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Mizukoshi F, Kimura H, Sugimoto S, Kimura R, Nagasawa N, Hayashi Y, Hashimoto K, Hosoya M, Shirato K, Ryo A. Molecular Evolutionary Analyses of the Fusion Genes in Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 4. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1633. [PMID: 39203475 PMCID: PMC11356533 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The human parainfluenza virus type 4 (HPIV4) can be classified into two distinct subtypes, 4a and 4b. The full lengths of the fusion gene (F gene) of 48 HPIV4 strains collected during the period of 1966-2022 were analyzed. Based on these gene sequences, the time-scaled evolutionary tree was constructed using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. A phylogenetic tree showed that the first division of the two subtypes occurred around 1823, and the most recent common ancestors of each type, 4a and 4b, existed until about 1940 and 1939, respectively. Although the mean genetic distances of all strains were relatively wide, the distances in each subtype were not wide, indicating that this gene was conserved in each subtype. The evolutionary rates of the genes were relatively low (4.41 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year). Moreover, conformational B-cell epitopes were predicted in the apex of the trimer fusion protein. These results suggest that HPIV4 subtypes diverged 200 years ago and the progenies further diverged and evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Mizukoshi
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan; (S.S.); (K.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan; (N.N.); (Y.H.)
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi 377-0008, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Medical Technology, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan
| | - Satoko Sugimoto
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan; (S.S.); (K.S.); (A.R.)
- Research Center for Biosafety, Laboratory Animal and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Kimura
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi-shi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan;
| | - Norika Nagasawa
- Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan; (N.N.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuriko Hayashi
- Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan; (N.N.); (Y.H.)
| | - Koichi Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima-shi 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan;
| | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- Department of Perinatology and Pediatrics for Regional Medical Support, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima-shi 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan;
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan; (S.S.); (K.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan; (S.S.); (K.S.); (A.R.)
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Chiotos K, Hayes M, Kimberlin DW, Jones SB, James SH, Pinninti SG, Yarbrough A, Abzug MJ, MacBrayne CE, Soma VL, Dulek DE, Vora SB, Waghmare A, Wolf J, Olivero R, Grapentine S, Wattier RL, Bio L, Cross SJ, Dillman NO, Downes KJ, Timberlake K, Young J, Orscheln RC, Tamma PD, Schwenk HT, Zachariah P, Aldrich M, Goldman DL, Groves HE, Lamb GS, Tribble AC, Hersh AL, Thorell EA, Denison MR, Ratner AJ, Newland JG, Nakamura MM. Multicenter Initial Guidance on Use of Antivirals for Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019/Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 9:701-715. [PMID: 32318706 PMCID: PMC7188128 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is mild in nearly all children, a small proportion of pediatric patients develop severe or critical illness. Guidance is therefore needed regarding use of agents with potential activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in pediatrics. METHODS A panel of pediatric infectious diseases physicians and pharmacists from 18 geographically diverse North American institutions was convened. Through a series of teleconferences and web-based surveys, a set of guidance statements was developed and refined based on review of best available evidence and expert opinion. RESULTS Given the typically mild course of pediatric COVID-19, supportive care alone is suggested for the overwhelming majority of cases. The panel suggests a decision-making framework for antiviral therapy that weighs risks and benefits based on disease severity as indicated by respiratory support needs, with consideration on a case-by-case basis of potential pediatric risk factors for disease progression. If an antiviral is used, the panel suggests remdesivir as the preferred agent. Hydroxychloroquine could be considered for patients who are not candidates for remdesivir or when remdesivir is not available. Antivirals should preferably be used as part of a clinical trial if available. CONCLUSIONS Antiviral therapy for COVID-19 is not necessary for the great majority of pediatric patients. For those rare cases of severe or critical disease, this guidance offers an approach for decision-making regarding antivirals, informed by available data. As evidence continues to evolve rapidly, the need for updates to the guidance is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Chiotos
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Molly Hayes
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
| | - David W Kimberlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Sarah B Jones
- Department of Pharmacy, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Scott H James
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Swetha G Pinninti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - April Yarbrough
- Department of Pharmacy, Children’s of Alabama, Birmingham, United States
| | - Mark J Abzug
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, United States
| | | | - Vijaya L Soma
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital, New York, United States
| | - Daniel E Dulek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University and Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital, Nashville, United States
| | - Surabhi B Vora
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, United States
| | - Alpana Waghmare
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Rosemary Olivero
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Section of Infectious Diseases, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital of Spectrum Health, Michigan State College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, United States
| | - Steven Grapentine
- Department of Pharmacy, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, San Francisco, United States
| | - Rachel L Wattier
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Laura Bio
- Department of Pharmacy, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford, Stanford, United States
| | - Shane J Cross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Nicholas O Dillman
- Department of Pharmacy, CS Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Kevin J Downes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
| | | | - Jennifer Young
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, United States
| | - Rachel C Orscheln
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University and St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, United States
| | - Pranita D Tamma
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Hayden T Schwenk
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford, Stanford, United States
| | - Philip Zachariah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Margaret Aldrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, New York, United States
| | - David L Goldman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, New York, United States
| | - Helen E Groves
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gabriella S Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Alison C Tribble
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan and CS Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Adam L Hersh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah and Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Emily A Thorell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah and Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Mark R Denison
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University and Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital, Nashville, United States
| | - Adam J Ratner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital, New York, United States
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Jason G Newland
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University and St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, United States
| | - Mari M Nakamura
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States
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Chiotos K, Hayes M, Kimberlin DW, Jones SB, James SH, Pinninti SG, Yarbrough A, Abzug MJ, MacBrayne CE, Soma VL, Dulek DE, Vora SB, Waghmare A, Wolf J, Olivero R, Grapentine S, Wattier RL, Bio L, Cross SJ, Dillman NO, Downes KJ, Oliveira CR, Timberlake K, Young J, Orscheln RC, Tamma PD, Schwenk HT, Zachariah P, Aldrich ML, Goldman DL, Groves HE, Rajapakse NS, Lamb GS, Tribble AC, Hersh AL, Thorell EA, Denison MR, Ratner AJ, Newland JG, Nakamura MM. Multicenter Interim Guidance on Use of Antivirals for Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019/Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 10:34-48. [PMID: 32918548 PMCID: PMC7543452 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a mild infection in most children, a small proportion develop severe or critical illness. Data describing agents with potential antiviral activity continue to expand such that updated guidance is needed regarding use of these agents in children. METHODS A panel of pediatric infectious diseases physicians and pharmacists from 20 geographically diverse North American institutions was convened. Through a series of teleconferences and web-based surveys, a set of guidance statements was developed and refined based on review of the best available evidence and expert opinion. RESULTS Given the typically mild course of COVID-19 in children, supportive care alone is suggested for most cases. For children with severe illness, defined as a supplemental oxygen requirement without need for noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), remdesivir is suggested, preferably as part of a clinical trial if available. Remdesivir should also be considered for critically ill children requiring invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO. A duration of 5 days is appropriate for most patients. The panel recommends against the use of hydroxychloroquine or lopinavir-ritonavir (or other protease inhibitors) for COVID-19 in children. CONCLUSIONS Antiviral therapy for COVID-19 is not necessary for the great majority of pediatric patients. For children with severe or critical disease, this guidance offers an approach for decision-making regarding use of remdesivir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Chiotos
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States,Corresponding Author: Kathleen Chiotos, MD, Roberts Center for Pediatric Research, 2716 South Street, Room 10292, Philadelphia, PA 19146,
| | - Molly Hayes
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
| | - David W Kimberlin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sarah B Jones
- Department of Pharmacy, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Scott H James
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Swetha G Pinninti
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - April Yarbrough
- Department of Pharmacy, Children’s of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mark J Abzug
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Vijaya L Soma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel E Dulek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University and Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Surabhi B Vora
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alpana Waghmare
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Rosemary Olivero
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital of Spectrum Health, Michigan State College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Steven Grapentine
- Department of Pharmacy, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rachel L Wattier
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Laura Bio
- Department of Pharmacy, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford, Stanford, United States
| | - Shane J Cross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Nicholas O Dillman
- Department of Pharmacy, CS Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kevin J Downes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Carlos R Oliveira
- Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Jennifer Young
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rachel C Orscheln
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University and St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Pranita D Tamma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hayden T Schwenk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine & Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Philip Zachariah
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Margaret L Aldrich
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, New York, NY, United States
| | - David L Goldman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, New York, NY, United States
| | - Helen E Groves
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nipunie S Rajapakse
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gabriella S Lamb
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alison C Tribble
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan and CS Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Adam L Hersh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah and Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Emily A Thorell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah and Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Mark R Denison
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University and Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Adam J Ratner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital, New York, NY, United States,Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jason G Newland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University and St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mari M Nakamura
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Alternate Corresponding Author: Mari M. Nakamura, MD, MPH, Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Mailstop BCH 3052, Boston, MA 02115, 617-355-1561,
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Thomazelli LM, Oliveira DBD, Durigon GS, Whitaker B, Kamili S, Berezin EN, Durigon EL. Human parainfluenza virus surveillance in pediatric patients with lower respiratory tract infections: a special view of parainfluenza type 4. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Thomazelli LM, Oliveira DBLD, Durigon GS, Whitaker B, Kamili S, Berezin EN, Durigon EL. Human parainfluenza virus surveillance in pediatric patients with lower respiratory tract infections: a special view of parainfluenza type 4. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2018; 94:554-558. [PMID: 28963878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Characterize the role of human parainfluenza virus and its clinical features in Brazilian children under 2 years of age presenting with acute lower respiratory tract infections. METHODS Real-time assays were used to identify strains of human parainfluenza virus and other common respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal aspirates. One thousand and two children presenting with acute lower respiratory tract illnesses were enrolled from February 2008 to August 2010. RESULTS One hundred and four (10.4%) patients were human parainfluenza virus positive, of whom 60 (57.7%) were positive for human parainfluenza virus-3, 30 (28.8%) for human parainfluenza virus-4, 12 (11.5%) for human parainfluenza virus-1, and two (1.9%) for human parainfluenza virus-2. Seven (6.7%) patients had more than one strain of human parainfluenza virus detected. The most frequent symptoms were tachypnea and cough, similar to other viral respiratory infections. Clinical manifestations did not differ significantly between human parainfluenza virus-1, -2, -3, and -4 infections. Human parainfluenza virus-1, -3, and -4 were present in the population studied throughout the three years of surveillance, with human parainfluenza virus-3 being the predominant type identified in the first two years. CONCLUSION Human parainfluenza viruses contribute substantially to pediatric acute respiratory illness (ARI) in Brazil, with nearly 30% of this contribution attributable to human parainfluenza virus-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano M Thomazelli
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Giuliana S Durigon
- Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Brett Whitaker
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Shifaq Kamili
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Eitan N Berezin
- Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edison L Durigon
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kuan CS, Yew SM, Hooi PS, Lee LM, Ng KP. Detection of Respiratory Viruses from ARTI Patients by xTAG RVP Fast v2 Assay and Conventional Methods. Malays J Med Sci 2018; 24:33-43. [PMID: 29386970 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2017.24.5.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in paediatric patients. Therefore, early detection of the viral aetiologies of ARTIs is essential for patient management and infection control. In this study, we evaluated the performance of a new multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel [RVP] Fast v2) in the detection of respiratory viruses by comparing it with that of viral culture and direct immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Methods Nasopharyngeal swab and aspirate samples were collected prospectively from 199 patients who presented with ARTIs at the University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia during a 10-month period. The PCR assay was conducted in parallel with conventional culture and direct IF staining methods. Results The positive rate of the xTAG RVP Fast v2 assay (78.4%) in detecting respiratory viruses was higher than that of the viral isolation (7.5%) and direct IF (23.1%) methods. Using the xTAG RVP Fast v2 assay, human enterovirus/human rhinovirus (HEV/HRV) was the most frequently detected (46.2%). The xTAG RVP Fast v2 assay revealed mixed infection caused by two or three respiratory viruses in 40 specimens, and these were undetected by the viral isolation and direct IF methods. Conclusion The xTAG RVP Fast v2 assay was superior to conventional methods in the identification of common respiratory viruses, with higher sensitivity and shorter turnaround times for laboratory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Sian Kuan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Su Mei Yew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Poh Sim Hooi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lu Mei Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kee Peng Ng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses of the Paramyoviridaie family. There are four serotypes which cause respiratory illnesses in children and adults. HPIVs bind and replicate in the ciliated epithelial cells of the upper and lower respiratory tract and the extent of the infection correlates with the location involved. Seasonal HPIV epidemics result in a significant burden of disease in children and account for 40% of pediatric hospitalizations for lower respiratory tract illnesses (LRTIs) and 75% of croup cases. Parainfluenza viruses are associated with a wide spectrum of illnesses which include otitis media, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, croup, tracheobronchitis, and pneumonia. Uncommon respiratory manifestations include apnea, bradycardia, parotitis, and respiratory distress syndrome and rarely disseminated infection. Immunity resulting from disease in childhood is incomplete and reinfection with HPIV accounts for 15% of respiratory illnesses in adults. Severe disease and fatal pneumonia may occur in elderly and immunocompromised adults. HPIV pneumonia in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is associated with 50% acute mortality and 75% mortality at 6 months. Though sensitive molecular diagnostics are available to rapidly diagnose HPIV infection, effective antiviral therapies are not available. Currently, treatment for HPIV infection is supportive with the exception of croup where the use of corticosteroids has been found to be beneficial. Several novel drugs including DAS181 appear promising in efforts to treat severe disease in immunocompromised patients, and vaccines to decrease the burden of disease in young children are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Branche
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Ann R Falsey
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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Frost HM, Robinson CC, Dominguez SR. Epidemiology and clinical presentation of parainfluenza type 4 in children: a 3-year comparative study to parainfluenza types 1-3. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:695-702. [PMID: 24133181 PMCID: PMC3923541 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are among the most common causes of respiratory tract infections in children. Little is known about the epidemiology and clinical presentation of HPIV type 4. Methods. A retrospective chart review and comparison of patients positive for HPIV types 1–4 by multiplex polymerase chain reaction between 2009 and 2012 at Children's Hospital Colorado was performed. Patients who had only direct fluorescent antibody testing performed or concurrent viral infections were excluded. Results. Of 11 533 samples, 752 (6.5%) were positive for HPIV. After exclusion criteria, 316 samples were included in the study. HPIV-4 had year-round prevalence with biennial peaks in odd-numbered years. HPIV-4 and HPIV-3 had similar clinical presentations. 50.8% and 51.5% of patients with HPIV-3–4 had hypoxia compared to 20.3% and 33.3% of patients with HPIV-1–2 (P < .01). HPIV-1 (23.6%) and HPIV-2 (24.2%) were more associated with stridor than HPIV-3 (6.6%) and HPIV-4 (0%) (P < .01). No patients with HPIV-4 had croup. Patients with HPIV-4 had similar lengths of stay and mortality as those with HPIV-1–3. Conclusions. This is the first large-scale analysis of HPIV-4 clinical and epidemiologic features. HPIV-4 was most similar to HPIV-3 in clinical presentation. HPIV-4 had year-round prevalence with peaks in the autumn of odd-numbered years. HPIV-4 is a common respiratory pathogen capable of causing significant morbidity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Frost
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado
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Hasman H, Pachucki CT, Unal A, Nguyen D, Devlin T, Peeples ME, Kwilas SA. Aetiology of influenza-like illness in adults includes parainfluenzavirus type 4. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:408-413. [PMID: 19273634 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.006098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality in adults each winter. At the same time, other respiratory viruses circulate and cause respiratory illness with influenza-like symptoms. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) and human metapneumovirus have all been associated with morbidity and mortality in adults, including nosocomial infections. This study evaluated 154 respiratory specimens collected from adults with influenza-like/acute respiratory illness (ILI) seen at the Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA, during two successive winters, 1998-1999 and 1999-2000. The samples were tested for ten viruses in two nested multiplex RT-PCRs. One to three respiratory viruses were detected in 68 % of the samples. As expected, influenza A virus (FLU-A) infections were most common (50 % of the samples), followed by HRSV-A (16 %). Surprisingly, HPIV-4 infections (5.8 %) were the third most prevalent. Mixed infections were also relatively common (11 %). When present, HPIV infections were approximately three times more likely to be included in a mixed infection than FLU-A or HRSV. Mixed infections and HPIV-4 are likely to be missed using rapid diagnostic tests. This study confirms that ILI in adults and the elderly can be caused by HRSV and HPIVs, including HPIV-4, which co-circulate with FLU-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Hasman
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, Rush University, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Constance T Pachucki
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA
| | - Arife Unal
- Section of Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Diep Nguyen
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Health Sciences, Rush University, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Troy Devlin
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Health Sciences, Rush University, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Division of Immunology, Graduate College, Rush University, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Section of Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, Rush University, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Steven A Kwilas
- Division of Immunology, Graduate College, Rush University, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Section of Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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11
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Vachon ML, Dionne N, Leblanc É, Moisan D, Bergeron MG, Boivin G. Human parainfluenza type 4 infections, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 12:1755-8. [PMID: 17283630 PMCID: PMC3372332 DOI: 10.3201/eid1211.060196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the fall/winter season of 2004–05, we found 9 respiratory specimens positive for human parainfluenza virus type 4 (HPIV-4) in our laboratory (43% of all HPIVs) from patients with mild to moderate respiratory illnesses. Sequencing studies identified 8 different HPIV-4A strains and 1 HPIV-4B strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise Vachon
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natasha Dionne
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Éric Leblanc
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Danielle Moisan
- Centre Hospitalier Régional du Grand-Portage, Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel G. Bergeron
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Billaud G, Morfin F, Vabret A, Boucher A, Gillet Y, Crassard N, Galambrun C, Ferraris O, Legrand L, Aymard M, Lina B, Freymuth F, Thouvenot D. Human parainfluenza virus type 4 infections: a report of 20 cases from 1998 to 2002. J Clin Virol 2005; 34:48-51. [PMID: 16087124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV) type 4 are responsible for respiratory infections. Unlike HPIV types 1-3, they are associated with mild infections and appear to be infrequent. Thus, they often go undetected. STUDY DESIGN From 1998 to 2002, in 20 respiratory samples of hospitalised patient, we isolated viruses presenting a large syncytial cytopathic effect when inoculated on LLC-MK2 cells. Most of the patients (16/20) were young infants and all of them presented with respiratory infections. RESULTS We detected 18 cases during autumn and winter, 1 case during spring and 1 during summer. We could not identify these viruses using the panel of routine assays. Samples were then analysed by specific HPIV 4 RT-PCR and IF assays. All the samples were scored positive with both methods. CONCLUSION We conclude that HPIV 4 infections are probably underestimated. Their role in viral respiratory infections should be carefully investigated using techniques adapted to their detection and culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Billaud
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Domaine Rockefeller, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, Lyon, France.
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13
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Mori I, Nishiyama Y, Yokochi T, Kimura Y. Olfactory transmission of neurotropic viruses. J Neurovirol 2005; 11:129-37. [PMID: 16036791 DOI: 10.1080/13550280590922793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptor neurons are unique in their anatomical structure and function. Each neuron is directly exposed to the external environment at the site of its dendritic nerve terminals where it is exposed to macromolecules. These molecules can be incorporated into by olfactory receptor neurons and transported transsynaptically to the central nervous system. Certain neurotropic pathogens such as herpes simplex virus and Borna disease virus make use of this physiological mechanism to invade the brain. Here the authors review the olfactory transmission of infectious agents and the resulting hazards to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Mori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Disease, Aichi Medical University School of Medecine, Aichi, Japan.
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14
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Templeton KE, Bredius RGM, Claas ECJ, Kroes ACM, Walther FJ. Parainfluenza virus 4 detection in infants. Eur J Pediatr 2005; 164:528-9. [PMID: 15906090 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-005-1693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Templeton
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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García García M, Aguilar Ruiz J, Echeverría Mayo J, Calvo Rey C, Pinto Fuentes I, Ordobás Gabin M, Roman Riechmann E, Pérez Breña P. Infecciones por el virus parainfluenza tipo 4. An Pediatr (Barc) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1695-4033(02)78684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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