using available patient dose reduction technologies; using good imaging-chain geometry; collimating; avoiding high-scatter areas; using protective shielding; using imaging equipment whose performance is controlled through a quality assurance programme; and wearing personal dosimeters so that you know your dose. Effective use of these methods requires both appropriate education and training in radiation protection for all interventional cardiology personnel, and the availability of appropriate protective tools and equipment. Regular review and investigation of personnel monitoring results, accompanied as appropriate by changes in how procedures are performed and equipment used, will ensure continual improvement in the practice of radiation protection in the interventional suite. These recommendations for occupational radiation protection in interventional cardiology and electrophysiology have been endorsed by the Asian Pacific Society of Interventional Cardiology, the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions, the Latin American Society of Interventional Cardiology, and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Durán
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sturchio GM, Newcomb RD, Molella R, Varkey P, Hagen PT, Schueler BA. Protective eyewear selection for interventional fluoroscopy. HEALTH PHYSICS 2013; 104:S11-S16. [PMID: 23287514 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e318271b6a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Three protective eyewear models were evaluated to determine effectiveness in reducing radiation dose to a fluoroscopist's eyes. The performance of the protective eyewear was measured using radiation dosimeters in a fluoroscopy suite. An Eyewear Protection Factor was determined for each model in each of three exposure orientations. The protection was strongly influenced by the location of the radiation source. When the source was in front of the fluoroscopist, the lead equivalence was important. When the source was to the side of the fluoroscopist, the cross section of the side shield had a significant influence on protection. Protective eyewear selection needs to include consideration of job task and head orientation to the radiation source as well as the possibility that face shape and eyewear fit may also impact the radiation dose to the eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn M Sturchio
- Division of Preventive, Occupational and Aerospace Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the recent literature on the implications of occupational radiation exposure in anesthesia practice. RECENT FINDINGS Wide variation and lack of reduction in operator doses of medical radiation strongly suggests that more attention must be paid to the factors influencing radiation dose exposure. The eye is likely the most sensitive organ for radiation injury. Radiation-related cataract formation might be a stochastic effect. Operators are strongly advised to use eye protection at all times. Safe medical radiation ophthalmic dose limits are currently under review and are likely to be lowered. Current data do not suggest a significant risk to the fetus for pregnant women working in the interventional radiology suite as long as proper monitoring and radiation safety measures are implemented. SUMMARY Radiation is increasingly utilized in medicine for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Anesthesia providers may become exposed to unsafe doses while providing high-quality patient care. Understanding of the physical principles, the sources of radiation exposure, the potential risks, and safe practices helps to minimize the exposure risk and its potential deleterious effects to the anesthesia team.
Collapse
|
24
|
Prater S, Rees CR, Bruner A, Savage C. Determination of minimum effective height of transparent radiation face shielding for fluoroscopy. HEALTH PHYSICS 2011; 101 Suppl 3:S135-S141. [PMID: 21968819 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e31821ec5bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
During interventional procedures, the vast majority of scatter radiation originates from the patient and table and travels in all directions in straight lines. Because the operator's head is much higher than the patient and at an angle upward and to the side of the patient (not directly above), the scatter received by the operator's head is projected in an upward angle. Thus a face shield could potentially be lower than the object it is shielding, e.g., below the eyes. This principle may be used as an advantage to design the lowest shield that effectively protects the head while providing optimum vision, appearance, acoustics, low weight, and sense of openness. A flat acrylic plate shield, 0.5 mm Pb equivalence, was suspended vertically in front of a 451P dosimeter. A phantom patient created scatter in an interventional suite while the dosimeter was placed at the level of the crowns of different operators' heads. Many different configurations were tested to determine which ones would provide effective shielding. The results confirmed that the top of the shield may reside several centimeters below the vertical height of the dosimeter (operator's crown), allowing line of sight to monitor above the shield, and still provide effective shielding equivalent to when the dosimeter is positioned directly behind the center of the shield. The image receptor functioned as an effective shield against scatter. Factors increasing the minimum height of effective shielding included shorter operator, opposite oblique projection of image receptor, and shield closer to the face (in horizontal direction).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Prater
- Baylor University Medical Center, 3600 Gaston Avenue, Suite 404, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lo I, Lau SH, Kwok KH, Kao SS, Cheung MT. Ionizing radiation absorption of surgeons and endoscopy nurses during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. SURGICAL PRACTICE 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-1633.2011.00546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
26
|
Fish DE, Kim A, Ornelas C, Song S, Pangarkar S. The risk of radiation exposure to the eyes of the interventional pain physician. Radiol Res Pract 2011; 2011:609537. [PMID: 22091381 PMCID: PMC3198599 DOI: 10.1155/2011/609537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the use of medical imaging continues to grow across the globe as does the concern for radiation safety. The danger of lens opacities and cataract formation related to radiation exposure is well documented in the medical literature. However, there continues to be controversy regarding actual dose thresholds of radiation exposure and whether these thresholds are still relevant to cataract formation. Eye safety and the risk involved for the interventional pain physician is not entirely clear. Given the available literature on measured radiation exposure to the interventionist, and the controversy regarding dose thresholds, it is our current recommendation that the interventional pain physician use shielded eyewear. As the breadth of interventional procedures continues to grow, so does the radiation risk to the interventional pain physician. In this paper, we attempt to outline the risk of cataract formation in the scope of practice of an interventional pain physician and describe techniques that may help reduce them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Fish
- UCLA Medical Center, 1245 16th Street, Suite 220, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Andrew Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Pain Medicine Division, West Los Angeles Veteran's Administration Medical Center, UCLA, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Christopher Ornelas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Pain Medicine Division, West Los Angeles Veteran's Administration Medical Center, UCLA, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Sungchan Song
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Pain Medicine Division, West Los Angeles Veteran's Administration Medical Center, UCLA, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Sanjog Pangarkar
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Pain Medicine Division, West Los Angeles Veteran's Administration Medical Center, UCLA, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Marichal DA, Anwar T, Kirsch D, Clements J, Carlson L, Savage C, Rees CR. Comparison of a Suspended Radiation Protection System versus Standard Lead Apron for Radiation Exposure of a Simulated Interventionalist. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2011; 22:437-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
28
|
Radiation exposure to the surgeon during open lumbar microdiscectomy and minimally invasive microdiscectomy: a prospective, controlled trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011; 36:255-60. [PMID: 20736891 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e3181ceb976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This is a prospective in vivo study comparing radiation exposure to the surgeon during 10 minimally invasive lumbar microdiscectomy cases with 10 traditional open discectomy cases as a control. OBJECTIVE Radiation exposure to the eye, chest, and hand of the operating surgeon during minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and open lumbar microdiscectomy were measured. The Occupational Exposure Guidelines were used to calculate the allowable number of cases per year from the mean values at each of the 3 sites. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Fluoroscopy is a source of ionizing radiation and as such, is a potential health hazard with continued exposure during surgery. Presently, radiation exposure to the surgeon during MIS lumbar microdiscectomy is unknown. METHODS Radiation exposure to the surgeon (millirads [mR]) per case was measured by digital dosimeters placed at the level of the thyroid/eye, chest, and dominant forearm. Other data collected included operative side and level, side of the surgeon, side of the x-ray source, total fluoroscopy time, and energy output. RESULTS The average radiation exposure to the surgeon during open cases was thyroid/eye 0.16 ± 0.22 mR, chest 0.21 ± 0.23 mR, and hand 0.20 ± 0.14 mR. During minimally invasive cases exposure to the thyroid/eye was 1.72 ± 1.52 mR, the chest was 3.08 ± 2.93 mR, and the hand was 4.45 ± 3.75 mR. The difference between thyroid/ eye, chest, and hand exposure during open and minimally invasive cases was statistically significant (P = 0.010, P = 0.013, and P = 0.006, respectively). Surgeons standing in an adjacent substerile room during open cases were exposed to 0.2 mR per case. CONCLUSION MIS lumbar microdiscectomy cases expose the surgeon to significantly more radiation than open microdiscectomy. One would need to perform 1623 MIS microdiscectomies to exceed the exposure limit for whole-body radiation, 8720 cases for the lens of the eye, and 11,235 cases for the hand. Standing in a substerile room during x-ray localization in open cases is not fully protective.
Collapse
|
29
|
Vano E, Kleiman NJ, Duran A, Rehani MM, Echeverri D, Cabrera M. Radiation Cataract Risk in Interventional Cardiology Personnel. Radiat Res 2010; 174:490-5. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2207.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
30
|
Miller DL, Vañó E, Bartal G, Balter S, Dixon R, Padovani R, Schueler B, Cardella JF, de Baère T. Occupational Radiation Protection in Interventional Radiology: A Joint Guideline of the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe and the Society of Interventional Radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21:607-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
31
|
Miller DL, Vañó E, Bartal G, Balter S, Dixon R, Padovani R, Schueler B, Cardella JF, de Baère T. Occupational radiation protection in interventional radiology: a joint guideline of the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe and the Society of Interventional Radiology. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2010; 33:230-9. [PMID: 20020300 PMCID: PMC2841268 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-009-9756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Miller
- Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kim KP, Miller DL. Minimising radiation exposure to physicians performing fluoroscopically guided cardiac catheterisation procedures: a review. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2009; 133:227-233. [PMID: 19329511 PMCID: PMC2902901 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
What is known about radiation exposure to physicians who perform cardiac interventions is reviewed and various factors that affect their exposure are discussed. There are wide variations in the radiation dose (up to 1000-fold) per procedure. Despite extensive improvements in equipment and technology, there has been little or no reduction in dose over time. The wide variation and lack of reduction in operator doses strongly suggests that more attention must be paid to factors influencing the operator dose. Numerous patient, physician and shielding factors influence the operator dose to different degrees. Operators can change some of these factors immediately, at minimal or no cost, with a substantial reduction in dose and potential cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Campbell N, Sparrow K, Fortier M, Ponich T. Practical radiation safety and protection for the endoscopist during ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55:552-7. [PMID: 11923771 DOI: 10.1067/mge.2002.122578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Campbell
- Department of Radiology and Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Johlin FC, Pelsang RE, Greenleaf M. Phantom study to determine radiation exposure to medical personnel involved in ERCP fluoroscopy and its reduction through equipment and behavior modifications. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97:893-7. [PMID: 12003424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this work is to evaluate the potential radiation exposure to medical personnel by comparing results from phantom studies of two different fluoroscopic units used for ERCP, and to determine which equipment or behavior modification can reduce radiation exposure. METHODS Radiation exposures using an opaque tissue equivalent chest phantom with an abdominal insert were performed on a stationary dedicated fluoroscopy unit and a mobile C-arm unit, comparing varying equipment manipulations. Scatter radiation was recorded at 1) the patients' head, 2) where the endoscopist stands, and 3) where the equipment personnel stands. RESULTS Radiation exposures were significantly higher for the mobile C-arm unit, revealing a 4160-times greater dosage increase for head and neck and a 8660-times increase for body than the fixed unit. Tower position and vertically stationed lead shields facilitated exposure reduction by means of equipment manipulation. The positioning of the endoscopist away from the right corner of the units also decreased exposure. CONCLUSIONS Dedicated stationary fluoroscopy units provide significantly less radiation exposure. Equipment and behavior modification including tower positioning down and vertical shielding are essential for reduction in radiation exposure to medical personnel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick C Johlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lipsitz EC, Veith FJ, Ohki T, Heller S, Wain RA, Suggs WD, Lee JC, Kwei S, Goldstein K, Rabin J, Chang D, Mehta M. Does the endovascular repair of aortoiliac aneurysms pose a radiation safety hazard to vascular surgeons? J Vasc Surg 2000; 32:704-10. [PMID: 11013034 DOI: 10.1067/mva.2000.110053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endovascular aortoiliac aneurysm (EAIA) repair uses substantial fluoroscopic guidance that requires considerable radiation exposure. Doses were determined for a team of three vascular surgeons performing 47 consecutive EAIA repairs over a 1-year period to determine whether this exposure constitutes a radiation hazard. METHODS Twenty-nine surgeon-made aortounifemoral devices and 18 bifurcated devices were used. Three surgeons wore dosimeters (1) on the waist, under a lead apron; (2) on the waist, outside a lead apron; (3) on the collar; and (4) on the left ring finger. Dosimeters were also placed around the operating table and room to evaluate the patient, other personnel, and ambient doses. Exposures were compared with standards of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). RESULTS Total fluoroscopy time was 30.9 hours (1852 minutes; mean, 39.4 minutes per case). Yearly total effective body doses for all surgeons (under lead) were below the 20 mSv/y occupational exposure limit of the ICRP. Outside lead doses for two surgeons approximated recommended limits. Lead aprons attenuated 85% to 91% of the dose. Ring doses and calculated eye doses were within the ICRP exposure limits. Patient skin doses averaged 360 mSv per case (range, 120-860 mSv). The ambient (> 3 m from the source) operating room dose was 1.06 mSv/y. CONCLUSIONS Although the total effective body doses under lead fell within established ICRP occupational exposure limits, they are not negligible. Because radiation exposure is cumulative and endovascular procedures are becoming more common, individuals performing these procedures must carefully monitor their exposure. Our results indicate that a team of surgeons can perform 386 hours of fluoroscopy per year or 587 EAIA repairs per year and remain within occupational exposure limits. Individuals who perform these procedures should actively monitor their effective doses and educate personnel in methods for reducing exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C Lipsitz
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wagner LK, Eifel PJ, Geise RA. Potential biological effects following high X-ray dose interventional procedures. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1994; 5:71-84. [PMID: 8136601 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(94)71456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Some interventional procedures can result in very high x-ray doses. Potential biological effects of high x-ray doses are reviewed. Deterministic and stochastic effects in skin, bone, parotid glands, and lung are discussed. Threshold doses for the effects and relevant dosimetric principles are addressed. General principles for minimizing the potential for these effects are presented. Knowledge about these effects and the means to minimize radiation dose can assist the physician in the care of patients undergoing lengthy invasive radiologic procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L K Wagner
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas, Houston 77030
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Radiation hazards to the cardiologist. A report of a subcommittee of the British Cardiac Society. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 1993; 70:489-96. [PMID: 8054000 PMCID: PMC1025374 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.70.5.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|