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Shahunja KM, Sly PD, Mamun A. Trajectories of psychosocial environmental factors and their associations with asthma symptom trajectories among children in Australia. Pediatr Pulmonol 2024; 59:151-162. [PMID: 37882548 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several psychosocial factors, such as maternal mental health and parents' financial hardship, are associated with asthma symptoms among children. So, we aim to investigate the changing patterns of important psychosocial environmental factors and their associations with asthma symptom trajectories among children in Australia. METHODS We considered asthma symptoms as wheezing (outcome) and psychosocial environmental factors (exposures) from 0/1 year to 14/15 years of the participants from the "Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC)" for this study. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify the trajectory groups for both exposure and outcome variables. Associations between psychosocial factors and three distinct asthma symptom trajectories were assessed by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS We included 3917 children from the LSAC birth cohort in our study. We identified distinct trajectories for maternal depression, parents' financial hardship, parents' stressful life events and parents' availability to their children from birth to 14/15 years of age. Compared to the "low/no" asthma symptom trajectory group, children exposed to a "moderate & increasing" maternal depression, "moderate & declining" parents' financial hardship, and "moderate & increasing" parents' stressful life events were significantly associated (relative risk ratio [RRR]: 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27, 1.91; RRR: 1.40, 95%; CI: 1.15, 1.70; RRR: 1.77, 95%; CI: 1.45, 2.16) with "persistent high" asthma symptom trajectory. CONCLUSION Several psychosocial factors that are potential stressors for mental health increase the risk of having an adverse asthma symptom trajectory during childhood. Further attention should be given to reducing exposure to maternal depression, parents' financial hardship, and parents' stressful live events for long-term asthma control in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Shahunja
- UQ Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abdullah Mamun
- UQ Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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MENDER S, ÇELİKAY H, CİVEK B. Comparison of Attachment Styles, Family Functioning and Locus of Control in Individuals with and without Alcohol Use Disorder. PSIKIYATRIDE GUNCEL YAKLASIMLAR - CURRENT APPROACHES IN PSYCHIATRY 2023. [DOI: 10.18863/pgy.1207690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to examine the variables of attachment styles , family functioning, and locus of control in individuals with and without alcohol use disorder. The 54 participants, including 51 male and 3 females with alcohol use disorder between the ages of 18-60s were chosen from the outpatients of xx service, the attendants of xx meetings, and the people referred by them. The control group consisted of 60 participants who were similar to the study group in terms of age and gender variables, without alcohol use disorder and psychological disorder. Data were collected through a questionnaire including Sociodemographic Data Form, Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), Experiences in Close Relationships - Revised (ECR -R), Family Assessment Device (FAD), and Rotter’s Locus of Control Scale (LCS). In the results of the study, it was found that the participants with alcohol use disorder had a significantly higher ECR-R anxiety and avoidance score, and LCS score than the control group. Participants with the alcohol use disorder had a considerably lower FAD score than the control group. Finally, the effects of the applied scales on alcohol addiction are analyzed and it was concluded that the scores of FAD and LCS had a statistically significant effect on alcohol addiction. Accordingly, an increase in the FAD score by one unit reduces the alcohol addiction risk by %95, while an increase in the LCS score by one unit increases the alcohol addiction risk by %31.
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Gruszka P, Ganahl K, Stasch N, Burger C, Haberlandt E, Bauer SM. Parental anxiety and depression are associated with adverse mental health in children with special needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1254277. [PMID: 38074710 PMCID: PMC10699309 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1254277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to restrictions in various areas of life, including social life, work, leisure, health, and education. Vulnerable groups, such as children with special needs and their parents, may be at increased risk of experiencing exacerbated mental health problems during stressful periods such as the COVID-19 lockdowns. Materials and methods Telephone interviews were conducted with 954 parents of children with special needs. We assessed parental levels of generalized anxiety and depression using the validated GAD-7 and PHQ-8 scales. Parents were asked to rate family burden and their worry about the COVID-19 crisis, as well as their children's adverse mental health symptoms and health behaviors. Parents also reported their children's worries about the COVID-19 crisis. We conducted regressions to examine the relationship between parents' mental health problems and their children's adverse mental health symptoms and health behaviors. Qualitative data from open-ended questions were coded thematically and major themes of parental worry about the COVID-19 crisis were identified. Results Parental anxiety and depression symptoms predicted adverse mental health symptoms and behaviors in children with special needs. Criteria for current depression were met by 7.9% of parents of children with special needs, whereas 4.7% of the general population in Vorarlberg met the criteria for current depression according to data from the Austrian Health Interview Survey in 2019. Parental self-ratings of both depression and anxiety were highly correlated. The majority of parents reported being burdened (79.1%) or worried (67.8%) about the COVID-19 crisis. The main themes of parental worry about the COVID-19 crisis included COVID-19 infection (40.6%), economic situation (13.1%), uncertainty (8.4%), lack of social contact with family and friends (8.1%), family health status (7.5%), and school life (7.5%). Discussion Mental health symptoms in parents of children with special needs were strongly associated with increased adverse mental health symptoms and health behaviors in their children. Parents of children with special needs were more likely to be depressed during the COVID-19 pandemic than adults in 2019. We call for additional mental health support to reduce the mental health burden in families with children with special needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gruszka
- Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Kristin Ganahl
- Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Nicole Stasch
- Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Christoph Burger
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University for Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Edda Haberlandt
- Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Dornbirn, Dornbirn, Austria
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Alex P, Cynthia DS, Kanagalakshmi V. A study on prevalence and risk factors of depression among adolescent girls studying in government and private schools-A comparative study. J Family Med Prim Care 2023; 12:1972-1978. [PMID: 38024927 PMCID: PMC10657068 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_402_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of depression among school-going adolescent girls in India is about 40%. Adolescent girls attending private and government-run schools in South India have vastly different sociodemographic backgrounds and school environments. Assessing the associated risk factors for depression will help in designing appropriate preventive strategies. Objective To evaluate the prevalence of depression among school-going adolescent girls and the associated risk factors among government and private school students. Methods The cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in two private and two government-run schools in Tamil Nadu. A semi-structured questionnaire and 11-item Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale were administered to female students belonging to grades eight, nine, and ten. Differences in the prevalence of depression and the familial, social, and behavioral risk factors between private and government school students were measured and analyzed. Results The prevalence of depression among our study population is 23.8%. An adolescent girl studying in a private school has a 4.67 times higher chance of being depressed as compared to her counterpart in a government school. Stress due to higher academic expectations, peer pressure, disagreement with friends, excess smartphone usage, and family discord are associated factors in private school students, and family discord and chronic illness among family members were associated risk factors for depression in government school students. Conclusion There is a wide disparity in the prevalence of depression and associated factors among private and government school-going adolescent girls. The intervention program for depression has to be addressed differently according to the type of school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Alex
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Vellore Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Sharon Cynthia
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Vellore Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Kanagalakshmi
- Department of Community Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sanwald S, Montag C, Kiefer M. Association between parental separation, childhood trauma, neuroticism, and depression: a case control study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1112664. [PMID: 37229385 PMCID: PMC10204799 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1112664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parental separation has been suggested to be associated with depression development in offspring. The new family constellation subsequent to separation could be associated with elevated scores of childhood trauma, shaping more emotionally instable personalities. This could ultimately be a risk factor for mood disorders and particularly the development of depression in life. Methods To test this hypothesis, we investigated the associations between parental separation, childhood trauma (CTQ) and personality (NEO-FFI) in a sample of N = 119 patients diagnosed with depression and N = 119 age and sex matched healthy controls. Results While parental separation was associated with elevated scores of childhood trauma, there was no association between parental separation and Neuroticism. Furthermore, in a logistic regression analysis, Neuroticism and childhood trauma were found to be significant predictors for depression diagnosis (yes/no), but not parental separation (yes/no). Conclusion Parental separation might be associated with depression only indirectly via childhood trauma. Childhood trauma or Neuroticism seem more directly related to the development of depression. However, it is worthwhile to install prevention programs helping parents and children to cope with parental separation in order to minimize the impact of separation and associated stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sanwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Kiefer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Fischer AS, Holt-Gosselin B, Hagan KE, Fleming SL, Nimarko AF, Gotlib IH, Singh MK. Intrinsic Connectivity and Family Dynamics: Striatolimbic Markers of Risk and Resilience in Youth at Familial Risk for Mood Disorders. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:855-866. [PMID: 35272095 PMCID: PMC9452604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies to date have characterized functional connectivity (FC) within emotion and reward networks in relation to family dynamics in youth at high familial risk for bipolar disorder (HR-BD) and major depressive disorder (HR-MDD) relative to low-risk youth (LR). Such characterization may advance our understanding of the neural underpinnings of mood disorders and lead to more effective interventions. METHODS A total of 139 youth (43 HR-BD, 46 HR-MDD, and 50 LR) aged 12.9 ± 2.7 years were longitudinally followed for 4.5 ± 2.4 years. We characterized differences in striatolimbic FC that distinguished between HR-BD, HR-MDD, and LR and between resilience and conversion to psychopathology. We then examined whether risk status moderated FC-family dynamic associations. Finally, we examined whether baseline between-group FC differences predicted resilence versus conversion to psychopathology. RESULTS HR-BD had greater amygdala-middle frontal gyrus and dorsal striatum-middle frontal gyrus FC relative to HR-MDD and LR, and HR-MDD had lower amygdala-fusiform gyrus and dorsal striatum-precentral gyrus FC relative to HR-BD and LR (voxel-level p < .001, cluster-level false discovery rate-corrected p < .05). Resilient youth had greater amygdala-orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum-dorsal anterior cingulate cortex FC relative to youth with conversion to psychopathology (voxel-level p < .001, cluster-level false discovery rate-corrected p < .05). Greater family rigidity was inversely associated with amygdala-fusiform gyrus FC across all groups (false discovery rate-corrected p = .017), with a moderating effect of bipolar risk status (HR-BD vs. HR-MDD p < .001; HR-BD vs. LR p = .005). Baseline FC differences did not predict resilence versus conversion to psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS Findings represent neural signatures of risk and resilience in emotion and reward processing networks in youth at familial risk for mood disorders that may be targets for novel interventions tailored to the family context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina S Fischer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
| | | | - Kelsey E Hagan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Scott L Fleming
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Akua F Nimarko
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Manpreet K Singh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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Goff TM, Moody ME, Acosta LL, Joyce-Beaulieu D. School-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in an Inclusion Model for an Adolescent with Comorbid Major Depressive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder : A Case Study. Clin Case Stud 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/15346501221078329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the current case study was to illustrate evidence-based cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for an adolescent female with comorbid major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, suicidal ideations, and a history of multiple involuntary hospitalizations. Multimodal assessment of the child’s symptoms was conducted, including parent, teacher, and child self-report, academic data, and hospital records to inform case conceptualization. Treatment included a combination of psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, positive self-talk, relaxation skills, and the support of a school-based personal aide. Significant improvements with inattentive, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were reported, with gains being maintained at 1 year follow-up. In addition to a reduction of reported psychosocial problems, treatment benefits also included a decrease in classroom disruptions, improvement in academic performance, and withdrawal of paraprofessional support at school. This study illustrates the use of school-based CBT strategies coupled with additional focused Tier 4 behavior supports as an efficacious treatment for youth with significant comorbidity.
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Sabella K, Baczko A, Lane IA, Golden L, Pici-D'Ottavio E, O'Neill M. A Challenging Yet Motivating Journey: The Experiences of Young Adult Parents With Serious Mental Health Conditions in the USA. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:814185. [PMID: 35370850 PMCID: PMC8967164 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.814185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades the average age of becoming a parent has increased, the rate of teen pregnancies has decreased, and a new developmental period of emerging adulthood is marked by diverse pathways into adulthood. Today, those who become parents in young adulthood (18-24 years old) and their children may be vulnerable to poor outcomes observed in teen parents (13-19 years old) of previous generations. Young adults with serious mental health conditions (SMHC) who encounter additional challenges navigating young adulthood and tend to parent earlier than their peers may be at particularly increased risk of poor outcomes. To date, little research has been done to understand the experiences of young adult parents, especially those with SMHC. This study describes themes from qualitative interviews with 18 young adults with SMHC in the United States who became parents before the age of 25. Life story narrative interviews, conducted mostly by young adults with lived experience, asked participants to describe their parenting and mental health experiences and their school, training, and work experiences. Participants described the challenges of simultaneously parenting young children and managing a mental health condition, experiences of discrimination, and fear of future discrimination related to their mental health condition. However, parents also expressed that their children motivated them to maintain recovery and build a good life for their family. This is the first study to qualitatively explore the experiences of young adult parents with SMHC. While many of these findings align with prior qualitative research on mothers with mental illness, by exclusively focusing on individuals who become parents earlier than their peers and including father experiences, this research adds to our understanding of how individuals simultaneously navigate parenting and managing a serious mental health condition. These findings should inform larger-scale research studies on the experiences and outcomes of young adults with SMHC who become parents in their late teens or early twenties. A better understanding of their experiences should inform public mental health services that incorporate parenting as an important element of an individual's personal recovery model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Sabella
- Transitions to Adulthood Center for Research, Implementation Science and Practice Advances Research Center (iSPARC), Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Amanda Baczko
- Transitions to Adulthood Center for Research, Implementation Science and Practice Advances Research Center (iSPARC), Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Ian A. Lane
- Transitions to Adulthood Center for Research, Implementation Science and Practice Advances Research Center (iSPARC), Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Laura Golden
- Sociology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emma Pici-D'Ottavio
- Transitions to Adulthood Center for Research, Implementation Science and Practice Advances Research Center (iSPARC), Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Murron O'Neill
- School of Social Work, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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Paige KJ, Ramer NE, Colder CR. Developmental Cascade Effects of Maternal Depression on Offspring Substance Use Across Adolescence: Pathway Through Mother-Child Relationship Quality and Peer Deviancy. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:933-944. [PMID: 35091870 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that maternal depression can disrupt adolescent social development and trigger a risk cascade to adolescent substance use that involves poor quality mother-child relationships (Lovejoy et al., 2000) and affiliation with deviant peers (Visser et al., 2012). However, relatively little work has considered maternal depression as a catalyst for this risk pathway to adolescent substance use. The current study aims to clarify whether maternal depression has cascading effects to adolescent substance use through related developmental systems. Using structural equation modeling and bootstrapping for testing indirect effects, we tested the prospective association between maternal depression and middle adolescent substance use and whether poor mother-child relationship quality and peer deviancy mediated this relationship. We controlled for a variety of important cofounding variables. The sample included N = 338 adolescents (57% female; predominantly non-Hispanic Caucasian (83.14%) or African American (8.88%)) and mothers drawn from a larger nine-year longitudinal study of adolescent substance use. Data from wave 1 through wave 6 of the longitudinal project were utilized. The average age of adolescents was 11.6, 12.6, 13.6, 14.6, 15.5, and 16.6 at W1-W6, respectively. The indirect effect from maternal depression to substance use was supported (ab = 0.03, 95% CI [0.002, 0.07]). Findings emphasize that future work should more closely examine how maternal depression operates in developmental cascade models of adolescent substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Paige
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 359 Park Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| | - Nolan E Ramer
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 359 Park Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Craig R Colder
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 359 Park Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
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Somani A, Singh AK, Gupta B, Nagarkoti S, Dalal PK, Dikshit M. Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Major Depressive Disorder: A Case Control Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020144. [PMID: 35203908 PMCID: PMC8870258 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The role of increased oxidative stress and alterations to the nitric oxide (NO) pathway have been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD). The two pathways interact closely with each other but have not been studied simultaneously in MDD. This study aimed to assess and compare the levels of oxidative and nitrosative stress in the neutrophils (PMNs) of drug-naive MDD patients and their first-degree relatives. Methods: 29 drug-naive MDD patients and 27 healthy first-degree relatives and healthy controls aged 18–45 years were included in this study. An assessment of the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitrites, neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), and myeloperoxidase in PMNs, and cortisol in serum was carried out. Results: Compared to healthy controls, the generation of free radicals, myeloperoxidase activity, and nNOS mRNA expression in PMNs, and cortisol level in serum were significantly higher in drug-naive depression patients. Indeed, increased levels of myeloperoxidase and serum cortisol were also noted in first-degree relatives. The total nitrite content in the PMNs and plasma however was significantly lower in both patients and first-degree relatives. Interestingly, a positive correlation was established in the ROS levels in the PMNs, plasma and neutrophil nitrite, and the serum cortisol level between MDD patients and their first-degree relatives. Conclusion: The results of this study contribute towards a better understanding of the familial association of depressive disorder, and demonstrate for the first time that neutrophil ROS/RNS, plasma nitrite, and serum cortisol levels are positively correlated between MDD patients and their first-degree relatives. However, further studies in larger, more diverse samples are needed to extend these pathways as potential biomarkers to identify persons at high risk for psychopathology at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Somani
- Department of Psychiatry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India; (A.S.); (B.G.); (P.K.D.)
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; (A.K.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Bandna Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India; (A.S.); (B.G.); (P.K.D.)
| | - Sheela Nagarkoti
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; (A.K.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Pronob Kumar Dalal
- Department of Psychiatry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India; (A.S.); (B.G.); (P.K.D.)
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; (A.K.S.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Kim H, Lee W, Park S, Kim H. Parental long working hours and adult children's depression in South Korea: a cross-sectional study. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2021; 77:423-430. [PMID: 33955812 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2021.1920568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the association between parental long working hours and the depression of children living with their parents even after becoming adults in South Korea. Data from two years of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) in 2014 and 2016 were analyzed using a cross-sectional study. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the association between parental long working hours and their adult children's depression. Adult children of mothers who worked more than 60 hours per week were more likely to have depression than 40 hours or less per week. Comprehending aging mothers' weekly working hours is an important factor for understanding the reason of adult children's depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunil Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Woncheol Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Hyeongcheol Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
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Huansuriya T, Kruahiran P, Sriutaisuk S, Musa R. Construct validity and measurement invariance of the Asian Family Characteristics Scale in the Thai population. JOURNAL OF HEALTH RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/jhr-06-2020-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper was to establish the psychometric properties of the Asian Family Characteristics Scale (AFCS) in the Thai population.
Design/methodology/approach
The 30-item AFCS originally developed in the Malay language was translated into Thai. Thai (n = 384) and Malay (n = 500) participants in Study 1 responded to the AFCS in their respective languages. The data were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis with a measurement invariance test. In Study 2, Thai participants (n = 495) filled out the AFCS and Chulalongkorn Family Index, International Personality Item Pool-NEO, Self-Compassion Scale, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Satisfaction with Life Scale.
Findings
Study 1 showed that the measurement model of the Thai AFCS fit the data from the Thai population. The measurement invariance test confirmed that the structure and meaning of the AFCS are equivalent across the Thai and Malay samples. Study 2 demonstrated the AFCS's convergent validity by showing that the AFCS score had a positive correlation with the Chulalongkorn Family Inventory, self-compassion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, satisfaction with life and a negative correlation with neuroticism, depression, anxiety and stress. The AFCS's discriminant validity was supported by nonsignificant correlations with extraversion and openness to experience.
Originality/value
This paper is an attempt to develop a family characteristic measure specifically for the Asian population. The results provide empirical evidence for measurement invariance and validity of the scale in another Asian language, enhancing its cross-cultural generalizability.
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Longo P, Marzola E, De Bacco C, Demarchi M, Abbate-Daga G. Young Patients with Anorexia Nervosa: The Contribution of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 57:medicina57010002. [PMID: 33375161 PMCID: PMC7822187 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex disorder whose etiopathogenesis involves both biological and environmental factors. The aims of the present study were to retrospectively analyze risk factors in young patients with AN and to assess differences in clinical and eating-related symptoms between patients with and without a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and with or without a history of acknowledged risk factors. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four patients with AN (<25 years old) were recruited and completed an anamnestic evaluation and the following self-report measures: Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Life Events Checklist (LEC), and Dissociative Experience Scale (DES). The PTSD diagnosis was assigned according to the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-5 (SCID-5). Results: The most frequent risk factors were those associated with relational traumatic events and familiarity for psychiatric disorders. Higher severity of body-related symptoms (i.e., those symptoms impacting on body image and perception and leading to body concerns) emerged in patients with PTSD, versus patients without PTSD diagnosis; however, after controlling for dissociative symptoms, only differences in BMI remained significant. Concerning other risk factors, those with a history of childhood trauma were more depressed than patients without such history and those with familiarity with eating disorders reported more AN-related hospitalizations in the past than those individuals without familiarity. Conclusion: These results suggest the importance of investigating the presence of risk factors and PTSD diagnosis in patients with AN, and to treat post-traumatic symptoms in young patients in order to decrease the risk of developing severe forms of AN. Moreover, a particular focus on those patients with a family member affected by an eating disorder could be of clinical utility.
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14
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Borden LA, Hankinson J, Perry-Parrish C, Reynolds EK, Specht MW, Ostrander R. Family and Maternal Characteristics of Children With Co-Occurring ADHD and Depression. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:963-972. [PMID: 27566145 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716666321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study examined differences between children with ADHD and comorbid depression (n = 26), ADHD only (n = 111), and a community control group (n = 130) on measures of family and maternal characteristics. Method: The present study utilized a large, community sample. Diagnoses required positive endorsements from multiple sources. ANOVAs and chi-square tests were conducted to determine group differences. Results: Compared with children with ADHD alone and community controls, mothers of depressed ADHD children reported decreased family cohesion, limited participation in social/recreational activities, increased maternal depressive symptoms, difficulty coping with parenting roles, and higher rates of bipolar and anxiety disorders. Mothers of children with ADHD (with or without comorbid depression) reported increased conflict, decreased cohesion, and poor maternal coping compared with community controls. Conclusion: Findings are consistent with prior literature suggesting that families of children with ADHD and depression demonstrate both similar and unique characteristics. Clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rick Ostrander
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Alaie I, Låftman SB, Jonsson U, Bohman H. Parent-youth conflict as a predictor of depression in adulthood: a 15-year follow-up of a community-based cohort. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:527-536. [PMID: 31302772 PMCID: PMC7103574 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Experiencing conflictual relations with one's parents while growing up has been linked to onset, recurrence, and worse treatment outcome of adolescent depression. While this suggests that significant problems in the parent-youth relationship make depressive disorders more relentless, it is not clear whether this effect lasts into adulthood. Our aim was to examine if major and minor conflict with parents while growing up predicts depression in adulthood in youth with and without a history of depression. We utilized data from the Uppsala Longitudinal Adolescent Depression Study. This community-based cohort was assessed with structured diagnostic interviews both at age 16-17 and at follow-up 15 years later. The analyses included 382 individuals (227 with a history of child or adolescent depression; 155 peers without such a history). Binary logistic regression was used, adjusting for sex, disruptive behavior disorders, and additional family-related adversities. Among individuals with adolescent depression, major conflict with parents was strongly associated with adult depression (adjusted OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.07-4.87). While major conflict with parents was rare among non-depressed controls, a non-significant association of similar magnitude was still observed. Minor conflict, on the other hand, was not significantly associated with adult depression. Overall, conflict with parents did not predict adult anxiety disorders, substance use, suicidal behavior, somatoform disorders, or psychotic disorders. In conclusion, major parent-youth conflict during upbringing seems to be linked with an increased risk of depression in adulthood. These findings underscore the need to consider contextual/familial factors in the prevention and clinical management of early-life depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Alaie
- Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sara Brolin Låftman
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Department of Public Health Sciences, Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Jonsson
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Karolinska Institutet Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Bohman
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Shomaker LB, Cox S, Lehman DP, Kelly NR, Thompson KA, Mehari RM, Brady SM, Galescu OA, Demidowich AP, Chen KY, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Yanovski JA. Depressive symptoms in adolescent girls at-risk for type 2 diabetes and their parents. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2019; 25:530-540. [PMID: 31684760 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2019.1687914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have characterized the relation between parent's depression symptoms and adolescent's depression symptoms in adolescents at-risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). We evaluated the associations of parental depression symptoms with the depression symptoms and metabolic functioning of adolescent offspring at-risk for T2D. One-hundred sixteen parents and adolescent girls with a family history of diabetes completed surveys of depression symptoms. Adolescents' degree of metabolic risk for T2D was estimated from body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) standard score, percent adiposity from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, and whole body insulin sensitivity index determined from glucose/insulin concentrations during a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test. Parents' and adolescents' depression symptoms were significantly associated, even after accounting for race/ethnicity, age, puberty, body composition, and parental diabetes/BMI. Adjusting for similar covariates, parent depression symptoms also were positively related to adolescents' BMI standard score and had a trend-level association with adiposity. There was an inverse relation between parental depression symptoms and adolescent insulin sensitivity, which was entirely accounted for by adolescent body composition. The associations of parental depression symptoms with more elevated depression symptoms and higher BMI in adolescents at-risk for T2D has potential implications for interventions addressing these co-morbid health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Shomaker
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.,Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA.,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Department of Defense (DOD), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, USA
| | - Shelby Cox
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Devon P Lehman
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Nichole R Kelly
- Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA.,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Department of Defense (DOD), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, USA.,Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services and the Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA
| | - Katherine A Thompson
- Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Rim M Mehari
- Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Sheila M Brady
- Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Ovidiu A Galescu
- Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Andrew P Demidowich
- Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Kong Y Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, USA
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
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17
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Abstract
Depression risk is 2 to 3 times higher in medically ill youth compared with the general pediatric population. The relationship between medical illness and depression is bidirectional with significant contributions from psychological, developmental, illness-related, familial, and treatment factors. This article discusses the presentation, early identification, evaluation, and management of depression in medically ill youth and identifies specific risk factors and reviewing selected medical illness-specific considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasuh Malas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Sigita Plioplys
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 225 East Chicago Avenue Box# 10, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maryland Pao
- Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, Clinical Research Center, NIH Building 10, CRC East 6-5340, MSC 1276, Bethesda, MD 20892-1276, USA
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18
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Wong JJ, Cucciare MA, Booth BM, Timko C. Predicting Substance Use Patterns Among Rural Adults: The Roles of Mothers, Fathers, and Parenthood. FAMILY PROCESS 2019; 58:431-445. [PMID: 29663337 PMCID: PMC6191389 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the role of parenthood and parental influences on substance use patterns for 710 stimulant users age 18-61 living in the rural Midwest and Mid-south U.S. Longitudinal growth analyses showed that a maternal history of drug use was associated with increased baseline drug use severity, lesser declines in severity, and greater plateau of drug use severity over time. Parental conflict was associated with lesser declines in drug use severity, and drug use severity declined more steeply for participants who were themselves parents. Participants with two parents having a history of alcohol use had a greater baseline severity of alcohol use, with paternal history of drug use associated with lower baseline alcohol use severity. These findings demonstrate the importance of identifying parental influences in evaluating adult substance use, and point to the inclusion of parents in efforts to prevent and treat substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie J. Wong
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System
- Center on Health Policy/Center on Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University
| | - Michael A. Cucciare
- Center for Mental Healthcare and Outcomes Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Affairs Healthcare System
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
- VA South Central Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System
| | - Brenda M. Booth
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Christine Timko
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
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19
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Svob C, Weissman MM. The Role of Religiosity in Families at High Risk for Depression. ETHICS, MEDICINE, AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 9:1-6. [PMID: 32818148 PMCID: PMC7430948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemep.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About forty years ago we began a study of the offspring of depressed (high-risk) and not depressed (low-risk) parents, matched for age and gender, from the same community. We interviewed all of their biological children, blind to the clinical status of the parents. Over the years, we returned to re-interview the families at baseline, 2, 10, 20, 25 30, and 35 years. As the years went by and the sample grew up, we also interviewed the third generation, the grandchildren. As technology became available, we included measures of electrophysiology and magnetic resonance imaging in order to better understand the mechanisms of risk. At the 10-year follow up, we included measures of religion and spirituality - namely, personal religious/spiritual importance and frequency of religious service attendance. We included these measures in all subsequent waves including a more extensive follow up of religious beliefs at the 35-year follow up. ISSUES OF FOCUS This paper describes the study design and highlights the key findings of the role of religious/spiritual belief in the transmission and endurance of depression using clinical and biological approaches. METHODS We describe study findings based on clinical measures, as well as physiological measures that employed electrophysiology and magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Taken together, the findings suggest that religiosity/spirituality is protective against depression in high-risk individuals at both clinical and physiological levels. IMPLICATIONS The findings suggest religiosity interacts with both culture and biology in its impact on depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Svob
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Myrna M. Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Bruni A, Carbone EA, Pugliese V, Aloi M, Calabrò G, Cerminara G, Segura-García C, De Fazio P. Childhood adversities are different in Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders, Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:391. [PMID: 30567512 PMCID: PMC6300034 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1972-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that a history of childhood adversities is common in patients with psychiatric disorders but few studies have investigated links between specific types of adversity and specific psychiatric disorders. METHODS We investigated the frequency of early childhood adversities in a sample consisting of 91 patients with diagnosis of schizophrenic spectrum disorders (SSD), 74 patients with bipolar disorder (BD), 83 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 85 healthy controls and sought to identify adverse early childhood life events that predict the development of major psychiatric disorders. The Childhood Experiences of Care and Abuse questionnaire was used to collect data on traumatic experiences occurring before the age of 17 years and comprehensive demographic data were also collected. The data were analyzed with chi-squared tests, t-tests, post-hoc and logistic regression. RESULTS Maternal absence/loss and economic difficulties in the early life were more prevalent in the BD group than other groups. Escape from home, cannabis abuse, psychological abuse, physical abuse and loneliness were more frequent in the SSD group than in other groups. Paternal absence, neglect of core needs, serious familial tension and absence of adult and peer confidants were all less common in the HC group than in the other groups. The regression model confirmed that different types of adversities play a crucial role in the development of the three investigated disorders. CONCLUSIONS Our results support that SSD, BD and MDD are associated to different childhood adversities. This suggests that psychosocial interventions that reduce the incidence of these early life adversities might reduce the incidence of severe and disabling psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bruni
- 0000 0001 2168 2547grid.411489.1Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elvira Anna Carbone
- 0000 0001 2168 2547grid.411489.1Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valentina Pugliese
- 0000 0001 2168 2547grid.411489.1Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Matteo Aloi
- 0000 0001 2168 2547grid.411489.1Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Calabrò
- 0000 0001 2168 2547grid.411489.1Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gregorio Cerminara
- 0000 0001 2168 2547grid.411489.1Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Segura-García
- 0000 0001 2168 2547grid.411489.1Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Fazio
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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21
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Sherman MD, Hooker SA. Supporting families managing parental mental illness: Challenges and resources. Int J Psychiatry Med 2018; 53:361-370. [PMID: 30068239 DOI: 10.1177/0091217418791444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over five million children in the United States have a parent living with a serious mental illness. These offspring are at higher risk for developing mental health problems themselves due to a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and psychosocial factors. Life with a parent with psychiatric symptoms can be scary, confusing, overwhelming, and sad; children often blame themselves for their parent's problems, find their parent's behavior embarrassing, and struggle to explain the illness to their friends. Unfortunately, these children's needs and experiences are often ignored by overwhelmed parents, worried family members and relatives, separate mental health systems of care for adults and children that often fail to coordinate care, and even well-intentioned health-care providers. Family medicine teams have an opportunity to detect and support these families in unique ways. We offer four recommendations for family medicine teams to help families managing parental mental illness including assessing functioning, treatment needs, and impacts on each family member; educating all family members about mental illness; instilling hope, noting the range of effective treatments for mental illness; and encouraging the use of supports and referral options. Providers can leverage family members' strengths, work with community-based resources, and offer continuity to these families, as they struggle with an oftentimes chronic, relapsing disease that has ripple effects throughout the family system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Sherman
- 1 Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephanie A Hooker
- 1 Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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22
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Polygenic risk, family cohesion, and adolescent aggression in Mexican American and European American families: Developmental pathways to alcohol use. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1715-1728. [PMID: 30168407 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Poor family cohesion and elevated adolescent aggression are associated with greater alcohol use in adolescence and early adulthood. In addition, evocative gene-environment correlations (rGEs) can underlie the interplay between offspring characteristics and negative family functioning, contributing to substance use. Gene-environment interplay has rarely been examined in racial/ethnic minority populations. The current study examined adolescents' polygenic risk scores for aggression in evocative rGEs underlying aggression and family cohesion during adolescence, their contributions to alcohol use in early adulthood (n = 479), and differences between Mexican American and European American subsamples. Results suggest an evocative rGE between polygenic risk scores, aggression, and low family cohesion, with aggression contributing to low family cohesion over time. Greater family cohesion was associated with lower levels of alcohol use in early adulthood and this association was stronger for Mexican American adolescents compared to European American adolescents. Results are discussed with respect to integration of culture and racial/ethnic minority samples into genetic research and implications for alcohol use.
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23
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Offspring of parents with mood disorders: time for more transgenerational research, screening and preventive intervention for this high-risk population. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2018; 31:349-357. [PMID: 29708895 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Offspring of parents with mood disorders (major depressive and bipolar disorder) are at increased risk for developing mood disorders. In this review, an overview regarding the intergenerational transmission of mood disorders, screening, and preventive intervention is given for this vulnerable group. RECENT FINDINGS Offspring of parents with depression have a 40% chance of developing a depression, whereas offspring of parents with bipolar disorder have a 10% chance of developing a bipolar disorder by adulthood. Studies into the intergenerational transmission of mood disorders show that children of parents with mood disorders have increased biological dysregulation and neuropsychosocial impairments. Although there is a clear need for early identification of those at the highest risk, there are few systematic attempts in mental health care to screen children of parents with mood disorders. Lastly, preventive interventions seem to be effective in reducing depressive symptoms of children of parents with depression; however, those effects are small and short-lived. SUMMARY Offspring of parents with mood disorders constitute a vulnerable group at high risk of mood disorders. More research needs to be conducted regarding mechanisms of the intergenerational transmission. Moreover, screening and preventive interventions for these offspring should be systematically evaluated and implemented.
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24
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Zuckerbrot RA, Cheung A, Jensen PS, Stein RE, Laraque D, Levitt A, Birmaher B, Campo J, Clarke G, Emslie G, Kaufman M, Kelleher KJ, Kutcher S, Malus M, Sacks D, Waslick B, Sarvet B. Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): Part I. Practice Preparation, Identification, Assessment, and Initial Management. Pediatrics 2018; 141:peds.2017-4081. [PMID: 29483200 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-4081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To update clinical practice guidelines to assist primary care (PC) clinicians in the management of adolescent depression. This part of the updated guidelines is used to address practice preparation, identification, assessment, and initial management of adolescent depression in PC settings. METHODS By using a combination of evidence- and consensus-based methodologies, guidelines were developed by an expert steering committee in 2 phases as informed by (1) current scientific evidence (published and unpublished) and (2) draft revision and iteration among the steering committee, which included experts, clinicians, and youth and families with lived experience. RESULTS Guidelines were updated for youth aged 10 to 21 years and correspond to initial phases of adolescent depression management in PC, including the identification of at-risk youth, assessment and diagnosis, and initial management. The strength of each recommendation and its evidence base are summarized. The practice preparation, identification, assessment, and initial management section of the guidelines include recommendations for (1) the preparation of the PC practice for improved care of adolescents with depression; (2) annual universal screening of youth 12 and over at health maintenance visits; (3) the identification of depression in youth who are at high risk; (4) systematic assessment procedures by using reliable depression scales, patient and caregiver interviews, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria; (5) patient and family psychoeducation; (6) the establishment of relevant links in the community, and (7) the establishment of a safety plan. CONCLUSIONS This part of the guidelines is intended to assist PC clinicians in the identification and initial management of adolescents with depression in an era of great clinical need and shortage of mental health specialists, but they cannot replace clinical judgment; these guidelines are not meant to be the sole source of guidance for depression management in adolescents. Additional research that addresses the identification and initial management of youth with depression in PC is needed, including empirical testing of these guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Zuckerbrot
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | | | - Peter S. Jensen
- University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Ruth E.K. Stein
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York; and
| | - Danielle Laraque
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
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25
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Lupattelli A, Wood M, Ystrom E, Skurtveit S, Handal M, Nordeng H. Effect of Time-Dependent Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants During Pregnancy on Behavioral, Emotional, and Social Development in Preschool-Aged Children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 57:200-208. [PMID: 29496129 PMCID: PMC5843872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on children's behavioral, emotional, and social development by age 5 years, and over time since age 1.5 years. METHOD The prospective Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study was linked to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. We included women who reported depressive/anxiety disorders before and/or during pregnancy. Children born to women who used SSRIs in early (weeks 0-16), mid- (weeks 17-28), or late (> week 29) pregnancy were compared to those who were unexposed. Children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors (Child Behavior Checklist) and temperament traits (Emotionality, Activity and Shyness Temperament Questionnaire) were measured at 1.5, 3, and 5 years. Mean scores were calculated and standardized. General linear marginal structural models were fitted to account for time-varying exposure and confounders, and censoring; 3-level growth-curve models were used. RESULTS A total of 8,359 mother-child dyads were included, and 4,128 children had complete outcome data at age 5 years. Children exposed to SSRIs in late pregnancy had an increased risk of anxious/depressed behaviors by age 5 years compared with unexposed children (adjusted β = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.96). Such risk was not evident for earlier timings of exposure. There was no evidence for a substantial prenatal SSRI effect on externalizing, social, and emotional problems. CONCLUSION These findings suggest no substantial increased risk for externalizing, emotional, or social problems in preschool-aged children following prenatal SSRI exposure. Although the role of chance and potential unmeasured confounding cannot be ruled out, late-pregnancy SSRI exposure was associated with greater anxious/depressed behaviors in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lupattelli
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, and PharmaTox Strategic Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Mollie Wood
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, and PharmaTox Strategic Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, and PharmaTox Strategic Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway,Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo,Section of Health, Developmental and Personality Psychology, University of Oslo
| | | | | | - Hedvig Nordeng
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, and PharmaTox Strategic Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway,Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo
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Daches S, Vine V, Layendecker KM, George C, Kovacs M. Family functioning as perceived by parents and young offspring at high and low risk for depression. J Affect Disord 2018; 226:355-360. [PMID: 29031186 PMCID: PMC5700005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family dysfunction has been proposed as one of the environmental mechanisms whereby risk of depression is transmitted from mothers to their children. Using our sample of offspring at high and low familial risk for depression, we hypothesized that: a) high-risk offspring (n = 79) and their mothers will report more extensive family dysfunction than low-risk offspring (n = 82) and their mothers, b) family dysfunction will predict the extent of offspring's depressive symptoms, and c) family dysfunction will mediate the impact of mother's depression on offspring's depressive symptoms. METHODS The study enrolled 161 offspring of parents who, in a previous study, were ascertained to have either childhood onset mood disorder or no history of a major psychiatric disorder. Parents completed questionnaires and a clinical interview about themselves, their offspring, and the family, while offspring also completed questionnaires about themselves and the family. RESULTS We found support for all three hypotheses. The significant indirect effect between maternal depression and offspring depressive symptoms was driven primarily by offspring's, but not mothers', reports of family dysfunction. LIMITATIONS Although our assessment of mother's early history of depression was done in a previous study, it is important to note that our results do not inform about causality because of the present study's cross-sectional nature. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the importance of detecting and treating family dysfunction, particularly via offspring report, as one way to lower the risk of depression transmission from mothers to their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimrit Daches
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Vera Vine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Charles George
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria Kovacs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Dardas LA, Silva SG, Smoski MJ, Noonan D, Simmons LA. The prevalence of depressive symptoms among Arab adolescents: Findings from Jordan. Public Health Nurs 2018; 35:100-108. [DOI: 10.1111/phn.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan G. Silva
- School of Nursing; Duke University; Durham NC USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Duke University Medical Center; Durham NC USA
| | - Moria J. Smoski
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience; Duke University; Durham NC USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Duke University Medical Center; Durham NC USA
| | - Devon Noonan
- School of Nursing; Duke University; Durham NC USA
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Eun JD, Paksarian D, He JP, Merikangas KR. Parenting style and mental disorders in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2018; 53:11-20. [PMID: 29110024 PMCID: PMC6823599 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined associations between parenting style and past-year mental disorders in a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of US adolescents and whether the associations differed by adolescent demographic characteristics. METHODS The sample included 6483 adolescents aged 13-18 years who were interviewed for a full range of DSM-IV mental disorders. Parenting style was assessed by adolescent-reported maternal and paternal care and control using items from the Parental Bonding Instrument. We controlled for socio-demographics, parental history of mental disorders, stressful life events, sexual violence, inter-parental conflict, and household composition. We also tested for two-way interactions between parental care and control and adolescent age, sex, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS In adjusted models, high maternal care was associated with lower odds of depressive, eating, and behavioral disorders, and high maternal control was associated with greater odds of depressive, anxiety, eating, and behavioral disorders. High paternal care was associated with lower odds of social phobia and alcohol abuse/dependence. High paternal control was associated with greater odds of agoraphobia and alcohol abuse/dependence but with lower odds of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Associations of maternal and paternal control with anxiety disorders and substance abuse/dependence differed by sex. High paternal care was associated with lower odds of anxiety disorders only among Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks. CONCLUSIONS Perceived parental care and control were associated with adolescent mental disorders after controlling for multiple potential confounders. Differential patterns of association were found according to adolescent sex and race/ethnicity. Findings have implications for prevention and intervention programs that incorporate familial contextual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kathleen Ries Merikangas
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 35, Room 2E480, 35 Convent Drive, MSC #3720, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Choi DW, Chun SY, Lee SA, Han KT, Park EC. The association between parental depression and adolescent's Internet addiction in South Korea. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2018; 17:15. [PMID: 29755577 PMCID: PMC5936028 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-018-0187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of risk factors for Internet addiction among adolescents have been identified to be associated with their behavior, familial, and parental factors. However, few studies have focused on the relationship between parental mental health and Internet addiction among adolescents. Therefore, we investigated the association between parental mental health and children's Internet addiction by controlling for several risk factors. METHODS This study used panel data collected by the Korea Welfare Panel Study in 2012 and 2015. We focused primarily on the association between Internet addiction which was assessed by the Internet Addiction Scale (IAS) and parental depression which was measured with the 11-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. To analyze the association between parental depression and log-transformed IAS, we conducted multiple regression analysis after adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Among 587 children, depressed mothers and fathers comprised 4.75 and 4.19%, respectively. The mean IAS score of the adolescents was 23.62 ± 4.38. Only maternal depression (β = 0.0960, p = 0.0033) showed higher IAS among children compared to nonmaternal depression. Strongly positive associations between parental depression and children's Internet addiction were observed for high maternal education level, adolescents' gender, and adolescent's academic performance. CONCLUSIONS Maternal depression is related to children's Internet addiction; particularly, mothers who had graduated from the university level or above, male children, and children's normal or better academic performance show the strongest relationship with children's Internet addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Woo Choi
- 1Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Youn Chun
- 1Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ah Lee
- 1Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Han
- 3Department of Policy Research Affairs, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Koyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Cheol Park
- 2Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,4Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
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Long-term influences of parental divorce on offspring affective disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2017; 218:105-114. [PMID: 28463711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of divorce in Western countries has increased in recent decades. However, there is no recent systematic review and/or meta-analysis of studies testing for long-term effects of parental divorce on offspring affective disorders. The present study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published since 1980 testing for the association between parental divorce and offspring depression and anxiety in adulthood. METHOD PUBMED, Science Direct, Medline, PsychInfo, and PsychArticles databases were searched for eligible studies. Random-effect meta-analyses were used to synthesize effect sizes and to test whether associations of parental divorce with offspring affective disorders differed among three publication periods (i.e., before 1996, 1996-2005, 2006-2015). RESULTS In total, 29 studies were eligible for the systematic review, and 18 studies were included in the meta-analyses (depression: n=21,581; anxiety: n=2472). There was significant association between parental divorce and offspring depression (OR=1.56; 95%CI [1.31, 1.86]), but not anxiety (OR=1.16; 95%CI [0.98, 1.38]). The effect of parental divorce on offspring depression was not weaker in the reports published in more recent decades. LIMITATIONS There is limited research in relation to offspring anxiety in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Parental divorce is associated with an increased risk of adult offspring depression, with no indication of the effect being weaker in recent publications.
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Pella J, Drake K, Tein JY, Ginsburg G. Child Anxiety Prevention Study: Impact on Functional Outcomes. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2017; 48:400-410. [PMID: 27392728 PMCID: PMC5219954 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-016-0667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of a selective anxiety prevention program for offspring of clinically anxious parents on three domains of child functioning: (1) social, (2) familial, and (3) emotional/behavioral. Dyads were randomized into either the Coping and Promoting Strength program (CAPS; n = 70) or Information Monitoring (IM; n = 66) comparison group. Multi-informant assessments were conducted at baseline, post intervention, and 6 and 12 months follow-ups. Random effects mixed models under the linear growth modeling (LGM) framework was used to assess the impact of CAPS on growth trajectories. Over time, children in the CAPS group had significantly lower anxiety, anxious/depressed symptoms, and lower total behavior problems (parent report), compared to children in IM group. The intervention did not impact other domains assessed (e.g., social functioning), which may be due to "floor effects" on these measures. Longitudinal follow-up data is needed to provide valuable information about this high risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Pella
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, West Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Kelly Drake
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jenn-Yun Tein
- Prevention Research Center, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Golda Ginsburg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, West Hartford, CT, USA
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Berg N, Kiviruusu O, Karvonen S, Rahkonen O, Huurre T. Pathways from problems in adolescent family relationships to midlife mental health via early adulthood disadvantages - a 26-year longitudinal study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178136. [PMID: 28552985 PMCID: PMC5446125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor childhood family conditions have a long-term effect on adult mental health, but the mechanisms behind this association are unclear. Our aim was to study the pathways from problematic family relationships in adolescence to midlife psychological distress via disadvantages in early adulthood. Participants of a Finnish cohort study at the age of 16 years old in 1983 were followed up at ages 22, 32 and 42 years old (N = 1334). Problems in family relationships were measured with poor relationship with mother and father, lack of parental support in adolescent’s individuation process and poor home atmosphere, and mental health was assessed using Kessler’s Psychological Distress Scale (K10). We analyzed the indirect effects of adolescent family relations on mental health at age 42 years old via various disadvantages (somatic and psychological symptoms, relationship/marital status, low education/unemployment and heavy drinking) at ages 22 and 32 years old. Problematic adolescent family relationships were associated with midlife psychological distress in women (0.19; 95% CI 0.11, 0.26) and men (0.13; 95% CI 0.04, 0.21). However, after adjustment for adolescent psychological symptoms, the association was only significant for women (0.12; 95% CI 0.04, 0.20). Poor family relationships were associated with various disadvantages in early adulthood. The association from poor family relationships (16 years old) to psychological distress (42 years old) was in part mediated via psychological symptoms in women (0.03; 95% CI 0.01, 0.04) and men (0.02; 95% CI 0.00, 0.04) and in women also via heavy drinking in early adulthood (0.02; 95% CI 0.00, 0.03). Adolescent family relationships have a role in determining adult mental health. Targeted support addressing psychological well-being and hazardous drinking for adolescents with problematic family relationships might prevent disadvantages in early adulthood, and further prevent poor midlife mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Berg
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Olli Kiviruusu
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Karvonen
- Department of Health and Social Care Systems, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ossi Rahkonen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Huurre
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health and Social Welfare, City of Vantaa, Vantaa, Finland
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Kaye EC, Brinkman TM, Baker JN. Development of depression in survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: a multi-level life course conceptual framework. Support Care Cancer 2017; 25:2009-2017. [PMID: 28281048 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-017-3659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As therapeutic and supportive care interventions become increasingly effective, growing numbers of childhood and adolescent cancer survivors face a myriad of physical and psychological sequelae secondary to their disease and treatment. Mental health issues, in particular, present a significant problem in this unique patient population, with depression affecting a sizable number of childhood and adolescent cancer survivors. Multiple key determinants impact a survivor's risk of developing depression, with variables traversing across biologic, individual, family, community, and global levels, as well as spanning throughout the life course of human development from the preconception and prenatal periods to adulthood. A multi-level life course conceptual model offers a valuable framework to identify and organize the diverse variables that modulate the risk of developing depression in survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer. This review describes the first multi-level life course perspective applied to development of depression in childhood and adolescent cancer survivors. This conceptual framework may be used to guide the investigation of mental health interventions for SCACs to ensure that key determinants of depression occurrence are adequately addressed across various levels and throughout the life trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C Kaye
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 260, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Tara M Brinkman
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Justin N Baker
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 260, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Division of Quality of Life and Palliative Care, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Baka J, Csakvari E, Huzian O, Dobos N, Siklos L, Leranth C, MacLusky NJ, Duman RS, Hajszan T. Stress induces equivalent remodeling of hippocampal spine synapses in a simulated postpartum environment and in a female rat model of major depression. Neuroscience 2017; 343:384-397. [PMID: 28012870 PMCID: PMC5421158 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stress and withdrawal of female reproductive hormones are known risk factors of postpartum depression. Although both of these factors are capable of powerfully modulating neuronal plasticity, there is no direct electron microscopic evidence of hippocampal spine synapse remodeling in postpartum depression. To address this issue, hormonal conditions of pregnancy and postpartum period were simulated in ovariectomized adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (n=76). The number of hippocampal spine synapses and the depressive behavior of rats in an active escape task were investigated in untreated control, hormone-withdrawn 'postpartum', simulated proestrus, and hormone-treated 'postpartum' animals. After 'postpartum' withdrawal of gonadal steroids, inescapable stress caused a loss of hippocampal spine synapses, which was related to poor escape performance in hormone-withdrawn 'postpartum' females. These responses were equivalent with the changes observed in untreated controls that is an established animal model of major depression. Maintaining proestrus levels of ovarian hormones during 'postpartum' stress exposure did not affect synaptic and behavioral responses to inescapable stress in simulated proestrus animals. By contrast, maintaining pregnancy levels of estradiol and progesterone during 'postpartum' stress exposure completely prevented the stress-induced loss of hippocampal spine synapses, which was associated with improved escape performance in hormone-treated 'postpartum' females. This protective effect appears to be mediated by a muted stress response as measured by serum corticosterone concentrations. In line with our emerging 'synaptogenic hypothesis' of depression, the loss of hippocampal spine synapses may be a novel perspective both in the pathomechanism and in the clinical management of postpartum affective illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Baka
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Csakvari
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Huzian
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Dobos
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Siklos
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Leranth
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Neil J MacLusky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06508, United States
| | - Tibor Hajszan
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States.
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Parent and Child Report of Pain and Fatigue in JIA: Does Disagreement between Parent and Child Predict Functional Outcomes? CHILDREN-BASEL 2017; 4:children4020011. [PMID: 28146097 PMCID: PMC5332913 DOI: 10.3390/children4020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While previous research in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has identified discrepancy between parent and child perception of disease-related symptoms such as pain, the significance and impact of this disagreement has not been characterized. We examined the extent to which parent-child discordance in JIA symptom ratings are associated with child functional outcomes. Linear regression and mixed effects models were used to test the effects of discrepancy in pain and fatigue ratings on functional outcomes in 65 dyads, consisting of youth with JIA and one parent. Results suggested that children reported increased activity limitations and negative mood when parent and child pain ratings were discrepant, with parent rated child pain much lower. Greater discrepancy in fatigue ratings was also associated with more negative mood, whereas children whose parent rated child fatigue as moderately lower than the child experienced decreased activity limitations relative to dyads who agreed closely on fatigue level. Implications of these results for the quality of life and treatment of children with JIA are discussed.
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Weissman MM, Berry OO, Warner V, Gameroff MJ, Skipper J, Talati A, Pilowsky DJ, Wickramaratne P. A 30-Year Study of 3 Generations at High Risk and Low Risk for Depression. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73:970-7. [PMID: 27532344 PMCID: PMC5512549 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The increased risk of major depression in the offspring of depressed parents is well known. Whether the risk is transmitted beyond 2 generations is less well known. To our knowledge, no published study with direct interviews of family members and the generations in the age of risk for depression has evaluated beyond 2 generations. This information is important for detecting individuals at highest risk who may benefit from early intervention. OBJECTIVE To examine the familial aggregation of psychiatric disorder and functioning in grandchildren by their biological parents' and grandparents' depression status. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Longitudinal retrospective cohort family study of 251 grandchildren (generation 3 [mean age, 18 years]) interviewed a mean of 2.0 times and their biological parents (generation 2) interviewed a mean of 4.6 times and grandparents (generation 1) interviewed up to 30 years. The study dates were January 1982 (wave 1) to June 2015 (wave 6). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cumulative rates of psychiatric disorders and functioning collected for all generations by clinically trained interviewers and best-estimate diagnosis made blind to diagnoses in members of previous generations. RESULTS There were 91 families (G1) in the original sample, of whom 77 were eligible for inclusion (had a grandchild older than 5 years), and 80.5% (62 of 77) participated in the study. When first examining only 2 generations, the biological children (generation 3) of depressed compared with nondepressed parents (generation 2) had 2-fold increased risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) (hazard ratio [HR], 2.02; 95% CI, 1.08-3.79; P = .03), any disruptive disorder (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.05-2.75; P = .03), substance dependence (HR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.24-7.08; P = .01), any suicidal ideation or gesture (HR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.28-4.66; P = .007), and poor functioning (F = 38.25, P < .001). When 3 generations were examined stratified by parental and grandparental depression status, association of a parent's MDD on the grandchild's MDD but not other disorders varied with the grandparent's depression status: grandchildren with both a depressed parent and grandparent (n = 38) were at highest risk for MDD. Among grandchildren without a depressed grandparent, those with (n = 14) vs without (n = 74) a depressed parent had overall poorer functioning (F = 6.31, P = .01) but not higher rates of any of the disorders. Potential confounding variables did not have a meaningful effect on the association between grandchild outcomes and parental or grandparental depression. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, biological offspring with 2 previous generations affected with major depression were at highest risk for major depression, suggesting the potential value of determining family history of depression in children and adolescents beyond 2 generations. Early intervention in offspring of 2 generations affected with moderate to severely impairing MDD seems warranted. The specificity of the transmission of depression across 3 generations may make this group a homogeneous sample for biological marker studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna M. Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York2Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York3Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Obianuju O. Berry
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York4Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - Virginia Warner
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York3Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Marc J. Gameroff
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York3Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Jamie Skipper
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Ardesheer Talati
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York3Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Daniel J. Pilowsky
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York2Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Priya Wickramaratne
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York2Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York3Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
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Macdonald B, Murray L, Moutsiana C, Fearon P, Cooper PJ, Halligan SL, Johnstone T. Altered engagement of autobiographical memory networks in adult offspring of postnatally depressed mothers. Biol Psychol 2016; 118:147-153. [PMID: 27208693 PMCID: PMC4962770 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Maternal depression is associated with increased risk for offspring mood and anxiety disorders. One possible impact of maternal depression during offspring development is on the emotional autobiographical memory system. We investigated the neural mechanisms of emotional autobiographical memory in adult offspring of mothers with postnatal depression (N=16) compared to controls (N=21). During fMRI, recordings of participants describing one pleasant and one unpleasant situation with their mother and with a companion, were used as prompts to re-live the situations. Compared to controls we predicted the PND offspring would show: greater activation in medial and posterior brain regions implicated in autobiographical memory and rumination; and decreased activation in lateral prefrontal cortex and decreased connectivity between lateral prefrontal and posterior regions, reflecting reduced control of autobiographical recall. For negative situations, we found no group differences. For positive situations with their mothers, PND offspring showed higher activation than controls in left lateral prefrontal cortex, right frontal pole, cingulate cortex and precuneus, and lower connectivity of right middle frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, thalamus and lingual gyrus with the posterior cingulate. Our results are consistent with adult offspring of PND mothers having less efficient prefrontal regulation of personally relevant pleasant autobiographical memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Macdonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Lynne Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AL, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
| | - Christina Moutsiana
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, School of Social & Behavioural Sciences, University of Kingston, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Pasco Fearon
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter J Cooper
- Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AL, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
| | - Sarah L Halligan
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, J-Block, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Tom Johnstone
- Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AL, United Kingdom.
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Family process and youth internalizing problems: A triadic model of etiology and intervention. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 29:273-301. [DOI: 10.1017/s095457941600016x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDespite major advances in the development of interventions for youth anxiety and depression, approximately 30% of youths with anxiety do not respond to cognitive behavioral treatment, and youth depression treatments yield modest symptom decreases overall. Identifying networks of modifiable risk and maintenance factors that contribute to both youth anxiety and depression (i.e., internalizing problems) may enhance and broaden treatment benefits by informing the development of mechanism-targeted interventions. A particularly powerful network is the rich array of family processes linked to internalizing problems (e.g., parenting styles, parental mental health problems, and sibling relationships). Here, we propose a new theoretical model, the triadic modelof family process, to organize theory and evidence around modifiable, transdiagnostic family factors that may contribute to youth internalizing problems. We describe the model's implications for intervention, and we propose strategies for testing the model in future research. The model provides a framework for studying associations among family processes, their relation to youth internalizing problems, and family-based strategies for strengthening prevention and treatment.
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Freed RD, Rubenstein LM, Daryanani I, Olino TM, Alloy LB. The Relationship Between Family Functioning and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Emotional Clarity. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45:505-19. [PMID: 26832726 PMCID: PMC4769177 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Emotion regulation has been implicated in the etiology of depression. A first step in adaptive emotion regulation involves emotional clarity, the ability to recognize and differentiate one's emotional experience. As family members are critical in facilitating emotional understanding and communication, we examined the impact of family functioning on adolescent emotional clarity and depressive symptoms. We followed 364 adolescents (ages 14-17; 52.5% female; 51.4 % Caucasian, 48.6% African American) and their mothers over 2 years (3 time points) and assessed emotional clarity, depressive symptoms, and adolescents' and mothers' reports of family functioning. Emotional clarity mediated the relationship between adolescents' reports of family functioning and depressive symptoms at all time points cross-sectionally, and according to mothers' reports of family functioning at Time 1 only. There was no evidence of longitudinal mediation for adolescents' or mothers' reports of family functioning. Thus, family functioning, emotional clarity, and depressive symptoms are strongly related constructs during various time points in adolescence, which has important implications for intervention, especially within the family unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D Freed
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Liza M Rubenstein
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Issar Daryanani
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Thomas M Olino
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Lauren B Alloy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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Prospective relations between family conflict and adolescent maladjustment: security in the family system as a mediating process. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 43:503-15. [PMID: 25131144 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Conflict in specific family systems (e.g., interparental, parent-child) has been implicated in the development of a host of adjustment problems in adolescence, but little is known about the impact of family conflict involving multiple family systems. Furthermore, questions remain about the effects of family conflict on symptoms of specific disorders and adjustment problems and the processes mediating these effects. The present study prospectively examines the impact of family conflict and emotional security about the family system on adolescent symptoms of specific disorders and adjustment problems, including the development of symptoms of anxiety, depression, conduct problems, and peer problems. Security in the family system was examined as a mediator of these relations. Participants included 295 mother-father-adolescent families (149 girls) participating across three annual time points (grades 7-9). Including auto-regressive controls for initial levels of emotional insecurity and multiple adjustment problems (T1), higher-order emotional insecurity about the family system (T2) mediated relations between T1 family conflict and T3 peer problems, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Further analyses supported specific patterns of emotional security/insecurity (i.e., security, disengagement, preoccupation) as mediators between family conflict and specific domains of adolescent adjustment. Family conflict was thus found to prospectively predict the development of symptoms of multiple specific adjustment problems, including symptoms of depression, anxiety, conduct problems, and peer problems, by elevating in in adolescent's emotional insecurity about the family system. The clinical implications of these findings are considered.
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Brummelte S, Galea LAM. Postpartum depression: Etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care. Horm Behav 2016; 77:153-66. [PMID: 26319224 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Parental Care". Pregnancy and postpartum are associated with dramatic alterations in steroid and peptide hormones which alter the mothers' hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic pituitary gonadal (HPG) axes. Dysregulations in these endocrine axes are related to mood disorders and as such it should not come as a major surprise that pregnancy and the postpartum period can have profound effects on maternal mood. Indeed, pregnancy and postpartum are associated with an increased risk for developing depressive symptoms in women. Postpartum depression affects approximately 10-15% of women and impairs mother-infant interactions that in turn are important for child development. Maternal attachment, sensitivity and parenting style are essential for a healthy maturation of an infant's social, cognitive and behavioral skills and depressed mothers often display less attachment, sensitivity and more harsh or disrupted parenting behaviors, which may contribute to reports of adverse child outcomes in children of depressed mothers. Here we review, in honor of the "father of motherhood", Jay Rosenblatt, the literature on postnatal depression in the mother and its effect on mother-infant interactions. We will cover clinical and pre-clinical findings highlighting putative neurobiological mechanisms underlying postpartum depression and how they relate to maternal behaviors and infant outcome. We also review animal models that investigate the neurobiology of maternal mood and disrupted maternal care. In particular, we discuss the implications of endogenous and exogenous manipulations of glucocorticoids on maternal care and mood. Lastly we discuss interventions during gestation and postpartum that may improve maternal symptoms and behavior and thus may alter developmental outcome of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Dept. of Psychology, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Caneiro JP, Labie C, Sulley E, Briggs AM, Straker LM, Burnett AF, O'Sullivan PB. An exploration of familial associations of two movement pattern-derived subgroups of chronic disabling low back pain; a cross-sectional cohort study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:202-10. [PMID: 26874816 DOI: 10.1016/j.math.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered movement patterns with pain have been demonstrated in children, adolescents and adults with chronic disabling low back pain (CDLBP). A previously developed classification system has identified different subgroups including active extension and multidirectional patterns in patients with CDLBP. While familial associations have been identified for certain spinal postures in standing, it is unknown whether a familial relationship might exist between movement pattern-derived subgroups in families with CDLBP. OBJECTIVES This study explored whether familial associations in movement pattern-derived subgroups within and between members of families with CDLBP existed. DESIGN Cross-sectional cohort study. METHOD 33 parents and 28 children with CDLBP were classified into two subgroups based on clinical analysis of video footage of postures and functional movements, combined with aggravating factors obtained from Oswestry Disability Questionnaire. Prevalence of subgroups within family members was determined, associations between parent and child's subgroup membership was evaluated using Fisher's exact test, and spearman's correlation coefficient was used to determine the strength of association between familial dyads. RESULTS The majority of parents were classified as active extenders, sons predominately multidirectional and daughters were evenly distributed between the two subgroups. No significant association was found when comparing subgroups in nine parent-child relationships. CONCLUSIONS The exploration of a small cohort of family dyads in this study demonstrated that children's movement pattern-derived subgroups could not be explained by their parents' subgroup membership. These results cannot be generalised to the CLBP population due to this study's small sample. Larger sample studies are needed to further elucidate this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Paulo Caneiro
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.
| | - Céline Labie
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.
| | - Emma Sulley
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.
| | - Andrew M Briggs
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia; Arthritis and Osteoporosis Victoria, Australia.
| | - Leon M Straker
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.
| | - Angus F Burnett
- ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, PO Box 29222, Doha, Qatar; School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Peter B O'Sullivan
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.
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Martoccio TL, Brophy-Herb HE, Maupin AN, Robinson JL. Longitudinal pathways from early maternal depression to children’s dysregulated representations: a moderated mediation analysis of harsh parenting and gender. Attach Hum Dev 2015; 18:46-68. [DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2015.1111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Paksarian D, Eaton WW, Mortensen PB, Merikangas KR, Pedersen CB. A population-based study of the risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder associated with parent-child separation during development. Psychol Med 2015; 45:2825-2837. [PMID: 25952483 PMCID: PMC6361631 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715000781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing interest in the role of childhood adversities, including parental death and separation, in the etiology of psychotic disorders. However, few studies have used prospectively collected data to specifically investigate parental separation across development, or assessed the importance of duration of separation, and family characteristics. METHOD We measured three types of separation not due to death: maternal, paternal, and from both parents, across the ages of 1-15 years among a cohort of 985 058 individuals born in Denmark 1971-1991 and followed to 2011. Associations with narrowly and broadly defined schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in the psychiatric register were assessed in terms of separation occurrence, age of separation, and number of years separated. Interactions with parental history of mental disorder were assessed. RESULTS Each type of separation was associated with all three outcomes, adjusting for age, sex, birth period, calendar year, family history of mental disorder, urbanicity at birth and parental age. Number of years of paternal separation was positively associated with both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Associations between separation from both parents and schizophrenia were stronger when separation occurred at later ages, while those with bipolar disorder remained stable across development. The first occurrence of paternal separation appeared to increase risk more when it occurred earlier in childhood. Associations differed according to parental history of mental disorder, although in no situation was separation protective. CONCLUSIONS Effects of parental separation may differ by type, developmental timing and family characteristics. These findings highlight the importance of considering such factors in studies of childhood adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Paksarian
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health,Baltimore,MD,USA
| | - W W Eaton
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health,Baltimore,MD,USA
| | - P B Mortensen
- The National Center For Register-Based Research,Aarhus,Denmark
| | | | - C B Pedersen
- The National Center For Register-Based Research,Aarhus,Denmark
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Petfield L, Startup H, Droscher H, Cartwright-Hatton S. Parenting in mothers with borderline personality disorder and impact on child outcomes. EVIDENCE-BASED MENTAL HEALTH 2015; 18:67-75. [PMID: 26205740 PMCID: PMC11234925 DOI: 10.1136/eb-2015-102163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
QUESTION This systematic review explores two questions: what parenting difficulties are experienced by mothers with borderline personality disorder (BPD); and what impact do these have on her children? STUDY SELECTION AND ANALYSIS Studies had to include mothers with a diagnosis of BPD, who was the primary caregiver to a child/children under 19 years. PsycINFO and MEDLINE were screened (update: July 2014), yielding 17 relevant studies. FINDINGS Mothers with BPD are often parenting in the context of significant additional risk factors, such as depression, substance use and low support. Interactions between mothers with BPD and their infants are at risk of low sensitivity and high intrusiveness, and mothers have difficulty in correctly identifying their emotional state. Levels of parenting stress are high, and self-reported competence and satisfaction are low. The family environment is often hostile and low in cohesion, and mothers with BPD show low levels of mind-mindedness but high levels of overprotection of older children. Outcomes for children are poor compared with both children of healthy mothers, and mothers with other disorders. Infants of mothers with BPD have poorer interactions with their mother (e.g., less positive affect and vocalising, more dazed looks and looks away). Older children exhibit a range of cognitive-behavioural risk factors (e.g., harm avoidance, dysfunctional attitudes and attributions), and have poorer relationships with their mothers. Unsurprisingly, given these findings, children of mothers with BPD have poorer mental health in a range of domains. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the elevated need for support in these mother-child dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Petfield
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Helen Startup
- Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Hove, UK
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Kennedy P, Rooney RM, Kane RT, Hassan S, Nesa M. The enhanced Aussie Optimism Positive Thinking Skills Program: The relationship between internalizing symptoms and family functioning in children aged 9-11 years old. Front Psychol 2015; 6:504. [PMID: 25983698 PMCID: PMC4415400 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The family context plays a critical role in the health of the child. This was the first study to examine the usefulness of the General Functioning subscale of the Family Assessment Device (FAD-GF) in assessing family functioning and its relationship to internalizing symptoms in school-aged children aged between 9 and 11 years of age. Eight hundred and forty-seven year 4 and 5 students from 13 schools (607 intervention students, and 240 control students) participated in the Aussie Optimism Positive Thinking Skills Program (AO-PTS) – a universal school-based program targeting internalizing symptoms. Students rated how ‘healthy’ they perceived their family to be at pre-test and at 6-months follow-up. Although some aspects of validity and reliability could be improved, results indicated that perceptions of family functioning at pre-test were predictive of internalizing symptoms at the 6-months follow-up. The FAD-GF therefore showed promise as a potential measure of family functioning for children as young as 9 years old. Regardless of children’s pre-test levels of perceived family functioning, no intervention effects were found on the anxiety and depression scales; this finding suggests that child perceptions of family functioning may act as a general protective factor against internalizing symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kennedy
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rosanna M Rooney
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Robert T Kane
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sharinaz Hassan
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Monique Nesa
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University Perth, WA, Australia
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Increased palatable food intake and response to food cues in intrauterine growth-restricted rats are related to tyrosine hydroxylase content in the orbitofrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Behav Brain Res 2015; 287:73-81. [PMID: 25796489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with altered food preferences, which may contribute to increased risk of obesity. We evaluated the effects of IUGR on attention to a palatable food cue, as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) content in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in response to sweet food intake. From day 10 of gestation and through lactation, Sprague-Dawley rats received either an ad libitum (Adlib) or a 50% food-restricted (FR) diet. At birth, pups were cross-fostered, generating four groups (gestation/lactation): Adlib/Adlib (control), FR/Adlib (intrauterine growth-restricted), Adlib/FR, and FR/FR. Adult attention to palatable food cues was measured using the Attentional Set-Shifting Task (ASST), which uses a sweet pellet as reward. TH content in the OFC and NAcc was measured at baseline and in response to palatable food intake. At 90 days of age, FR/Adlib males ate more sweet food than controls, without differences in females. However, when compared to Controls, FR/Adlib females needed fewer trials to reach criterion in the ASST (p=0.04) and exhibited increased TH content in the OFC in response to sweet food (p=0.03). In the NAcc, there was a differential response of TH content after sweet food intake in both FR/Adlib males and females (p<0.05). Fetal programming of adult food preferences involves the central response to palatable food cues and intake, affecting dopamine release in select structures of the brain reward system.
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Increasing Understanding in Children of Depressed Parents: Predictors and Moderators of Intervention Response. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2015; 2015:347971. [PMID: 26357569 PMCID: PMC4556834 DOI: 10.1155/2015/347971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated predictors and moderators of differential response to two family-based depression prevention programs for families with a depressed parent: a clinician-facilitated intervention and a lecture group intervention. Individual and family level variables were examined using regression analyses with generalized estimating equations. For the outcome of child understanding of depression, parental changes in child-related behaviors and attitudes predicted greater child understanding (p < 0.001). For the parent outcome of behavior and attitude change, across intervention conditions, younger parent age (p < 0.05), female parent gender (p < 0.01), more chronic and severe parental depression history (p < 0.05), lower SES (p < 0.05), and single-parent status (p < 0.05) were associated with better outcomes across conditions. Effect sizes were moderate, ranging from 0.4 to 0.7 SD. Family and marital functioning were not found to be predictors of any outcomes. When both parents were depressed at baseline, there was no difference in the clinician- versus lecture-based approach, and when only the father was depressed, families reported more changes with the clinician condition than with the lecture condition (p < 0.05). Findings from this study can help identify intervention strategies that are appropriate for different types of at-risk individuals and families.
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50
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Agerup T, Lydersen S, Wallander J, Sund AM. Maternal and paternal psychosocial risk factors for clinical depression in a Norwegian community sample of adolescents. Nord J Psychiatry 2015; 69:35-41. [PMID: 24848784 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2014.919021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental characteristics can increase the risk of the development of adolescent depression. In this study, we focus on the parental factors of parents in a non-intact relationship, dissatisfaction with personal economy, physical illness or disability, and internalizing and externalizing problems. The aim is to examine which of these parental risk factors, separately for mothers and fathers, are associated with clinical depression in adolescents in a community sample. METHODS In the Youth and Mental Health study, 345 adolescents (mean age ± standard deviation 15.0 ± 0.6 years, range 13.8-16.6 years; 72.5% girls) and their parents (79% at least one parent) completed questionnaires and the diagnostic interview Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL). Adolescents were classified into current major depressive disorder or dysthymia (n = 46), depression not otherwise specified (n = 48), or no depression (n = 251). The parental risk factors were based on interview and the Adult Self-Report. Risk factors associated with mothers (n = 267) and fathers (n = 167) were separately analyzed using ordinal logistic regression with current depression category as the dependent variable. All analyses were adjusted for youth sex and age. RESULTS Mothers' economical dissatisfaction, physical illness/disability, internalizing problems and externalizing problems were associated with adolescent current depression (P ≤ 0.02). Adjusting for all other factors, only mothers' internalizing problems (P < 0.001) remained significantly associated with adolescent depression. Fathers' risk factors were not associated with adolescent depression. CONCLUSION Characteristics of mothers are associated with adolescent current depression. Mothers' internalizing problems is independently strongly associated with increased risk of current adolescent depression. Clinicians should assess mothers' mental health when treating depressed adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Agerup
- Faculty of Medicine, The Regional Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health (RBUP), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway
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