1
|
Matomäki P, Heinonen OJ, Nummela A, Laukkanen J, Auvinen EP, Pirkola L, Kyröläinen H. Durability is improved by both low and high intensity endurance training. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1128111. [PMID: 36875044 PMCID: PMC9977827 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1128111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This is one of the first intervention studies to examine how low- (LIT) and high-intensity endurance training (HIT) affect durability, defined as 'time of onset and magnitude of deterioration in physiological-profiling characteristics over time during prolonged exercise'. Methods: Sedentary and recreationally active men (n = 16) and women (n = 19) completed either LIT (average weekly training time 6.8 ± 0.7 h) or HIT (1.6 ± 0.2 h) cycling for 10 weeks. Durability was analyzed before and after the training period from three factors during 3-h cycling at 48% of pretraining maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max): 1) by the magnitude and 2) onset of drifts (i.e. gradual change in energy expenditure, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, ventilation, left ventricular ejection time, and stroke volume), 3) by the 'physiological strain', defined to be the absolute responses of heart rate and its variability, lactate, and rate of perceived exertion. Results: When all three factors were averaged the durability was improved similarly (time x group p = 0.42) in both groups (LIT: p = 0.03, g = 0.49; HIT: p = 0.01, g = 0.62). In the LIT group, magnitude of average of drifts and their onset did not reach statistically significance level of p < 0.05 (magnitude: 7.7 ± 6.8% vs. 6.3 ± 6.0%, p = 0.09, g = 0.27; onset: 106 ± 57 min vs. 131 ± 59 min, p = 0.08, g = 0.58), while averaged physiological strain improved (p = 0.01, g = 0.60). In HIT, both magnitude and onset decreased (magnitude: 8.8 ± 7.9% vs. 5.4 ± 6.7%, p = 0.03, g = 0.49; onset: 108 ± 54 min vs. 137 ± 57 min, p = 0.03, g = 0.61), and physiological strain improved (p = 0.005, g = 0.78). VO2max increased only after HIT (time x group p < 0.001, g = 1.51). Conclusion: Durability improved similarly by both LIT and HIT based on reduced physiological drifts, their postponed onsets, and changes in physiological strain. Despite durability enhanced among untrained people, a 10-week intervention did not alter drifts and their onsets in a large amount, even though it attenuated physiological strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Matomäki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ari Nummela
- Finnish Institute of High Performance Sport KIHU, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Laukkanen
- Central Finland Healthcare District, Department of Medicine, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eero-Pekka Auvinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Leena Pirkola
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smith NDW, Scott BR, Girard O, Peiffer JJ. Aerobic Training With Blood Flow Restriction for Endurance Athletes: Potential Benefits and Considerations of Implementation. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3541-3550. [PMID: 34175880 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Smith, NDW, Scott, BR, Girard, O, and Peiffer, JJ. Aerobic training with blood flow restriction for endurance athletes: potential benefits and considerations of implementation. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3541-3550, 2022-Low-intensity aerobic training with blood flow restriction (BFR) can improve maximal oxygen uptake, delay the onset of blood lactate accumulation, and may provide marginal benefits to economy of motion in untrained individuals. Such a training modality could also improve these physiological attributes in well-trained athletes. Indeed, aerobic BFR training could be beneficial for those recovering from injury, those who have limited time for training a specific physiological capacity, or as an adjunct training stimulus to provide variation in a program. However, similarly to endurance training without BFR, using aerobic BFR training to elicit physiological adaptations in endurance athletes will require additional considerations compared with nonendurance athletes. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the acute and chronic aspects of aerobic BFR exercise for well-trained endurance athletes and highlight considerations for its effective implementation. This review first highlights key physiological capacities of endurance performance. The acute and chronic responses to aerobic BFR exercise and their impact on performance are then discussed. Finally, considerations for prescribing and monitoring aerobic BFR exercise in trained endurance populations are addressed to challenge current views on how BFR exercise is implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D W Smith
- Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia ; and
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia ; and
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bioenergetic Evaluation of Muscle Fatigue in Murine Tongue. Dysphagia 2022:10.1007/s00455-022-10537-y. [DOI: 10.1007/s00455-022-10537-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMuscle fatigue is the diminution of force required for a particular action over time. Fatigue may be particularly pronounced in aging muscles, including those used for swallowing actions. Because risk for swallowing impairment (dysphagia) increases with aging, the contribution of muscle fatigue to age-related dysphagia is an emerging area of interest. The use of animal models, such as mice and rats (murine models) allows experimental paradigms for studying the relationship between muscle fatigue and swallowing function with a high degree of biological precision that is not possible in human studies. The goal of this article is to review basic experimental approaches to the study of murine tongue muscle fatigue related to dysphagia. Traditionally, murine muscle fatigue has been studied in limb muscles through direct muscle stimulation and behavioral exercise paradigms. As such, physiological and bioenergetic markers of muscle fatigue that have been validated in limb muscles may be applicable in studies of cranial muscle fatigue with appropriate modifications to account for differences in muscle architecture, innervation ratio, and skeletal support. Murine exercise paradigms may be used to elicit acute fatigue in tongue muscles, thereby enabling study of putative muscular adaptations. Using these approaches, hypotheses can be developed and tested in mice and rats to allow for future focused studies in human subjects geared toward developing and optimizing treatments for age-related dysphagia.
Collapse
|
4
|
The Effects of Blackcurrant and Caffeine Combinations on Performance and Physiology During Repeated High-Intensity Cycling. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:462-467. [PMID: 35981712 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Blackcurrant juices and extracts containing anthocyanin may provide ergogenic benefits to sports performance. However, there are no studies examining the effects of coingestion of blackcurrant and caffeine. This investigation examined the effects of acute supplementation with a proprietary blackcurrant beverage administered in isolation or in combination with caffeine on repeated high-intensity cycling. Twelve well-trained male cyclists (mean ± SD: age, 39.5 ± 11.4 years; height, 177.9 ± 5.7 cm; weight, 78.2 ± 8.9 kg; and peak oxygen consumption, 4.71 ± 0.61 L/min) completed experimental sessions consisting of repeated (8 × 5 min) maximal intensity efforts. Four experimental treatments were administered in a double-blind, balanced Latin square design: blackcurrant + caffeine, blackcurrant + placebo, caffeine + placebo and placebo + placebo. Differences in power output, heart rate, oxygen consumption, muscle oxygen saturation, rate of perceived exertion, and cognitive function (Stroop) were compared between treatments using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and effect size analysis. There were no significant differences (p > .05) in either physiological or cognitive variables with any supplement treatment (blackcurrant + caffeine, blackcurrant + placebo, and caffeine + placebo) relative to placebo + placebo. Moreover, any observed differences were deemed trivial (d < 0.2) in magnitude. However, power output was lower (p < .05) in blackcurrant + placebo compared with blackcurrant + caffeine. A blackcurrant extract beverage administered in isolation or combination with caffeine provided no beneficial effect on cycling performance or physiological measures relative to a placebo control.
Collapse
|
5
|
The Effect of Low-intensity Aerobic Training Combined with Blood Flow Restriction on Maximal Strength, Muscle Mass, and Cycling Performance in a Cyclist with Knee Displacement. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052993. [PMID: 35270686 PMCID: PMC8910006 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity aerobic training combined with blood flow restriction (LI + BFR) has resulted in increases in aerobic and neuromuscular capacities in untrained individuals. This strategy may help cyclists incapable of training with high intensity bouts or during a rehabilitation program. However, there is a lack of evidence about the use of LI + BFR in injured trained cyclists. Thus, we investigated the effects of LI + BFR on aerobic capacity, maximal isometric strength, cross-sectional area of vastus lateralis (CSAVL), time to exhaustion test (TTE), and 20 km cycling time-trial performance (TT20 km) in a male cyclist with knee osteoarthritis (OA). After a 4-week control period, a 9-week (2 days/week) intervention period started. Pre- and post-intervention TT20 km, peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), power output of the 1st and 2nd ventilatory thresholds (1st WVT and 2nd WVT), maximum power output (Wmax), TTE, muscle strength and CSAVL of both legs were measured. Training intensity was fixed at 30% of Wmax while the duration was progressively increased from 12 min to 24 min. There was a reduction in time to complete TT20 km (−1%) with increases in TT20 km mean power output (3.9%), VO2peak (11.4%), 2nd WVT (8.3%), Wmax (3.8%), TTE (15.5%), right and left legs maximal strength (1.3% and 8.5%, respectively) and CSAVL (3.3% and 3.7%, respectively). There was no alteration in 1st WVT. Based on the results, we suggest that LI + BFR may be a promising training strategy to improve the performance of knee-injured cyclists with knee OA.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mateo-March M, Moya-Ramón M, Javaloyes A, Sánchez-Muñoz C, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Validity of Detrended Fluctuation Analysis of Heart Rate Variability to determine intensity thresholds in professional cyclists. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:580-587. [PMID: 35238695 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2047228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evaluation of performance in endurance athletes and the subsequent individualization of training is based on the determination of individual physiological thresholds during incremental tests. Gas exchange or blood lactate analysis are usually implemented for this purpose, but these methodologies are expensive and invasive. The short-term scaling exponent alpha 1 of detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA-α1) of the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) has been proposed as a non-invasive methodology to detect intensity thresholds. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to analyse the validity of DFA-α1 HRV analysis to determine the individual training thresholds in elite cyclists and to compare them against the lactate thresholds. METHODOLOGY 38 male elite cyclists performed a graded exercise test to determine their individual thresholds. HRV and blood lactate were monitored during the test. The first (LT1 and DFA-α1-0.75, for lactate and HRV, respectively) and second (LT2 and DFA-α1-0.5, for lactate and HRV, respectively) training intensity thresholds were calculated. Then, these points were matched to their respective power output (PO) and heart rate (HR). RESULTS There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the DFA-α1-0.75 and LT1 with significant positive correlations in PO (r = 0.85) and HR (r = 0.66). The DFA-α1-0.5 was different against LT2 in PO (p = 0.04) and HR (p = 0.02), but it showed significant positive correlation in PO (r = 0.93) and HR (r = 0.71). CONCLUSIONS The DFA1-a-0.75 can be used to estimate LT1 non-invasively in elite cyclists. Further research should explore the validity of DFA-α1-0.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Mateo-March
- Sports Research Centre (Department of Sport Sciences), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Spain.,Universidad Europea de Madrid, Sport Sciences
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Sports Research Centre (Department of Sport Sciences), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Spain
| | - Alejandro Javaloyes
- Sports Research Centre (Department of Sport Sciences), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Spain
| | | | - Vicente J Clemente-Suárez
- Sports Research Centre (Department of Sport Sciences), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, 080002 Barranquilla, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bennett S, Tiollier E, Brocherie F, Owens DJ, Morton JP, Louis J. Three weeks of a home-based "sleep low-train low" intervention improves functional threshold power in trained cyclists: A feasibility study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260959. [PMID: 34855913 PMCID: PMC8639084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background “Sleep Low-Train Low” is a training-nutrition strategy intended to purposefully reduce muscle glycogen availability around specific exercise sessions, potentially amplifying the training stimulus via augmented cell signalling. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a 3-week home-based “sleep low-train low” programme and its effects on cycling performance in trained athletes. Methods Fifty-five trained athletes (Functional Threshold Power [FTP]: 258 ± 52W) completed a home-based cycling training program consisting of evening high-intensity training (6 × 5 min at 105% FTP), followed by low-intensity training (1 hr at 75% FTP) the next morning, three times weekly for three consecutive weeks. Participant’s daily carbohydrate (CHO) intake (6 g·kg-1·d-1) was matched but timed differently to manipulate CHO availability around exercise: no CHO consumption post- HIT until post-LIT sessions [Sleep Low (SL), n = 28] or CHO consumption evenly distributed throughout the day [Control (CON), n = 27]. Sessions were monitored remotely via power data uploaded to an online training platform, with performance tests conducted pre-, post-intervention. Results LIT exercise intensity reduced by 3% across week 1, 3 and 2% in week 2 (P < 0.01) with elevated RPE in SL vs. CON (P < 0.01). SL enhanced FTP by +5.5% vs. +1.2% in CON (P < 0.01). Comparable increases in 5-min peak power output (PPO) were observed between groups (P < 0.01) with +2.3% and +2.7% in SL and CON, respectively (P = 0.77). SL 1-min PPO was unchanged (+0.8%) whilst CON improved by +3.9% (P = 0.0144). Conclusion Despite reduced relative training intensity, our data demonstrate short-term “sleep low-train low” intervention improves FTP compared with typically “normal” CHO availability during exercise. Importantly, training was completed unsupervised at home (during the COVID-19 pandemic), thus demonstrating the feasibility of completing a “sleep low-train low” protocol under non-laboratory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bennett
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Eve Tiollier
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Daniel J. Owens
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rønnestad BR, Haugen OC, Dæhlin TE. Superior On-Ice Performance After Short-Interval vs. Long-Interval Training in Well-Trained Adolescent Ice Hockey Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:S76-S80. [PMID: 34334774 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rønnestad, BR, Haugen, OC, and Dæhlin, TE. Superior on-ice performance after short-interval vs long-interval training in well-trained adolescent ice hockey players. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S76-S80, 2021-The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 9 weeks with 3 weekly sessions of short intervals (SIs) against long intervals (LIs) on endurance performance in well-trained adolescent ice hockey players. Eighteen male adolescent ice hockey players volunteered to participate and were randomly allocated to perform SIs (n = 9; 3 series with 13 × 30 seconds work intervals) or LIs (n = 7; 4 series of 5 minutes work intervals). Subjects completed a skating multistage aerobic test (SMAT), maximal oxygen consumption, maximal power output, and maximal isokinetic knee-extensor strength tests before and after the intervention, and changes in performance were assessed using analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05). Short intervals improved SMAT performance more from pretest to post-test than LIs (13.9 ± 8.1% vs. 3.7 ± 5.2%, respectively; p = 0.030, effect size [ES] = 1.48). No significant differences were observed between SIs and LIs in change of maximal oxygen uptake (SI: 3.8 ± 6.1% vs. LI: -0.4 ± 10.2%; p = 0.30) or 60 seconds maximal power output (SI: 1.0 ± 4.9% vs. LI: -3.7 ± 4.1%; p = 0.053). However, ESs were moderate (ES = 0.55) and large (ES = 1.07), respectively, in favor of SI for these dependent variables. There were no changes in isokinetic knee-extension strength (p > 0.05). The present SI protocol induced superior improvements in on-ice endurance performance compared with the LI protocol. Practitioners seeking to improve ice hockey players' on-ice endurance performance should consider including SI in their conditioning protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bent R Rønnestad
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway; and
| | | | - Torstein E Dæhlin
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway; and.,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bourdas DI. PEA: Five maximum repeated apnea maneuvers prior to middle-distance racing. MethodsX 2021; 8:101490. [PMID: 34754762 PMCID: PMC8563480 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It was hypothesized that executing repeated maximum apnea efforts would improve performance in a subsequent time to exhaustion test. Indeed, in young moderately fit male subjects without former experience in apnea has been shown that five repeated apnea maximal efforts with face immersion in cold water (PEA) have advantageous effect to consecutive performance in a time to exhaustion ride without being further affected by apnea training of two weeks. So, in the current article, we describe, in details, the protocol procedure and the technical steps of the five maximum-repeated apnea maneuvers prior to a middle-distance racing in order to improve performance, from our previous relevant published research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios I. Bourdas
- Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Daphne, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bourdas DI, Geladas ND. Five repeated maximal efforts of apneas increase the time to exhaustion in subsequent high-intensity exercise. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 292:103703. [PMID: 34087491 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ten subjects were tested on a cycle ergometer to exhaustion with intensity corresponding to 150 % of their peak power output (TF150) under three conditions [C: base line measurement; PRE: after five repeated breath hold maneuvers (BH); and POST: after 5BH, preceded by two weeks of BH training]. Respiratory and blood measurements were carried out. Upon cessation of 5BH, subjects compared to C condition started TF150 with reduced arterialized blood pH (C:7.428±0.023, PRE:7.419±0.016, POST:7.398±0.021) and elevated bicarbonate concentration (mmol/l), ventilation (l/min) and oxygen uptake (ml/min) (C:28.4±1.5, PRE:29.9±1.2, POST:30.0±1.8; C:10.4±2.5, PRE:13.3±3.3, POST:15.6±5.6; C:333.0±113.8, PRE:550.1±131.1, POST:585.1±192.8, respectively). After TF150, subjects had significantly reduced pH and elevated ventilation, and oxygen uptake in PRE and POST, in comparison to the C condition. TF150 (sec) significantly improved after 5BH without being further affected by BH training (C:44.8±8.1, PRE:49.2±4.8, POST:49.3±8.2). Priming breath holds prior to middle-distance racing may improve performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios I Bourdas
- Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237, Daphne, Greece.
| | - Nickos D Geladas
- Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237, Daphne, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rosenblat MA, Lin E, da Costa BR, Thomas SG. Programming Interval Training to Optimize Time-Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:1687-1714. [PMID: 33826121 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interval training has become an essential component of endurance training programs because it can facilitate a substantial improvement in endurance sport performance. Two forms of interval training that are commonly used to improve endurance sport performance are high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT). Despite extensive research, there is no consensus concerning the optimal method to manipulate the interval training programming variables to maximize endurance performance for differing individuals. OBJECTIVE The objective of this manuscript was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of interval training studies to determine the influence that individual characteristics and training variables have on time-trial (TT) performance. DATA SOURCES SPORTDiscus and Medline with Full Text were explored to conduct a systematic literature search. STUDY SELECTION The following criteria were used to select studies appropriate for the review: 1. the studies were prospective in nature; 2. included individuals between the ages of 18 and 65 years; 3. included an interval training (HIIT or SIT) program at least 2 weeks in duration; 4. included a TT test that required participants to complete a set distance; 5. and programmed HIIT by power or velocity. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria for the quantitative analysis with a total of 67 separate groups. The participants included males (n = 400) and females (n = 91) with a mean group age of 25 (range 19-45) years and mean [Formula: see text] of 52 (range 32-70) mL·kg-1·min-1. The training status of the participants comprised of inactive (n = 75), active (n = 146) and trained (n = 258) individuals. Training status played a significant role in improvements in TT performance with trained individuals only seeing improvements of approximately 2% whereas individuals of lower training status demonstrated improvements as high as 6%. The change in TT performance with HIIT depended on the duration but not the intensity of the interval work-bout. There was a dose-response relationship with the number of HIIT sessions, training weeks and total work with changes in TT performance. However, the dose-response was not present with SIT. CONCLUSION Optimization of interval training programs to produce TT performance improvements should be done according to training status. Our analysis suggests that increasing interval training dose beyond minimal requirements may not augment the training response. In addition, optimal dosing differs between high intensity and sprint interval programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rosenblat
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Edward Lin
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bruno R da Costa
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Applied Health Research Center (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Scott G Thomas
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Nygaard H, Lundby C. Superior performance improvements in elite cyclists following short-interval vs effort-matched long-interval training. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:849-857. [PMID: 31977120 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 3 weeks with three weekly sessions (ie, nine sessions in total) of short intervals (SI; n = 9; 3 series with 13 × 30-second work intervals interspersed with 15-second recovery and 3-minutes recovery between series) against effort-matched (rate of perceived effort based) long intervals (LI; n = 9; 4 series of 5-minute work intervals with 2.5-minutes recovery between series) on performance parameters in elite cyclists ( V ˙ O 2max 73 ± 4 mL min-1 kg-1 ). There were no differences between groups in total volume and intensity distribution of training during the intervention period. SI achieved a larger (P < .05) relative improvement in peak aerobic power output than LI (3.7 ± 4.3% vs -0.3 ± 2.8%, respectively), fractional utilization of V ˙ O 2max at 4 mmol L-1 [La- ] (3.0 ± 5.8 percent points vs -3.5 ± 2.7 percent points, respectively), and larger relative increase in power output at 4 mmol L-1 [La- ] (2.0 ± 6.7% vs -2.8 ± 3.4, respectively), while there was no group difference in change of V ˙ O 2max . Improvements in performance measured as mean power output during 20-minute cycling test were greater (P < .01) in SI compared with LI (4.7 ± 4.4% vs -1.4 ± 2.2%, respectively). Mean effect size of the improvement in the above variables revealed a small to large effect of SI training vs LI training. The data thus demonstrate that the present SI protocol induces superior training adaptations compared with the present LI protocol in elite cyclists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bent R Rønnestad
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Joar Hansen
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Håvard Nygaard
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Festa L, Tarperi C, Skroce K, La Torre A, Schena F. Effects of Different Training Intensity Distribution in Recreational Runners. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 1:70. [PMID: 33344993 PMCID: PMC7739641 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the impact of two different training intensity distributions in terms of conditional and performance parameters and spent time to training in recreational athletes. Methods: Two different training intensity distribution model were performed for 8 weeks by 38 recreational runners. Runners recruited were randomly assigned to 2 different training models based on HR intensity detected with maximal test. The percentage distribution splitted in zone 1, 2, and 3 were by 77/3/20 and 40/50/10 in polarized endurance training group (PET) and focused endurance training (FOC) group, respectively. Programs were balanced for total training impulse (TRIMP). To evaluate effects of training, before and after treatment were performed a maximal exercise test to determine Maximal Oxygen Uptake (V'O2max), Ventilatory Threshold (VT), respiratory-compensation point (RCT) Running Economy (RE), and 2 Km performance. To investigate the effects of training on muscular performance were performed one repetition maximum (1 RM), squat jump (SJ), and counter movement jump (CMJ). Results: Both groups significantly improved their velocity at V'O2max (3.2 and 4.0%), at VT (4.0 and 3.2%), RCT (5.7 and 3.4%), the average velocity in 2 Km performance (3.5 and 3.0%) and RE (−5.3 and −8.7%) for PET and FOC, respectively for each variable. No differences were found between the groups on any parameter investigated except about the total training time (PET = 29.9 ± 3.1 h and FOC = 24.8 ± 2.0 h). Conclusion: Focused Endurance Training obtains similar improvements than Polarized Endurance Training saving 17% of training time in recreational runners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Festa
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Kristina Skroce
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Comparison of Reduced-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training and High-Volume Training on Endurance Performance in Triathletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:239-245. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
15
|
Sanders D, Heijboer M. The anaerobic power reserve and its applicability in professional road cycling. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:621-629. [PMID: 30317920 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1522684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined if short-duration record power outputs can be predicted with the Anaerobic Power Reserve (APR) model in professional cyclists using a field-based approach. Additionally, we evaluated if modified model parameters could improve predictive ability of the model. Twelve professional cyclists (V̇O2max 75 ± 6 ml∙kg-1∙min-1) participated in this investigation. Using the mean power output during the last stage of an incremental field test, sprint peak power output and an exponential constant describing the decrement in power output over time, a power-duration relationship was established for each participant. Record power outputs of different durations (5 to 180 s) were collected from training and competition data and compared to the predicted power output from the APR model. The originally proposed exponent (k = 0.026) predicted performance within an average of 43 W (Standard Error of Estimate (SEE) of 32 W) and 5.9%. Modified model parameters slightly improved predictive ability to a mean of 34-39 W (SEE of 29 - 35 W) and 4.1 - 5.3%. This study shows that a single exponent model generally fits well with the decrement in power output over time in professional cyclists. Modified model parameters may contribute to improving predictability of the model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dajo Sanders
- a Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group , University of Stirling , Stirling , UK.,b Sport, Exercise and Health Research Centre , Newman University , Birmingham , UK
| | - Mathieu Heijboer
- c Team LottoNL-Jumbo professional cycling team , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rønnestad BR, Moen M, Gunnerød S, Øfsteng S. Adding vibration to high-intensity intervals increase time at high oxygen uptake in well-trained cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2473-2480. [PMID: 30113750 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The importance of accumulated time ≥90% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max ) to improve performance in well-trained endurance athletes is well established. The present study compared the acute effects of adding vibrations (VIB; 40 Hz) with the work intervals during a high-intensity cycling session (HIT) with a traditional HIT session without vibration (TRAD) on time ≥90% of VO2max , time ≥90% of peak heart rate (HRpeak ), electromyography (EMG) activity, and mean power in well-trained cyclists (n = 10, VO2max =78.6 ± 7.4 mL/min/kg). The order of VIB and TRAD was randomized and consisted of 6 × 5-minutes work intervals performed with the highest possible mean power across the work intervals (2.5-minutes standardized relief periods). VIB was superior to TRAD on time ≥90% of VO2max , (10.99 ± 7.00 vs 6.95 ± 5.28 minutes, respectively), time ≥90% of HRpeak (24.61 ± 2.38 vs 19.97 ± 4.12 minutes, respectively), and averaged EMG activity in m. Vastus Lateralis during the work intervals (all P < 0.05). The EMG/power output ratio across all work intervals was higher in VIB than TRAD (P < 0.05). Mean values across work intervals showed no difference between VIB and TRAD in mean power, rate of perceived exertion, or blood lactate concentration. Thus, the present study indicated that adding vibration to the work intervals during a HIT session can acutely increase the physiological responses of the cardiovascular system and increase time ≥90% VO2max and should therefore be considered in order to optimize the exercise stimulus of well-trained cyclists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bent R Rønnestad
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Maria Moen
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Sofia Gunnerød
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Sjur Øfsteng
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Robach P, Pichon A, Siebenmann C, Rønnestad BR, Lundby C. Response to Millet and Brocherie. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2244-2245. [PMID: 29981191 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Robach
- Ecole Nationale des Sports de Montagne, Site de l'Ecole Nationale de Ski et d'Alpinisme, Chamonix, France
| | - Aurélien Pichon
- Laboratory Mobility, Aging & Exercise (MOVE) - EA 6314, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Christoph Siebenmann
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bent R Rønnestad
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Carsten Lundby
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Terada T, Toghi Eshghi SR, Liubaoerjijin Y, Kennedy M, Myette-Côté É, Fletcher K, Boulé NG. Overnight fasting compromises exercise intensity and volume during sprint interval training but improves high-intensity aerobic endurance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:357-365. [PMID: 29619796 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combined effects of sprint interval training (SIT) and exercising in the fasted state are unknown. We compared the effects of SIT with exogenous carbohydrate supplementation (SIT-CHO) and SIT following overnight fast (SIT-Fast) on aerobic capacity (peak oxygen consumption: V̇O2peak) and high-intensity aerobic endurance (time-to-exhaustion at 85% V̇O2peak [T85%]). METHODS Twenty male cyclists were randomized to SIT-CHO and SIT-Fast. Both groups performed 30-second all-out cycling followed by 4-minute active recovery 3 times per week for 4 weeks, with the number of sprint bouts progressing from 4 to 7. Peak power output (PPO) and total mechanical work were measured for each sprint interval bout. The SIT-CHO group performed exercise sessions following breakfast and consumed carbohydrate drink during exercise, whereas the SIT-Fast group performed exercise sessions following overnight fast and consumed water during exercise. Before and after training, V̇O2peak and T85% were assessed. Blood glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, insulin and glucagon concentrations were measured during T85%. RESULTS Overall PPO and mechanical work were lower in SIT-Fast than SIT-CHO (3664.9 vs. 3871.7 J/kg; P=0.021 and 10.6 vs. 9.9 W/kg; P=0.010, respectively). Post-training V̇O2peak did not differ between groups. Baseline-adjusted post-training T85% was longer in SIT-Fast compared to SIT-CHO (19.7±3.0 vs. 16.6±3.0 minutes, ANCOVA P=0.038) despite no changes in circulating energy substrates or hormones. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SIT-Fast compromises exercise intensity and volume but still can have a greater impact on the ability to sustain high-intensity aerobic endurance exercise compared to SIT-CHO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Terada
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Étienne Myette-Côté
- -052 Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sökmen B, Witchey RL, Adams GM, Beam WC. Effects of Sprint Interval Training With Active Recovery vs. Endurance Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Power, Muscular Strength, and Sprint Ability. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:624-631. [PMID: 29466267 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sökmen, B, Witchey, RL, Adams, GM, and Beam, WC. Effects of sprint interval training with active recovery vs. endurance training on aerobic and anaerobic power, muscular strength, and sprint ability. J Strength Cond Res 32(3): 624-631, 2018-This study compared sprint interval training with active recovery (SITAR) to moderate-intensity endurance training (ET) in aerobic and anaerobic power, muscular strength, and sprint time results. Forty-two recreationally active adults were randomly assigned to a SITAR or ET group. Both groups trained 3× per week for 10 weeks at 75% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max for 30 minutes weeks 1-4, with duration increasing to 35 minutes weeks 5-7 and 40 minutes weeks 8-10. While ET ran on a 400-m track without rest for the full training session, SITAR sprinted until the 200-m mark and recovered with fast walking or light jogging the second 200 m to the finish line in 3× original sprint time. Maximal oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max), anaerobic treadmill run to exhaustion at 12.5 km·h at 20% incline, isokinetic leg extension and flexion strength at 60 and 300°·s, and 50 m sprint time were determined before and after training. Results showed a significant improvement (p ≤ 0.05) in absolute and relative V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, anaerobic treadmill run, and sprint time in both groups. Only SITAR showed significant improvements in isokinetic leg extension and flexion at 300°·s and decreases in body mass (p ≤ 0.05). SITAR also showed significantly greater improvement (p ≤ 0.05) over ET in anaerobic treadmill run and 50 m sprint time. These data suggest that SITAR is a time-efficient strategy to induce rapid adaptations in V[Combining Dot Above]O2max comparable to ET with added improvements in anaerobic power, isokinetic strength, and sprint time not observed with ET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bülent Sökmen
- Department of Kinesiology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California
| | - Ronald L Witchey
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, California
| | - Gene M Adams
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, California
| | - William C Beam
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, California
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Black MI, Jones AM, Morgan PT, Bailey SJ, Fulford J, Vanhatalo A. The Effects of β-Alanine Supplementation on Muscle pH and the Power-Duration Relationship during High-Intensity Exercise. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29515455 PMCID: PMC5826376 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the influence of β-alanine (BA) supplementation on muscle carnosine content, muscle pH and the power-duration relationship (i.e., critical power and W′). Methods: In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, 20 recreationally-active males (22 ± 3 y, V°O2peak 3.73 ± 0.44 L·min−1) ingested either BA (6.4 g/d for 28 d) or placebo (PL) (6.4 g/d) for 28 d. Subjects completed an incremental test and two 3-min all-out tests separated by 1-min on a cycle ergometer pre- and post-supplementation. Muscle pH was assessed using 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) during incremental (INC KEE) and intermittent knee-extension exercise (INT KEE). Muscle carnosine content was determined using 1H-MRS. Results: There were no differences in the change in muscle carnosine content from pre- to post-intervention (PL: 1 ± 16% vs. BA: −4 ± 25%) or in muscle pH during INC KEE or INT KEE (P > 0.05) between PL and BA, but blood pH (PL: −0.06 ± 0.10 vs. BA: 0.09 ± 0.13) during the incremental test was elevated post-supplementation in the BA group only (P < 0.05). The changes from pre- to post-supplementation in critical power (PL: −8 ± 18 W vs. BA: −6 ± 17 W) and W′ (PL: 1.8 ± 3.3 kJ vs. BA: 1.5 ± 1.7 kJ) were not different between groups. No relationships were detected between muscle carnosine content and indices of exercise performance. Conclusions: BA supplementation had no significant effect on muscle carnosine content and no influence on intramuscular pH during incremental or high-intensity intermittent knee-extension exercise. The small increase in blood pH following BA supplementation was not sufficient to significantly alter the power-duration relationship or exercise performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew I Black
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Paul T Morgan
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Fulford
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sanchez AMJ, Borrani F. Effects of intermittent hypoxic training performed at high hypoxia level on exercise performance in highly trained runners. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2045-2052. [PMID: 29394148 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1434747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study exanimated the effects of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) conducted at a high level of hypoxia with recovery at ambient air on aerobic/anaerobic capacities at sea level and hematological variations. According to a double-blind randomized design, fifteen highly endurance-trained runners completed a 6-weeks regimented training with 3 sessions per week consisting of intermittent runs (6x work-rest ratio of 5':5') on a treadmill at 80-85% of maximal aerobic speed ([Formula: see text]). Nine athletes (hypoxic group, HG) performed the exercise bouts at FI02 = 10.6-11.4% while six athletes (normoxic group, NG) exercised at ambient air. Running time to exhaustion at a velocity corresponding to 95% [Formula: see text] significantly increased for HG while no effect was found for NG. Regarding [Formula: see text], no significant effects were found in either training group. In addition, the decline of jumping performances over a 45s-continuous maximal vertical jump test (i.e. anaerobic capacity index) tended to be lower in HG compared to NG. The levels of the studied hematological variables, including erythropoietin and hematocrit, did not significantly change for either HG or NG. These results highlight that our IHT protocol may induce additional effects on aerobic performance without compromising the anaerobic capacity index in highly-trained athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M J Sanchez
- a Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude, EA4604 , University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Department of Sports Sciences , Font-Romeu , France
| | - Fabio Borrani
- b Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Oxygen uptake kinetics following six weeks of interval and continuous endurance exercise training − An explorative pilot study. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 247:156-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
23
|
Sindiani M, Eliakim A, Segev D, Meckel Y. The effect of two different interval-training programmes on physiological and performance indices. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:830-837. [PMID: 28486086 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1321687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of an increasing-distance, interval-training programme and a decreasing-distance, interval-training programme, matched for total distance, on aerobic and anaerobic physiological indices. Forty physical education students were randomly assigned to either the increasing- or decreasing-distance, interval-training group (ITG and DTG), and completed two similar relevant sets of tests before and after six weeks of training. One training programme consisted of increasing-distance interval-training (100-200-300-400-500 m) and the other decreasing-distance interval training (500-400-300-200-100 m). While both training programmes led to a significant improvement in VO2 max (ES = 0.83-1.25), the improvement in the DTG was significantly greater than in the ITG (14.5 ± 3.6 vs. 7.8 ± 3.2%, p < .05). In addition, while both training programmes led to a significant improvement in all anaerobic indices (ES = 0.83-1.63), the improvements in peak power (15.7 ± 7.8 vs. 8.9 ± 4.7), mean power (10.6 ± 5.4 vs. 6.8 ± 4.4), and fatigue index (18.2 ± 10.9 vs. 7.0 ± 14.2) were significantly greater in the DTG compared to the ITG (p < .05). The main finding of the present study was that beyond the significant positive effects of both training programmes on aerobic and anaerobic fitness, the DTG showed significant superiority over the ITG in improving aerobic and anaerobic performance capabilities. Coaches and athletes should therefore be aware that, in spite of identical total work, an interval-training programme might induce different physiological impacts if the order of intervals is not identical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Sindiani
- a Life Science Department , Zinman College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Wingate Institute , Netanya , Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- a Life Science Department , Zinman College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Wingate Institute , Netanya , Israel.,b Pediatric Department , Child Health and Sport Center, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Daria Segev
- a Life Science Department , Zinman College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Wingate Institute , Netanya , Israel
| | - Yoav Meckel
- a Life Science Department , Zinman College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Wingate Institute , Netanya , Israel
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Burke LM, Ross ML, Garvican-Lewis LA, Welvaert M, Heikura IA, Forbes SG, Mirtschin JG, Cato LE, Strobel N, Sharma AP, Hawley JA. Low carbohydrate, high fat diet impairs exercise economy and negates the performance benefit from intensified training in elite race walkers. J Physiol 2017; 595:2785-2807. [PMID: 28012184 PMCID: PMC5407976 DOI: 10.1113/jp273230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Three weeks of intensified training and mild energy deficit in elite race walkers increases peak aerobic capacity independent of dietary support. Adaptation to a ketogenic low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diet markedly increases rates of whole-body fat oxidation during exercise in race walkers over a range of exercise intensities. The increased rates of fat oxidation result in reduced economy (increased oxygen demand for a given speed) at velocities that translate to real-life race performance in elite race walkers. In contrast to training with diets providing chronic or periodised high carbohydrate availability, adaptation to an LCHF diet impairs performance in elite endurance athletes despite a significant improvement in peak aerobic capacity. ABSTRACT We investigated the effects of adaptation to a ketogenic low carbohydrate (CHO), high fat diet (LCHF) during 3 weeks of intensified training on metabolism and performance of world-class endurance athletes. We controlled three isoenergetic diets in elite race walkers: high CHO availability (g kg-1 day-1 : 8.6 CHO, 2.1 protein, 1.2 fat) consumed before, during and after training (HCHO, n = 9); identical macronutrient intake, periodised within or between days to alternate between low and high CHO availability (PCHO, n = 10); LCHF (< 50 g day-1 CHO; 78% energy as fat; 2.1 g kg-1 day-1 protein; LCHF, n = 10). Post-intervention, V̇O2 peak during race walking increased in all groups (P < 0.001, 90% CI: 2.55, 5.20%). LCHF was associated with markedly increased rates of whole-body fat oxidation, attaining peak rates of 1.57 ± 0.32 g min-1 during 2 h of walking at ∼80% V̇O2 peak . However, LCHF also increased the oxygen (O2 ) cost of race walking at velocities relevant to real-life race performance: O2 uptake (expressed as a percentage of new V̇O2 peak ) at a speed approximating 20 km race pace was reduced in HCHO and PCHO (90% CI: -7.047, -2.55 and -5.18, -0.86, respectively), but was maintained at pre-intervention levels in LCHF. HCHO and PCHO groups improved times for 10 km race walk: 6.6% (90% CI: 4.1, 9.1%) and 5.3% (3.4, 7.2%), with no improvement (-1.6% (-8.5, 5.3%)) for the LCHF group. In contrast to training with diets providing chronic or periodised high-CHO availability, and despite a significant improvement in V̇O2 peak , adaptation to the topical LCHF diet negated performance benefits in elite endurance athletes, in part due to reduced exercise economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Burke
- Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia, 2616.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia, 3000
| | - Megan L Ross
- Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia, 2616.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia, 3000
| | - Laura A Garvican-Lewis
- Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia, 2616.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia, 3000
| | - Marijke Welvaert
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, Australia, 2617.,Innovation, Research and Development, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia, 2616
| | - Ida A Heikura
- Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia, 2616.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia, 3000
| | - Sara G Forbes
- Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia, 2616
| | - Joanne G Mirtschin
- Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia, 2616
| | - Louise E Cato
- Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia, 2616
| | | | - Avish P Sharma
- Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia, 2616
| | - John A Hawley
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia, 3000.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Marquet LA, Brisswalter J, Louis J, Tiollier E, Burke LM, Hawley JA, Hausswirth C. Enhanced Endurance Performance by Periodization of Carbohydrate Intake: "Sleep Low" Strategy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:663-72. [PMID: 26741119 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effect of a chronic dietary periodization strategy on endurance performance in trained athletes. METHODS Twenty-one triathletes (V˙O2max: 58.7 ± 5.7 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1)) were divided into two groups: a "sleep-low" (SL) (n = 11) and a control (CON) group (n = 10) consumed the same daily carbohydrate (CHO) intake (6 g·kg(-1)·d(-1)) but with different timing over the day to manipulate CHO availability before and after training sessions. The SL strategy consisted of a 3-wk training-diet intervention comprising three blocks of diet-exercise manipulations: 1) "train-high" interval training sessions in the evening with high-CHO availability, 2) overnight CHO restriction ("sleeping-low"), and 3) "train-low" sessions with low endogenous and exogenous CHO availability. The CON group followed the same training program but with high CHO availability throughout training sessions (no CHO restriction overnight, training sessions with exogenous CHO provision). RESULTS There was a significant improvement in delta efficiency during submaximal cycling for SL versus CON (CON, +1.4% ± 9.3%; SL, +11% ± 15%, P < 0.05). SL also improved supramaximal cycling to exhaustion at 150% of peak aerobic power (CON, +1.63% ± 12.4%; SL, +12.5% ± 19.0%; P = 0.06) and 10-km running performance (CON, -0.10% ± 2.03%; SL, -2.9% ± 2.15%; P < 0.05). Fat mass was decreased in SL (CON, -2.6 ± 7.4; SL, -8.5% ± 7.4% before; P < 0.01), but not lean mass (CON, -0.22 ± 1.0; SL, -0.16% ± 1.7% PRE). CONCLUSION Short-term periodization of dietary CHO availability around selected training sessions promoted significant improvements in submaximal cycling economy, as well as supramaximal cycling capacity and 10-km running time in trained endurance athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie-Anne Marquet
- 1French National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris, FRANCE; 2University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education, Sport and Health, Nice, FRANCE; 3Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), Belconnen, AUSTRALIA; 4Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA; 5Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sheykhlouvand M, Gharaat M, Khalili E, Agha-Alinejad H. The effect of high-intensity interval training on ventilatory threshold and aerobic power in well-trained canoe polo athletes. Sci Sports 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
27
|
Kavaliauskas M, Steer TP, Babraj JA. Cardiorespiratory fitness and aerobic performance adaptations to a 4-week sprint interval training in young healthy untrained females. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016; 13:17-23. [PMID: 28479931 PMCID: PMC5397461 DOI: 10.1007/s11332-016-0313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to test the effects of sprint interval training (SIT) on cardiorespiratory fitness and aerobic performance measures in young females. Methods Eight healthy, untrained females (age 21 ± 1 years; height 165 ± 5 cm; body mass 63 ± 6 kg) completed cycling peak oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} $$\end{document}V˙O2 peak), 10-km cycling time trial (TT) and critical power (CP) tests pre- and post-SIT. SIT protocol included 4 × 30-s “all-out” cycling efforts against 7 % body mass interspersed with 4 min of active recovery performed twice per week for 4 weeks (eight sessions in total). Results There was no significant difference in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} $$\end{document}V˙O2 peak following SIT compared to the control period (control period: 31.7 ± 3.0 ml kg−1 min−1; post-SIT: 30.9 ± 4.5 ml kg−1 min−1; p > 0.05), but SIT significantly improved time to exhaustion (TTE) (control period: 710 ± 101 s; post-SIT: 798 ± 127 s; p = 0.00), 10-km cycling TT (control period: 1055 ± 129 s; post-SIT: 997 ± 110 s; p = 0.004) and CP (control period: 1.8 ± 0.3 W kg−1; post-SIT: 2.3 ± 0.6 W kg−1; p = 0.01). Conclusions These results demonstrate that young untrained females are responsive to SIT as measured by TTE, 10-km cycling TT and CP tests. However, eight sessions of SIT over 4 weeks are not enough to provide sufficient training stimulus to increase \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} $$\end{document}V˙O2 peak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mykolas Kavaliauskas
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, 2.B.38, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN UK
| | - Thomas P Steer
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
| | - John A Babraj
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ní Chéilleachair NJ, Harrison AJ, Warrington GD. HIIT enhances endurance performance and aerobic characteristics more than high-volume training in trained rowers. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1052-1058. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1209539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
29
|
Välimäki IA, Vuorimaa T, Ahotupa M, Vasankari TJ. Strenuous physical exercise accelerates the lipid peroxide clearing transport by HDL. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1683-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
30
|
Braun J, Masoud M, Brixius K, Brinkmann C. [Oxidative stress in Masters swimmers following high-intensity (interval) training (HI(I)T)]. Wien Med Wochenschr 2016; 166:242-9. [PMID: 27141863 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-016-0451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress (OS) can promote diseases in the long term, but it can also trigger cellular adaptations in the short term. The present study aims to analyze whether a 3-month high-intensity (interval) training (HI(I)T) affects OS in 24 Masters swimmers (22-67 years) before (= basal) and after an all-out performance (swimming step-test). Data were analyzed for the entire group and differentiated according to sex and age (under 50 years (U50) and over 50 years (O50)). Prior to the HI(I)T intervention, a significant increase in OS from the basal to the all-out value was observed among the entire group and in the O50-subjects (subgroup analysis). Furthermore, significant increases in basal OS were evident for the entire group post-HI(I)T, but OS was only significantly increased in men in the subgroup analysis. No significant results were observed for women and U50-subjects. The response by Masters swimmers to HI(I)T depends on age and sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Braun
- SG Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Deutschland.
- Landesstützpunkt Schwimmen Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Deutschland.
- , Krelkauer Weg 3, 49205, Hasbergen, Deutschland.
| | - Magd Masoud
- Abteilung für Molekulare und Zelluläre Sportmedizin, Institut für Kreislaufforschung und Sportmedizin, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Klara Brixius
- Abteilung für Molekulare und Zelluläre Sportmedizin, Institut für Kreislaufforschung und Sportmedizin, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Köln, Deutschland
- Institut für Vermittlungskompetenz in den Sportarten, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Christian Brinkmann
- Abteilung für Molekulare und Zelluläre Sportmedizin, Institut für Kreislaufforschung und Sportmedizin, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Köln, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Effects of Sprint versus High-Intensity Aerobic Interval Training on Cross-Country Mountain Biking Performance: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145298. [PMID: 26789124 PMCID: PMC4720373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study compared the effects of high-intensity aerobic training (HIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) on mountain biking (MTB) race simulation performance and physiological variables, including peak power output (PPO), lactate threshold (LT) and onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA). METHODS Sixteen mountain bikers (mean ± SD: age 32.1 ± 6.4 yr, body mass 69.2 ± 5.3 kg and VO2max 63.4 ± 4.5 mL∙kg(-1)∙min(-1)) completed graded exercise and MTB performance tests before and after six weeks of training. The HIT (7-10 x [4-6 min--highest sustainable intensity / 4-6 min-CR100 10-15]) and SIT (8-12 x [30 s--all-out intensity / 4 min--CR100 10-15]) protocols were included in the participants' regular training programs three times per week. RESULTS Post-training analysis showed no significant differences between training modalities (HIT vs. SIT) in body mass, PPO, LT or OBLA (p = 0.30 to 0.94). The Cohen's d effect size (ES) showed trivial to small effects on group factor (p = 0.00 to 0.56). The interaction between MTB race time and training modality was almost significant (p = 0.08), with a smaller ES in HIT vs. SIT training (ES = -0.43). A time main effect (pre- vs. post-phases) was observed in MTB race performance and in several physiological variables (p = 0.001 to 0.046). Co-variance analysis revealed that the HIT (p = 0.043) group had significantly better MTB race performance measures than the SIT group. Furthermore, magnitude-based inferences showed HIT to be of likely greater benefit (83.5%) with a lower probability of harmful effects (0.8%) compared to SIT. CONCLUSION The results of the current study suggest that six weeks of either HIT or SIT may be effective at increasing MTB race performance; however, HIT may be a preferable strategy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01944865.
Collapse
|
32
|
Taylor CW, Ingham SA, Ferguson RA. Acute and chronic effect of sprint interval training combined with postexercise blood-flow restriction in trained individuals. Exp Physiol 2015; 101:143-54. [PMID: 26391312 DOI: 10.1113/ep085293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This investigation assessed the efficacy of sprint interval training (SIT) combined with postexercise blood-flow restriction as a novel approach to enhance maximal aerobic physiology and performance. In study 1, a between-groups design was used to determine whether 4 weeks (2 days per week) of SIT (repeated 30 s maximal sprint cycling) combined with postexercise blood-flow restriction (BFR) enhanced maximal oxygen uptake (V̇(O2max)) and 15 km cycling time-trial performance (15 km TT) compared with SIT alone (CON) in trained individuals. The V̇(O2max) increased after BFR by 4.5% (P = 0.01) but was unchanged after CON. There was no difference in 15 km TT performance after CON or BFR. In study 2, using a repeated-measures design, participants performed an acute bout of either BFR or CON. Muscle biopsies were taken before and after exercise to examine the activation of signalling pathways regulating angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. Phosphorylation of p38MAPK(Thr180/Tyr182) increased by a similar extent after CON and BFR. There was no difference in the magnitude of increase in PGC-1α, VEGF and VEGFR-2 mRNA expression between protocols; however, HIF-1α mRNA expression increased (P = 0.04) at 3 h only after BFR. We have demonstrated the potency of combining BFR with SIT in increasing V̇(O2max) in trained individuals, but this did not translate to an enhanced exercise performance. Sprint interval training alone did not induce any observable adaptation. Although the mechanisms are not fully understood, we present preliminary evidence that BFR leads to enhanced HIF-1α-mediated cell signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor W Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,English Institute of Sport, Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stephen A Ingham
- English Institute of Sport, Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Stöggl TL, Sperlich B. The training intensity distribution among well-trained and elite endurance athletes. Front Physiol 2015; 6:295. [PMID: 26578968 PMCID: PMC4621419 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers have retrospectively analyzed the training intensity distribution (TID) of nationally and internationally competitive athletes in different endurance disciplines to determine the optimal volume and intensity for maximal adaptation. The majority of studies present a “pyramidal” TID with a high proportion of high volume, low intensity training (HVLIT). Some world-class athletes appear to adopt a so-called “polarized” TID (i.e., significant % of HVLIT and high-intensity training) during certain phases of the season. However, emerging prospective randomized controlled studies have demonstrated superior responses of variables related to endurance when applying a polarized TID in well-trained and recreational individuals when compared with a TID that emphasizes HVLIT or threshold training. The aims of the present review are to: (1) summarize the main responses of retrospective and prospective studies exploring TID; (2) provide a systematic overview on TIDs during preparation, pre-competition, and competition phases in different endurance disciplines and performance levels; (3) address whether one TID has demonstrated greater efficacy than another; and (4) highlight research gaps in an effort to direct future scientific studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Stöggl
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
High Intensity Interval Training Improves Glycaemic Control and Pancreatic β Cell Function of Type 2 Diabetes Patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133286. [PMID: 26258597 PMCID: PMC4530878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity improves the regulation of glucose homeostasis in both type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients and healthy individuals, but the effect on pancreatic β cell function is unknown. We investigated glycaemic control, pancreatic function and total fat mass before and after 8 weeks of low volume high intensity interval training (HIIT) on cycle ergometer in T2D patients and matched healthy control individuals. Study design/method: Elderly (56 yrs±2), non-active T2D patients (n = 10) and matched (52 yrs±2) healthy controls (CON) (n = 13) exercised 3 times (10×60 sec. HIIT) a week over an 8 week period on a cycle ergometer. Participants underwent a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). On a separate day, resting blood pressure measurement was conducted followed by an incremental maximal oxygen uptake ( V˙O2max) cycle ergometer test. Finally, a whole body dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed. After 8 weeks of training, the same measurements were performed. Results: in the T2D-group, glycaemic control as determined by average fasting venous glucose concentration (p = 0.01), end point 2-hour OGTT (p = 0.04) and glycosylated haemoglobin (p = 0.04) were significantly reduced. Pancreatic homeostasis as determined by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and HOMA β cell function (HOMA-%β) were both significantly ameliorated (p = 0.03 and p = 0.03, respectively). Whole body insulin sensitivity as determined by the disposition index (DI) was significantly increased (p = 0.03). During OGTT, the glucose continuum was significantly reduced at -15 (p = 0.03), 30 (p = 0.03) and 120 min (p = 0.03) and at -10 (p = 0.003) and 0 min (p = 0.003) with an additional improvement (p = 0.03) of its 1st phase (30 min) area under curve (AUC). Significant abdominal fat mass losses were seen in both groups (T2D: p = 0.004 and CON: p = 0.02) corresponding to a percentage change of -17.84%±5.02 and -9.66%±3.07, respectively. Conclusion: these results demonstrate that HIIT improves overall glycaemic control and pancreatic β cell function in T2D patients. Additionally, both groups experienced abdominal fat mass losses. These findings demonstrate that HIIT is a health beneficial exercise strategy in T2D patients.
Collapse
|
35
|
Akca F, Aras D. Comparison of Rowing Performance Improvements Following Various High-Intensity Interval Trainings. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:2249-54. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
36
|
Machado FA, Kravchychyn ACP, Peserico CS, da Silva DF, Mezzaroba PV. Reprodutibilidade do desempenho em provas de corrida de 5 e 10km em pista de atletismo. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
37
|
Clark B, Costa VP, O'Brien BJ, Guglielmo LG, Paton CD. Effects of a seven day overload-period of high-intensity training on performance and physiology of competitive cyclists. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115308. [PMID: 25521824 PMCID: PMC4270748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Competitive endurance athletes commonly undertake periods of overload training in the weeks prior to major competitions. This investigation examined the effects of two seven-day high-intensity overload training regimes (HIT) on performance and physiological characteristics of competitive cyclists. DESIGN The study was a matched groups, controlled trial. METHODS Twenty-eight male cyclists (mean ± SD, Age: 33±10 years, Mass 74±7 kg, VO2 peak 4.7±0.5 L·min-1) were assigned to a control group or one of two training groups for seven consecutive days of HIT. Before and after training cyclists completed an ergometer based incremental exercise test and a 20-km time-trial. The HIT sessions were ∼120 minutes in duration and consisted of matched volumes of 5, 10 and 20 second (short) or 15, 30 and 45 second (long) maximal intensity efforts. RESULTS Both the short and long HIT regimes led to significant (p<0.05) gains in time trial performance compared to the control group. Relative to the control group, the mean changes (±90% confidence limits) in time-trial power were 8.2%±3.8% and 10.4%±4.3% for the short and long HIT regimes respectively; corresponding increases in peak power in the incremental test were 5.5%±2.7% and 9.5%±2.5%. Both HIT (short vs long) interventions led to non-significant (p>0.05) increases (mean ± SD) in VO2 peak (2.3%±4.7% vs 3.5%±6.2%), lactate threshold power (3.6%±3.5% vs 2.9%±5.3%) and gross efficiency (3.2%±2.4% vs 5.1%±3.9%) with only small differences between HIT regimes. CONCLUSIONS Seven days of overload HIT induces substantial enhancements in time-trial performance despite non-significant increases in physiological measures with competitive cyclists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Clark
- School of Health Science, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vitor P. Costa
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Brendan J. O'Brien
- School of Health Science, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luiz G. Guglielmo
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Carl D. Paton
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, The Eastern Institute of Technology, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Stöggl T, Sperlich B. Polarized training has greater impact on key endurance variables than threshold, high intensity, or high volume training. Front Physiol 2014; 5:33. [PMID: 24550842 PMCID: PMC3912323 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED ENDURANCE ATHLETES INTEGRATE FOUR CONDITIONING CONCEPTS IN THEIR TRAINING PROGRAMS: high-volume training (HVT), "threshold-training" (THR), high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and a combination of these aforementioned concepts known as polarized training (POL). The purpose of this study was to explore which of these four training concepts provides the greatest response on key components of endurance performance in well-trained endurance athletes. METHODS Forty eight runners, cyclists, triathletes, and cross-country skiers (peak oxygen uptake: (VO2peak): 62.6 ± 7.1 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1)) were randomly assigned to one of four groups performing over 9 weeks. An incremental test, work economy and a VO2peak tests were performed. Training intensity was heart rate controlled. RESULTS POL demonstrated the greatest increase in VO2peak (+6.8 ml·min·kg(-1) or 11.7%, P < 0.001), time to exhaustion during the ramp protocol (+17.4%, P < 0.001) and peak velocity/power (+5.1%, P < 0.01). Velocity/power at 4 mmol·L(-1) increased after POL (+8.1%, P < 0.01) and HIIT (+5.6%, P < 0.05). No differences in pre- to post-changes of work economy were found between the groups. Body mass was reduced by 3.7% (P < 0.001) following HIIT, with no changes in the other groups. With the exception of slight improvements in work economy in THR, both HVT and THR had no further effects on measured variables of endurance performance (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION POL resulted in the greatest improvements in most key variables of endurance performance in well-trained endurance athletes. THR or HVT did not lead to further improvements in performance related variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria ; Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University Östersund, Sweden
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Vegge G, Tønnessen E, Slettaløkken G. Short intervals induce superior training adaptations compared with long intervals in cyclists - An effort-matched approach. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:143-51. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. R. Rønnestad
- Section for Sport Science; Lillehammer University College; Lillehammer Norway
| | - J. Hansen
- Section for Sport Science; Lillehammer University College; Lillehammer Norway
| | - G. Vegge
- Section for Sport Science; Lillehammer University College; Lillehammer Norway
| | - E. Tønnessen
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports; Oslo Norway
| | - G. Slettaløkken
- Section for Sport Science; Lillehammer University College; Lillehammer Norway
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Etxebarria N, Anson JM, Pyne DB, Ferguson RA. High-intensity cycle interval training improves cycling and running performance in triathletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2013; 14:521-9. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2013.853841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
41
|
Jacobs RA, Flück D, Bonne TC, Bürgi S, Christensen PM, Toigo M, Lundby C. Improvements in exercise performance with high-intensity interval training coincide with an increase in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:785-93. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00445.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Six sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIT) are sufficient to improve exercise capacity. The mechanisms explaining such improvements are unclear. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive evaluation of physiologically relevant adaptations occurring after six sessions of HIT to determine the mechanisms explaining improvements in exercise performance. Sixteen untrained (43 ± 6 ml·kg−1·min−1) subjects completed six sessions of repeated ( 8 – 12 ) 60 s intervals of high-intensity cycling (100% peak power output elicited during incremental maximal exercise test) intermixed with 75 s of recovery cycling at a low intensity (30 W) over a 2-wk period. Potential training-induced alterations in skeletal muscle respiratory capacity, mitochondrial content, skeletal muscle oxygenation, cardiac capacity, blood volumes, and peripheral fatigue resistance were all assessed prior to and again following training. Maximal measures of oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak; ∼8%; P = 0.026) and cycling time to complete a set amount of work (∼5%; P = 0.008) improved. Skeletal muscle respiratory capacities increased, most likely as a result of an expansion of skeletal muscle mitochondria (∼20%, P = 0.026), as assessed by cytochrome c oxidase activity. Skeletal muscle deoxygenation also increased while maximal cardiac output, total hemoglobin, plasma volume, total blood volume, and relative measures of peripheral fatigue resistance were all unaltered with training. These results suggest that increases in mitochondrial content following six HIT sessions may facilitate improvements in respiratory capacity and oxygen extraction, and ultimately are responsible for the improvements in maximal whole body exercise capacity and endurance performance in previously untrained individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Acton Jacobs
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland:
| | - Daniela Flück
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Christian Bonne
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Simon Bürgi
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marco Toigo
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Exercise Physiology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Etxebarria N, Hunt J, Ingham S, Ferguson R. Physiological assessment of isolated running does not directly replicate running capacity after triathlon-specific cycling. J Sports Sci 2013; 32:229-38. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.819520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
43
|
Neal CM, Hunter AM, Brennan L, O'Sullivan A, Hamilton DL, DeVito G, Galloway SDR. Six weeks of a polarized training-intensity distribution leads to greater physiological and performance adaptations than a threshold model in trained cyclists. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:461-71. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00652.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate physiological adaptation with two endurance-training periods differing in intensity distribution. In a randomized crossover fashion, separated by 4 wk of detraining, 12 male cyclists completed two 6-wk training periods: 1) a polarized model [6.4 (±1.4 SD) h/wk; 80%, 0%, and 20% of training time in low-, moderate-, and high-intensity zones, respectively]; and 2) a threshold model [7.5 (±2.0 SD) h/wk; 57%, 43%, and 0% training-intensity distribution]. Before and after each training period, following 2 days of diet and exercise control, fasted skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained for mitochondrial enzyme activity and monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 and 4 expression, and morning first-void urine samples were collected for NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics analysis. Endurance performance (40-km time trial), incremental exercise, peak power output (PPO), and high-intensity exercise capacity (95% maximal work rate to exhaustion) were also assessed. Endurance performance, PPOs, lactate threshold (LT), MCT4, and high-intensity exercise capacity all increased over both training periods. Improvements were greater following polarized rather than threshold for PPO [mean (±SE) change of 8 (±2)% vs. 3 (±1)%, P < 0.05], LT [9 (±3)% vs. 2 (±4)%, P < 0.05], and high-intensity exercise capacity [85 (±14)% vs. 37 (±14)%, P < 0.05]. No changes in mitochondrial enzyme activities or MCT1 were observed following training. A significant multilevel, partial least squares-discriminant analysis model was obtained for the threshold model but not the polarized model in the metabolomics analysis. A polarized training distribution results in greater systemic adaptation over 6 wk in already well-trained cyclists. Markers of muscle metabolic adaptation are largely unchanged, but metabolomics markers suggest different cellular metabolic stress that requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig M. Neal
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Aifric O'Sullivan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - D. Lee Hamilton
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe DeVito
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stuart D. R. Galloway
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Greco CC, Caritá RAC, Dekerle J, Denadai BS. Effect of aerobic training status on both maximal lactate steady state and critical power. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:736-43. [DOI: 10.1139/h2012-047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at assessing the sensitivity of both maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) and critical power (CP) in populations of different aerobic training status to ascertain whether CP is as sensitive as MLSS to a change in aerobic fitness. Seven untrained subjects (UT) (maximal oxygen uptake = 37.4 ± 6.5 mL·kg–1·min–1) and 7 endurance cyclists (T) (maximal oxygen uptake = 62.4 ± 5.2 mL·kg–1·min–1) performed an incremental test for maximal oxygen uptake estimation and several constant work rate tests for MLSS and CP determination. MLSS, whether expressed in mL·kg–1·min–1 (T: 51.8 ± 5.7 vs. UT: 29.0 ± 6.1) or % maximal oxygen uptake (T: 83.1 ± 6.8 vs. UT: 77.1 ± 4.5), was significantly higher in the T group. CP expressed in mL·kg–1·min–1 (T: 56.8 ± 5.1 vs. UT: 33.1 ± 6.3) was significantly higher in the T group as well but no difference was found when expressed in % maximal oxygen uptake (T: 91.1 ± 4.8 vs. UT: 88.3 ± 3.6). Whether expressed in absolute or relative values, MLSS is sensitive to aerobic training status and a good measure of aerobic endurance. Conversely, the improvement in CP with years of training is proportional to those of maximal oxygen uptake. Thus, CP might be less sensitive than MLSS for depicting an enhancement in aerobic fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Coelho Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, UNESP, Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, CEP 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP – Brazil
| | | | - Jeanne Dekerle
- Chelsea School Research Centre, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
| | - Benedito Sérgio Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, UNESP, Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, CEP 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP – Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gunnarsson TP, Bangsbo J. The 10-20-30 training concept improves performance and health profile in moderately trained runners. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:16-24. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00334.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of an alteration from regular endurance to interval (10-20-30) training on the health profile, muscular adaptations, maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2max), and performance of runners was examined. Eighteen moderately trained individuals (6 females and 12 males; V̇o2max: 52.2 ± 1.5 ml·kg−1·min−1) (means ± SE) were divided into a high-intensity training (10-20-30; 3 women and 7 men) and a control (CON; 3 women and 5 men) group. For a 7-wk intervention period the 10-20-30 replaced all training sessions with 10-20-30 training consisting of low-, moderate-, and high-speed running (<30%, <60%, and >90% of maximal intensity) for 30, 20, and 10 s, respectively, in three or four 5-min intervals interspersed by 2 min of recovery, reducing training volume by 54% (14.0 ± 0.9 vs. 30.4 ± 2.3 km/wk) while CON continued the normal training. After the intervention period V̇o2max in 10-20-30 was 4% higher, and performance in a 1,500-m and a 5-km run improved ( P < 0.05) by 21 and 48 s, respectively. In 10-20-30, systolic blood pressure was reduced ( P < 0.05) by 5 ± 2 mmHg, and total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was lowered ( P < 0.05) by 0.5 ± 0.2 and 0.4 ± 0.1 mmol/l, respectively. No alterations were observed in CON. Muscle membrane proteins and enzyme activity did not change in either of the groups. The present study shows that interval training with short 10-s near-maximal bouts can improve performance and V̇o2max despite a ∼50% reduction in training volume. In addition, the 10-20-30 training regime lowers resting systolic blood pressure and blood cholesterol, suggesting a beneficial effect on the health profile of already trained individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. P. Gunnarsson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J. Bangsbo
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Ellefsen S. Block periodization of high-intensity aerobic intervals provides superior training effects in trained cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 24:34-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. R. Rønnestad
- Section for Sport Science; Lillehammer University College; Lillehammer Norway
| | - J. Hansen
- Section for Sport Science; Lillehammer University College; Lillehammer Norway
| | - S. Ellefsen
- Section for Sport Science; Lillehammer University College; Lillehammer Norway
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lindner A, Signorini R, Brero L, Arn E, Mazzini R, Enriquez A. Effect of Conditioning Horses Once, Twice, or Thrice a Week with High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise on v4. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
48
|
Gibala MJ, Little JP, Macdonald MJ, Hawley JA. Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease. J Physiol 2012; 590:1077-84. [PMID: 22289907 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 940] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is a clinically proven, cost-effective, primary intervention that delays and in many cases prevents the health burdens associated with many chronic diseases. However, the precise type and dose of exercise needed to accrue health benefits is a contentious issue with no clear consensus recommendations for the prevention of inactivity-related disorders and chronic diseases. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that high-intensity interval training (HIT) can serve as an effective alternate to traditional endurance-based training, inducing similar or even superior physiological adaptations in healthy individuals and diseased populations, at least when compared on a matched-work basis. While less well studied, low-volume HIT can also stimulate physiological remodelling comparable to moderate-intensity continuous training despite a substantially lower time commitment and reduced total exercise volume. Such findings are important given that 'lack of time' remains the most commonly cited barrier to regular exercise participation. Here we review some of the mechanisms responsible for improved skeletal muscle metabolic control and changes in cardiovascular function in response to low-volume HIT. We also consider the limited evidence regarding the potential application of HIT to people with, or at risk for, cardiometabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes. Finally, we provide insight on the utility of low-volume HIT for improving performance in athletes and highlight suggestions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1 Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nimmerichter A, Eston RG, Bachl N, Williams C. Longitudinal monitoring of power output and heart rate profiles in elite cyclists. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:831-40. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.561869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
50
|
Laursen PB. Training for intense exercise performance: high-intensity or high-volume training? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 20 Suppl 2:1-10. [PMID: 20840557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Performance in intense exercise events, such as Olympic rowing, swimming, kayak, track running and track cycling events, involves energy contribution from aerobic and anaerobic sources. As aerobic energy supply dominates the total energy requirements after ∼75s of near maximal effort, and has the greatest potential for improvement with training, the majority of training for these events is generally aimed at increasing aerobic metabolic capacity. A short-term period (six to eight sessions over 2-4 weeks) of high-intensity interval training (consisting of repeated exercise bouts performed close to or well above the maximal oxygen uptake intensity, interspersed with low-intensity exercise or complete rest) can elicit increases in intense exercise performance of 2-4% in well-trained athletes. The influence of high-volume training is less discussed, but its importance should not be downplayed, as high-volume training also induces important metabolic adaptations. While the metabolic adaptations that occur with high-volume training and high-intensity training show considerable overlap, the molecular events that signal for these adaptations may be different. A polarized approach to training, whereby ∼75% of total training volume is performed at low intensities, and 10-15% is performed at very high intensities, has been suggested as an optimal training intensity distribution for elite athletes who perform intense exercise events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P B Laursen
- New Zealand Academy of Sport, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|