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Zheng Y, Zeng L, Dong X, Du Q, Gao Y. Periostin aggravates the early phase of traumatic brain injury via the MAPK/ERK pathway. Neurol Res 2022; 44:560-569. [PMID: 35001858 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2021.2024728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periostin is found associated with trauma severity and mortality following head injury. In this study, the role and mechanism of periostin in the traumatic brain injury were investigated. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley adult rats underwent sham or TBI modeling. Vehicle or recombinant periostin was administered intracerebroventricularly at 30 minutes post-TBI, and U0126, a specific MEK1/2 inhibitor, was administered intravenously at 30 minutes pre-TBI. Garcia neuroscore, limb function and brain water content assessments, as well as TUNEL and Western blotting assays were performed to evaluate the status of the above rats at 24 hours post-TBI. Finally, the motor test and Morris water maze test were performed to measure the effects of periostin and U0126 in the late phase of TBI. RESULTS Periostin expression significantly increased 24 hours post-TBI. Treatment with R-periostin aggravated post-TBI neurobehavioral impairment, brain edema, induced apoptosis and raised the quantity of phospho-p38, phospho-JNK, phospho-ERK and MMP-9, and lowered the expression of ZO-1. However, U0126, a kind of inhibitor of MEK, lowered the quantities of phospho-ERK and MMP-9, raised the expression of ZO-1, and suppressed apoptosis. U0126 also ameliorated the neurobehavioral impairments and brain edema induced by R-periostin. Additionally, U0126 didn't inhibit the expression of periostin in the early phase of TBI model. IU0126 was also able to ameliorate the pathological conditions in the late phase of TBI. DISCUSSION Periostin could aggravate neurobehavioral impairments and brain edema following TBI, and was involved in the early phase of TBI via the MAPK/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongke Zheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longhuan Zeng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Quan Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Gerontology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Li H, Ding R, Shan Y, Ye F, Lin Y, Men X, Chen C, Tan S, Wang Q, Hu B. L-arabinose alleviates diabetes-aggravated cerebral ischemic injury by repairing the blood-brain barrier via downregulating NF-κB signals. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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3
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Li H, Tang C, Wang D. LncRNA H19 promotes inflammatory response induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through regulating the miR-138-5p-p65 axis. Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 98:525-536. [PMID: 32114772 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2019-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that long non-coding RNA(LncRNA) H19 is up-regulated in the brain of rats suffering from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, inducing severe disability and mortality. Little was known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of H19 in cerebral I/R injury. In this study, a rat model of I/R was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). PC-12 cells exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) were used as an in vitro model. Our results show that H19 is up-regulated in both in vivo and in our in vitro model. Further study indicated that knockdown of H19 promotes cell proliferation, decreases the rate of cell apoptosis, and ameliorates inflammation after OGD/R simulation. Our in vivo study shows that H19 knockdown ameliorates inflammation and improves neurological function in our rat model of tMCAO. Remarkably, the results from our luciferase reporter assays suggest that H19 negatively regulates the expression of miR-138-5p, and p65 was identified as a target of miR-138-5p. To sum up, this study demonstrated that H19 promotes an inflammatory response and improves neurological function in a rat model of tMCAO by regulating the expression of miR-138-5p and p65. This study reveals the important role and underlying mechanism of H19 in the progress of cerebral I/R injury, which could serve as a potential target for further treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Tianmen city in Hubei Province, Tianmen City, Hubei Province, 431700, China
| | - Chenglu Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Fifth Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430050, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hefei Binhu Hospital, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230601, China
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Guo YS, Yuan M, Han Y, Shen XY, Gao ZK, Bi X. Therapeutic Potential of Cytokines in Demyelinating Lesions After Stroke. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2035-2052. [PMID: 33970426 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
White matter damage is a component of most human stroke and usually accounts for at least half of the lesion volume. Subcortical white matter stroke (WMS) accounts for 25% of all strokes and causes severe motor and cognitive dysfunction. The adult brain has a very limited ability to repair white matter damage. Pathological analysis shows that demyelination or myelin loss is the main feature of white matter injury and plays an important role in long-term sensorimotor and cognitive dysfunction. This suggests that demyelination is a major therapeutic target for ischemic stroke injury. An acute inflammatory reaction is triggered by brain ischemia, which is accompanied by cytokine production. The production of cytokines is an important factor affecting demyelination and myelin regeneration. Different cytokines have different effects on myelin damage and myelin regeneration. Exploring the role of cytokines in demyelination and remyelination after stroke and the underlying molecular mechanisms of demyelination and myelin regeneration after ischemic injury is very important for the development of rehabilitation treatment strategies. This review focuses on recent findings on the effects of cytokines on myelin damage and remyelination as well as the progress of research on the role of cytokines in ischemic stroke prognosis to provide a new treatment approach for amelioration of white matter damage after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sha Guo
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yu Han
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xin-Ya Shen
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhen-Kun Gao
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xia Bi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China.
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Systemic treatment with a novel basic fibroblast growth factor mimic small-molecule compound boosts functional recovery after spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236050. [PMID: 32678832 PMCID: PMC7367485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors have been regarded having promising potentials for neuronal protection and regeneration, and thus promoting beneficial effects of kinesiological functions. They can be suspected to play important roles in cell/tissue grafting for various neural diseases. The clinical applications of such trophic factors to the central nervous system (CNS), however, have caused problematic side effects on account of the distinctive bioactive properties. In the course of developing synthetic compounds reflecting beneficial properties of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), we conducted screening candidates that stimulate to trigger the intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation of FGF receptor and lead to the subsequent intracellular signaling in neurons. A small synthetic molecule SUN13837 was characterized by mimicking the beneficial properties of bFGF, which have been known as its specific activities when applied to CNS. What is more remarkable is that SUN13837 is eliminated the bioactivity to induce cell proliferation of non-neuronal somatic cells. On the bases of studies of pharmacology, behavior, physiology and histology, the present study reports that SUN13837 is characterized as a promising synthetic compound for treatment of devastating damages onto the rat spinal cord.
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Farokhi-Sisakht F, Farhoudi M, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Mahmoudi J, Mohaddes G. Cognitive Rehabilitation Improves Ischemic Stroke-Induced Cognitive Impairment: Role of Growth Factors. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 28:104299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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7
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Hypoxic postconditioning enhances functional recovery following endothelin-1 induced middle cerebral artery occlusion in conscious rats. Exp Neurol 2018; 306:177-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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8
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bFGF Protects Against Oxygen Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Endothelial Monolayer Permeability via S1PR1-Dependent Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3131-3142. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Okoreeh AK, Bake S, Sohrabji F. Astrocyte-specific insulin-like growth factor-1 gene transfer in aging female rats improves stroke outcomes. Glia 2017; 65:1043-1058. [PMID: 28317235 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Middle aged female rats sustain larger stroke infarction and disability than younger female rats. This older group also shows age-related reduction of insulin like growth factor (IGF)-1 in serum and in astrocytes, a cell type necessary for poststroke recovery. To determine the impact of astrocytic IGF-1 for ischemic stroke, these studies tested the hypothesis that gene transfer of IGF-1 to astrocytes will improve stroke outcomes in middle aged female rats. Middle aged (10-12 month old), acyclic female rats were injected with recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) packaged with the coding sequence of the human (h)IGF-1 gene downstream of an astrocyte-specific promoter glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (AAV5-GFP-hIGF-1) into the striatum and cortex. The AAV5-control consisted of an identical shuttle vector construct without the hIGF-1 gene (AAV5-GFAP-control). Six to eight weeks later, animals underwent transient (90 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion via intraluminal suture. While infarct volume was not altered, AAV5-GFAP-hIGF-1 treatment significantly improved blood pressure and neurological score in the early acute phase of stroke (2 days) and sensory-motor performance at both the early and late (5 days) acute phase of stroke. AAV5-GFAP-hIGF-1 treatment also reduced circulating serum levels of GFAP, a biomarker for blood brain barrier permeability. Flow cytometry analysis of immune cells in the brain at 24 hr poststroke showed that AAV5-GFAP-hIGF-1 altered the type of immune cells trafficked to the ischemic hemisphere, promoting an anti-inflammatory profile. Collectively, these studies show that targeted enhancement of IGF-1 in astrocytes of middle-aged females improves stroke-induced behavioral impairment and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre K Okoreeh
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, 77807
| | - Shameena Bake
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, 77807
| | - Farida Sohrabji
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, 77807
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The Function of FGFR1 Signalling in the Spinal Cord: Therapeutic Approaches Using FGFR1 Ligands after Spinal Cord Injury. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:2740768. [PMID: 28197342 PMCID: PMC5286530 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2740768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research is ongoing that concentrates on finding therapies to enhance CNS regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) and to cure paralysis. This review sheds light on the role of the FGFR pathway in the injured spinal cord and discusses various therapies that use FGFR activating ligands to promote regeneration after SCI. We discuss studies that use peripheral nerve grafts or Schwann cell grafts in combination with FGF1 or FGF2 supplementation. Most of these studies show evidence that these therapies successfully enhance axon regeneration into the graft. Further they provide evidence for partial recovery of sensory function shown by electrophysiology and motor activity evidenced by behavioural data. We also present one study that indicates that combination with additional, synergistic factors might further drive the system towards functional regeneration. In essence, this review summarises the potential of nerve and cell grafts combined with FGF1/2 supplementation to improve outcome even after severe spinal cord injury.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT:Despite much progress in stroke prevention and acute intervention, recovery and rehabilitation have traditionally received relatively little scientific attention. There is now increasing interest in the development of stroke recovery drugs and innovative rehabilitation techniques to promote functional recovery after completed stroke. Experimental work over the past two decades indicates that pharmacologic intervention to enhance recovery may be possible in the subacute stage, days to weeks poststroke, after irreversible injury has occurred. This paper discusses the concept of “rehabilitation pharmacology” and reviews the growing literature from animal studies and pilot clinical trials on noradrenergic pharmacotherapy, a new experimental strategy in stroke rehabilitation. Amphetamine, a monoamine agonist that increases brain norepinephrine levels, is the most extensively studied drug shown to promote recovery of function in animal models of focal brain injury. Further research is needed to investigate the mechanisms and clinical efficacy of amphetamine and other novel therapeutic interventions on the recovery process.
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12
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Hasbani MJ, Underhill SM, De Erausquin G, Goldberg MP. Synapse Loss and Regeneration: A Mechanism for Functional Decline and Recovery after Cerebral Ischemia? Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385840000600208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Little is known of the mechanisms governing functional recovery after ischemic brain injury, and there is no clinical therapy established to restore neurologic function after ischemic injury is complete. Even so, pronounced spontaneous recovery of function is often observed in a subset of patients. Resolution of neurological deficits after ischemia must occur through replacement of lost tissue via production of new neurons, or through changes in the structure, function, or connectivity of surviving neurons. This review focuses on the neuronal synapse as a potential locus for functional recovery. Selective disruption of synaptic elements is a characteristic feature of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, such as that seen in ischemic stroke or cardiac arrest. Ischemic damage to synapses occurs even in the absence of neuronal loss, and therefore might underlie the clinical disability observed in patients following mild or transient ischemia. We review evidence that recovery of lost synapses occurs after ischemic injury and that this recovery may be a necessary step for restoration of neurological function. The process of synapse loss and recovery can be examined in neuronal cultures and experimental stroke models. Such studies may help to gain a better understanding of the extracellular factors and intracellular cascades that facilitate recovery of synapses, and may result in therapeutic approaches to improve function after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Josh Hasbani
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Suzanne M. Underhill
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gabriel De Erausquin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark P. Goldberg
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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13
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Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a polypeptide with potent trophic effects on brain cells. In particular, bFGF promotes the survival and outgrowth of brain neurons, and protects neurons against toxic processes that are important contributors to cell death after cerebral ischemia (stroke). Recent studies in animal models have suggested two potential uses of exogenously administered bFGF for the treatment of stroke: 1) intra venous bFGF to reduce infarct size in acute stroke, and 2) intracisternal bFGF to enhance neurological recovery in chronic stroke. Human clinical trials of the first of these applications are currently in progress. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:247-250,1997
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Lin
- CNS Growth Factor Research Laboratory Department of
Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston,
Massachusetts
| | - Seth P. Finklestein
- CNS Growth Factor Research Laboratory Department of
Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston,
Massachusetts
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14
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Physical Exercise as a Diagnostic, Rehabilitation, and Preventive Tool: Influence on Neuroplasticity and Motor Recovery after Stroke. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:608581. [PMID: 26682073 PMCID: PMC4670869 DOI: 10.1155/2015/608581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of adult motor disabilities in the world and accounts for the greatest number of hospitalizations for neurological disease. Stroke treatments/therapies need to promote neuroplasticity to improve motor function. Physical exercise is considered as a major candidate for ultimately promoting neural plasticity and could be used for different purposes in human and animal experiments. First, acute exercise could be used as a diagnostic tool to understand new neural mechanisms underlying stroke physiopathology. Indeed, better knowledge of stroke mechanisms that affect movements is crucial for enhancing treatment/rehabilitation effectiveness. Secondly, it is well established that physical exercise training is advised as an effective rehabilitation tool. Indeed, it reduces inflammatory processes and apoptotic marker expression, promotes brain angiogenesis and expression of some growth factors, and improves the activation of affected muscles during exercise. Nevertheless, exercise training might also aggravate sensorimotor deficits and brain injury depending on the chosen exercise parameters. For the last few years, physical training has been combined with pharmacological treatments to accentuate and/or accelerate beneficial neural and motor effects. Finally, physical exercise might also be considered as a major nonpharmacological preventive strategy that provides neuroprotective effects reducing adverse effects of brain ischemia. Therefore, prestroke regular physical activity may also decrease the motor outcome severity of stroke.
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15
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Fluri F, Grünstein D, Cam E, Ungethuem U, Hatz F, Schäfer J, Samnick S, Israel I, Kleinschnitz C, Orts-Gil G, Moch H, Zeis T, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Seeberger P. Fullerenols and glucosamine fullerenes reduce infarct volume and cerebral inflammation after ischemic stroke in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Exp Neurol 2015; 265:142-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Evidence for fibroblast growth factor-2 as a mediator of amphetamine-enhanced motor improvement following stroke. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108031. [PMID: 25229819 PMCID: PMC4168218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we have shown that addition of amphetamine to physical therapy results in enhanced motor improvement following stroke in rats, which was associated with the formation of new motor pathways from cortical projection neurons of the contralesional cortex. It is unclear what mechanisms are involved, but amphetamine is known to induce the neuronal release of catecholamines as well as upregulate fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) expression in the brain. Since FGF-2 has been widely documented to stimulate neurite outgrowth, the present studies were undertaken to provide evidence for FGF-2 as a neurobiological mechanism underlying amphetamine-induced neuroplasticity. In the present study rats that received amphetamine plus physical therapy following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion exhibited significantly greater motor improvement over animals receiving physical therapy alone. Amphetamine plus physical therapy also significantly increased the number of FGF-2 expressing pyramidal neurons of the contralesional cortex at 2 weeks post-stroke and resulted in significant axonal outgrowth from these neurons at 8 weeks post-stroke. Since amphetamine is a known releaser of norepinephrine, in vitro analyses focused on whether noradrenergic stimulation could lead to neurite outgrowth in a manner requiring FGF-2 activity. Primary cortical neurons did not respond to direct stimulation by norepinephrine or amphetamine with increased neurite outgrowth. However, conditioned media from astrocytes exposed to norepinephrine or isoproterenol (a beta adrenergic agonist) significantly increased neurite outgrowth when applied to neuronal cultures. Adrenergic agonists also upregulated FGF-2 expression in astrocytes. Pharmacological analysis indicated that beta receptors and alpha1, but not alpha2, receptors were involved in both effects. Antibody neutralization studies demonstrated that FGF-2 was a critical contributor to neurite outgrowth induced by astrocyte-conditioned media. Taken together the present results suggest that noradrenergic activation, when combined with physical therapy, can improve motor recovery following ischemic damage by stimulating the formation of new neural pathways in an FGF-2-dependent manner.
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Sato S, Kawamata T, Kobayashi T, Okada Y. Antidepressant fluvoxamine reduces cerebral infarct volume and ameliorates sensorimotor dysfunction in experimental stroke. Neuroreport 2014; 25:731-6. [PMID: 24709917 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor has been reported to be associated with diverse biological activities including cellular differentiation, neuroplasticity, neuroprotection, and cognitive functioning of the brain. Fluvoxamine, one of the currently known antidepressants, is a sigma-1 receptor agonist; its effectiveness in treating acute cerebral ischemia has not been reported. We studied the in-vivo effects of this compound using an animal model of focal cerebral ischemia. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to right middle cerebral artery occlusion and assigned to five treatment groups (n=8 each). Postischemic neurological deficits and infarct volume were determined 24 h after stroke-inducing surgery. Significant reductions in infarct volume (total and cortical) were found in group 2 (fluvoxamine 20 mg/kg given 6 h before and immediately after ischemic onset) and group 3 (fluvoxamine given immediately after ischemic onset and 2 h later) compared with controls. Fluvoxamine induced significant amelioration of sensorimotor dysfunction, as indicated by the scores of forelimb and hindlimb placing tests. Moreover, NE-100, a selective sigma-1 receptor antagonist, completely blocked the neuroprotective effect of fluvoxamine. The present findings suggest that the sigma-1 receptor agonist fluvoxamine reduces infarct volume and ameliorates neurological impairment even on postischemic treatment. From the clinical viewpoint, fluvoxamine may be a promising new therapeutic approach for cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Zhang L, Kan ZC, Zhang XL, Fang H, Jiang WL. 8-O-acetyl shanzhiside methylester attenuates cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury through an anti-inflammatory mechanism in diabetic rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 115:481-7. [PMID: 24823762 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory activation plays a vital role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of stroke and diabetes mellitus (DM), exerts the deleterious effects on the progression of the brain and leads to vascular damage in diabetic stroke. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of 8-O-acetyl shanzhiside methylester (ND01) on tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-stimulated SH-SY5Y cell line in vitro and the experimental ischaemic diabetic stroke model in vivo. TNF-α-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells were pre-incubated with ND01, then analysed protein expression. For in vivo experiment, the diabetic rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 30 min. followed by reperfusion for 23 hr. Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with ND01 blocked TNF-α-induced nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) activation and decreased high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) expression. ND01 40 mg/kg demonstrated significant neuroprotective effect even after delayed administration at 4 hr after I/R. ND01 40 mg/kg attenuated the histopathological damage, decreased brain swelling, inhibited NF-κB activation and reduced HMGB-1 expression in ischaemic brain tissue. These data show that ND01 protects diabetic brain against I/R injury with a favourable therapeutic time-window by alleviating diabetic cerebral I/R injury and attenuating blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and its protective effects may involve HMGB-1 and NF-κB signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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19
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Goldshmit Y, Frisca F, Pinto AR, Pébay A, Tang JKKY, Siegel AL, Kaslin J, Currie PD. Fgf2 improves functional recovery-decreasing gliosis and increasing radial glia and neural progenitor cells after spinal cord injury. Brain Behav 2014; 4:187-200. [PMID: 24683512 PMCID: PMC3967535 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A major impediment for recovery after mammalian spinal cord injury (SCI) is the glial scar formed by proliferating reactive astrocytes. Finding factors that may reduce glial scarring, increase neuronal survival, and promote neurite outgrowth are of major importance for improving the outcome after SCI. Exogenous fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) has been shown to decrease injury volume and improve functional outcome; however, the mechanisms by which this is mediated are still largely unknown. METHODS In this study, Fgf2 was administered for 2 weeks in mice subcutaneously, starting 30 min after spinal cord hemisection. RESULTS Fgf2 treatment decreased the expression of TNF-a at the lesion site, decreased monocyte/macrophage infiltration, and decreased gliosis. Fgf2 induced astrocytes to adopt a polarized morphology and increased expression of radial markers such as Pax6 and nestin. In addition, the levels of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), expressed by glia, were markedly decreased. Furthermore, Fgf2 treatment promotes the formation of parallel glial processes, "bridges," at the lesion site that enable regenerating axons through the injury site. Additionally, Fgf2 treatment increased Sox2-expressing cells in the gray matter and neurogenesis around and at the lesion site. Importantly, these effects were correlated with enhanced functional recovery of the left paretic hind limb. CONCLUSIONS Thus, early pharmacological intervention with Fgf2 following SCI is neuroprotective and creates a proregenerative environment by the modulation of the glia response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Goldshmit
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute East Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Centre for Eye Research Australia & Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Frisca Frisca
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Melbourne East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander R Pinto
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Centre for Eye Research Australia & Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital East Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Melbourne East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Ashley L Siegel
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jan Kaslin
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter D Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Pin-Barre C, Laurin J, Felix MS, Pertici V, Kober F, Marqueste T, Matarazzo V, Muscatelli-Bossy F, Temprado JJ, Brisswalter J, Decherchi P. Acute neuromuscular adaptation at the spinal level following middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion in the rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89953. [PMID: 24587147 PMCID: PMC3938604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to highlight the acute motor reflex adaptation and to deepen functional deficits following a middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO-r). Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were included in this study. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO; 120 min) was performed on 16 rats studied at 1 and 7 days, respectively (MCAO-D1 and MCAO-D7, n = 8 for each group). The other animals were divided into 3 groups: SHAM-D1 (n = 6), SHAM-D7 (n = 6) and Control (n = 8). Rats performed 4 behavioral tests (the elevated body swing test, the beam balance test, the ladder-climbing test and the forelimb grip force) before the surgery and daily after MCAO-r. H-reflex on triceps brachii was measured before and after isometric exercise. Infarction size and cerebral edema were respectively assessed by histological (Cresyl violet) and MRI measurements at the same time points than H-reflex recordings. Animals with cerebral ischemia showed persistent functional deficits during the first week post-MCAO-r. H-reflex was not decreased in response to isometric exercise one day after the cerebral ischemia contrary to the other groups. The motor reflex regulation was recovered 7 days post-MCAO-r. This result reflects an acute sensorimotor adaptation at the spinal level after MCAO-r.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pin-Barre
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Marseille, France
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis et Université du Sud Toulon-Var, Motricité Humaine Éducation Sport Santé, Nice, France
| | - Jérôme Laurin
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Marie-Solenne Felix
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Pertici
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Marseille, France
| | - Frank Kober
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Tanguy Marqueste
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Marseille, France
| | - Valery Matarazzo
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Muscatelli-Bossy
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Temprado
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Marseille, France
| | - Jeanick Brisswalter
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis et Université du Sud Toulon-Var, Motricité Humaine Éducation Sport Santé, Nice, France
| | - Patrick Decherchi
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Marseille, France
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Sreenivasan AK, Bachur CD, Lanier KE, Curatolo AS, Connors SM, Moses MA, Comi AM. Urine vascular biomarkers in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Vasc Med 2014; 18:122-8. [PMID: 23720035 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x13486312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) consists of a capillary-venous vascular malformation of the brain, skin and eye. Urine vascular biomarkers have been demonstrated to be abnormal in other vascular anomalies and to correlate with clinical severity and progression. The current study investigated the use of urinary matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) levels to non-invasively monitor the progression of SWS. Fifty-four urine samples were collected from patients seen at the Hunter Nelson Sturge-Weber Center at Kennedy Krieger Institute. Urine was analyzed for MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF and bFGF levels and correlated with clinical outcome at the time of urine collection (n = 48) and 1 year following urine collection (n = 22). Analysis revealed that MMP-2 (p = 0.033) and MMP-9 (p = 0.010) were significantly more likely to be present in the urine of SWS subjects compared to controls and that bFGF was significantly more likely to be present at abnormal levels (p = 0.005). MMP-2 correlated with a more severe clinical score at the time of urine collection, while both MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels correlated with greater disease severity at time of collection. bFGF levels correlated with improved clinical score 1 year after urine collection. These results suggest that MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels may be useful in assessing SWS progression, as well as indicating which patients might benefit from more aggressive treatment, while bFGF levels may be useful in judging the efficacy of neurologic treatment in SWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Sreenivasan
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Kobayashi T, Kawamata T, Mitsuyama T, Hori T. Modified permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model aiming to reduce variability in infarct size. Neurol Res 2013; 29:884-7. [PMID: 17803841 DOI: 10.1179/016164107x228651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In animal cerebral infarct experiments, the most important aspect is to produce consistent infarct size and localization. In an attempt to improve the conventional middle cerebral artery (MCA) coagulation technique, we developed a new animal model using a microclip to reduce variability in infarct size. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to right MCA occlusion. The animals were divided into two groups; conventional MCA occlusion group (Group 1; n = 9) and modified clip occlusion group (Group 2; n = 9). In Group 2, the proximal portion of MCA was occluded by applying a small clip just proximal to the olfactory nerve, and the MCA from the clipped position to the position just proximal to the level of the inferior cerebral vein was electrocoagulated using a bipolar diathermy in the same manner as in Group 1. In other words, the only difference between these two groups was the manner of occlusion of the most proximal portion of the MCA. Rats were killed 24 hours after the stroke-inducing surgery, and infarct volume was determined by an image analysis program following staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. The cortical infarct volumes were 51.0 +/- 13.8% in Group 1 and 46.3 +/- 6.2% in Group 2. The scattering of cortical infarct volume was significantly small in Group 2 (p=0.0176). The differences in scattering of striatal and total infarct volumes did not reach statistical significance. The present results demonstrated that the new MCA occlusion model using a clip significantly reduces the variability in cortical infarct volume, solving the problems of the model using coagulation alone. That permanent MCA occlusion model using a clip is an excellent method that produces more consistent and reproducible infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Kobayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Smith GA, Snyder EY. Two cells are better than one: optimizing stem cell survival by co-grafting "helper" cells that offer regulated trophic support. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:751-4. [PMID: 23856435 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaynor A Smith
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Angiogenesis therapy for brain infarction using a slow-releasing drug delivery system for fibroblast growth factor 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 432:182-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Murayama N, Kadoshima T, Takemoto N, Kodama S, Toba T, Ogino R, Noshita T, Oka T, Ueno S, Kuroda M, Shimmyo Y, Morita Y, Inoue T. SUN11602, a novel aniline compound, mimics the neuroprotective mechanisms of basic fibroblast growth factor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:266-76. [PMID: 23421678 DOI: 10.1021/cn300183k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) offers some measure of protection against excitotoxic neuronal injuries by upregulating the expression of the calcium-binding protein calbindin-D28k (Calb). The newly synthesized small molecule 4-({4-[[(4-amino-2,3,5,6-tetramethylanilino)acetyl](methyl)amino]-1-piperidinyl}methyl)benzamide (SUN11602) mimics the neuroprotective effects of bFGF, and thus, we examined how SUN11602 exerts its actions on neurons in toxic conditions of glutamate. In primary cultures of rat cerebrocortical neurons, SUN11602 and bFGF prevented glutamate-induced neuronal death. This neuroprotection, which occurred in association with the augmented phosphorylation of the bFGF receptor-1 (FGFR-1) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2), was abolished by pretreatment with PD166866 (a FGFR-1 tyrosine kinase-specific inhibitor) and PD98059 (a mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK]/[ERK-1/2] kinase [MEK] inhibitor). In addition, SUN11602 and bFGF increased the levels of CALB1 gene expression in cerebrocortical neurons. Whether this neuroprotection was linked to Calb was investigated with primary cultures of cerebrocortical neurons from homozygous knockout (Calb(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) mice. In WT mice, SUN11602 and bFGF increased the levels of newly synthesized Calb in cerebrocortical neurons and suppressed the glutamate-induced rise in intracellular Ca(2+). This Ca(2+)-capturing ability of Calb allowed the neurons to survive severe toxic conditions of glutamate. In contrast, Calb levels remained unchanged in Calb(-/-) mice after exposure to SUN11602 or bFGF, and due to a loss of function of the gene, these neurons were no longer resistant to toxic conditions of glutamate. These findings indicated that SUN11602 activated a number of cellular molecules (FGFR-1, MEK/ERK intermediates, and Calb) and consequently contributed to intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis as observed in the case of bFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ryoko Ogino
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | | | | | - Shinya Ueno
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | | | | | - Yasuhiro Morita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory
of Physiology and Morphology, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
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Luan H, Kan Z, Xu Y, Lv C, Jiang W. Rosmarinic acid protects against experimental diabetes with cerebral ischemia: relation to inflammation response. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:28. [PMID: 23414442 PMCID: PMC3614882 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory activation plays a vital role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of stroke, exerting deleterious effects on the progression of tissue damage and may lead to the vascular damage in diabetes. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) on a cultured neuronal cell line, SH-SY5Y in vitro and experimental ischemic diabetic stroke in vivo. METHODS For oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulated SH-SY5Y cell line in vitro, SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with RA. For an in vivo experiment, diabetic rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MACO) for 40 minutes followed by reperfusion for 23 h. RESULTS Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with RA reduced the OGD-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity, blocked TNF-α-induced nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) activation, and decreased high-mobility group box1 (HMGB1) expression. At doses higher than 50 mg/kg, RA produced a significant neuroprotective potential in rats with ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). RA (50 mg/kg) demonstrated significant neuroprotective activity even after delayed administration at 1 h, 3 h and 5 h after I/R. RA 50 mg/kg attenuated histopathological damage, decreased brain edema, inhibited NF-κB activation and reduced HMGB1 expression. CONCLUSION These data show that RA protects the brain against I/R injury with a favorable therapeutic time-window by alleviating diabetic cerebral I/R injury and attenuating blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and its protective effects may involve HMGB1 and the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Luan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Material Medica, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zechun Kan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Material Medica, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Material Medica, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjun Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Material Medica, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanglin Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Material Medica, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
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Persky RW, Liu F, Xu Y, Weston G, Levy S, Roselli CE, McCullough LD. Neonatal testosterone exposure protects adult male rats from stroke. Neuroendocrinology 2013; 97:271-82. [PMID: 23051877 PMCID: PMC3617085 DOI: 10.1159/000343804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men have a higher stroke incidence compared to women until advanced age. The contribution of hormones to these sex differences has been extensively debated. In experimental stroke, estradiol is neuroprotective, whereas androgens are detrimental. However, prior studies have only examined the effects of acute treatment paradigms; therefore, the timing and mechanism by which ischemic sexual dimorphism arises are unknown. METHODS The effects of exogenous neonatal androgen exposure on subsequent injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in adulthood in male rats were examined. Rats were administered vehicle (oil), testosterone propionate (TP) or the non-aromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) for 5 days after birth. At 3 months of age, a focal stroke was induced. RESULTS Testosterone-treated rats (but not DHT-treated animals) had decreased infarct volumes (20 vs. 33%, p < 0.05) as well as increased estradiol levels (39.4 vs. 18.6 pg/ml, p < 0.0001) compared to oil-treated animals. TP-injected males had increased testicular aromatase (P450arom) levels (3.6 vs. 0.2 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) compared to oil-treated males. The level of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, the primary endogenous inhibitor of caspase-induced apoptosis, was increased in TP-treated rats compared with the oil-treated males. CONCLUSIONS Neonatal exposure to exogenous testosterone upregulates testicular aromatase expression in male rats and leads to adult neuroprotection secondary to changes in serum estradiol levels and cell death proteins. This study suggests that early exposure to gonadal hormones can have dramatic effects on the response to adult cerebrovascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca W. Persky
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Gillian Weston
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie Levy
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Charles E. Roselli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Khaksari M, Aboutaleb N, Nasirinezhad F, Vakili A, Madjd Z. Apelin-13 Protects the Brain Against Ischemic Reperfusion Injury and Cerebral Edema in a Transient Model of Focal Cerebral Ischemia. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:201-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Stroke remains one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide. The aging of the population is likely to result in a dramatic increase in the burden of stroke. Thus, it is not surprising that the pharmaceutical industry has invested much money in the development of pharmacotherapies for ischemic stroke. Promising experimental data, however, have almost consistently failed to produce a clinically effective neuroprotective or neurorestorative drug. Only intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) has been approved for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Many pharmaceutical companies have scaled down their stroke programs and despite the unmet need, activity in the field is almost frozen. Trafermin, a recombinant form of human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), is a good example of a translational failure in neuroprotection. However, trafermin may also promote neuronal plasticity after cerebral insults. Thus, clinical trials with trafermin in stroke are warranted but should be based on neuronal restoration rather than acute neuroprotection.
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Jiang WL, Xu Y, Zhang SP, Zhu HB, Hou J. Tricin 7-glucoside protects against experimental cerebral ischemia by reduction of NF-κB and HMGB1 expression. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 45:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Recombinant human MFG-E8 attenuates cerebral ischemic injury: its role in anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:890-900. [PMID: 21964436 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Excessive inflammation and apoptosis contribute to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. MFG-E8 is a 66-kDa glycoprotein that has shown tissue protection in various models of organ injury. However, the potential role of MFG-E8 in cerebral ischemia has not been investigated. We found that levels of MFG-E8 protein in the brain were reduced at 24 h after cerebral ischemia. To assess the potential role of MFG-E8 in cerebral ischemia, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). At 1 h post-stroke onset, an intravenous administration of 1 ml saline as vehicle or 160 μg/kg BW recombinant human MFG-E8 (rhMFG-E8) as treatment was given. The optimal dose of rhMFG-E8 was obtained from previous dose-response organ protection in rat sepsis studies. Neurological scores were determined at 24 h and 48 h post-MCAO. Rats were sacrificed thereafter and brains rapidly removed and analyzed for infarct size, histopathology, and markers of inflammation and apoptosis. Compared with saline vehicle, rhMFG-E8 treatment led to significant decreases in sensorimotor and vestibulomotor deficits, and infarct size at 24 h and 48 h post-MCAO. Measures associated with improved outcome included reduced microglial inflammatory cytokine secretion, adhesion molecules and neutrophil influx, cleaved caspase-3, and upregulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), and Bcl-2/Bax ratio leading to decreased apoptosis. Thus, rhMFG-E8 treatment is neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia through suppression of inflammation and apoptosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
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Freret T, Schumann-Bard P, Boulouard M, Bouet V. On the importance of long-term functional assessment after stroke to improve translation from bench to bedside. EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2011; 3:6. [PMID: 21682914 PMCID: PMC3141537 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-3-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive research efforts in the field of cerebral ischemia, numerous disappointments came from the translational step. Even if experimental studies showed a large number of promising drugs, most of them failed to be efficient in clinical trials. Based on these reports, factors that play a significant role in causing outcome differences between animal experiments and clinical trials have been identified; and latest works in the field have tried to discard them in order to improve the scope of the results. Nevertheless, efforts must be maintained, especially for long-term functional evaluations. As observed in clinical practice, animals display a large degree of spontaneous recovery after stroke. The neurological impairment, assessed by basic items, typically disappears during the firsts week following stroke in rodents. On the contrary, more demanding sensorimotor and cognitive tasks underline other deficits, which are usually long-lasting. Unfortunately, studies addressing such behavioral impairments are less abundant. Because the characterization of long-term functional recovery is critical for evaluating the efficacy of potential therapeutic agents in experimental strokes, behavioral tests that proved sensitive enough to detect long-term deficits are reported here. And since the ultimate goal of any stroke therapy is the restoration of normal function, an objective appraisal of the behavioral deficits should be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Freret
- GMPc - Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité comportementale, EA4259, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France.
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Suzuki S, Kawamata T, Okada Y, Kobayashi T, Nakamura T, Hori T. Filtrate of Phellinus linteus Broth Culture Reduces Infarct Size Significantly in a Rat Model of Permanent Focal Cerebral Ischemia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:326319. [PMID: 19155273 PMCID: PMC3135312 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nen091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phellinus linteus, a natural growing mushroom, has been known to exhibit anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-oxidant effects. Aiming to exploit the neuroprotective effects of P. linteus, we evaluated its effects on infarct volume reduction in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to right middle cerebral artery occlusion. Filtrate of P. linteus broth culture (various doses), fractionated filtrate (based on molecular weight) or control medium was administered intraperitoneally to rats before or after ischemia induction. Rats were killed at 24 h after the stroke surgery. Cortical and caudoputaminal infarct volumes were determined separately using an image analysis program following staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Significant cortical infarct volume reductions were found in the pre-treatment groups (30 and 60 minutes before onset of cerebral ischemia) compared with the control group, showing dose dependence. Posttreatment (30 minutes after ischemic onset) also significantly reduced cortical infarct volume. Furthermore, the higher molecular weight (≥12 000) fraction of the culture filtrate was more effective compared with the lower molecular weight fraction. The present findings suggest that P. linteus may be a new promising approach for the treatment of focal cerebral ischemia, with the additional benefit of a wide therapeutic time window since significant infarct volume reduction is obtained by administration even after the ischemic event. Our finding that the higher molecular weight fraction of the P. linteus culture filtrate demonstrated more prominent effect may provide a clue to identify the neuroprotective substances and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiko Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Ghrelin Suppresses Inflammation and Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in Focal Cerebral Ischemia Via the Vagus Nerve. Shock 2011; 35:258-65. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181f48a37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kraft P, Benz PM, Austinat M, Brede ME, Schuh K, Walter U, Stoll G, Kleinschnitz C. Deficiency of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) increases blood-brain-barrier damage and edema formation after ischemic stroke in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15106. [PMID: 21151938 PMCID: PMC2997079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke-induced brain edema formation is a frequent cause of secondary infarct growth and deterioration of neurological function. The molecular mechanisms underlying edema formation after stroke are largely unknown. Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) is an important regulator of actin dynamics and stabilizes endothelial barriers through interaction with cell-cell contacts and focal adhesion sites. Hypoxia has been shown to foster vascular leakage by downregulation of VASP in vitro but the significance of VASP for regulating vascular permeability in the hypoxic brain in vivo awaits clarification. Methodology/Principal Findings Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in Vasp−/− mice and wild-type (WT) littermates by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Evan's Blue tracer was applied to visualize the extent of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) damage. Brain edema formation and infarct volumes were calculated from 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-stained brain slices. Both mouse groups were carefully controlled for anatomical and physiological parameters relevant for edema formation and stroke outcome. BBB damage (p<0.05) and edema volumes (1.7 mm3±0.5 mm3 versus 0.8 mm3±0.4 mm3; p<0.0001) were significantly enhanced in Vasp−/− mice compared to controls on day 1 after tMCAO. This was accompanied by a significant increase in infarct size (56.1 mm3±17.3 mm3 versus 39.3 mm3±10.7 mm3, respectively; p<0.01) and a non significant trend (p>0.05) towards worse neurological outcomes. Conclusion Our study identifies VASP as critical regulator of BBB maintenance during acute ischemic stroke. Therapeutic modulation of VASP or VASP-dependent signalling pathways could become a novel strategy to combat excessive edema formation in ischemic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kraft
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Michael Benz
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Marc Elmar Brede
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kai Schuh
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Walter
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Guido Stoll
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Merelli A, Caltana L, Girimonti P, Ramos AJ, Lazarowski A, Brusco A. Recovery of Motor Spontaneous Activity After Intranasal Delivery of Human Recombinant Erythropoietin in a Focal Brain Hypoxia Model Induced by CoCl2 in Rats. Neurotox Res 2010; 20:182-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Melani A, Cipriani S, Corti F, Pedata F. Effect of intravenous administration of dipyridamole in a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1207:89-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Kobayashi T, Kawamata T, Shibata N, Okada Y, Kobayashi M, Hori T. Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blocker Telmisartan Reduces Cerebral Infarct Volume and Peri-infarct Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Level in Experimental Stroke. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:2355-64. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.0965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Kobayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takakazu Kawamata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Okada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makio Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokatsu Hori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Vakili A, Hosseinzadeh SA, Khorasani MZ. Peripheral administration of carbenoxolone reduces ischemic reperfusion injury in transient model of cerebral ischemia. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2009; 18:81-5. [PMID: 19251182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbenoxolone (CBX) has a neuroprotective effect in experimental models of brain ischemia and trauma. However, systemic effect of CBX on ischemic reperfusion injuries has not been investigated in a temporary model of focal cerebral ischemia. Male Wistar rats (n = 32) were divided into control and CBX-treated (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) groups. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 60-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion by filament method, followed by 23-hour reperfusion. At the end of 24-hour ischemia, neurologic deficit score was tested and infarct volumes were determined using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Administration of CBX (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) at the beginning of ischemia significantly reduced cortical infarct volumes by 48%, 58%, and 63%, and striatal infarct volumes by 34%, 63%, and 63%, respectively. Nevertheless, CBX has no effect on neurologic dysfunction. Our findings indicated that peripheral administration of CBX has a neuroprotective effect on postischemic damage in a temporary model of focal cerebral ischemia in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abedin Vakili
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Department and Research Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Abstract
Ischemic stroke occurs most often in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in humans. Since its description in rats more than two decades ago, the minimally invasive intraluminal suture occlusion of MCA is an increasingly used model of stroke in both rats and mice due to its ease of inducing ischemia and achieving reperfusion under well-controlled conditions. This method can be used under the guidance of laser-Doppler flowmetry to ascertain the magnitude of occlusion or reperfusion and to decrease the rate of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ninety minutes of transient ischemia in the territory of MCA results in substantial and reproducible ischemic lesions in both the striatum and the cortex, with characteristics of lesion core and penumbra. Thus, this model is applicable to neuroprotective drug studies, including ischemic brain lesion evaluation (either in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging or post-mortem with brain tissue staining) and neurological status (motor deficits simply assessed by a six-point neurological score scale) as outcome parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysan Durukan
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Dose dependence and therapeutic window for the neuroprotective effects of curcumin in thromboembolic model of rat. Behav Brain Res 2008; 193:289-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Oyamada N, Itoh H, Sone M, Yamahara K, Miyashita K, Park K, Taura D, Inuzuka M, Sonoyama T, Tsujimoto H, Fukunaga Y, Tamura N, Nakao K. Transplantation of vascular cells derived from human embryonic stem cells contributes to vascular regeneration after stroke in mice. J Transl Med 2008; 6:54. [PMID: 18823569 PMCID: PMC2567291 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-6-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously demonstrated that vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGF-R2)-positive cells induced from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells can differentiate into both endothelial cells (ECs) and mural cells (MCs) and these vascular cells construct blood vessel structures in vitro. Recently, we have also established a method for the large-scale expansion of ECs and MCs derived from human ES cells. We examined the potential of vascular cells derived from human ES cells to contribute to vascular regeneration and to provide therapeutic benefit for the ischemic brain. Methods Phosphate buffered saline, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hMNCs), ECs-, MCs-, or the mixture of ECs and MCs derived from human ES cells were intra-arterially transplanted into mice after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Results Transplanted ECs were successfully incorporated into host capillaries and MCs were distributed in the areas surrounding endothelial tubes. The cerebral blood flow and the vascular density in the ischemic striatum on day 28 after MCAo had significantly improved in ECs-, MCs- and ECs+MCs-transplanted mice compared to that of mice injected with saline or transplanted with hMNCs. Moreover, compared to saline-injected or hMNC-transplanted mice, significant reduction of the infarct volume and of apoptosis as well as acceleration of neurological recovery were observed on day 28 after MCAo in the cell mixture-transplanted mice. Conclusion Transplantation of ECs and MCs derived from undifferentiated human ES cells have a potential to contribute to therapeutic vascular regeneration and consequently reduction of infarct area after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Oyamada
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Malá H, Rodriguez Castro M, Dall Jørgensen K, Mogensen J. Effects of erythropoietin on posttraumatic place learning in fimbria-fornix transected rats after a 30-day postoperative pause. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:1647-57. [PMID: 17970627 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects following both vascular and mechanical brain injury. Previously, we showed that behavioral symptoms associated with mechanical lesions of the hippocampus are nearly abolished due to EPO treatment. In these studies, the EPO administration took place simultaneously with the infliction of brain injury and the rehabilitation training started 6-7 days postoperatively. In the present study, we tested whether the therapeutic effect of EPO on the acquisition of an allocentric eight-arm radial maze spatial task also manifests itself if the rehabilitative training is postponed. Postoperatively, the animals were left without any specific stimulation for 30 days. The current results show an improved behavioral performance of the EPO-treated lesioned group relative to the saline-treated lesioned group, and confirm EPO's therapeutic effect even in case of postponed rehabilitation. However, compared to the control group, the EPO-treated lesioned group demonstrated an impaired task acquisition. All subjects eventually recovered functionally. Subsequently, the animals were given behavioral challenges during which the cue constellation in the room was changed. The challenges revealed that, although the EPO-treated lesion group had achieved the same level of task proficiency as the control group, the cognitive mechanisms mediating the task performance in the EPO-treated lesion group (as well as in the saline-treated lesion group) were dissimilar from those mediating the task in the control group. Both the EPO-treated and the saline-treated lesion group demonstrated an increased dependency on the original cue configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Malá
- Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nageswari K, Mizusawa S, Kondoh Y, Nakamura K, Kanno I. Therapeutic efficacy of basic fibroblast growth factor on experimental focal ischemia studied by magnetic resonance imaging. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2007; 14:187-92. [PMID: 17904024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2004] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intravenous infusion of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in a permanent ischemia model at the subacute phase (2 weeks) as well as at 24 hours and 1 week using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The middle cerebral artery (MCA) in Sprague-Dawley rats was occluded using an intraluminal suture method. The rats were randomly divided into 2 groups to receive either bFGF (45 mircrog/kg/hr) or saline solution. The infusion was started 30 minutes after MCA occlusion (MCAO) and continued for 3 hours. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry throughout the infusion. T2-weighted MRI was carried out before MCAO, 24 hours after MCAO, and days 7 and 14 after MCAO. Although an elevation in rCBF was seen after the infusion, no significant change between the groups was observed. A significant difference between the bFGF and saline groups in T2-derived lesion volume was observed at 24 hours (P < .05), on day 7 (P < .05), and on day 14 (P < .01). The percentage of lesion area calculated from the ipsilateral hemisphere using hematoxylin and eosin staining on day 14 showed a significant difference between the bFGF and saline groups (P < .05). No significant change in the number of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled cells between the groups was observed. This study demonstrates that bFGF, infused intravenously starting 30 minutes after the induction of permanent MCAO, significantly reduces region volume even at day 14, as well as at days 1 and 7, compared with the corresponding saline group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolammal Nageswari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Akita Research Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels, Akita, Japan
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Lenhard SC, Strittmatter R, Price WJ, Chandra S, White RF, Barone FC. Brain MRI and neurological deficit measurements in focal stroke: rapid throughput validated with isradipine. Pharmacology 2007; 81:1-10. [PMID: 17726342 DOI: 10.1159/000107661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Isradipine, a calcium channel blocker, provides consistent protection of the brain from injury and reduces neurological deficits produced by ischemic stroke in hypertensive rats. In these experiments, isradipine was utilized to cross-validate both the serial MRI measurement of brain infarctions with histology measurements and to validate a series of simple neurological deficit tests in order to establish a more rapid, higher throughput approach to screening compounds for utility in stroke. METHODS Spontaneously hypertensive rats were treated with vehicle, or 2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg isradipine and middle cerebral artery occlusion. T(2)-weighted MRI image analysis was compared to standard triphenyltetrazolium chloride-stained histological image analysis of brain sections to quantify isradipine neuroprotection 1, 3, and 30 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO; stroke). In addition, serial evaluation (i.e. 1, 2, 5, 12, 20 and 30 days after MCAO) of four simple neurobehavioral tests were completed for each animal. Tests included assessment of hindlimb and forelimb function, and balance beam and proprioception performance. RESULTS At 1, 3 and 30 days there was a significant positive correlation of the percent hemispheric infarct for T(2)-weighted MRI and histology (p < 0.05). Practically identical isradipine dose-response neuroprotection curves were observed for both measurement procedures. Isradipine produced a dose-related reduction in all neurological deficits scored by the four neurological deficit tests (p < 0.05). In addition, a significant time-related recovery from neurological deficits in vehicle-treated rats was observed (p < 0.05). The four different neurological deficit tests did provide unique time-related profiles of neurological recovery. CONCLUSIONS The present study validates the use of serial MRI in experimental stroke and establishes several simple neurological tests that can be used to measure neurological/behavioral deficits associated with brain injury and brain recovery of function over time. Under these conditions, T(2)-weighted MRI and neurological testing required only about 10 min each per animal, thus providing rapid data collection and analysis and requiring reduced scientific personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Lenhard
- Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, King of Prussia, PA, USA
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Sakellaridis N, Panagopoulos D. Significance of experimental infarct size as an indicator of therapeutic efficacy in humans. Stroke 2007; 38:e89-90. [PMID: 17673803 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.481853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang Y, Jin K, Mao XO, Xie L, Banwait S, Marti HH, Greenberg DA. VEGF-overexpressing transgenic mice show enhanced post-ischemic neurogenesis and neuromigration. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:740-7. [PMID: 17243175 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
New neurons are generated continuously in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus of the adult brain. Neuropathologic processes, including cerebral ischemia, can enhance neurogenesis, as can growth factors and other physiologic stimuli. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic and neuroprotective growth factor that can promote neurogenesis, but it is unknown whether VEGF can enhance migration of newborn neurons toward sites of ischemic injury, where they might be able to replace neurons that undergo ischemic death. In the present study we produced permanent focal cerebral ischemia in transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress VEGF. Cell proliferation and neurogenesis were assessed with bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu) labeling and immunostaining for cell type-specific markers. In VEGF-Tg mice, brains examined 7-28 days after cerebral ischemia showed markedly increased subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenesis, chains of neuroblasts extending from the SVZ to the peri-infarct cortex, and an increase in the number of newly generated cortical neurons at 14-28 days after ischemia. In concert with these effects, VEGF overexpression reduced infarct volume and improved postischemic motor function. These findings provide evidence that VEGF increases SVZ neurogenesis and neuromigration, consistent with a possible role in repair. Our data suggest that in addition to its neuroprotective effects, which are associated with improved outcome in the acute phase after cerebral ischemia, VEGF enhances postischemic neurogenesis, which could provide a therapeutic target for more chronic brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoming Wang
- Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, California 94945, USA
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Durukan A, Tatlisumak T. Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 87:179-97. [PMID: 17521716 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease with a complex pathophysiology. Animal modeling of ischemic stroke serves as an indispensable tool first to investigate mechanisms of ischemic cerebral injury, secondly to develop novel antiischemic regimens. Most of the stroke models are carried on rodents. Each model has its particular strengths and weaknesses. Mimicking all aspects of human stroke in one animal model is not possible since ischemic stroke is itself a very heterogeneous disorder. Experimental ischemic stroke models contribute to our understanding of the events occurring in ischemic and reperfused brain. Major approaches developed to treat acute ischemic stroke fall into two categories, thrombolysis and neuroprotection. Trials aimed to evaluate effectiveness of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in longer time windows with finer selection of patients based on magnetic resonance imaging tools and trials of novel recanalization methods are ongoing. Despite the failure of most neuroprotective drugs during the last two decades, there are good chances to soon have effective neuroprotectives with the help of improved preclinical testing and clinical trial design. In this article, we focus on various rodent animal models, pathogenic mechanisms, and promising therapeutic approaches of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysan Durukan
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, POB 700, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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