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Zink S, Kjeken I, Feiring M. Who Does What in Hand Osteoarthritis Care? A Qualitative Study of Boundary Work Between Rheumatologists and Occupational Therapists in Norway. J Multidiscip Healthc 2024; 17:3995-4009. [PMID: 39165255 PMCID: PMC11333561 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s467297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The pressure on professionals within the healthcare workforce is increasing due to staffing shortages, economic demands and changing care models. Through boundary work theories, our study explores how task-shifting in hand osteoarthritis (OA) care impacts the professional boundaries and division of labor between rheumatologists and occupational therapists (OTs) in Norwegian specialist healthcare. Methodology Seventeen semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted at two hospitals in Norway. Participants included ten rheumatologists and five OTs. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results The analysis resulted in three themes (1) Forms of responsibility and task transfers, (2) Circumventing the rules to ensure efficient practices and appropriate patient care, (3) Broadening and specializing; movement of professional demarcations. Overall, we found that medical tasks in hand OA care are increasingly delegated to, and adopted by, OTs, blurring the rheumatologist-OT boundary. Some of the task delegations skirted Norwegian legal boundaries, in efforts to streamline clinic operations. OTs expanded their scope of practice by adopting new tasks, whereas rheumatologist increased their specialist status by shedding unwanted tasks. Conclusion Task shifting between rheumatologists and OTs in hand OA care was characterized by boundary blurring activities. The results support a shift in hand OA management from rheumatologists to OTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje Zink
- Diakonhjemmet Hospital, REMEDY Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Health Service Research and Innovation Unit, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild Kjeken
- Diakonhjemmet Hospital, REMEDY Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Health Service Research and Innovation Unit, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marte Feiring
- Diakonhjemmet Hospital, REMEDY Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Health Service Research and Innovation Unit, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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Guzman-Serratos JL, Martinez-Ramirez RD, Gutierrez-Jimenez I, Vargas-Amésquita A, Aceves-Avila FJ, Ramos-Remus C. Analysis of the image and corporate identity of the Colegio Mexicano de Reumatologia: Is it time to redefine it? REUMATOLOGIA CLINICA 2024; 20:326-333. [PMID: 38991826 DOI: 10.1016/j.reumae.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología (CMR) is a corporation whose brand has two elements-image and identity-that differentiate it from other corporations. We evaluated aspects of CMR's corporate image and identity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS To assess corporate image, we designed a survey using proof-of-concept and discrete-choice-experiments approaches. It assessed which definition (orthopedist, rheumatologist, or rehabilitator) was most meaningful in four pain scenarios in healthy adults from the country's Western region. We used discourse analysis and five readability indices of the CMR website to assess corporate identity. RESULTS In total, 700 respondents were included. For every rheumatologist chosen in the hand scenario, respondents chose 1.13 orthopedists and 0.70 rehabilitators. For every rheumatologist chosen in the knee scenario, respondents chose 2.36 orthopedists and 0.64 rehabilitators, whereas 0.85 orthopedists and 0.58 rehabilitators were chosen in the arthritis scenario. Only 38% of the respondents preferred the CMR's definition of a rheumatologist to describe a rheumatologist. The younger age group preferred orthopedists to rheumatologists (50% vs. 31%, p<0.001). In the arthritis scenario, the choice of rheumatologist increased from 27% in the elementary school group to 49% in the university group (p<0.001). Mother was the most influential in healthcare seeking. The discursive analysis revealed that the CMR is positioned as a "we" restricted to "colleagues;" the patient did not have agentive representation. The semiotic structure of the CMR's mission/vision was deemed imprecise and lacking in statements of value and purpose; the readability scores indicated that the text was challenging and dry. CONCLUSIONS The CMR's corporate image does not differentiate it from other health providers. CMR's identity seems ambiguous with restricted directionality. It seems pertinent to redefine the CMR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alicia Vargas-Amésquita
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, División de Estudios Históricos y Humanos, Departamento de Historia, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | - Cesar Ramos-Remus
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Mexico.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Early access to rheumatology is imperative to achieve appropriate outcomes in rheumatologic diseases. But there seems to be a significant gap and disparity in the access to rheumatology care between urban and rural areas. This review was undertaken to analyze this issue. RECENT FINDINGS A significant delay in diagnosis of rheumatic disorder has been correlated to the travel distance to rheumatologist. It is also clear that currently, a significant rheumatology workforce shortage exists and is projected to worsen significantly, thereby making this gap and disparity much bigger. SUMMARY The scope of this gap and disparity in rheumatology care for rural patients remains incompletely defined and quantified. It is felt to be a significant issue and it is important to invest resources to obtain information about its scope. In addition, a number of solutions already exist which can be implemented using current network and infrastructure. These include relatively low-cost interventions such as patient navigator, remote rheumatology experts and if possible tele-rheumatology. These interventions can assist temporarily but a major improvement will require policy change at federal and state government level as well as involvement, buy-in, and incentivization of the providers and health networks providing rheumatology care.
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Lempp H, Baggott R, Scott DL, Parker L, Bosworth A, Georgopoulou S, Firth J. The value, impact and role of nurses in rheumatology outpatient care: Critical review of the literature. Musculoskeletal Care 2020; 18:245-255. [PMID: 32222059 DOI: 10.1002/msc.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As rheumatology nurses make substantial contributions to intensive management programmes following 'treat to target' principles of people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there is a need to understand the impacts of their involvement. A structured literature review was undertaken of qualitative studies, clinical trials and observational studies to assess the impacts of rheumatology nurses on clinical outcomes and the experiences of patients with RA and to examine the skills and training of the nurses involved. METHOD A structured literature review was conducted to examine the value, impact and professional role of nurses in RA management. RESULTS The literature search identified 657 publications, and 20 of them were included comprising: seven qualitative studies (242 patients), nine trials (a total of 2,440 patients) and four observational studies (1,234 patients). In clinical trials, nurses achieved similar patient clinical outcomes to doctors, and nurses also enhanced patients' satisfaction of received care and self-efficacy. In the qualitative studies reviewed, the nurses increased patients' knowledge and promoted their self-management. The observational studies studied examined found that nursing care led to improved patients' global functioning. The nurses in the various studies had a wide range of titles, experiences and training. DISCUSSION Our structured literature review provides strong evidence that rheumatology nurses are effective in delivering care for RA patients. However, their titles, experience and training were highly variable. CONCLUSION There is a convincing case to maintain and extend the role of nurses in managing RA, but further work is needed on standardisation of their titles and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Lempp
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rhiannon Baggott
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David L Scott
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Parker
- Rheumatology Department, Royal Free London NHSFT, London, UK
| | - Ailsa Bosworth
- National Patient Champion, National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society, Maidenhead, UK
| | - Sofia Georgopoulou
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK.,Applied Health Services Research Group, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
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Telehealth: Increasing Access to High Quality Care by Expanding the Role of Technology in Correctional Medicine. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6020020. [PMID: 28208807 PMCID: PMC5332924 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States (US) has a large correctional population. However, many incarcerated persons lack access to evidence-based, up-to-date medical care, particularly by subspecialty providers, due to limitations of geography, travel, cost and other resources. The use of telehealth technologies can remove these barriers, increasing access to high quality, multidisciplinary care. Studies have shown that, with telemedicine, timely triage and medical management can be provided across many disciplines, which may lead to improved clinical outcomes and significant cost savings.
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Shafrin J, Ganguli A, Gonzalez YS, Shim JJ, Seabury SA. Geographic Variation in the Quality and Cost of Care for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2016; 22:1472-1481. [PMID: 27882832 PMCID: PMC10398269 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2016.22.12.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is considerable push to improve value in health care by simultaneously increasing quality while lowering or containing costs. However, for diseases that are best treated with comparatively expensive treatments, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there could be tension between these aims. In this study, we measured geographic variation in quality, access, and cost for patients with RA, a disease with effective but costly specialty treatments. OBJECTIVE To assess the geographic differences in the quality, access, and cost of care for patients with RA. METHODS Using large claims databases covering the period between 2008 and 2014, we measured quality of care metrics by metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) for patients with RA. Quality measures included use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and tuberculosis (TB) screening before initiating biologic DMARD therapy. Access to care measures included measured detection and the share of patients with RA who visited a rheumatologist. Regression models were used to control for differences in patient demographics and health status across MSAs. RESULTS For the 501,376 patients diagnosed with RA, in the average MSA 64.1% of RA patients received a DMARD, and 29.6% of RA patients initiating a biologic DMARD appropriately received a TB screening. Only 17% (73/430) of MSAs comprised the top 2 Medicare Advantage star ratings for DMARD use. Measured detection was 0.59% (IQR = 0.47%-0.71%; CV = 0.355) on average, and 57.6% (IQR = 48%-69%; CV = 0.341) of RA patients visited a rheumatologist. MSAs with the highest DMARD use spent $26,724 (in 2015 U.S. dollars) annually treating patients with RA, $5,428 more (P < 0.001) than low DMARD-use MSAs, largely because of higher pharmacy cost ($5,090 vs. $7,610, P < 0.001). However, MSAs with higher DMARD use had lower RA-related inpatient cost ($1,890 vs. $2,342, P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS There were significant geographic variations in the quality of care received by patients with RA, although quality was poor in most areas. Fewer than 1 in 5 MSAs could be considered high quality based on patient DMARD use. Access to specialist care may be an issue, since just over half of patients with RA visited a rheumatologist annually. Efforts to incentivize better quality of care holds promise in terms of unlocking value for patients, but for some diseases, this approach may result in higher costs. DISCLOSURES The research reported in this manuscript was supported by AbbVie through consulting fees paid to Precision Health Economics (PHE). AbbVie and PHE collaborated to develop the study design and protocol. AbbVie and PHE participated in the interpretation of data, review, and approval of the manuscript. Shafrin and Shim are employed by PHE. Ganguli and Sanchez Gonzalez are employed by AbbVie. Seabury reports consulting fees from PHE. The results from this study were presented in poster form at the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy's 2015 Annual Meeting and Expo; April 7-10, 2015; San Diego, California, and at the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy's 2016 Annual Meeting and Expo; April 19-22, 2016; San Francisco, California. Study concept and design were contributed primarily by Shafrin, along with Ganguli and Seabury. Shafrin and Shim took the lead in data collection, and data interpretation was performed by Ganguli, Sanchez Gonzalez, Seabury, and Shafrin. The manuscript was written primarily by Shafrin, along with Shim and Seabury, and revised primarily by Ganguli, along with Sanchez Gonzalez and Seabury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Shafrin
- 1 Precision Health Economics, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Jin Joo Shim
- 1 Precision Health Economics, Los Angeles, California
| | - Seth A Seabury
- 3 Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Layton K, Tovar E, Wiggins AT, Rayens MK, Salt E. Evaluation of a rheumatology patient prioritization triage system. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2016; 28:541-545. [PMID: 27096475 DOI: 10.1002/2327-6924.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patient triage systems have been used to prioritize referred patients to facilitate timely treatment of acutely ill patients, but there is limited data to support the effectiveness of these systems as implemented in the clinic setting. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a specialty provider triage system. DATA SOURCES A prospective study design was conducted (N = 103) to compare the pre- and postappointment provider-assigned, prioritization system acuity scores. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), paired t-test, and the Bland-Altman plotting method were used to summarize and analyze the data. CONCLUSIONS The ICC between the pre- and postappointment acuity scores was 0.50 (p < .001) with no significant difference between the average means (t = -1.17; p = .24). The Bland-Altman plot suggests scores were typically within the limits of agreement. Our findings suggest the specialty provider triage system was effective at accurately classifying rheumatologic patient acuity in this sample. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE When resources are limited and delayed evaluations and treatments result in negative health outcomes, the use of triage systems is likely an effective strategy to reduce the impact of limited provider availability relative to patient census.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Salt
- Division of Rheumatology, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky
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Assessment of American College of Rheumatology-Endorsed Quality Indicators in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Quality Improvement Initiative. J Clin Rheumatol 2016; 22:63-7. [PMID: 26906296 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American College of Rheumatology endorses 7 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) quality indicators (QIs), which we used to access quality of care at our institution. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the quality of care provided to RA patients at our outpatient rheumatology practice based on adherence to 7 QIs. METHODS We performed a retrospective paper chart review and included 356 RA patients to determine adherence to each QI. A χ test analyzed trends in the assessment of disease activity and functional status. RESULTS There was excellent adherence to disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy (99.4%) and managing worsening disease (100%). Assessment of disease activity and functional status increased over the study period (72.8% to 94.2% and 70.8% to 93.4%, respectively). Despite this, none of our patients had disease prognosis classified and documented. Tuberculosis screening was done in 87.9%. Only a small percentage (1.4%) of patients met criteria for a glucocorticoid management plan, thus limiting our assessment of this QI. CONCLUSIONS Excellent adherence to disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy and management is likely due to targeting clinical remission. Assessment of disease activity and functional status not only rose each year, but also is higher compared with similar studies. This may be due to an increased awareness of QIs and the utility of objective measures of disease activity. Deficient documentation of prognosis may be due to a lack of awareness of its importance. Suboptimal tuberculosis screening may be an artifact of poor documentation. We propose interventions to improve adherence.
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Assessing the need for improved access to rheumatology care: a survey of Massachusetts community health center medical directors. J Clin Rheumatol 2014; 19:361-6. [PMID: 24048115 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0b013e3182a6a490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Access to rheumatology care can expedite diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases and reduce disparities. We surveyed community health center (CHC) medical directors to evaluate rheumatology care in underserved areas and potential strategies for improvement. METHODS We identified 77 Massachusetts CHCs that provide adult medical services and sent a 40-item survey to their physician medical directors. Survey questions assessed the centers' prevalence of rheumatic diseases, prescribing practices of immunosuppressive medications, and possible interventions to improve care. We compared CHC characteristics and rheumatology-specific items and then stratified our data by the response to whether improved access to rheumatology care was needed. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. RESULTS Thirty-six CHC physician medical directors returned surveys (47% response rate). Fifty-five percent indicated a need for better access to rheumatology care. Eighty-six percent of CHC physicians would not start a patient with rheumatoid arthritis on a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; 94% would not start a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus on an immunosuppressant. When we compared CHCs that reported needing better access to rheumatology care to those that did not, the former described a significantly greater percentage of patients with private insurance or Medicaid who required outside rheumatology referrals (P < 0.05). Language differences and insurance status were highlighted as barriers to obtaining rheumatology care. Sixteen directors (57%) ranked the patient navigator-a layperson to assist with care coordination-as their first-choice intervention. CONCLUSIONS Community health center medical directors expressed a need for better access to rheumatology services. A patient navigator for rheumatic diseases was proposed to help improve care and reduce health disparities.
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Feldman DE, Bernatsky S, Houde M, Beauchamp ME, Abrahamowicz M. Early consultation with a rheumatologist for RA: does it reduce subsequent use of orthopaedic surgery? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 52:452-9. [PMID: 22949726 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Optimal care in RA includes early use of DMARDs to prevent joint damage and hopefully decrease the need for costly surgical interventions. Our objective was to determine whether a reduced rate of orthopaedic surgery was evident for persons with RA who saw a rheumatologist early in the disease course. METHODS We studied persons who had a diagnosis of RA based on billing code data in the province of Quebec in 1995, and for whom the initial date of RA diagnosis by a non-rheumatologist could be established before the confirmatory diagnosis by the rheumatologist. We followed these patients until 2007. Patients were classified as early consulters or late consulters depending on whether they were seen by a rheumatologist within or beyond 3 months of being diagnosed with RA by their referring physician. The outcome, orthopaedic surgery, was defined using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) procedure codes ICD9 and ICD10. Multivariate Cox regression with time-dependent covariates estimated the effect of early consultation on the time to orthopaedic surgery. RESULTS Our cohort consisted of 1051 persons; mean age at diagnosis was 55.7 years, 68.2% were female and 50.7% were early consulters. Among all patients, 20.5% (215) had an orthopaedic surgery during the observation interval. Early consulters were less likely to undergo orthopaedic surgery during the 12-year follow-up period (adjusted hazard ratio 0.60, 95% CI 0.44, 0.82). CONCLUSION Persons with RA who consult a rheumatologist later in the disease course have a worse outcome in terms of eventual requirement for orthopaedic surgery.
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NANJI JALALA, CHOI MAY, FERRARI ROBERT, LYDDELL CHRISTOPHER, RUSSELL ANTHONYS. Time to Consultation and Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drug Treatment of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis — Northern Alberta Perspective. J Rheumatol 2012; 39:707-11. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.110818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To determine the timeliness of consultation and initiation of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) referred to rheumatologists.Methods.The first part of the study was a review of the charts of 151 patients with RA followed by 3 rheumatologists. The outcome measure was the interval between symptom onset and consultation with a rheumatologist. The second part of the study involved a chart review of 4 family physician practices in a small urban center in order to determine the accuracy of diagnostic coding (International Classification of Diseases; ICD-9) of RA, as well as the proportion of patients with RA seen by a rheumatologist. Finally, a survey was sent to primary care physicians at a group of walk-in clinics to determine what percentage of their patients with RA were referred to a rheumatologist and, concerning referral patterns, how likely it is they would refer a confirmed or suspected RA patient to a rheumatologist.Results.Patients with RA referred to rheumatologists in this sample were seen by a rheumatologist at a mean of 9.8 months (median 5 mo, range 0–129 mo) after symptom onset, and mean 1.2 months (median 4.0 mo, range 0–8 mo) after being referred by their primary care physician. All referred patients with confirmed RA were started on DMARD within 1 week of initial consultation. Primary care physicians would refer suspected RA patients 99.5% of the time (median 100, range 90–100%), and 87.6% (median 90, range 50–100%) of patients with confirmed RA would have seen a rheumatologist at least once. A chart review showed that, in a select group of family physicians, 70.9% (22/31) of patients coded as RA per the ICD-9 did indeed have RA and all had seen a rheumatologist for their condition.Conclusion.In Northern Alberta, patients with RA are seen and started on DMARD therapy in a timely fashion. Most of the delay is at the primary care level, suggesting a need for improved education of patients and primary care physicians rather than a formal triage system.
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Garneau KL, Iversen MD, Tsao H, Solomon DH. Primary care physicians' perspectives towards managing rheumatoid arthritis: room for improvement. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R189. [PMID: 22098699 PMCID: PMC3334638 DOI: 10.1186/ar3517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) do not receive care from a rheumatologist. We surveyed primary care physicians (PCPs) to better understand their attitudes, knowledge, and practices regarding the optimal treatment of RA. Methods Randomly selected PCPs practicing in the US were surveyed. The survey encompassed their experience with RA, use of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and experience with rheumatology referrals. Logistic regression analyses described the responses and examined the correlation between physician variables and use of DMARDs. Results E-mail invitations were opened by 1, 103 PCPs and completed by 267 (25%). Most respondents were men (68%) in practice for over 10 years (64%) who reported 6 or more RA patients under their care in the last year (71%). The majority reported some RA training after medical school (59%), but only one-third felt very confident managing this condition. Most (81%) reported prescribing DMARDs, but 37% do not initiate them, with only 9% reporting being very confident starting a DMARD. In unadjusted analyses, several respondent characteristics were strongly associated with not prescribing DMARDs, but none was significant after adjustment. Almost half (44%) of PCPs noted that patients report difficulty getting appointments with rheumatologists. Conclusions We found many PCPs are uncomfortable managing RA with DMARDs, despite common beliefs that their patients lack access to a rheumatologist. Lack of accessibility to rheumatologists and discomfort in prescribing DMARDs for patients with RA are potential barriers to optimal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Garneau
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, PBB-B3, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Fitzgerald A, de Coster C, McMillan S, Naden R, Armstrong F, Barber A, Cunning L, Conner‐Spady B, Hawker G, Lacaille D, Lane C, Mosher D, Rankin J, Sholter D, Noseworthy T. Relative urgency for referral from primary care to rheumatologists: The Priority Referral Score. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011; 63:231-9. [DOI: 10.1002/acr.20366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ray Naden
- New Zealand Health Ministry, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Alison Barber
- New Zealand Health Ministry, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Les Cunning
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Diane Lacaille
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Dianne Mosher
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jim Rankin
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Tonner C, Trupin L, Yazdany J, Criswell L, Katz P, Yelin E. Role of community and individual characteristics in physician visits for persons with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010; 62:888-95. [PMID: 20535800 DOI: 10.1002/acr.20125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of individual and local level socioeconomic status (SES) and health care access characteristics on the number of self-report physician visits for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Data derived from 755 adult participants from the 2004 to 2007 Lupus Outcomes Study (LOS) resulted in a sample of 2,926 repeated-measures observations. The outcome measure was the number of physician visits in the prior 12 months. Information on disease activity and manifestations, demographics, health insurance, and specialty of the participants' main SLE physician was collected through yearly LOS interviews. Local area measures including neighborhood poverty, the number of subspecialists per capita, and hospital market areas were added from secondary data sources. We used a mixed model with repeated measures to estimate the number of physician visits for SLE by SES and health care access characteristics, as well as the extent of concentrated poverty and number of subspecialists per capita in the local community, and whether these relationships varied by specific hospital market area. Multivariate models were adjusted for demographic and health status covariates. RESULTS LOS respondents reported a mean +/- SD of 11.8 +/- 10.7 (range 0-52) physician visits for SLE. After adjustment, having less than a high school education, receiving care in a health maintenance organization, being treated by a generalist, and living in a community of concentrated poverty were associated with a significantly lower number of physician visits for SLE. These relationships varied by hospital market areas. CONCLUSION Beyond health status, the number of physician visits for SLE varies by SES, neighborhood poverty, and characteristics of the health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tonner
- University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Brand C, Claydon-Platt K, McColl G, Bucknall T. Meeting the needs of people diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis: an analysis of patient-reported experience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-9824.2010.01045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an inflammatory rheumatic disease characterized by autoantibody production and diverse clinical manifestations, disproportionately affects vulnerable groups: women, racial and ethnic minorities, the poor and those lacking medical insurance and education. We summarize the current knowledge of the disparities observed in SLE and highlight recent research that aims to dissect the causes of these disparities and identify the potentially modifiable factors contributing to them. RECENT FINDINGS Several remediable causes, including lack of education, self-efficacy and access to quality, experienced healthcare have been found to contribute to observed disparities in SLE prevalence and outcomes. SUMMARY SLE is associated with alarming disparities in incidence, severity and outcomes. The causes of these disparities are under study by several research groups. Identifying potentially correctable contributory factors should allow the development of effective strategies to improve the healthcare delivery and outcomes in all SLE patients.
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a very heterogeneous disease, the outcome of which is difficult to predict. The vast majority of the patients will have disease progression with bone erosions and cartilage breakdown resulting in joint destruction, functional impairment, and increased mortality. The management of RA to prevent and control disease progression has changed considerably in the past few years. The treatment goal should now be to achieve clinical remission in order to prevent structural damage and long-term disability. A very early use of effective disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) is a key point in patients at risk of developing persistent and erosive arthritis. Intensive treatment such as combination DMARDs plus steroids or mainly biological therapies can induce high rates of remission and control of radiological progression, and can provide better outcomes than DMARD monotherapy in early RA, and should be considered very early in at-risk patients. In addition, close monitoring of disease activity and radiographic progression is mandatory in order to adapt DMARD therapy and strategy if necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Combe
- Immuno-Rhumatologie, Hopital Lapeyronie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier I University, Montpellier, France.
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Yazdany J, MacLean CH. Quality of care in the rheumatic diseases: current status and future directions. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008; 20:159-66. [PMID: 18349745 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e3282f50ec4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the recent literature examining quality of care for several prevalent rheumatic conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout and osteoporosis, and to summarize quality measurement and improvement initiatives relevant to rheumatology in the USA. RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, research has identified a significant gap between ideal and actual clinical practice in the USA. Consistent with trends seen in the US healthcare system as a whole, research suggests deficits in healthcare quality for populations with rheumatic conditions. We review the growing literature on quality of care for rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. SUMMARY Existing evidence suggests suboptimal healthcare quality for four common rheumatic conditions, a finding that parallels trends in the healthcare system as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinoos Yazdany
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Feldman DE, Bernatsky S, Haggerty J, Leffondré K, Tousignant P, Roy Y, Xiao Y, Zummer M, Abrahamowicz M. Delay in consultation with specialists for persons with suspected new-onset rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 57:1419-25. [PMID: 18050182 DOI: 10.1002/art.23086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Care in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is optimized by involvement of rheumatologists. We wished to determine whether patients suspected of having new-onset RA in Québec consulted with a rheumatologist, to document any delay in these consultations, and to determine factors associated with prompt consultation. METHODS Physician reimbursement administrative data were obtained for all adults in Québec. Suspected new-onset cases of RA in the year 2000 were defined operationally as a physician visit for RA (based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnostic codes), where there had been no prior visit code to any physician for RA in the preceding 3 years. For those patients who were first diagnosed by a nonrheumatologist, Cox regression modeling was used to identify patient and physician characteristics associated with time to consultation with a rheumatologist. RESULTS Of the 10,001 persons coded as incident RA by a nonrheumatologist, only 27.3% consulted a rheumatologist within the next 2.5-3.5 years. Of those who consulted, the median time from initial visit to a physician for RA to consultation with a rheumatologist was 79 days. The strongest predictors of shorter time to consultation were female sex, younger age, being in a higher socioeconomic class, and having greater comorbidity. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the vast majority of patients suspected of having new-onset RA do not receive rheumatology care. Further action should focus on this issue so that outcomes in RA may be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Ehrmann Feldman
- Université de Montréal and Public Health Department of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Yazdany J, Gillis JZ, Trupin L, Katz P, Panopalis P, Criswell LA, Yelin E. Association of socioeconomic and demographic factors with utilization of rheumatology subspecialty care in systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 57:593-600. [PMID: 17471526 PMCID: PMC2875170 DOI: 10.1002/art.22674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of sociodemographic factors (age, race/ethnicity, and sex) and socioeconomic factors (income and education) in the utilization of rheumatology subspecialty care in a large cohort of subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Data were derived from a cohort of 982 English-speaking subjects with SLE. Between 2002 and 2004, trained survey workers administered a telephone survey to subjects eliciting information regarding demographics, SLE disease status, medications, health care utilization, health insurance, and socioeconomic status. We identified predictors of utilization of rheumatology subspecialty care, defined as at least 1 visit to a rheumatologist in the previous year. In addition, we examined factors associated with identifying any specialist as primarily responsible for SLE care. RESULTS Older age, lower income, Medicare insurance, male sex, and less severe disease were associated with lack of rheumatology care. However, race/ethnicity and educational attainment were not significantly related to seeing a rheumatologist. After multivariate adjustment, only older age, lower income, and male sex remained associated with absence of rheumatology visits. Those least likely to identify a specialist as primarily responsible for their SLE care included older subjects and those reporting lower incomes. CONCLUSION Although elderly subjects and those with lower incomes traditionally have access to health care through the Medicare and Medicaid programs, the presence of health insurance alone did not ensure equal utilization of care. This finding suggests that additional barriers to accessing rheumatology subspecialty care may exist in these patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinoos Yazdany
- University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0920, USA.
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21
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Abstract
The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has changed considerably in the past few years since new tools and new concepts have been developed and validated highlighting the need for guidelines focused on early RA. The treatment goal should now be to achieve clinical remission, in order to prevent structural damage and long-term disability. A very early use of effective disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) is a key point in patients at risk of developing persistent and erosive arthritis. Intensive treatment such as combination DMARDs plus steroids or biological therapies can induce a high rate of remission, control of radiological progression and provide better outcome than DMARD monotherapy in early RA and should be considered in at risk patients. Regarding the risk:benefit ratio and the cost-effectiveness of these strategies, a reasonable course of action in early RA should be initial DMARD monotherapy such as methotrexate. However, a close monitoring of disease activity and radiographic progression is mandatory in order to change DMARD therapy and strategy if necessary. Systemic glucocorticoids are effective in the short-term relief of pain and swelling and should be considered, but mainly as a temporary therapy part of the DMARD strategy. Information and education for patients, as well as some non-pharmacological interventions, can be proposed as treatment adjuncts. Finally, the reduction or stopping of smoking, which could prevent the development and progression of early RA, is the only prevention tool currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Combe
- Immuno-Rhumatologie Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU de Montpellier, University Montpellier I, 371, Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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22
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Gillis JZ, Yazdany J, Trupin L, Julian L, Panopalis P, Criswell LA, Katz P, Yelin E. Medicaid and access to care among persons with systemic lupus erythematosus. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2007; 57:601-7. [PMID: 17471527 PMCID: PMC2875126 DOI: 10.1002/art.22671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the associations between Medicaid insurance and distance traveled by patients to treating physicians and health care utilization for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS A total of 982 adults with SLE were recruited between 2002 and 2004. We calculated the distance between patient homes and physicians using Mapquest, an Internet mapping program. We then assessed the association between Medicaid status and distance traveled to the primary SLE provider, presence of > or =1 physician visits, and the number of all physician visits, with and without adjustment for demographic and medical covariates. RESULTS On an unadjusted basis, Medicaid patients traveled longer distances to see their primary SLE provider. This effect was pronounced for patients under the care of a rheumatologist. Adjustment reduced, but did not eliminate, these differences. With adjustment for covariates, Medicaid patients were equally as likely to see a rheumatologist as non-Medicaid patients. However, Medicaid patients were more likely to be seen by a general practitioner or in the emergency room for their SLE, and reported more visits to general practitioners and the emergency room for SLE. CONCLUSION Medicaid patients with SLE traveled longer distances to see an SLE physician, especially rheumatologists. They also reported a different pattern of health care utilization. These results suggest that Medicaid patients may face barriers in obtaining comprehensive medical services in proximity to their residences.
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Combe B, Landewe R, Lukas C, Bolosiu HD, Breedveld F, Dougados M, Emery P, Ferraccioli G, Hazes JMW, Klareskog L, Machold K, Martin-Mola E, Nielsen H, Silman A, Smolen J, Yazici H. EULAR recommendations for the management of early arthritis: report of a task force of the European Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:34-45. [PMID: 16396980 PMCID: PMC1798412 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2005.044354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To formulate EULAR recommendations for the management of early arthritis. METHODS In accordance with EULAR's "standardised operating procedures", the task force pursued an evidence based approach and an approach based on expert opinion. A steering group comprised of 14 rheumatologists representing 10 European countries. The group defined the focus of the process, the target population, and formulated an operational definition of "management". Each participant was invited to propose issues of interest regarding the management of early arthritis or early rheumatoid arthritis. Fifteen issues for further research were selected by use of a modified Delphi technique. A systematic literature search was carried out. Evidence was categorised according to usual guidelines. A set of draft recommendations was proposed on the basis of the research questions and the results of the literature search.. The strength of the recommendations was based on the category of evidence and expert opinion. RESULTS 15 research questions, covering the entire spectrum of "management of early arthritis", were formulated for further research; and 284 studies were identified and evaluated. Twelve recommendations for the management of early arthritis were selected and presented with short sentences. The selected statements included recognition of arthritis, referral, diagnosis, prognosis, classification, and treatment of early arthritis (information, education, non-pharmacological interventions, pharmacological treatments, and monitoring of the disease process). On the basis of expert opinion, 11 items were identified as being important for future research. CONCLUSIONS 12 key recommendations for the management of early arthritis or early rheumatoid arthritis were developed, based on evidence in the literature and expert consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Combe
- Immuno-Rhumatologie, Lapeyronie Hosp, Montpellier, France.
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Stier-Jarmer M, Liman W, Stucki G, Braun J. Strukturen der akutstationären rheumatologischen Versorgung. Z Rheumatol 2006; 65:747-60. [PMID: 16482478 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-005-0015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe rheumatological systemic diseases demand high levels of diagnostic and therapeutic measures and differentiated and complex methods of care. In Germany, specialised rheumatologists and, if hospitalisation is indicated, specialised rheumatology hospitals or departments are responsible for the treatment of these patients. Early rehabilitation procedures, provided by a multidisciplinary therapeutic team, are an important component of the treatment concept in these facilities. Early rehabilitation is integrated into the patients acute medical treatment plan, with careful consideration of the patients current health problems and functional capabilities (body functions and structures, activities and participation as outlined in the ICF), thereby providing a comprehensive, integrated therapy strategy which has long been acknowledged as necessary for the successful treatment of rheumatoid patients. This article presents an analysis concerning the development, organisation, facilities and processes of the acute medical in-patient care for patients with rheumatological disorders in Germany. In total there are 4188 beds in 88 acute hospitals exclusively available for rheumatological in-patients in Germany at present. There is at least one facility specialised in rheumatology in every German federal state. The density of care in the German federal states varies between 131.8 beds per 1 million inhabitants in Bremen and 9 beds per 1 million inhabitants in Saxony. In most regions of Germany the acute in-patient care for patients with rheumatological disorders is provided by hospitals specialised in rheumatology. Rheumatological patients are treated in a variety of hospital departments. In the year 2000 only 47% of the inpatients with rheumatoid arthritis, 56% of those with ankylosing spondylitis and 28% of those with systemic lupus erythematosus were treated in a ward specialising in rheumatology. Rheumatoid arthritis, with a total share of nearly 30%, was the most frequently treated rheumatic disease in wards specialising in rheumatology, followed by soft tissue disorders (e.g. fibromyalgia), diseases with systemic involvement of connective tissue and inflammatory spinal disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis.
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Chevarley FM, Thierry JM, Gill CJ, Ryerson AB, Nosek MA. Health, preventive health care, and health care access among women with disabilities in the 1994–1995 National Health Interview Survey, Supplement on Disability. Womens Health Issues 2006; 16:297-312. [PMID: 17188213 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study presents national estimates on the health, preventive health care, and health care access of adult women with disabilities. We compared women with 1 or 2 functional limitations (FLs) and > or =3 FLs with women with no FLs. Topics covered included demographic characteristics, selected reported health measures, selected clinical preventive services, and selected access to care indicators and health care coverage. METHODS Estimates in this report were based on data from the 1994-1995 National Health Interview Survey, Supplement on Disability (NHIS-D). The sample size for women > or =18 years of age used in producing the estimates from the combined 1994 and 1995 NHIS-D was 77,762. RESULTS An estimated 16% of women > or =18 years of age had difficulty with at least 1 FL. Women with FLs were less likely to rate their health as excellent or very good and more likely to report their health as fair or poor when compared with women with no FLs. Women with FLs were also more likely to report being a current smoker, having hypertension, being overweight, and experiencing mental health problems. Among women > or =65 years of age, those with FLs were also less likely to have received Pap smear tests within the past year and those with > or =3 FLs were less likely to have received mammograms within the past year than women with no FLs. Women with > or =3 FLs were more likely to report being unable to get general medical care, dental care, prescription medicines, or eyeglasses, regardless of age group, compared with women with no FLs. The main reasons reported for being unable to receive general care were financial problems or limitations in insurance. These findings suggest that increased attention to the health care needs of women with disabilities from researchers, clinicians, and public health professionals is warranted.
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Hagglund KJ, Clark MJ, Hilton SA, Hewett JE. Access to healthcare services among persons with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 84:702-11. [PMID: 16141749 DOI: 10.1097/01.phm.0000167618.84726.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Persons with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis frequently require access to a broad range of healthcare services. The purpose of the current study was to examine the healthcare access experiences of these two populations. DESIGN Mail surveys were completed by 409 adults with self-reported osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis who were recruited through a variety of recruitment strategies such as advertisements placed in arthritis publications, internet sources, and physician referrals. RESULTS Participants self-reported not obtaining needed health care at high rates for several service domains, including mental health services (42%) and rehabilitation therapies (39%). The most frequent reasons for not obtaining services included lack of service coverage by the health plan and high costs. Type of arthritis was predictive of the ability to obtain primary doctor services. CONCLUSIONS The United States healthcare system continues to focus on treating acute disorders and has yet to adapt to the growing prevalence of chronic illness and disability. Changes will be needed in both healthcare financing and delivery structures to promote access to specialized services such as mental health services and rehabilitation therapies for persons with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Lacaille D, Anis AH, Guh DP, Esdaile JM. Gaps in care for rheumatoid arthritis: A population study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 53:241-8. [PMID: 15818655 DOI: 10.1002/art.21077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Treatment guidelines for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) now recommend early, aggressive, and persistent use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) to prevent joint damage in all people with active inflammation, and evaluation by a rheumatologist, when possible. This research assesses whether care for RA, at a population level, is consistent with current treatment guidelines. METHODS Using administrative billing data from the Ministry of Health in 1996-2000, all prevalent RA cases in British Columbia, Canada were identified. Data were obtained on all medications and all provincially-funded health care services. RESULTS We identified 27,710 RA cases, yielding a prevalence rate of 0.76%, consistent with epidemiologic studies. DMARD use was inappropriately low. Only 43% of the entire RA cohort received a DMARD at least once over 5 years, and 35% over 2 years. When used, DMARDs were started in a timely fashion, but were not used consistently. Care by a rheumatologist increased DMARD use 31-fold. Yet, only 48% and 34% saw a rheumatologist over 5 and 2 years, respectively. DMARD use was significantly more frequent, persistent, and more often used as combination therapy with continuous rheumatologist care. DMARDs were used by 84% and 73%, 40%, and 10% of people followed by rheumatologists continuously and intermittently, internists, and family physicians, respectively (P < 0.001). NSAID use, physiotherapy, and orthopedic surgeries were similar across these 4 care groups. CONCLUSION RA care in the British Columbia population was not consistent with current treatment guidelines. Efforts to educate family physicians and consumers about the shift in RA treatment paradigms and to improve access to rheumatologists are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Lacaille
- University of British Columbia, and Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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28
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Kremers HM, Reinalda MS, Crowson CS, Zinsmeister AR, Hunder GG, Gabriel SE. Use of physician services in a population-based cohort of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica over the course of their disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 53:395-403. [PMID: 15934100 DOI: 10.1002/art.21160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the use of generalist and rheumatologist services in a population-based cohort of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and to identify predictors of rheumatology care. METHODS We identified all incident cases of PMR among residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota between 1970 and 1999. Patients were followed for a maximum of 5 years after their incidence date. Logistic regression and zero-inflated Poisson regression models were used to assess the association between rheumatology care and age, sex, giant cell arteritis (GCA), PMR relapses, corticosteroid complications, comorbidity, and various laboratory findings, adjusting for the total number of visits. RESULTS Of the 364 incident cases of PMR eligible for this analysis, 67% were women and the mean age at incidence was 73 years. Over a mean followup of 4.1 years, individuals in this cohort utilized a total of 5,108 physician office visits and 2,015 telephone calls. The mean number of generalist and rheumatologist visits per person-years of follow-up during the first year of PMR was 7.02 and 2.15, respectively. Thereafter, there was a steady decline in both generalist and rheumatologist visits. One hundred forty-four (40%) patients had no rheumatologist visits and 102 (28%) had only 1 rheumatologist visit, mostly for diagnostic confirmation. Men and patients with several comorbid conditions were significantly more likely to be seen by rheumatologists (P < 0.001). However, once referred, women, older patients, and those with GCA, PMR relapses, and corticosteroid complications had significantly more rheumatologist visits (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The use of physician services in PMR is considerable. Generalists provide the large majority of care. Rheumatologist involvement is generally limited to diagnostic confirmation and management of complications. The relative paucity of rheumatology care following the period of diagnosis may represent an opportunity for improving the care of patients with PMR.
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Rat AC, Henegariu V, Boissier MC. Do primary care physicians have a place in the management of rheumatoid arthritis? Joint Bone Spine 2004; 71:190-7. [PMID: 15182789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2003.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2003] [Accepted: 09/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few recommendations have been issued about the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which varies widely across physicians. The primary care physician (PCP) plays a unique role as the first physician to evaluate the patient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the place of PCPs in the management of RA. METHODS Medline was searched for articles reporting management of rheumatoid arthritis in primary care practice. RESULTS Currently, the goal of initiating a disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) early is unrealistic for numerous patients. Agreement between PCPs and rheumatologists about the diagnosis of RA is only passable, but PCPs tend to overdiagnose RA. Median time from symptom onset to second-line treatment was 19 months and the best predictive factor for a longer lag time before DMARD prescription was the time from symptom onset to the first rheumatologist visit. Moreover, DMARDs are only rarely prescribed by PCPs. Some data suggest that the impact of rheumatologists care is positive on outcomes but it has to be confirmed by longitudinal, randomized studies, with valid outcomes and diagnosis criteria. Recognition of the need for timely referral is an important goal in the teaching of students and generalists. Moreover, the nature of management differences between rheumatologists and PCPs has to be explored. We should also think how to create a better coordination. This starts by knowing what are the needs of the PCP (e.g. education, access to phone advice or rapid consultation) and by defining common plan if the care should be shared. CONCLUSION Several healthcare professionals, among whom the PCP plays a pivotal role, should share the management of RA. PCPs and rheumatologists should be encouraged to work together on optimizing the management of patients with RA.
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Abstract
Pain Medicine has its roots in multiple primary specialties and has developed into a discrete specialty with disparate practice styles. Its identity is in flux and is threatened by forces that may fragment this new field before it can set firm roots. The public health crisis of under treated pain parallels medicine's struggle to adequately classify Pain Medicine as a specialty. We review the case for Pain Medicine as a discrete discipline, with specialized knowledge, treatments, training and education. Without recognition of the specialty of Pain Medicine, and resolution of the fragmentation of the field throughout healthcare, medicine's approach to the current problem of under treated pain is likely to continue to be inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Fishman
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
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MacLean CH, Saag KG, Solomon DH, Morton SC, Sampsel S, Klippel JH. Measuring quality in arthritis care: methods for developing the Arthritis Foundation's quality indicator set. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 51:193-202. [PMID: 15077259 DOI: 10.1002/art.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a comprehensive set of explicit process measures to assess the quality of health care for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and analgesics use. METHODS Potential quality measures and a summary of existing data to support or refute the relationship between the processes of care proposed in the indicators and relevant clinical outcomes were developed through a comprehensive literature review. The proposed measures and literature summary were presented to a multidisciplinary panel of experts in arthritis and pain. Using a modification of the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method, the panel rated each proposed measure for its validity as a measure of health care quality. RESULTS Among 66 proposed indicators, the expert panel rated 51 as valid measures of health care including 14 for osteoarthritis, 27 for rheumatoid arthritis, and 10 for analgesics use. CONCLUSIONS Sufficient scientific evidence and expert consensus exist to support a comprehensive set of measures to assess the quality of heath care for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and analgesics use. These measures can be used to gain an understanding of the quality of care for patients with arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H MacLean
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California and University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, USA.
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Patino FG, Allison J, Olivieri J, Mudano A, Juarez L, Person S, Mikuls TR, Moreland L, Kovac SH, Saag KG. The effects of physician specialty and patient comorbidities on the use and discontinuation of coxibs. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 49:293-9. [PMID: 12794782 DOI: 10.1002/art.11117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of physician specialty and comorbidities on cyclooxygenase 2-selective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; coxibs) utilization. METHODS Medical records of 452 patients from a regional managed care organization with >/=3 consecutive NSAID prescriptions from June 1998 to April 2001 were abstracted. Multivariable adjusted associations between coxib initiation and discontinuation and patient and provider characteristics were examined. RESULTS A total of 1,142 NSAID prescriptions were written over 9,398 total patient-months of followup. Compared with patients seeing family or general practitioners, patients seeing rheumatologists (odds ratio [OR] 3.4, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.1-5.7) and internists (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.5-3.6) were significantly more likely to receive a coxib, as well as patients with a history of osteoarthritis (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7-3.8), gastrointestinal disease (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.5), and congestive heart failure (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.0-16.4). Although specialists were more likely than generalists to prescribe coxibs, only family or general practitioners were significantly more likely to selectively use coxibs among their patients with a history of gastrointestinal disease. Fifty-four percent of NSAID prescriptions were discontinued, and coxibs were significantly less likely to be discontinued than were traditional NSAIDs (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5-0.8). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest significantly greater, but perhaps less selective use of coxibs among specialists, even after accounting for important covariates. The initiation and discontinuation of coxibs was influenced by physician specialty and by patient risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto G Patino
- Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics of Musculoskeletal Disorders, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-3408, USA.
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Abstract
Recent advances have made rheumatoid arthritis (RA) amenable to treatment. Clinical studies in patients with early and established RA have broadened understanding of its pathogenesis and have fundamentally changed the therapeutic approach to this disease. Quantum leaps in therapy-including the use of early, aggressive therapy, combination therapy, and the introduction of anti-cytokine agents-have improved patients' quality of life, eased clinical symptoms, retarded the progression of joint destruction, and delayed disability. We review clinical evidence supporting these therapeutic approaches. Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges are highlighted, and a decision tree to guide treatment in patients with early or established RA is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Goldbach-Mansky
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Mayor AM, Vilá LM, De La Cruz M, Gómez R. Impact of Managed Care on Clinical Outcome of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Puerto Rico. J Clin Rheumatol 2003; 9:25-32. [PMID: 17041418 DOI: 10.1097/01.rhu.0000049709.29109.ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to explore the impact of a managed care system on the morbidity and mortality rates in a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cohort in Puerto Rico. The clinical manifestations and outcome measures of public SLE patients, before and after implementation of the managed care system, were compared with those of SLE patients treated in a private fee-for-service system. Of the cohort of 171 patients, 103 (60%) were treated in the public system and 68 (40%) in the private sector. Except for higher prevalence of hematuria, renal insufficiency, and serositis in the public group, both groups had a similar prevalence of clinical manifestations, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) damage score, and mortality rate before introduction of the managed care system. Six years after implementation of the managed care system, medically indigent patients were more likely to have photosensitivity (90% vs. 75%), malar rash (85% vs. 65%), hematuria (43% vs. 24%), nephrotic syndrome (17% vs. 6%), and end-stage renal disease (8% vs. 0%). They also had a higher mortality rate (10% vs. 2%) and SLICC/ACR damage index score (1.5 vs. 0.8). In summary, SLE patients treated in the public system of Puerto Rico demonstrated higher morbidity and mortality after being treated in a managed care system compared with patients managed in a private fee-for-service system. Different from the fee-for-service system, the managed care system seeks medical care cost reductions that could affect the management and outcome of SLE patients. These differences could also be related to the higher disease severity before implementation of the managed care system and lower socioeconomic status of the public group. Nevertheless, the public managed care system in Puerto Rico requires continuous evaluation to ensure SLE patients better access to specialty and subspecialty healthcare and optimal pharmacologic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel M Mayor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
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Taibi DM, Bourguignon C. The role of complementary and alternative therapies in managing rheumatoid arthritis. FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH 2003; 26:41-52. [PMID: 12802127 DOI: 10.1097/00003727-200301000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease that is characterized by joint stiffness in the morning, symmetric joint swelling, and generalized fatigue. Given the limitations of medical treatment and the ongoing problems with symptom management, it is not at all surprising that many individuals with RA turn to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies. This article provides a brief overview of what is known about CAM use in RA, presents information on a few of the most popular therapies, and recommends further resources for nurses who work with individuals with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Taibi
- Center for the Study of Complementary and Alternative Therapies, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Bidaut-Russell M, Gabriel SE, Scott CG, Zinsmeister AR, Luthra HS, Yawn B. Determinants of patient satisfaction in chronic illness. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 47:494-500. [PMID: 12382297 DOI: 10.1002/art.10667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether primary care provided by generalists versus subspecialists resulted in different levels of patient satisfaction among persons with chronic illness. METHODS A survey containing the Primary Care Provider Questionnaire and the Health Status Questionnaire (HSQ) was mailed to 2 population-based cohorts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or diabetes mellitus (DM). All subjects were at least 35 years old and Rochester, Minnesota residents. Descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation coefficients, and multiple regression models were used to describe and compare the determinants of patient satisfaction. RESULTS A total of 86 people (74% female) with RA and 208 people (56% male) with DM responded to the survey. Age range was 41-95 years and median disease duration was 8.7 years (RA) and 13.0 years (DM). Most patients described their health as fair or good. After adjusting for sex differences, RA patients were more likely than DM patients to report having a specialist as their primary care doctor. RA patients, whether reporting seeing a specialist or a generalist, had comparable HSQ physical health, mental health, social functioning, vitality, and bodily pain scores. DM patients seeing a specialist had more bodily pain and poorer physical functioning than those seeing a generalist. Across both chronic illnesses and physician specialties, median scores for patient satisfaction ranged from 17-18 for overall satisfaction (maximum 20); 30-33 for interpersonal skills (maximum 35); 23-26 for technical quality (maximum 30); and 20 for access to care (maximum 25). Multiple linear regression models revealed that 6.8-7.3% of the variation in satisfaction could be explained by HSQ scores, patient demographics, and physician specialty. CONCLUSION Both RA and DM patients were highly satisfied with their care, regardless of the specialty of the provider. Physician specialty, patient demographics, and HSQ scores explained only a small proportion in the variation in satisfaction. These findings point to the need for additional research to further elucidate the determinants of patient satisfaction.
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González-Alvaro I, Hernández-García C, Villaverde García V, Vargas E, Ortiz AM. [Variations in the drug treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in Spain]. Med Clin (Barc) 2002; 118:771-6. [PMID: 12049692 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(02)72526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variations in the use of healthcare resources can result in differences in the outcome of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The emAR study was developed to determine variations in the management of socio-sanitary resources, including drugs use, in patients with this disorder. PATIENTS AND METHOD The clinical records of 1,379 patients, randomly selected among all RA patients attended in Spanish hospitals, were reviewed. Information about prescription of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), corticosteroids, analgesics, gastric protectors and drugs for osteoporosis was collected. In addition, socio-demographic- and disease-related information, as well as data from hospitals, medical units and responsible physicians were also obtained in each patient. RESULTS There was a high level of DMARD and NSAID prescription that was associated with patient or disease characteristics. Treatment with corticosteroids, as well as with the remaining drugs, showed a substantial regional variability, which may be related to physician-associated variables as well as to patient- and disease-associated characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Variability in the management of therapeutic resources in RA patients mainly depends on the characteristics of the patient or the disease. There is also a variation that is influenced by physician's characteristics; in some cases, the available scientific evidence may not support this variability.
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Emery P, Breedveld FC, Dougados M, Kalden JR, Schiff MH, Smolen JS. Early referral recommendation for newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis: evidence based development of a clinical guide. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61:290-7. [PMID: 11874828 PMCID: PMC1754044 DOI: 10.1136/ard.61.4.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) requires early diagnosis and early disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) treatment to have an impact on long term morbidity and mortality. Clinical criteria would facilitate early referral of the patient with suspected RA to a rheumatologist for definitive diagnosis and initiation of DMARD treatment at that point in the disease most likely to have an impact on the long term outcome. OBJECTIVE To develop a referral recommendation that may serve as a clinical guide for primary care doctors, enabling them to identify patients with suspected RA during the early inflammatory stages. METHODS Key points of the referral criteria were formed based on a thorough literature review targeting early RA, early arthritis clinics, DMARD treatment for early RA, prognostic factors of disease progression, early RA clinical trials, and quality of life. Evidence was graded using the methods defined by Shekelle et al. A draft version of the criterion was circulated among the authors for critical evaluation. A consensus integrated these comments. RESULTS Clinical evidence strongly supports the observations that structural damage occurs early in active RA and that early DMARD treatment improves the long term outcome of the disease. The observations indicate that rapid referral to a rheumatologist is advised when RA is suspected. This may be supported by the presence of any of the following: >or=3 swollen joints, metatarsophalangeal/metacarpophalangeal involvement, and morning stiffness of >or=30 minutes. CONCLUSION The proposed early referral recommendation is a viable tool for primary care doctors to identify potential patients with active RA early in the disease. Early referral to a rheumatologist for definitive diagnosis and early DMARD treatment should improve the long term outcome of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Emery
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, UK.
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Gabriel SE, Wagner JL, Zinsmeister AR, Scott CG, Luthra HS. Is rheumatoid arthritis care more costly when provided by rheumatologists compared with generalists? ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:1504-14. [PMID: 11465700 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200107)44:7<1504::aid-art272>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Controversy surrounds the cost-effectiveness of rheumatologist care compared with generalist care for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Rheumatologists can provide 2 distinct types of care for RA patients: primary care and specialist care. We sought to examine the relationship between cost and type of care in a population-based cohort of patients with RA. METHODS Data regarding specialty of care and use of health services (i.e., total direct medical costs, surgeries, radiographs, laboratory tests, hospital days) were collected from a community sample of 249 patients with RA (defined using the 1987 American College of Rheumatology diagnostic criteria) among Rochester, Minnesota residents > or =35 years of age. In a randomly selected subset of 99 of these RA patients, detailed information on all physician encounters was collected and categorized according to whether or not the care received constituted "primary care" according to the Institute of Medicine definition. Using these data, we evaluated the influence of type of care as well as specialty of provider on utilization. For these analyses, total direct costs included all inpatient and outpatient health care costs incurred by all local providers (excluding outpatient prescription drugs). RESULTS The 249 patients with RA (mean age 64 years, 75% women) were followed up for a median of 5.4 years, while the subset of 99 RA patients (mean age 64 years, 77% women) were followed up for a median of 4.7 years. The overall median direct medical costs per person per year were $2,749 and $2,929 for the total cohort and for the subset of 99 patients, respectively. Generalized linear regression analyses (considering all visits of the 249 RA patients) revealed that after adjusting for demographics and disease characteristics, rheumatologist care (compared with nonrheumatologist care) was not associated with higher total direct medical costs (P = 0.85) or more hospital days (P = 0.35), but was associated with slightly more radiographs (P = 0.037) and significantly more laboratory tests (P < 0.0001). When considering only primary care, such care by rheumatologists was, again, not associated with higher total direct medical costs (P = 0.11) or more hospital days (P = 0.69) or more laboratory tests (P = 0.54), but was associated with slightly more radiographs (P = 0.035). CONCLUSION Rheumatologist care is not more costly than generalist care for patients with RA. Important differences (especially in the use of laboratory tests) become apparent when the type of care provided as well as the specialty of the provider are considered in the analyses.
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MacLean CH. Evaluating the quality of care in rheumatic diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2001; 13:99-103. [PMID: 11224733 DOI: 10.1097/00002281-200103000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the level of health care quality and the factors that affect it is necessary for providers and insurers to optimize health outcomes for patients and should be carefully considered when making decisions about resource allocation. Additionally, information about health care quality can be used by patients and others to inform decisions about the purchase of health care. Although much work has been done to characterize the quality of health care, little is known about the quality of care for the rheumatic diseases. This paper reviews what is known about health care quality for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H MacLean
- University of California-Los Angeles Multipurpose Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary care physicians (PCPs) exhibit widely varying referral rates, resulting in dramatic differences in the exposure of their patients to specialists. The relationships between this physician behavior and costs and patient outcomes are unknown. OBJECTIVES To examine the relationships between PCP referral rates and costs, risk of avoidable hospitalization, health status, and satisfaction. DESIGN Cross-sectional analyses of claims and patient survey data. SETTING AND SUBJECTS Independent practice association (IPA)-style managed care organization in the Rochester, NY, metropolitan area. The 1995 claims data included 457 PCPs in the IPA and 217,606 adult patients assigned to their panels. Approximately 50 consecutive patients of each of a random sample of 100 PCPs completed a patient survey in 1997-1998. MEASURES From the claims data, total expenditures per panel member, the risk of avoidable hospitalization, and physician referral rate were measured. Measures derived from the survey included SF-12 scores, satisfaction, and physician referral rate. RESULTS The relationship between physician referral rate and per-panel-member costs was not statistically significant after case-mix adjustment of the referral rate. There was no relationship between the case-mix-adjusted referral rate and risk of avoidable hospitalization. In the survey data, there was no adjusted relationship between the physicians' referral rate and their patients' self-rated physical or mental health. There was a modest direct relationship between patient satisfaction and survey-derived referral rate. CONCLUSIONS Despite stable, wide variations in PCP referral rates, there are few discemible relationships between this physician behavior and costs and patient outcomes. Efforts to constrain PCP referrals to specialists may be misguided.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Franks
- Primary Care Institute, Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester, New York, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy has been touted as effective therapy for chronic pancreatitis and unexplained abdominal pain resulting from pancreatic sphincter dysfunction. Although short-term data are encouraging, there are no reports on how these patients fare beyond the first few months. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of records on all patients who had pancreatic sphincterotomy during a 4-year period between August 1992 and November 1996. Chronic pancreatitis was diagnosed by pancreatography. Patients were evaluated for symptomatic response to pancreatic sphincterotomy and clinical improvement was defined as greater than 50% reduction in the magnitude of pain. RESULTS Fifty-five patients had pancreatic sphincterotomy including patients with (n = 40) and without (n = 15) chronic pancreatitis. After a median follow-up of 16 months, 60% of all patients reported improvement of pain scores (3.6 +/- 3.4 vs. 8.8 +/- 1.8; p < 0.01) with the best response in patients without evidence of chronic pancreatitis. Complications of pancreatic sphincterotomy included pancreatitis in 5 patients (9%), bleeding in 2 (3.6%) and early stent occlusion in 5 patients (9%). There were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS In a subgroup of patients with pancreatic sphincter dysfunction, endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy results in significant sustained clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Okolo
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Jennings BM, Staggers N, Brosch LR. A classification scheme for outcome indicators. IMAGE--THE JOURNAL OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP 2000; 31:381-8. [PMID: 10628106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a framework for classifying outcome indicators for a more comprehensive view of outcomes and quality. METHODS Review of outcomes literature published since 1974 from medicine, nursing, and health services research to identify indicators. Outcome indicators were clustered inductively. FINDINGS Three groups of outcome indicators were identified: patient-focused, provider-focused, and organization-focused. Although investigators tend to focus on a select few outcome indicators, such as patient satisfaction, quality of life, and mortality, many indicators exist to measure outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Selecting and integrating a wide array of outcome indicators from the various categories will provide a more balanced view of health care delivery as compared with focusing on a few common indicators or only one category.
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Boyer CG. Case management for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. THE CASE MANAGER 1999; 10:65-72; quiz 73. [PMID: 11094971 DOI: 10.1016/s1061-9259(99)80134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mary was in her mid-20s when a long day of shopping made her feet hurt so much that she sought the care of a podiatrist. Radiographs showed no abnormalities in her bones, so it was not until several months later, when her hands became swollen and painful, that she was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by her primary care physician.
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Suarez-Almazor ME, Kaul P. Health services research. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1999; 11:110-6. [PMID: 10319213 DOI: 10.1097/00002281-199903000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the past year, several publications have reported on aspects of health services research in regard to musculoskeletal disorders. Utilization studies in the elderly have shown that an effective procedure such as hip arthroplasty may be underused in this population. As well, surgical complications in these patients appear to vary according to the number of procedures performed in a hospital, with high-volume hospitals showing better outcomes. Studies of practice patterns show variations among rheumatologists in the treatment of various rheumatic diseases. Practice variations between physician groups, in particular, rheumatologists versus primary care providers, have also been reported. Several studies show that primary care physicians may have some difficulties in diagnosing common rheumatic disorders. There is some evidence as well that rheumatologists may provide better care for some conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis. These findings have major implications for restrictions to patient access to specialist care by health organizations. A variety of clinical practice guidelines have been developed and tested, most aimed at general practitioners. Physician compliance with guidelines continues to be low for most implementation strategies. Multidisciplinary programs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis appear to have a somewhat beneficial effect. Programs based only on patient education appear to have short-term gains, and longer-term effects are diluted because of noncompliant behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Suarez-Almazor
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Oral Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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