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Kean LS, Turka LA, Blazar BR. Advances in targeting co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory pathways in transplantation settings: the Yin to the Yang of cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:192-212. [PMID: 28258702 PMCID: PMC5338458 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the power of harnessing T-cell co-signaling pathways has become increasingly understood to have significant clinical importance. In cancer immunotherapy, the field has concentrated on two related modalities: First, targeting cancer antigens through highly activated chimeric antigen T cells (CAR-Ts) and second, re-animating endogenous quiescent T cells through checkpoint blockade. In each of these strategies, the therapeutic goal is to re-ignite T-cell immunity, in order to eradicate tumors. In transplantation, there is also great interest in targeting T-cell co-signaling, but with the opposite goal: in this field, we seek the Yin to cancer immunotherapy's Yang, and focus on manipulating T-cell co-signaling to induce tolerance rather than activation. In this review, we discuss the major T-cell signaling pathways that are being investigated for tolerance induction, detailing preclinical studies and the path to the clinic for many of these molecules. These include blockade of co-stimulation pathways and agonism of coinhibitory pathways, in order to achieve the delicate state of balance that is transplant tolerance: a state which guarantees lifelong transplant acceptance without ongoing immunosuppression, and with preservation of protective immune responses. In the context of the clinical translation of immune tolerance strategies, we discuss the significant challenge that is embodied by the fact that targeted pathway modulators may have opposing effects on tolerance based on their impact on effector vs regulatory T-cell biology. Achieving this delicate balance holds the key to the major challenge of transplantation: lifelong control of alloreactivity while maintaining an otherwise intact immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Kean
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Immune Tolerance Network, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Becker JU, Chang A, Nickeleit V, Randhawa P, Roufosse C. Banff Borderline Changes Suspicious for Acute T Cell-Mediated Rejection: Where Do We Stand? Am J Transplant 2016; 16:2654-60. [PMID: 26988137 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The definition of Banff Borderline became ambiguous when the Banff 2005 consensus modified the lower threshold from i1t1 (10-25% interstitial inflammation with mild tubulitis) to i0t1 (0-10% interstitial inflammation with mild tubulitis). We conducted a worldwide survey among members of the Renal Pathology Society about their approach to this diagnostic category. A web-based survey was sent out to all 503 current members (153 respondents). A database search yielded which threshold for Banff i was applied in the most influential manuscripts about Borderline. Among the 139 nephropathologists using the Borderline category, 67% use the Banff 1997 definition, requiring Banff i1. Thirty-seven percent admitted to sometimes exaggerating Banff i in the presence of tubulitis, to reach a diagnosis of Borderline. Forty-eight percent were dissatisfied with the definition of Borderline. The majority of the most influential manuscripts used the 1997 definition, contrary to the current one. There is considerable dissatisfaction with Borderline, and practice in Banff i thresholds is variable. Until additional studies inform a revision, we suggest leaving it to each pathologist's discretion whether to use i0 or i1 as the minimal threshold. In order to avoid future ambiguity, a web-based synopsis of all scattered current Banff definitions and rules should be created.
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Affiliation(s)
- J U Becker
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Chang
- The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - V Nickeleit
- Division of Nephropathology, Department of Pathology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - P Randhawa
- Department of Pathology, Thomas E Starzl Txn Institute, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC-Montefiore, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - C Roufosse
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Williams KA, Coster DJ. Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in Corneal Transplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03258520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Manikwar P, Kiptoo P, Badawi AH, Büyüktimkin B, Siahaan TJ. Antigen-specific blocking of CD4-specific immunological synapse formation using BPI and current therapies for autoimmune diseases. Med Res Rev 2012; 32:727-64. [PMID: 21433035 PMCID: PMC4441537 DOI: 10.1002/med.20243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss T-cell activation, etiology, and the current therapies of autoimmune diseases (i.e., MS, T1D, and RA). T-cells are activated upon interaction with antigen-presenting cells (APC) followed by a "bull's eye"-like formation of the immunological synapse (IS) at the T-cell-APC interface. Although the various disease-modifying therapies developed so far have been shown to modulate the IS and thus help in the management of these diseases, they are also known to present some undesirable side effects. In this study, we describe a novel and selective way to suppress autoimmunity by using a bifunctional peptide inhibitor (BPI). BPI uses an intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-binding peptide to target antigenic peptides (e.g., proteolipid peptide, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and type II collagen) to the APC and therefore modulate the immune response. The central hypothesis is that BPI blocks the IS formation by simultaneously binding to major histocompatibility complex-II and ICAM-1 on the APC and selectively alters the activation of T cells from T(H)1 to T(reg) and/or T(H)2 phenotypes, leading to tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Manikwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KA 66047, USA
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Practical approaches to dose selection for first-in-human clinical trials with novel biopharmaceuticals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 58:243-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Although critical for cell adhesion and migration during normal immune-mediated reactions, leukocyte integrins are also involved in the pathogenesis of diverse clinical conditions including autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. Leukocyte integrins therefore have been targets for anti-adhesive therapies to treat the inflammatory disorders. Recently, the therapeutic potential of integrin antagonists has been demonstrated in psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. However, current therapeutics broadly affect integrin functions and, thus, yield unfavorable side effects. This review discusses the major leukocyte integrins and the anti-adhesion strategies for treating immune diseases.
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Vincenti F, Mendez R, Pescovitz M, Rajagopalan PR, Wilkinson AH, Butt K, Laskow D, Slakey DP, Lorber MI, Garg JP, Garovoy M. A phase I/II randomized open-label multicenter trial of efalizumab, a humanized anti-CD11a, anti-LFA-1 in renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:1770-7. [PMID: 17564637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) has a multifaceted role in the immune response, including adhesion and trafficking of leukocytes, stabilizing the immune synapse of the MHC-TCR complex and providing costimulation signals. Monoclonal antibodies to the CD11a chain of LFA-1 have been seen to result in effective immunosuppression in experimental models. Efalizumab, a humanized IgG1 anti-CD11a, is approved for use in psoriasis and may provide effective immunosuppression in organ transplantation. Thirty-eight patients undergoing their first living donor or deceased renal transplant were randomized to receive efalizumab 0.5 or 2 mg/kg weekly subcutaneously for 12 weeks. Patients were maintained on full dose cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil and steroids or half dose cyclosporine, sirolimus and prednisone. At 6 months following transplant patient survival was 97% and graft survival was 95%. Clinical biopsy-proven acute rejection in the first 6 months after transplantation was confirmed in 4 of 38 patients (11%). Three patients (8%) developed post transplant lymphoproliferative disease, all treated with the higher dose efalizumab and full dose cyclosporine. The two doses of efalizumab resulted in comparable saturation and modulation of CD11a. This phase II trial suggests that efalizumab may warrant further investigation in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vincenti
- Transplant Service, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Soleimani B, Wieczorek G, Katopodis A, Zenke G, George AJT, Hornick PI, Weitz-Schmidt G. Anti–LFA-1 Monotherapy Prevents Neointimal Formation in a Murine Model of Transplant Intimal Hyperplasia. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26:724-31. [PMID: 17613404 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2006] [Revised: 03/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is the pre-eminent cause of late cardiac allograft failure. It is characterized by a concentric intimal hyperplasia, which we designate transplant intimal hyperplasia (TIH). To date, blockade of the adhesion molecule lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) has been shown to be effective in preventing TIH in experimental models of transplantation, but only when combined with other immunosuppressants. In this study we explored the impact of monotherapy against LFA-1 in a carotid artery allograft model of TIH. METHODS B10A(2R) (H-2(h2)) mice were used as donors and C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) mice used as recipients. The recipients were treated with a monoclonal antibody against LFA-1alpha (M17/4) or isotype-matched control immunoglobulin. Grafts were harvested after 35 days and analyzed by histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry. Blood samples were taken and analyzed by differential cell count and alloantibody levels. RESULTS We found that treatment with M17/4 resulted in a significant reduction in TIH compared with controls. Immunostaining revealed that LFA-1alpha blockade inhibited CD45+ leukocyte infiltration, prevented intimal smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, and preserved the medial SMC population. Finally, we demonstrated a reduction in the serum alloantibody titer in the group treated with anti-LFA-1alpha when compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated for the first time that LFA-1alpha blockade on its own can prevent development of TIH in an experimental model. The concept of modulating LFA-1alpha-mediated leukocyte migration and T-cell activation may therefore be of relevance to clinical cardiac transplantation and, as such, represents a potential target for therapeutic intervention against clinical CAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Soleimani
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK.
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Abstract
Efalizumab (Raptiva, Serono) is a humanised monoclonal antibody (IgG1) produced by biotechnology. This antibody has a novel place among biotherapies for psoriasis. It is bound to the CD11a subunit of a surface molecule of the T lymphocyte LFA-1 (Leucocyte Function-associated Antigen-1). This molecule is essential for binding of T lymphocytes to the ICAM-1 molecule (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1) found on antigen-presenting cells, endothelial cells and keratinocytes. Binding of efalizumab to CD11a prevents binding of LFA-1 to ICAM-1, thus inhibiting several steps in the immunological process responsible for formation of psoriatic plaque (activation of naive T lymphocytes to memory T lymphocytes, lymphocyte migration and reactivation of T lymphocytes in skin). Efalizumab was approved in the United States by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in 2003 for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis requiring systemic therapy. It may be used as first-line therapy in the United States in this indication. In France, marketing authorisation (MA) was granted more recently in September 2005. The indications are moderate-to-severe cutaneous plaque psoriasis in adults in cases of failure, intolerance or contraindication of at least two systemic treatments including phototherapy, methotrexate and cyclosporine. Current clinical trial data is available for 3500 patients with plaque psoriasis. A 75% improvement in PASI score was seen in between 22 and 39% of patients treated with efalizumab (vs. 2 to 5% for patients on placebo) in a single weekly subcutaneous injection (1 mg/kg). A study in good responders confirms the continuing long-term efficacy of prescription of the drug up to 36 months (with at least a 75% improvement in PASI score in 53% of patients). However, it is not effective against joint involvement in psoriasis. The most common side-effects (incidence >1/100) are influenza-like syndrome, risk of outbreak of cutaneous psoriasis during or after discontinuation of treatment, worsening of arthralgia, minor hypersensitivity reactions, reversible changes in laboratory values (hyperlymphocytosis, elevated alkaline phosphatases and transaminases). Because of rare cases of thrombocytopenia (incidence<1/100), reversible on discontinuation of treatment, monthly monitoring of platelet counts is required over the first 3 months of therapy. There are currently no randomised studies comparing the various systemic treatments (standard therapy and biotherapy) for psoriasis. However, on extrapolation of the available results concerning efficacy (PASI-75 after 12 weeks of treatment), efalizumab appears to be less efficacious than anti-TNF alpha agents. This drug constitutes an additional treatment option and its position in the therapeutic arsenal will depend upon its long-term benefit/risk ratio in relation to other biotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Descamps
- Université Paris VII Denis-Diderot, Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, 75018 Paris, France.
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11
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Go S, Fleischmann A, Lantz O, Cretolle C, Brousse N, Cerf-Bensussan N, Sarnacki S. Anti-LFA-1 antibody postpones T-cell receptor triggering while preserving generation of regulatory T cells in T-cell receptor anti-HY transgenic mice. Transplantation 2006; 82:119-26. [PMID: 16861951 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000225804.85830.de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-LFA-1 (CD11a) antibody increases allograft survival and/or induces tolerance in murine models, but its mechanisms of action remain to be elucidated. METHODS Rag-2-/- H-2b recipient mice, bearing a transgenic T-cell receptor specific for the male antigen HY presented by MHC class II molecule, were transplanted with a C57BL/6 (H-2b) male heart with or without administration of anti-LFA-1 antibody from days -1 to 9. RESULTS Treatment prevented the transient episode of acute graft rejection observed in nontreated mice and maintained a naive phenotype and proliferative characteristics comparable to that of naive transgenic lymphocytes on day 7 during treatment, with decreased IFN-gamma mRNA and increased IL-4 mRNA. On day 14, phenotype and proliferative response of lymphocytes in treated mice was comparable to those of untreated animals. Furthermore, treatment did not interfere with the generation of CD4+Vbeta6+CD25+ (Foxp3) cells that were observed in long-term nontreated tolerant mice. CONCLUSIONS This in vivo model demonstrates that anti-LFA-1 treatment induced a transient blockade of antigen recognition, which inhibited and postponed induction of signal 1 via the TCR and decreased the intensity of the Th1 response. Importantly, LFA-1 blockade did not disturb spontaneous generation of regulatory mechanism. This treatment would be compatible in clinical settings with other therapeutics inducing regulatory mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Blocking/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- CD11a Antigen/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- H-Y Antigen/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/analysis
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
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Abstract
Leukocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) was one of the earliest of cell-surface molecules identified by monoclonal antibodies generated against leukocyte immunogens. This integrin heterodimer is perhaps best known as a classic adhesion molecule facilitating the interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. However, varied studies indicate that LFA-1 has multi-faceted roles in the immune response including adhesion, activation and trafficking of leukocyte populations. While there has been long-standing interest in LFA-1 as a therapeutic target for regulating immunity, anti-LFA-1 therapy is still not a first-line indication for any clinical condition. Antagonism of LFA-1 with monoclonal antibodies, either alone or in combination with other agents, can result in regulatory tolerance in vivo. Furthermore, new generation humanized anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies (Efalizumab) show at least modest promise for continued application in clinical trials. Thus, anti-LFA-1 forms a potential, but still largely unexploited, immunotherapy which may find its greatest application as an agent which augments other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Nicolls
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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González-Amaro R, Mittelbrunn M, Sánchez-Madrid F. Therapeutic anti-integrin (alpha4 and alphaL) monoclonal antibodies: two-edged swords? Immunology 2005; 116:289-96. [PMID: 16236118 PMCID: PMC1802423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-alpha4 and anti-alphaL integrin chain monoclonal antibodies have shown a clear-cut beneficial effect in different animal models of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders as well as in human diseases, including multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis. It has been widely assumed that this therapeutic effect is mainly consequence of the blockade of leucocyte adhesion to endothelium, inhibiting thus their extravasation and the inflammatory phenomenon. However, it is evident that both alpha4beta1 (very late antigen-4) and alphaLbeta2 (leucocyte function-associated antigen-1) integrins have additional important roles in other immune phenomena, including the formation of the immune synapse and the differentiation of T helper 1 lymphocytes. Therefore, it is very feasible that the long-term administration of blocking agents directed against these integrins to patients with inflammatory/autoimmune conditions may have undesirable or unexpected effects.
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Small molecules useful in the treatment of inflammatory disease. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.9.9.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Chkhotua AB, Schelzig H, Wiegand P, Grosse S, Reis S, Art M, Abendroth D. Influence of ischaemia/reperfusion and LFA-1 inhibition on telomere lengths and CDKI genes in ex vivo haemoperfusion of primate kidneys. Transpl Int 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2004.tb00496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chkhotua AB, Schelzig H, Wiegand P, Grosse S, Reis S, Art M, Abendroth D. Influence of ischaemia/reperfusion and LFA-1 inhibition on telomere lengths and CDKI genes in ex vivo haemoperfusion of primate kidneys. Transpl Int 2004; 17:692-8. [PMID: 15565356 DOI: 10.1007/s00147-004-0766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2003] [Revised: 03/04/2004] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The telomere (T) length, p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p27(Kip1) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) genes are the markers of cell senescence and DNA damage. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of renal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) and anti-lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment on the value of the above-mentioned markers. Significantly higher levels of p21 and p27 were expressed by the glomeruli (P=0.001 and P=0.0001), tubules (P=0.0065 and P=0.0006), and interstitial cells (P=0.0017 and P=0.0022, respectively) of the xenoperfused kidneys. The mean T length of non-perfused renal specimens (5.56+/-0.60 kbp) was longer than that of the xenoperfused kidneys (5.46+/-0.36 kbp) [P= non-significant (NS)]. Addition of anti-LFA-1 mAb did not significantly influence the gene expression profile in the xenoperfused kidneys. The mean T length was longer in the kidneys with anti-LFA-1 mAb than in those without the medication (5.7+/-0.11 vs 5.13+/-0.31 kbp) (P=0.0661). Kidney I/R is associated with telomere shortening and an over-expression of p21 and p27 CDKIs, which indicates substantial DNA damage and/or accelerated tissue senescence. Although anti-LFA-1 mAb had some protective effect on the telomeres, it did not influence the gene expression profile in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archil B Chkhotua
- National Centre of Urology, Tsinandali St. 9, 380044, Tbilisi, Georgia.
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Michallet MC, Preville X, Flacher M, Fournel S, Genestier L, Revillard JP. Functional antibodies to leukocyte adhesion molecules in antithymocyte globulins. Transplantation 2003; 75:657-62. [PMID: 12640305 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000053198.99206.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyclonal antithymocyte globulins (ATG) induce T-cell depletion and functional impairment of nondeleted lymphocytes. Interference of ATG with the main leukocyte surface molecules involved in cellular adhesion and leukocyte-endothelium interaction was investigated in the present study. METHODS In three rabbit ATG, the authors measured antibodies to integrins, beta2-integrin ligands, and chemokine receptors by flow cytometry; chemotactic responses; and down-modulation of cell surface expression on lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils. RESULTS Antibodies to CD11a/CD18 (leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 [LFA-1]) present in ATG induced a dose-dependent down-modulation of cell surface expression of this beta2 integrin on lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils. In contrast, anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies did not induce LFA-1 modulation unless cross-linked by a second antibody. ATG also contained functional antibodies to the beta1 integrin CD49d/CD29 (VLA-4), the alpha4beta7 integrin, CD50, CD54, and CD102 but not to CD62L. ATG were shown to bind to CXCR4 and CCR7 on lymphocytes, CXCR4, and CCR5 on monocytes; to down-modulate cell surface expression of CCR7; and to decrease monocyte chemotactic response to CCL5 (RANTES) and lymphocyte chemotactic response to CCL19 (MIP-3beta). CONCLUSION These results show that ATG may interfere with leukocyte responses to chemotactic signals but mostly inhibit the expression of integrins required for firm cellular adhesion. The latter property of inhibition is not shared by monoclonal antibodies, and it may contribute to decreasing graft cellular infiltration during acute rejection and possibly after postischemic reperfusion.
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Dedrick RL, Bodary S, Garovoy MR. Adhesion molecules as therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2003; 3:85-95. [PMID: 12718733 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.3.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory disorders such as autoimmune diseases and graft rejection are mediated by activated leukocytes, particularly T lymphocytes, which penetrate the inflamed tissue and perpetuate or amplify the immune reaction. In an unstimulated state, leukocytes do not readily adhere to the vascular endothelium. However, inflammatory signals induce the expression of proteins on the endothelial cell surface that promote the adhesion and extravasation of activated immune cells from the circulation into the underlying tissues. Key among these molecules are P- and E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on the endothelial cells, and their respective counter receptors, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), on the leukocytes. In vitro blockade of these molecules inhibits the adhesion of leukocytes. In many cases there is attenuation of leukocyte activation as well. Adhesion blockade in animal models prevents or ameliorates graft rejection and disease severity in autoimmune models. Clinical studies with humanised monoclonal antibodies which interfere with LFA-1/ICAM-1 or VLA-4/VCAM-1 interactions have shown significant efficacy and good safety profiles in autoimmune disease, including psoriasis, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, adhesion blockade is emerging as a useful therapeutic strategy in several inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Anaya-Prado
- Borgess Research Institute, Trauma, Surgery Research Scienes, Kalamazoo, MI 49048, USA
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Bowles MJ, Wood RM, Pockley AG. Antimurine immunoglobulin antibody responses after the administration of murine monoclonal antibodies to rats are altered by small bowel allograft rejection. Transplantation 2001; 72:330-3. [PMID: 11477361 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200107270-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study monitored the induction of antimurine immunoglobulin antibody responses after the administration of anti-CD4 (OX38) and anti-LFA-1 (WT.1) monoclonal antibodies to DA rats. METHODS Monoclonal antibody was administered i.v. on 3 consecutive days to untransplanted DA rats, and DA recipients of PVG small bowel allografts. Control animals received no monoclonal antibody. Antimurine immunoglobulin antibody levels in serum samples were determined by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS No antimurine immunoglobulin antibody was detected in untransplanted animals receiving OX38 alone. Reactivity was apparent in WT.1-treated animals, but this response was totally abrogated by the co-administration of OX38. A combination of OX38 and WT.1 had no effect on allograft recipient survival and antimurine immunoglobulin antibody responses were detected in all allograft recipients, irrespective of the treatment regimen. CONCLUSIONS Although OX38 inhibited the antibody response both to itself and to WT.1 in untransplanted animals, the immune reaction induced by small bowel allograft rejection overcame this inhibitory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bowles
- Division of Clinical Sciences (NGH), Clinical Sciences Centre (University of Sheffield), Northern General Hospital, Herries Road, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK
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21
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Abstract
Recent advances in immunosuppression have focused on more effective, safer, and targeted therapies that have resulted in improved short- and intermediate-term renal allograft survival. During the past decade there has been a marked decrease in acute rejection rates following renal transplantation because of the use of newer immunosuppressive agents. Recent data indicate that the average yearly reduction in the relative hazard of graft failure beyond 1 year was 4.2% for all recipients (0.4% for those recipients who had an acute rejection episode and 6.3% for those who did not have an acute rejection). Despite these improvements the currently available immunosuppressive agents are associated with significant cardiovascular risk factors, an increased risk of infection, and the development of malignancies in the long term. Predictive parameters of donor-specific hyporesponsiveness are needed so as to allow identification of patients in whom immunosuppressive therapy can be safely reduced. Immunosuppressive agents that have recently been approved for use in the United States and those that are in clinical and preclinical studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Peddi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0585, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Lalor
- Liver Research Laboratories, University of Birmingham MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Clinical Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston
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Poston RS, Robbins RC, Chan B, Simms P, Presta L, Jardieu P, Morris RE. Effects of humanized monoclonal antibody to rhesus CD11a in rhesus monkey cardiac allograft recipients. Transplantation 2000; 69:2005-13. [PMID: 10852588 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200005270-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1, CD11a) monoclonal antibody (mAb) affects many leukocyte functions without cell depletion. We hypothesized that the use of a humanized, anti-rhesus modified LFA-1 mAb (H2C12) in rhesus monkeys would cause: (1) prolonged heart allograft survival, (2) inhibition of primary but not secondary antibody responses, and (3) minimal drug toxicity. METHODS AND RESULTS Control (n=5) and H2C12-treated (n=7) (8-20 mg/kg i.v. on day -1 followed by 10 mg/kg/day) adult male rhesus recipients were inoculated with GP120 protein antigen on day -28 and -1 and grafted with heterotopic abdominal hearts (day 0). Donor-recipient pairs were equally MLR mismatched (4329.8+/-1124.1 CPM controls vs. 7289.0+/-1926.5 treated, P=NS). Mean heart allograft survival as evaluated by daily abdominal palpation was significantly prolonged in high dose recipients (23.0+/-2.6, n=4) vesus controls (8.2+/-1.3, n=5, P<0.02, Mann-Whitney U test). H2C12 treatment did not produce signs of cytokine release or toxicity, was nondepleting, but down-modulated PBL CD11a expression to 43.4+/-3.6% (n=4) of control levels (n=5) at day 7 as demonstrated by flow cytometry. It had no effect on postoperative Con A or MLR and did not prevent mAb clearance due to the rhesus-antihuman antibody response. The addition of mycophenolate mofitil prevented rhesus-antihuman antibody response with therapeutic H2C12 levels seen for >35 days. CONCLUSIONS The use of this mAb to block CD11a had the benefit of being a well tolerated, highly targeted therapy. These are the first results showing that monotherapy with anti-leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 mAb prolonged survival of MLR mismatched allogenic cardiac grafts in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Poston
- Transplantation Immunology, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5247, USA
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Zuckermann AO, Grimm M, Czerny M, Ofner P, Ullrich R, Ploner M, Wolner E, Laufer G. Improved long-term results with thymoglobuline induction therapy after cardiac transplantation: a comparison of two different rabbit-antithymocyte globulines. Transplantation 2000; 69:1890-8. [PMID: 10830228 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200005150-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this retrospective single center analysis was to compare possible long-term benefits of two different rabbit-antithymocyte globuline (ATG) induction therapies after cardiac transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 484 primary cardiac transplanted patients received induction therapy with two different rabbit-ATGs (thymoglobuline: n=342, ATG-fresenius: n=142). All patients received immunosuppressive maintenance therapy with cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisolone. Cardiac rejection was assessed by serial endomyocardial biopsies. Surveillance of graft arteriosclerosis was performed by angiograms 1, 3, and 5 years after transplantation. RESULTS Five-year survival was significantly better in the thymoglobuline group (76 vs. 60%). Thymoglobuline patients had a lower rate of death from rejection (2.3 vs. 10%; P<0.01) and graft arteriosclerosis (0.88 vs. 5.6%; P<0.01). After 5 years, freedom from rejection was 72% in the thymoglobuline group compared to 42% in the ATG-fresenius group (P<0.01). Graft arteriosclerosis appeared in 14% of thymoglobuline patients and in 28% of ATG-fresenius patients (P<0.01). Viral infections occurred more often in thymoglobuline patients (53 vs. 39%, P<0.05) although there was no difference in appearance of cytomegalovirus disease (17 vs. 13%). Freedom from posttransplant malignant disease was comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest that there are differences between rabbit ATG products. The superior prevention of rejection with thymoglobuline may be the reason for the lower rate of graft arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Zuckermann
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Vienna, Austria.
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Behrend M. Immune-adhesion molecules in the prevention of allograft rejection and reperfusion injury. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000; 9:789-805. [PMID: 11060710 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.9.4.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Control of the immune system is of indispensable importance for graft acceptance and function. Immunological changes in the graft before and after organ harvesting, the transplantation procedure itself and the organ recipients clinical state contribute to the immune response. Leukocyte trafficking [1] into a graft is regulated by various signal transducing molecules, which have been characterised during the past years. Ligand molecules on endothelial cells and in the organ parenchyma are the counterparts for leukocyte adhesion and tissue infiltration. The expression of these ligand molecules is regulated by soluble factors and cell-cell interactions [2]. The regulation of tissue inflammation and repair mechanisms involving components of the immune system therefore depends on a number of cell-surface interactions. The processes of intravascular adhesion, transmigration and infiltration by leukocytes and platelets are mainly mediated by receptor ligand interactions with target cells (cell-cell) and extracellular matrix proteins (cell-matrix). The main molecular families of adhesion receptor/ligand molecules have been identified. Today, we are still far from understanding this network of interactions. The numbers of molecules and factors involved are still increasing. This review summarises the currently available knowledge on the intervention in this system by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), peptides and blocking agents. From this review, it is evident that further investigations are justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Behrend
- Abteilung für Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30623 Hannover, Germany.
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Nicolls MR, Coulombe M, Yang H, Bolwerk A, Gill RG. Anti-LFA-1 therapy induces long-term islet allograft acceptance in the absence of IFN-gamma or IL-4. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:3627-34. [PMID: 10725719 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
mAb therapy directed against a variety of cell surface accessory molecules has been effectively utilized to prolong allograft acceptance in various models of tissue and organ transplantation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether transient therapy directed against the adhesion molecule LFA-1 (CD11a) was sufficient to induce donor-specific tolerance to pancreatic islet allografts. Anti-LFA-1 monotherapy was found to be efficacious in inducing long-term islet allograft acceptance in multiple donor-recipient strain combinations. Graft acceptance following anti-LFA-1 therapy was not simply due to clonal ignorance of donor Ags in that the majority of recipients bearing established islet allografts resisted rejection induced by immunization with donor-type APCs. Furthermore, donor-specific tolerance from anti-LFA-1-treated animals could be transferred to secondary immune-deficient animals. Taken together, these results indicated that transient anti-LFA-1 monotherapy resulted in donor-specific tolerance. In vitro, functionally tolerant animals retained normal anti-donor reactivity as assessed by proliferative, cytotoxic, and cytokine release assays that demonstrated that tolerance was not secondary to general clonal deletion or anergy of donor-reactive T cells. Finally, anti-LFA-1 treatment was effective in both IL-4-deficient and IFN-gamma-deficient recipients, indicating that neither of these cytokines are universally required for allograft acceptance. These results suggest that anti-adhesion-based therapy can induce a nondeletional form of tolerance that is not overtly dependent on the prototypic Th1 and Th2 cytokines, IFN-gamma and IL-4, respectively, in contrast to results in other transplantation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Nicolls
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences University, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Bowles MJ, Pockley AG, Wood RF. Effect of anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibody on rat small bowel allograft survival and circulating leukocyte populations. Transpl Immunol 2000; 8:75-80. [PMID: 10834613 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-3274(00)00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) prolong graft survival in several animal models. This study assessed the effect of an anti-LFA-1 mAb (WT.1) on small bowel allograft rejection, circulating leukocyte subsets and in vivo target cell antigen blockade. Heterotopic small bowel transplantation was performed between PVG donor and DA recipient rats. Transplanted animals received 1 mg/kg per day WT.1 on days -1, 0 (day of transplantation) and 1. Three doses of WT.1 were also administered to a group of untransplanted animals to monitor circulating leukocyte populations and in vivo binding. WT.1 prolonged recipient survival from 7 to 14 days. Peripheral leukocyte counts increased more than twofold, primarily due to marked increases in both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. Approximately 85% of WT.1 binding sites on lymphocytes and monocytes were blocked/modulated after the course of therapy. WT.1 has marked effects on circulating leukocytes and target cell binding capacities and can affect the survival of rat small bowel transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bowles
- Division of Clinical Sciences (NGH), Clinical Sciences Centre (University of Sheffield), Northern General Hospital, UK
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Gray DW. Observations regarding the effect of targeted gene deletions (knockouts) on graft rejection. Transplantation 2000; 69:694-8. [PMID: 10708137 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200002270-00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Crétolle-Vastel C, Camby C, Cerf-Bensussan N, Cavazzana-Calvo M, Fischer A, Révillon Y, Sarnacki S. [Role of calcineurin-dependent drugs on the immunosuppressive effect induced by the anti-LFA-1 antibody in a fetal intestinal transplantation model in mice]. CHIRURGIE; MEMOIRES DE L'ACADEMIE DE CHIRURGIE 1999; 124:503-10. [PMID: 10615777 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-4001(00)88272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
STUDY AIM We have previously demonstrated that anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) can efficiently protect against rejection of small bowel allograft in a mouse model. The aim of the present work was to determine, in the same model, the optimum conditions for utilisation of anti-LFA-1 mAb and the effects of calcineurin-dependent drugs on the immunosuppression induced by anti-LFA-1 mAb treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Foetal small intestines of C57Bl/6 (H-2b) mice were transplanted into adult C3H/He (H-2k) mice. Recipients were treated with anti-LFA-1 mAb alone (with or without day-1 injection), or combined to cyclosporin (20 mg.kg-1.j-1 for 14 days), or to tacrolimus (1 mg.kg-1.j-1 from day 0 to day 7). Biopsies were performed after engraftment from day 5 to day 30. RESULTS Administration of anti-LFA-1 mAb alone is sufficient to induce significant prolongation of intestinal allograft survival, provided that the treatment starts one day before engraftment. This tolerogenic effect is reversed by the transitory administration of tacrolimus (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION Treatment with anti-LFA-1 mAb has to be started before the allogeneic response has begun. Calcineurin-dependent drugs can modulate the tolerogenic effect induced by anti-LFA-1. A transgenic mice model should give precise details about underlying mechanisms of these interactions, before a possible utilisation of anti-LFA-1 mAb in intestinal transplantation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Crétolle-Vastel
- Service de chirurgie pédiatrique, hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
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Stealth Cells: Prevention of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II-Mediated T-Cell Activation by Cell Surface Modification. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v94.6.2135.418k08_2135_2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfusion or transplantation of T lymphocytes into an allogeneic recipient can evoke potent immune responses including, in immunocompromised patients, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). As our previous studies demonstrated attenuated immunorecognition of red blood cells covalently modified with methoxy(polyethylene glycol) (mPEG), we hypothesized that T-cell activation by foreign antigens might similarly be prevented by mPEG modification. Mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HLA class II disparate donors demonstrate that mPEG modification of PBMC effectively inhibits T-cell proliferation (measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation) in a dose-dependent manner. Even slight derivatization (0.4 mmol/L mPEG per 4 × 106 cells) resulted in a ≥75% decrease, while higher concentrations caused ≥96% decrease in proliferation. Loss of PBMC proliferation was not due to either mPEG-induced cytotoxicity, as viability was normal, or cellular anergy, as phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated mPEG-PBMC demonstrated normal proliferative responses. Addition of exogenous interleukin (IL)-2 also had no proliferative effect, suggesting that the mPEG-modified T cells were not antigen primed. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrates that mPEG-modification dramatically decreases antibody recognition of multiple molecules involved in essential cell:cell interactions, including both T-cell molecules (CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD28, CD11a, CD62L) and antigen-presenting cell (APC) molecules (CD80, CD58, CD62L) likely preventing the initial adhesion and costimulatory events necessary for immune recognition and response.
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Stealth Cells: Prevention of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II-Mediated T-Cell Activation by Cell Surface Modification. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v94.6.2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Transfusion or transplantation of T lymphocytes into an allogeneic recipient can evoke potent immune responses including, in immunocompromised patients, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). As our previous studies demonstrated attenuated immunorecognition of red blood cells covalently modified with methoxy(polyethylene glycol) (mPEG), we hypothesized that T-cell activation by foreign antigens might similarly be prevented by mPEG modification. Mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HLA class II disparate donors demonstrate that mPEG modification of PBMC effectively inhibits T-cell proliferation (measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation) in a dose-dependent manner. Even slight derivatization (0.4 mmol/L mPEG per 4 × 106 cells) resulted in a ≥75% decrease, while higher concentrations caused ≥96% decrease in proliferation. Loss of PBMC proliferation was not due to either mPEG-induced cytotoxicity, as viability was normal, or cellular anergy, as phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated mPEG-PBMC demonstrated normal proliferative responses. Addition of exogenous interleukin (IL)-2 also had no proliferative effect, suggesting that the mPEG-modified T cells were not antigen primed. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrates that mPEG-modification dramatically decreases antibody recognition of multiple molecules involved in essential cell:cell interactions, including both T-cell molecules (CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD28, CD11a, CD62L) and antigen-presenting cell (APC) molecules (CD80, CD58, CD62L) likely preventing the initial adhesion and costimulatory events necessary for immune recognition and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rabb
- Division of Nephrology, Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA
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Harrison PC, Madwed JB. Anti-LFA-1 alpha reduces the dose of cyclosporin A needed to produce immunosuppression in heterotopic cardiac transplanted rats. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999; 18:279-84. [PMID: 10226890 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(98)00065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against cell adhesion molecules prolong the time to acute rejection of transplanted organs in animals. Postulated mechanisms of action include blockade of trafficking of host leukocytes into or recognizing of effector/target cells within the allograft. We examined whether an anti-ICAM-1 (1A29), anti-LFA-1 alpha (WT.1), or anti-CD-18 (WT.3) could reduce the immunosuppressive dose of cyclosporin A (CsA) when used in combination. METHODS A rat heterotopic cardiac transplant model with ACI donors and Lewis recipients was used. MAb dose was 3 mg/kg, i.p. with treatment on Days -3 and -1 prior to transplant, followed by daily dosing for 10 days post-transplantation (Tx). Cyclosporin A doses were either 1.5 or 2.75 mg/kg, PO beginning the day of and for 10 days post-Tx. RESULTS Untreated allografted rats demonstrated a mean rejection time (MRT) +/- SEM of 8.8 +/- 0.6 days. Cyclosporin A at 1.5 and 2.75 mg/kg showed mean rejection times of 8.5 +/- 0.3 (NS) and 20.5 +/- 1.9 (p < 0.05) days, respectively. Monotherapy with 1A29 or WT.3 did not prolong MRT, whereas WT.1 increased MRT to 21.7 +/- 4.3 days (p < 0.05). MAb combination therapy did not extend MRT greater than that demonstrated by WT.1 alone. However, MAb and CsA combination therapy significantly increased MRT with WT.1 and CsA resulting in the greatest extension. WT.1 combination with CsA at 1.5 mg/kg and 2.75 mg/kg increased MRT to > 46.8 +/- 6.3 and > 44.2 +/- 9.4 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Anti-LFA-1 alpha and CsA combination therapy significantly extends the time to rejection of transplanted rat hearts. We conclude that combining an anti-LFA-1 alpha and CsA may be beneficial in prolonging allograft rejection times and in reducing the amount of CsA necessary for immune suppression, thereby minimizing its toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Harrison
- Department of Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, USA
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Panés J, Perry M, Granger DN. Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion: avenues for therapeutic intervention. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 126:537-50. [PMID: 10188959 PMCID: PMC1565837 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julián Panés
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Perry
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.A
- Author for correspondence:
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Chan BM, Zheng H, Wang H, Uniyal S, Garcia B, Wang J, Zhong R. Treatment of cardiac allografts with established leukocyte infiltration by modulation of alpha4 (CD49d) and leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (CD11a/CD18) integrin function. Transplantation 1998; 66:277-83. [PMID: 9721793 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199808150-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukocyte infiltration is a landmark feature of organ rejection. The present study was undertaken to determine whether monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against alpha4 (CD49d) and/or leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1; CD11a/CD18) would reverse ongoing rejection in a mouse C57BL/6-to-BALB/c heart transplant model. METHODS Control animals had rejection on postoperative day (POD) 8. Treatment with mAb started on POD 4 when leukocyte infiltration was well established. The recipients were treated with (1) mAb LFA-1, (2) mAb alpha4, and (3) mAbs LFA-1 + alpha4 at a dose of 6 mg/kg/day i.v. on PODs 4, 5, and 7. Untreated and rat IgG-treated animals were used as controls. RESULTS Control animals experienced rejection on POD 8. Treatment with mAb against LFA-1 or alpha4 alone prolonged allograft survival to 17.0+/-3.2 and 24.3+/-4.6 days, respectively (P < 0.01 vs. controls). Combination therapy with both mAb increased allograft survival to 28.2+/-3.7 days (P < 0.01 vs. controls). Sequential pathological studies showed the mAb to alpha4, but not LFA-1, markedly reduced the degree of lymphocytic infiltration in cardiac allografts. In contrast, a different pattern was observed using in vitro studies: mAb to LFA-1, not alpha4, significantly reduced proliferative responses in mixed lymphocyte culture and interleukin-2 production from recipient splenocytes on POD 8. CONCLUSION These data indicate that integrins play an important role in rejection. Although the effect of mAb against alpha4 and LFA-1 may involve different mechanisms, treatment with mAbs to integrins may be valuable in future clinical transplantation by averting ongoing rejection and prolonging graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Chan
- Transplantation and Immunobiology, The John P. Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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Spillner J, Kohnle M, Albrecht KH, Heemann U. Anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibody in renal transplantation: renal function, infections, and other complications. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:2163. [PMID: 9723427 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)00574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Spillner
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Germany
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Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion molecules are critically involved at a number of stages in immune and inflammatory responses, and their importance in the response to a renal allograft has been recognized for some years. They are involved in antigen presentation, in the cascade of events leading to extravasation of leukocytes into the allograft, in the subsequent migration of leukocytes through the extracellular matrix, and in the interactions between effector and target cells. Thus the adhesion molecules are highly attractive targets for therapeutic intervention in organ transplantation. Strategies have been explored to exploit the involvement of adhesion molecules in ischemia/reperfusion injury, allograft rejection, and the induction of immunological tolerance. Furthermore, the expression of a number of adhesion molecules is regulated by cytokines, and elevated levels may be detected both in transplant biopsies and as soluble forms measured in serum and urine. It has been proposed that these changes in levels might provide useful information in the diagnosis of allograft rejection and differentiation from other causes of graft dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Fuggle
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, England, UK
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Hori J, Isobe M, Yamagami S, Mizuochi T, Tsuru T. Specific immunosuppression of corneal allograft rejection by combination of anti-VLA-4 and anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies in mice. Exp Eye Res 1997; 65:89-98. [PMID: 9237869 DOI: 10.1006/exer.1997.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that allograft rejection is mediated by a variety of adhesion molecules. Using a corneal allograft model in mice, we studied the role of very late antigen (VLA)-4 and leukocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 adhesion molecules in corneal allograft rejection and the effects of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to them in suppressing corneal rejection. C3H/He donor corneas were transplanted into BALB/c corneal beds. The allografted mice were treated with a control mAb (M18/2), mAbs to VLA-4, or LFA-1 or their combination by i.p. injection until day 7. The expression of VLA-4, LFA-1, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-2 receptor and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) in the grafted cornea were studied immunohistochemically. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to donor alloantigens were assessed. The skins from a syngeneic donor or a third-part strain were transplanted 8 weeks after the initial keratoplasty onto the mice treated with anti-LFA-1 plus anti-VLA-4 mAbs. Fourteen of 16 allografts in non-treated mice and control mAb-treated mice became opaque by 2 weeks after transplantation. At 2 weeks, non-treated allografts showed expression of MHC class II antigens on keratocytes and mononuclear cells at the host-graft junction. Also, mononuclear cells expressing VLA-4, LFA-1, IL-2, IL-2 receptor and IFNgammawere present in the stroma at the host-graft junction. The allografts treated with either anti-VLA-4 or anti-LFA-1 alone, or anti-VLA-4 plus anti-LFA-1 remained transparent for more than 2 weeks, and the survival rates at 14 weeks was 0%, 16.7%, and 75.0%, respectively. The combined use of anti-VLA-4 and anti-LFA-1 mAbs prolonged graft survival significantly (P<0.05) at 14 weeks as compared with anti-LFA-1 mAb alone. At 3 weeks, CTL responses to donor alloantigens were depressed in mice treated with either anti-LFA-1 alone or anti-LFA-1 plus anti-VLA-4. Specific prolongation of donor-syngeneic skin was observed after treatment with the combination of these two mAbs. These results indicate that VLA-4 and LFA-1 have important roles in rejection process of corneal allografts, and that the combined use of mAbs to these molecules has remarkable effects on inducing alloantigen-specific immunosuppression in corneal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hori
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Miwa S, Isobe M, Suzuki J, Makuuchi M, Miyasaka M, Yamazaki S, Kawasaki S. Effect of anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and anti-leukocyte function associated antigen-1 monoclonal antibodies on rat-to-mouse cardiac xenograft rejection. Surgery 1997; 121:681-9. [PMID: 9186469 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6060(97)90057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and its ligand, leukocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), is especially relevant in allograft rejection. We have previously shown that the simultaneous blockade of ICAM-1 and LFA-1 by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) results in specific immunologic tolerance to cardiac allograft in a mouse model. METHODS We evaluated the roles of these adhesion molecules in xenograft rejection by using a rat-to-mouse concordant xenograft model to identify critical molecules for immunosuppression. RESULTS Lewis rat hearts transplanted into C3H/He mice were rejected within 5 to 7 days without treatment. A significant prolongation of xenograft survival (mean survival time, 11.6 days) was observed after treatment with anti-rat ICAM-1 and anti-mouse LFA-1 mAbs, when compared with nontreated mice or mice treated with different combinations of mAbs. Graft survival was prolonged in mice treated with FK506 (1 mg/kg/day), anti-rat ICAM-1, and anti-mouse LFA-1 mAbs (mean survival time, 22.2 days), whereas the same dose of FK506 alone was not effective. The mixed lymphocyte reaction showed that a combination of mAbs against mouse LFA-1-rat ICAM-1 and rat LFA-1-mouse ICAM-1 significantly inhibited the proliferation of mouse responders to rat stimulators and rat responders to mouse stimulators, respectively. Infiltration of mouse CD4 positive, mouse CD8 positive, and mouse LFA-1 positive cells, as well as dense deposition of mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and up-regulation of rat ICAM-1, on the graft endothelial cells were demonstrated by immunopathologic analysis of the rejected hearts. Flow cytometric analysis with rat spleen cells demonstrated the presence of xenoreactive antibodies (mouse IgG and IgM) in the recipient's serum. This xenoreactive antibody production was delayed but not inhibited by treatment of the recipients with anti-rat ICAM-1 and anti-mouse LFA-1. CONCLUSIONS Blockade of the donor side ICAM-1 and the recipient side LFA-1 is critical for immunosuppression with anti-ICAM-1-LFA-1 treatment. Humoral factors may be responsible for xenograft rejection that occurs even after inhibition of the cell-mediated immune response by anti-ICAM-1 and anti-LFA-1 mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miwa
- First Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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41
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Abstract
The goal of transplant physicians is to create a state of antigen-specific tolerance in the recipient, whereby the graft is not rejected and the patient will not need a lifetime of medical therapy. Although the immunosuppressive medications used are effective in lowering the incidence of rejection, they produce significant side effects and do not induce a state of transplantation tolerance. Progress toward inducing transplantation tolerance has been made in animal models, primarily by the exploitation of the natural mechanisms that vertebrates have to maintain self-tolerance. These same strategies are being employed in clinical trials and consequently are promising and challenging for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aradhye
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6100, USA
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42
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Cellular Interactions in Discordant Xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60572-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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43
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Hourmant M, Bedrossian J, Durand D, Lebranchu Y, Renoult E, Caudrelier P, Buffet R, Soulillou JP. A randomized multicenter trial comparing leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 monoclonal antibody with rabbit antithymocyte globulin as induction treatment in first kidney transplantations. Transplantation 1996; 62:1565-70. [PMID: 8970608 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199612150-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules are involved in several steps in the immune response: leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium, transendothelial migration, cooperation between immunocompetent cells, and cytotoxicity. Leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 plays a central role among adhesion molecules. In a multicenter randomized open trial, we compared a monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha chain of LFA-1 (Oduli-momab; IMTIX/Pasteur Mérieux Sérums et Vaccins) with rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG; IMTIX/Pasteur Mérieux Sérums et Vaccins), as part of a quadruple sequential protocol in 101 patients receiving a first kidney transplant. Clinical tolerance of anti-LFA-1 mAb was better than that of rATG. Short-term rejection rates (< 15 days) were not significantly different (15% and 16% for anti-LFA-1 mAb and rATG, respectively). However, 11% of the anti-LFA-1 mAb patients experienced rejection during the first 10 days of the treatment course compared with none of the patients treated with rATG. The incidence and severity of acute rejection in the first 3 months was not significantly different between groups. Of the LFA-1 and rATG patients, 96% and 92% of the grafts, respectively, were functioning at 12 months. The incidence and severity of infection, whatever the origin, were comparable in both groups. In addition, it was observed that fewer patients required posttransplantation dialysis in the anti-LFA-1 mAb group (19%, vs. 35% for rATG), although the difference was not statistically significant. Altogether, the beneficial action of this monoclonal antibody on short-term renal function recovery makes it a useful tool in the management of renal patients undergoing kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hourmant
- Service de Néphrologie et d'Immunologie Clinique, ITERT, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
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Härtl R, Schürer L, Schmid-Schönbein GW, del Zoppo GJ. Experimental antileukocyte interventions in cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16:1108-19. [PMID: 8898682 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199611000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
White blood cells (WBCs) play vital roles in host defense. Recently, increasing interest has been directed toward the question of whether WBCs, particularly polymorphonuclear leukocytes, could also act as mediators of secondary brain damage in the setting of focal and global cerebral ischemia with and without reperfusion. Considerable insight into the importance of WBC-mediated tissue injury has been gained from studies employing antileukocyte interventions in experimental cerebral ischemia. The purpose of this article is to survey the different approaches taken to interfere with WBC inflammatory function. Emphasis is laid on a discussion of the efficacy of these interventions, their effects and side effects on cerebral and systemic parameters, and the power of evidence they provide for identification of WBCs as important factors in cerebral ischemia. The role of WBCs has been investigated in a great variety of global and focal cerebral ischemia models with and without reperfusion, leading to sometimes contradictory results. In the light of currently available data, it seems likely that WBCs contribute to secondary brain damage in the scenario of experimental transient focal cerebral ischemia, if the insult is not too severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Härtl
- Aitken Neuroscience Institute, New York, New York, USA
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45
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Nakakura EK, Shorthouse RA, Zheng B, McCabe SM, Jardieu PM, Morris RE. Long-term survival of solid organ allografts by brief anti-lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 monoclonal antibody monotherapy. Transplantation 1996; 62:547-52. [PMID: 8830813 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199609150-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Strategies targeting lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1, CD11a/CD18) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) have previously been shown to produce long-term survival of solid organ allografts in animals only when both CD11a and ICAM-1 are targeted for a brief (6-7 days) time or when extended (14 weeks) treatment with anti-CD11a monoclonal antibody (mAb) is administered. We show that recipient pretreatment followed by a brief (13 days) treatment course with high-dose anti-CD11a mAb alone produces long-term survival of cardiac allografts in the rigorous, nonprimarily vascularized heart allograft model in mice. This treatment regimen induces specific unresponsiveness in our model. In recipients bearing long-term beating cardiac grafts after treatment with anti-CD11a mAb, there still exists a high frequency of potentially antigen-reactive T cells in isolated peripheral blood lymphocyte fractions. Therefore, clonal deletion does not appear to explain the induction of specific unresponsiveness by treatment with anti-CD11a mAb in this model. These findings support the further investigation of the use of high-dose anti-LFA-1 mAb monotherapy in the pre- and early postoperative period to promote solid organ allograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Nakakura
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305-5247, USA
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Pellegatta F, Lu Y, Radaelli A, Zocchi MR, Ferrero E, Chierchia S, Gaja G, Ferrero ME. Drug-induced in vitro inhibition of neutrophil-endothelial cell adhesion. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 118:471-6. [PMID: 8762067 PMCID: PMC1909737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions play an important role during ischaemia-reperfusion events. Adhesion molecules are specifically implicated in this interaction process. 2. Since defibrotide has been shown to be an efficient drug in reducing damage due to ischaemia-reperfusion in many experimental models, we analysed the effect of defibrotide in vitro on leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in basal conditions and after their stimulation. 3. In basal conditions, defibrotide (1000 micrograms ml-1) partially inhibited leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells by 17.3% +/- 3.6 (P < 0.05), and after endothelial cell stimulation (TNF-alpha, 500 u ml-1) or after leukocyte stimulation (fMLP, 10(-7) M), it inhibited leukocyte adhesion by 26.5% +/- 3.4 and 32.4% +/- 1.8, respectively (P < 0.05). 4. In adhesion blockage experiments, the use of the monoclonal antibody anti-CD31 (5 micrograms ml-1) did not demonstrate a significant inhibitory effect whereas use of the monoclonal antibody anti-LFA-1 (5 micrograms ml-1) significantly interfered with the effect of defibrotide. 5. This result was confirmed in NIH/3T3-ICAM-1 transfected cells. 6. We conclude that defibrotide is able to interfere with leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells mainly in activated conditions and that the ICAM-1/LFA-1 adhesion system is involved in the defibrotide mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pellegatta
- Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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Kato Y, Yamataka A, Yagita H, Okumura K, Fujiwara T, Miyano T. Specific acceptance of fetal bowel allograft in mice after combined treatment with anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 antibodies. Ann Surg 1996; 223:94-100. [PMID: 8554424 PMCID: PMC1235068 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199601000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to see whether tolerance could be induced by simultaneous administration of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) after transplantation of fetal small bowel between fully incompatible mice strains. METHODS Fetal small bowel from either BALB/c (H-2d) or C3H/He (H-2k) mice was transplanted into the space between the peritoneum and rectus abdominis of adult C3H/He recipient mice. Syngeneic (n = 6) and two allogeneic transplant groups were made. In one of the allogeneic groups (n = 8), no immunosuppressant was given. In the other allogeneic group (n = 13), both anti-LFA-1 and anti-ICAM-1 MoAbs (50 micrograms each/mouse/day) were given intraperitoneally after transplantation for the first 4 weeks. In the syngeneic and untreated allogeneic groups, all mice were killed 4 weeks after transplantation. In the treated allogeneic group, eight mice were killed 6 weeks after cessation of the MoAb treatment. At the time the mice were killed, the bowel graft as well as the recipient spleen were taken for histologic analysis and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) assay, respectively. Each mouse in the remaining treated five mice was transplanted with BALB/c and C57BL/6 (as third-party) full-thickness skin simultaneously 8 weeks after cessation of the MoAb treatment. RESULTS All grafts in the syngeneic group survived with normally developing villi, whereas all grafts in the untreated allogeneic group disappeared. In the treated allogeneic group, all allografts developed normal mucosa without any sign of rejection. Splenocytes from the recipient mice in the untreated allogeneic group showed increased CTL induction against donor-type alloantigen (p < 0.005), compared with that in the syngeneic group. Suppressed CTL induction against donor-type alloantigen was observed in the treated allografted recipient (p < 0.001), whereas CTL induction against third-party alloantigen was intact (p = NS). Third-party skin graft was normally rejected within 10 days, whereas donor-type skin graft was accepted in all mice tested. CONCLUSIONS Specific tolerance for fetal bowel allografts could be induced by a relatively short-term treatment with anti-ICAM-1 and anti-LFA-1 MoAbs. This mode of immunointervention could perhaps be applied to humans undergoing small-bowel transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kato
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Breidahl AF, Hickey MJ, Stewart AG, Hayward PG, Morrison WA. The role of cellular adhesion molecules in surgery. THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF SURGERY 1995; 65:838-47. [PMID: 8611105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1995.tb00573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to detail the roles played by the cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) in inflammatory and immunological reactions relevant to surgery. The interactions between leucocytes and endothelial cells which are mediated by CAM are central to the development of ischaemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) as occurs when blood flow is restored after an ischaemic period; for example, following revascularization of replanted digits and microvascular tissue transfers, angioplasty and tourniquet procedures. Cellular adhesion molecules are also important in wound healing and other inflammatory processes. In addition, the immunological response to organ allograft transplantation is mediated by cellular interactions mediated by CAM. This review details the functions and regulation of the various CAM involved in inflammation and allograft rejection and summarizes the results of previous surgical studies in which various techniques have been used to block the interactions mediated by CAM in an attempt to improve surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Breidahl
- Bernard O'Brein Institute of Microsurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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50
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Nashan B, Schwinzer R, Schlitt HJ, Wonigeit K, Pichlmayr R. Immunological effects of the anti-IL-2 receptor monoclonal antibody BT 563 in liver allografted patients. Transpl Immunol 1995; 3:203-11. [PMID: 8581408 DOI: 10.1016/0966-3274(95)80026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The immunological effects of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) depend upon their interaction with the target structure as well as the isotype of the mAb which is responsible for the binding to Fc receptors of accessory cells. The aim of the presented analysis was the evaluation of the in vivo immunosuppressive effect of BT 563, a mAb directed to the alpha-chain of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R). Thirty-eight patients following liver transplantation were treated prophylactically for 12 days with 10 mg/day BT 563 (clinical phase II and III study). As baseline immunosuppression cyclosporin (CyA) and low dose steroids were administered. BT 563 levels, lymphocyte subpopulations, levels of soluble CD25 and Fc receptor polymorphism were evaluated and compared to the clinical outcome. Preoperatively in all patients a small subset of CD45R0+ cells expressed CD25 with detectable density. These cells were coated by BT 563. There was no evidence for depletion of IL-2R+ cells or modulation of the IL-2R. During therapy stable levels of the soluble IL-2R were measured in patient sera. Throughout the therapy high levels of unbound BT 563 were found in sera, suggesting that IL-2R newly expressed on cells activated by the allograft could also be inhibited by BT 563. No acute rejections were observed in these patients and no side effects of BT 563 were noted. There were only minor bacterial infections, while mycotic or viral infections did not appear. Administration of BT 563 together with CyA and low dose steroids to liver allografted patients represents a safe and effective protocol. Its action is likely to be mediated by turning off the pathway of signal transduction of the IL-2R in T-cells by the antibody while IL-2 gene transcription is simultaneously modified by CyA and steroids. The addition of all three immunosuppressive mechanisms is suggested to lead to a state of anergy during mAb application that is reversible at the end of antibody therapy but does not lead to rebound rejections. Analysis of the phenotype of CD25+ cells showed that they preferentially belonged to the CD45R0+ cell type. Thus we assume that BT 563 specifically turns off preactivated cells enabling rather selective and effective immunoprophylaxis in liver allografted patients.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Humans
- Liver Transplantation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Prospective Studies
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/analysis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Suppressor Factors, Immunologic/blood
- Suppressor Factors, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nashan
- Klinik für Abdominal- und Transplantationschirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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