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Karunakaran U, Ha EY, Elumalai S, Won KC, Moon JS. Mitochondrial ALDH2 improves ß-cell survival and function against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis by targeting CK2 signaling. J Diabetes Investig 2024; 15:684-692. [PMID: 38713732 PMCID: PMC11143424 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to better understand how the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin contributes to the development of β-cell dysfunction and to explore its relationship with mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2). MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to investigate this hypothesis, doxorubicin was administered to INS-1 cells, a rat insulinoma cell line, either with or without several target protein activators and inhibitors. ALDH2 activity was detected with a commercial kit and protein levels were determined with western blot. Mitochondrial ROS, membrane potential, and lipid ROS were determined by commercial fluorescent probes. The cell viability was measured by CCK-assay. RESULTS Exposure of INS-1 cells to doxorubicin decreased active insulin signaling resulting in elevated ALDH2 degradation, compared with control cells by the induction of acid sphingomyelinase mediated ceramide induction. Further, ceramide induction potentiated doxorubicin induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Treatment with the ALDH2 agonist, ALDA1, blocked doxorubicin-induced acid sphingomyelinase activation which significantly blocked ceramide induction and mitochondrial dysfunction mediated cell death. Treatment with the ALDH2 agonist, ALDA1, stimulated casein kinase-2 (CK2) mediated insulin signaling activation. CK2 silencing neutralized the function of ALDH2 in the doxorubicin treated INS-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial ALDH2 activation could inhibit the progression of doxorubicin induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction by inhibiting the acid sphingomyelinase induction of ceramide, by regulating the activation of CK2 signaling. Our research lays the foundation of ALDH2 activation as a therapeutic target for the precise treatment of chemotherapy drug induced β-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayakumar Karunakaran
- Institute of Medical ScienceYeungnam University College of MedicineDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeong Ha
- Department of Internal MedicineYeungnam University College of MedicineDaeguRepublic of Korea
- Department of Internal MedicineKeimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of MedicineDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Suma Elumalai
- Institute of Medical ScienceYeungnam University College of MedicineDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Kyu Chang Won
- Institute of Medical ScienceYeungnam University College of MedicineDaeguRepublic of Korea
- Department of Internal MedicineYeungnam University College of MedicineDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Jun Sung Moon
- Institute of Medical ScienceYeungnam University College of MedicineDaeguRepublic of Korea
- Department of Internal MedicineYeungnam University College of MedicineDaeguRepublic of Korea
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2
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Karunakaran U, Elumalai S, Chung SM, Maedler K, Won KC, Moon JS. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 coordinates the hydrogen sulfide - AMPK axis to attenuate high glucose-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction by glutathione antioxidant system. Redox Biol 2024; 69:102994. [PMID: 38128451 PMCID: PMC10776427 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Progression of β-cell loss in diabetes mellitus is significantly influenced by persistent hyperglycemia. At the cellular level, a number of signaling cascades affect the expression of apoptotic genes, ultimately resulting in β-cell failure; these cascades have not been elucidated. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) plays a central role in the detoxification of reactive aldehydes generated from endogenous and exogenous sources and protects against mitochondrial deterioration in cells. Here we report that under diabetogenic conditions, ALDH2 is strongly inactivated in β-cells through CDK5-dependent glutathione antioxidant imbalance by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) degradation. Intriguingly, CDK5 inhibition strengthens mitochondrial antioxidant defense through ALDH2 activation. Mitochondrial ALDH2 activation selectively preserves β-cells against high-glucose-induced dysfunction by activating AMPK and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) signaling. This is associated with the stabilization and enhancement of the activity of G6PD by SIRT2, a cytoplasmic NAD+-dependent deacetylase, and is thereby linked to an elevation in the GSH/GSSG ratio, which leads to the inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction under high-glucose conditions. Furthermore, treatment with NaHS, an H2S donor, selectively preserves β-cell function by promoting ALDH2 activity, leading to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by high-glucose concentrations. Collectively, our results provide the first direct evidence that ALDH2 activation enhances H2S-AMPK-G6PD signaling, leading to improved β-cell function and survival under high-glucose conditions via the glutathione redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayakumar Karunakaran
- Innovative Center for Aging Research, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suma Elumalai
- Innovative Center for Aging Research, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Chung
- Innovative Center for Aging Research, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kathrin Maedler
- Islet Biology Laboratory, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kyu Chang Won
- Innovative Center for Aging Research, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun Sung Moon
- Innovative Center for Aging Research, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Riley AL, Manke HN, Huang S. Impact of the Aversive Effects of Drugs on Their Use and Abuse. Behav Neurol 2022; 2022:8634176. [PMID: 35496768 PMCID: PMC9045991 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8634176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug use and abuse are complex issues in that the basis of each may involve different determinants and consequences, and the transition from one to the other may be equally multifaceted. A recent model of the addiction cycle (as proposed by Koob and his colleagues) illustrates how drug-taking patterns transition from impulsive (acute use) to compulsive (chronic use) as a function of various neuroadaptations leading to the downregulation of DA systems, upregulation of stress systems, and the dysregulation of the prefrontal/orbitofrontal cortex. Although the nature of reinforcement in the initiation and mediation of these effects may differ (positive vs. negative), the role of reinforcement in drug intake (acute and chronic) is well characterized. However, drugs of abuse have other stimulus properties that may be important in their use and abuse. One such property is their aversive effects that limit drug intake instead of initiating and maintaining it. Evidence of such effects comes from both clinical and preclinical populations. In support of this position, the present review describes the aversive effects of drugs (assessed primarily in conditioned taste aversion learning), the fact that they occur concurrently with reward as assessed in combined taste aversion/place preference designs, the role of aversive effects in drug-taking (in balance with their rewarding effects), the dissociation of these affective properties in that they can be affected in different ways by the same manipulations, and the impact of various parametric, experiential, and subject factors on the aversive effects of drugs and the consequent impact of these factors on their use and abuse potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Riley
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, D.C. 20016, USA
| | - Hayley N. Manke
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, D.C. 20016, USA
| | - Shihui Huang
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, D.C. 20016, USA
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4
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Bowen MT, George O, Muskiewicz DE, Hall FS. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE ESCALATION OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 132:730-756. [PMID: 34839930 PMCID: PMC8892842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding factors that contribute to the escalation of alcohol consumption is key to understanding how an individual transitions from non/social drinking to AUD and to providing better treatment. In this review, we discuss how the way ethanol is consumed as well as individual and environmental factors contribute to the escalation of ethanol consumption from intermittent low levels to consistently high levels. Moreover, we discuss how these factors are modelled in animals. It is clear a vast array of complex, interacting factors influence changes in alcohol consumption. Some of these factors act early in the acquisition of ethanol consumption and initial escalation, while others contribute to escalation of ethanol consumption at a later stage and are involved in the development of alcohol dependence. There is considerable need for more studies examining escalation associated with the formation of dependence and other hallmark features of AUD, especially studies examining mechanisms, as it is of considerable relevance to understanding and treating AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Bowen
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia,The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia,Corresponding Author: Michael T. Bowen, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia,
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dawn E. Muskiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, OH, USA
| | - F. Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, OH, USA
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5
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Holbrook OT, Molligoda B, Bushell KN, Gobrogge KL. Behavioral consequences of the downstream products of ethanol metabolism involved in alcohol use disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104501. [PMID: 34942269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Research concerning Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) has previously focused primarily on either the behavioral or chemical consequences experienced following ethanol intake, but these areas of research have rarely been considered in tandem. Compared with other drugs of abuse, ethanol has been shown to have a unique metabolic pathway once it enters the body, which leads to the formation of downstream metabolites which can go on to form biologically active products. These metabolites can mediate a variety of behavioral responses that are commonly observed with AUD, such as ethanol intake, reinforcement, and vulnerability to relapse. The following review considers the preclinical and chemical research implicating these downstream products in AUD and proposes a chemobehavioral model of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto T Holbrook
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA.
| | - Brandon Molligoda
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA.
| | - Kristen N Bushell
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA
| | - Kyle L Gobrogge
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA
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6
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Ghoweri AO, Gagolewicz P, Frazier HN, Gant JC, Andrew RD, Bennett BM, Thibault O. Neuronal Calcium Imaging, Excitability, and Plasticity Changes in the Aldh2-/- Mouse Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:1623-1637. [PMID: 32925058 PMCID: PMC7683088 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dysregulated signaling in neurons and astrocytes participates in pathophysiological alterations seen in the Alzheimer’s disease brain, including increases in amyloid-β, hyperphosphorylated tau, inflammation, calcium dysregulation, and oxidative stress. These are often noted prior to the development of behavioral, cognitive, and non-cognitive deficits. However, the extent to which these pathological changes function together or independently is unclear. Objective: Little is known about the temporal relationship between calcium dysregulation and oxidative stress, as some reports suggest that dysregulated calcium promotes increased formation of reactive oxygen species, while others support the opposite. Prior work has quantified several key outcome measures associated with oxidative stress in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 knockout (Aldh2–/–) mice, a non-transgenic model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: Here, we tested the hypothesis that early oxidative stress can promote calcium dysregulation across aging by measuring calcium-dependent processes using electrophysiological and imaging methods and focusing on the afterhyperpolarization (AHP), synaptic activation, somatic calcium, and long-term potentiation in the Aldh2–/– mouse. Results: Our results show a significant age-related decrease in the AHP along with an increase in the slow AHP amplitude in Aldh2–/– animals. Measures of synaptic excitability were unaltered, although significant reductions in long-term potentiation maintenance were noted in the Aldh2–/– animals compared to wild-type. Conclusion: With so few changes in calcium and calcium-dependent processes in an animal model that shows significant increases in HNE adducts, Aβ, p-tau, and activated caspases across age, the current findings do not support a direct link between neuronal calcium dysregulation and uncontrolled oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam O Ghoweri
- Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences University of Kentucky, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter Gagolewicz
- Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Hilaree N Frazier
- Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences University of Kentucky, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John C Gant
- Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences University of Kentucky, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R David Andrew
- Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian M Bennett
- Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Olivier Thibault
- Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences University of Kentucky, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
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7
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Mehder RH, Bennett BM, Andrew RD. Morphometric Analysis of Hippocampal and Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons in a Mouse Model of Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:1069-1083. [PMID: 32144984 PMCID: PMC7242838 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study of late-onset (sporadic) Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) has lacked animal models where impairments develop with aging. Oxidative stress promotes LOAD, so we have developed an oxidative stress-based model of age-related cognitive impairment based on gene deletion of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). This enzyme is important for the detoxification of endogenous aldehydes arising from lipid peroxidation. Compared to wildtype (WT) mice, the knockout (KO) mice exhibit a progressive decline in recognition and spatial memory and AD-like pathologies. Here we performed morphometric analyses in the dorsal and ventral hippocampal CA1 regions (dCA1 and vCA1) as well as in overlying primary sensory cortex to determine if altered neuronal structure can help account for the cognitive impairment in 12-month old KO mice. Dendritic morphology was quantitatively analyzed following Golgi-Cox staining using 9 WT mice (108 neurons) and 15 KO mice (180 neurons). Four pyramidal neurons were traced per mouse in each region, followed by branched structured analysis and Sholl analysis. Compared to WT controls, the morphology and complexity of dCA1 pyramidal neurons from KOs showed significant reductions in apical and basal dendritic length, dendrite intersections, ends, and nodes. As well, spine density along dorsal CA1 apical dendrites was significantly lower in KO versus WT. In contrast, pyramidal arborization in the vCA1 and primary sensory cortex were only minimally reduced in KO versus WT mice. These data suggest a region-specific vulnerability to oxidative stress-induced damage and/or a major and specific reduction in synaptic input to the pyramidal neurons of the dorsal hippocampus. This is in keeping with studies showing that lesions to the dorsal hippocampus impair primarily cognitive memory whereas ventral hippocampal lesions cause deficits in stress, emotion, and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha H Mehder
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian M Bennett
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - R David Andrew
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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8
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Mehder RH, Bennett BM, Andrew RD. Age-Related Neuronal Deterioration Specifically Within the Dorsal CA1 Region of the Hippocampus in a Mouse Model of Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:1547-1561. [PMID: 33459722 PMCID: PMC7990463 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal damage resulting from increased oxidative stress is important in the development of late onset/age-related Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). We have developed an oxidative stress-related mouse model of LOAD based on gene deletion of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), an enzyme important for the detoxification of endogenous aldehydes arising from lipid peroxidation. Compared to wildtype (WT) mice, the knockout (KO) mice exhibit AD-like pathologies and a progressive decline in recognition and spatial memory. This progression presumably has a morphological basis induced by oxidative damage. OBJECTIVE We performed morphometric analyses in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 region (dCA1) to determine if altered neuronal structure can help account for the progressive cognitive impairment in 3- to 12-month-old KO mice. METHODS Dendritic morphology was quantitatively analyzed by branched structured analysis and Sholl analysis following Golgi-Cox staining in WT mice (148 neurons) versus KO mice (180 neurons). RESULTS The morphology and complexity of dCA1 pyramidal neurons were similar at age 3 months in WTs and KOs. However, by 6 months there were significant reductions in apical and basal dendritic length, dendrite complexity, and spine density in KO versus WT mice that were maintained through ages 9 and 12 months. Immunostaining for protein adducts of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal revealed significant increases in staining in dCA1 (but not ventral CA1) by 3 months, increasing through 12 months. CONCLUSION This specific and progressive increase in dCA1 oxidative damage preceded detectable synaptic trimming in KO mice, in keeping with studies showing that lesions to dorsal hippocampus primarily impair cognitive memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha H Mehder
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian M Bennett
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - R David Andrew
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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9
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Lowry CA, Golod ME, Andrew RD, Bennett BM. Expression of Neuronal Na +/K +-ATPase α Subunit Isoforms in the Mouse Brain Following Genetically Programmed or Behaviourally-induced Oxidative Stress. Neuroscience 2020; 442:202-215. [PMID: 32653541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Na+/K+-ATPase is a transmembrane ion pump that has a critical homeostatic role within every mammalian cell; however, it is vulnerable to the effects of increased oxidative stress. Understanding how expression of this transporter is influenced by oxidative stress may yield insight into its role in the pathophysiology of neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. In this study we investigated whether increased oxidative stress could influence Na+/K+-ATPase expression in various brain regions of mice. We utilized two different models of oxidative stress: a behavioural chronic unpredictable stress protocol and the Aldh2-/- mouse model of oxidative stress-based and age-related cognitive impairment. We identified distinct regional baseline mRNA and protein expression patterns of the Na+/K+-ATPase α1 and α3 isoforms within the neocortex, hippocampus, and brainstem of wildtype mice. Consistent with previous studies, there was a higher proportion of α3 expression relative to α1 in the brainstem versus neocortex, but a higher proportion of α1 expression relative to α3 in the neocortex versus the brainstem. The hippocampus had similar expression levels of both α1 and α3. Despite increased staining for oxidative stress in higher brain, no differences in α1 or α3 expression were noted in Aldh2-/- mice versus wildtype, or in mice exposed to a 28-day chronic unpredictable stress protocol. In both models of oxidative stress, gene and protein expression of Na+/K+-ATPase α1 and α3 isoforms within the higher and lower brain was remarkably stable. Thus, Na+/K+-ATPase function previously reported as altered by oxidative stress is not through induced changes in the expression of pump isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A Lowry
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Michael E Golod
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - R David Andrew
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Brian M Bennett
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Marshall S, Chen Y, Singh S, Berrios-Carcamo P, Heit C, Apostolopoulos N, Golla JP, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Engineered Animal Models Designed for Investigating Ethanol Metabolism, Toxicity and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1032:203-221. [PMID: 30362100 PMCID: PMC6743736 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98788-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Excessive consumption of alcohol is a leading cause of lifestyle-induced morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although long-term alcohol abuse has been shown to be detrimental to the liver, brain and many other organs, our understanding of the exact molecular mechanisms by which this occurs is still limited. In tissues, ethanol is metabolized to acetaldehyde (mainly by alcohol dehydrogenase and cytochrome p450 2E1) and subsequently to acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenases. Intracellular generation of free radicals and depletion of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) are believed to be key steps involved in the cellular pathogenic events caused by ethanol. With continued excessive alcohol consumption, further tissue damage can result from the production of cellular protein and DNA adducts caused by accumulating ethanol-derived aldehydes. Much of our understanding about the pathophysiological consequences of ethanol metabolism comes from genetically-engineered mouse models of ethanol-induced tissue injury. In this review, we provide an update on the current understanding of important mouse models in which ethanol-metabolizing and GSH-synthesizing enzymes have been manipulated to investigate alcohol-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Marshall
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Surendra Singh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pablo Berrios-Carcamo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claire Heit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas Apostolopoulos
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jaya Prakash Golla
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Matsumoto A. The Bidirectional Effect of Defective ALDH2 Polymorphism and Disease Prevention. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1193:69-87. [PMID: 31368098 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6260-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) in the detoxification of endogenous aldehydes, the defective polymorphism (rs671), which is highly prevalent among East Asians, does not show a serious phenotype, such as congenital abnormality. However, unfavorable and favorable impacts of the variant allele, ALDH2*2, on various disease risks have been reported. The underlying mechanisms are often complicated due to the compensatory aldehyde detoxification systems. As the phenotypes emerge due to overlapping environmental factors (e.g., alcohol intake and tobacco smoke) or individual vulnerabilities (e.g., aging and apolipoprotein E ε4 allele), polymorphism is therefore considered to be important in the field of preventative medicine. For example, it is important to recognize that ALDH2*2 carriers are at a high risk of alcohol drinking-related cancers; however, their drinking habit has less adverse effects on physiological indices, such as blood pressure, body mass index, levels of lipids, and hepatic deviation enzymes in the blood, than in non-ALDH2*2 carriers. Therefore, opportunities to reconsider their excessive drinking habit before adverse events occur can be missed. To perform effective disease prevention, the effects of ALDH2*2 on various diseases and the biological mechanisms should be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga University School of Medicine, Saga, Japan.
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12
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Matsumoto A. [Importance of an Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Polymorphism in Preventive Medicine]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2018; 73:9-20. [PMID: 29386454 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.73.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Unlike genetic alterations in other aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozymes, a defective ALDH2 polymorphism (rs671), which is carried by almost half of East Asians, does not show a clear phenotype such as a shortened life span. However, impacts of a defective ALDH2 allele, ALDH2*2, on various disease risks have been reported. As ALDH2 is responsible for the detoxification of endogenous aldehydes, a negative effect of this polymorphism is predicted, but bidirectional effects have been actually observed and the mechanisms underlying such influences are often complex. One reason for this complexity may be the existence of compensatory aldehyde detoxification systems and the secondary effects of these systems. There are many issues to be addressed with regard to the ALDH2 polymorphism in the field of preventive medicine, including the following concerns. First, ALDH2 in the fetal stage plays a role in aldehyde detoxification; therefore, prenatal health effects of environmental aldehyde exposure are of concern for ALDH2*2-carrying fetuses. Second, ALDH2*2 carriers are at high risk of drinking-related cancers. However, their drinking habits result in less worsening of physiological findings, such as energy metabolism index and liver functions, compared with non-ALDH2*2 carriers, and therefore opportunities to detect excessive drinking can be lost. Third, personalized medicine such as personalized prescriptions for ALDH2*2 carriers will be required in the clinical setting, and accumulation of evidence is awaited. Lastly, since the ALDH2 polymorphism is not considered in workers' limits of exposure to aldehydes and their precursors, efforts to lower exposure levels beyond legal standards are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga University School of Medicine
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Elharram A, Czegledy NM, Golod M, Milne GL, Pollock E, Bennett BM, Shchepinov MS. Deuterium-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids improve cognition in a mouse model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. FEBS J 2017; 284:4083-4095. [PMID: 29024570 PMCID: PMC5716852 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage resulting from increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) is considered an important factor in the development of late onset/age-related Alzheimer's disease (AD). Deuterium-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids (D-PUFAs) are more resistant to the reactive oxygen species-initiated chain reaction of LPO than regular hydrogenated (H-) PUFAs. We investigated the effect of D-PUFA treatment on LPO and cognitive performance in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Aldh2) null mice, an established model of oxidative stress-related cognitive impairment that exhibits AD-like pathologies. Mice were fed a Western-type diet containing either D- or H-PUFAs for 18 weeks. D-PUFA treatment markedly decreased cortex and hippocampus F2 -isoprostanes by approximately 55% and prostaglandin F2α by 20-25% as compared to H-PUFA treatment. D-PUFAs consistently improved performance in cognitive/memory tests, essentially resetting performance of the D-PUFA-fed Aldh2-/- mice to that of wild-type mice fed a typical laboratory diet. D-PUFAs therefore represent a promising new strategy to broadly reduce rates of LPO, and combat cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elharram
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Nicole M Czegledy
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Michael Golod
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Erik Pollock
- Stable Isotope Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Brian M Bennett
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
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Heit C, Eriksson P, Thompson DC, Fritz KS, Vasiliou V. Quantification of Neural Ethanol and Acetaldehyde Using Headspace GC-MS. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1825-31. [PMID: 27501276 PMCID: PMC5008984 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is controversy regarding the active agent responsible for alcohol addiction. The theory that ethanol (EtOH) itself was the agent in alcohol drinking behavior was widely accepted until acetaldehyde (AcH) was found in the brain. The importance of AcH formation in the brain is still subject to speculation due to the lack of a method to accurately assay the AcH levels directly. A highly sensitive gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to reliably determine AcH concentration with certainty is needed to address whether neural AcH is indeed responsible for increased alcohol consumption. METHODS A headspace gas chromatograph coupled to selected-ion monitoring MS was utilized to develop a quantitative assay for AcH and EtOH. Our GC-MS approach was carried out using a Bruker Scion 436-GC SQ MS. RESULTS Our approach yields limits of detection of AcH in the nanomolar range and limits of quantification in the low micromolar range. Our linear calibration includes 5 concentrations with a least-square regression greater than 0.99 for both AcH and EtOH. Tissue analyses using this method revealed the capacity to quantify EtOH and AcH in blood, brain, and liver tissue from mice. CONCLUSIONS By allowing quantification of very low concentrations, this method may be used to examine the formation of EtOH metabolites, specifically AcH, in murine brain tissue in alcohol research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Heit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Peter Eriksson
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, POB 27, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristofer S Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Services, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven CT 0650
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Mayfield J, Arends MA, Harris RA, Blednov YA. Genes and Alcohol Consumption: Studies with Mutant Mice. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 126:293-355. [PMID: 27055617 PMCID: PMC5302130 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review the effects of global null mutant and overexpressing transgenic mouse lines on voluntary self-administration of alcohol. We examine approximately 200 publications pertaining to the effects of 155 mouse genes on alcohol consumption in different drinking models. The targeted genes vary in function and include neurotransmitter, ion channel, neuroimmune, and neuropeptide signaling systems. The alcohol self-administration models include operant conditioning, two- and four-bottle choice continuous and intermittent access, drinking in the dark limited access, chronic intermittent ethanol, and scheduled high alcohol consumption tests. Comparisons of different drinking models using the same mutant mice are potentially the most informative, and we will highlight those examples. More mutants have been tested for continuous two-bottle choice consumption than any other test; of the 137 mouse genes examined using this model, 97 (72%) altered drinking in at least one sex. Overall, the effects of genetic manipulations on alcohol drinking often depend on the sex of the mice, alcohol concentration and time of access, genetic background, as well as the drinking test.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - M A Arends
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - R A Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Y A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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Mir H, Meena AS, Chaudhry KK, Shukla PK, Gangwar R, Manda B, Padala MK, Shen L, Turner JR, Dietrich P, Dragatsis I, Rao R. Occludin deficiency promotes ethanol-induced disruption of colonic epithelial junctions, gut barrier dysfunction and liver damage in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:765-74. [PMID: 26721332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of epithelial tight junctions (TJ), gut barrier dysfunction and endotoxemia play crucial role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic tissue injury. Occludin, a transmembrane protein of TJ, is depleted in colon by alcohol. However, it is unknown whether occludin depletion influences alcoholic gut and liver injury. METHODS Wild type (WT) and occludin deficient (Ocln(-/-)) mice were fed 1-6% ethanol in Lieber-DeCarli diet. Gut permeability was measured by vascular-to-luminal flux of FITC-inulin. Junctional integrity was analyzed by confocal microscopy. Liver injury was assessed by plasma transaminase, histopathology and triglyceride analyses. The effect of occludin depletion on acetaldehyde-induced TJ disruption was confirmed in Caco-2 cell monolayers. RESULTS Ethanol feeding significantly reduced body weight gain in Ocln(-/-) mice. Ethanol increased inulin permeability in colon of both WT and Ocln(-/-) mice, but the effect was 4-fold higher in Ocln(-/-) mice. The gross morphology of colonic mucosa was unaltered, but ethanol disrupted the actin cytoskeleton, induced redistribution of occludin, ZO-1, E-cadherin and β-catenin from the junctions and elevated TLR4, which was more severe in Ocln(-/-) mice. Occludin knockdown significantly enhanced acetaldehyde-induced TJ disruption and barrier dysfunction in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Ethanol significantly increased liver weight and plasma transaminase activity in Ocln(-/-) mice, but not in WT mice. Histological analysis indicated more severe lesions and fat deposition in the liver of ethanol-fed Ocln(-/-) mice. Ethanol-induced elevation of liver triglyceride was also higher in Ocln(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION This study indicates that occludin deficiency increases susceptibility to ethanol-induced colonic mucosal barrier dysfunction and liver damage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Mir
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Avtar S Meena
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Kamaljit K Chaudhry
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Pradeep K Shukla
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ruchika Gangwar
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Bhargavi Manda
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Mythili K Padala
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Le Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Paula Dietrich
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ioannis Dragatsis
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - RadhaKrishna Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States.
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Chaudhry KK, Samak G, Shukla PK, Mir H, Gangwar R, Manda B, Isse T, Kawamoto T, Salaspuro M, Kaihovaara P, Dietrich P, Dragatsis I, Nagy LE, Rao RK. ALDH2 Deficiency Promotes Ethanol-Induced Gut Barrier Dysfunction and Fatty Liver in Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1465-75. [PMID: 26173414 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetaldehyde, the toxic ethanol (EtOH) metabolite, disrupts intestinal epithelial barrier function. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) detoxifies acetaldehyde into acetate. Subpopulations of Asians and Native Americans show polymorphism with loss-of-function mutations in ALDH2. We evaluated the effect of ALDH2 deficiency on EtOH-induced disruption of intestinal epithelial tight junctions and adherens junctions, gut barrier dysfunction, and liver injury. METHODS Wild-type and ALDH2-deficient mice were fed EtOH (1 to 6%) in Lieber-DeCarli diet for 4 weeks. Gut permeability in vivo was measured by plasma-to-luminal flux of FITC-inulin, tight junction and adherens junction integrity was analyzed by confocal microscopy, and liver injury was assessed by the analysis of plasma transaminase activity, histopathology, and liver triglyceride. RESULTS EtOH feeding elevated colonic mucosal acetaldehyde, which was significantly greater in ALDH2-deficient mice. ALDH2(-/-) mice showed a drastic reduction in the EtOH diet intake. Therefore, this study was continued only in wild-type and ALDH2(+/-) mice. EtOH feeding elevated mucosal inulin permeability in distal colon, but not in proximal colon, ileum, or jejunum of wild-type mice. In ALDH2(+/-) mice, EtOH-induced inulin permeability in distal colon was not only higher than that in wild-type mice, but inulin permeability was also elevated in the proximal colon, ileum, and jejunum. Greater inulin permeability in distal colon of ALDH2(+/-) mice was associated with a more severe redistribution of tight junction and adherens junction proteins from the intercellular junctions. In ALDH2(+/-) mice, but not in wild-type mice, EtOH feeding caused a loss of junctional distribution of tight junction and adherens junction proteins in the ileum. Histopathology, plasma transaminases, and liver triglyceride analyses showed that EtOH-induced liver damage was significantly greater in ALDH2(+/-) mice compared to wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that ALDH2 deficiency enhances EtOH-induced disruption of intestinal epithelial tight junctions, barrier dysfunction, and liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geetha Samak
- Department of Physiology , University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Pradeep K Shukla
- Department of Physiology , University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hina Mir
- Department of Physiology , University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ruchika Gangwar
- Department of Physiology , University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Bhargavi Manda
- Department of Physiology , University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Toyohi Isse
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu, Japan
| | | | - Mikko Salaspuro
- Res Unit Acetaldehyde and Cancer, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pertti Kaihovaara
- Res Unit Acetaldehyde and Cancer, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Dietrich
- Department of Physiology , University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ioannis Dragatsis
- Department of Physiology , University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Radha Krishna Rao
- Department of Physiology , University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
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18
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ALDH1B1 links alcohol consumption and diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:768-773. [PMID: 26086111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1B1 (ALDH1B1) is a mitochondrial enzyme sharing 65% and 72% sequence identity with ALDH1A1 and ALDH2 proteins, respectively. Compared to the latter two ALDH isozymes, little is known about the physiological functions of ALDH1B1. Studies in humans indicate that ALDH1B1 may be associated with alcohol sensitivity and stem cells. Our recent in vitro studies using human ALDH1B1 showed that it metabolizes acetaldehyde and retinaldehyde. To investigate the in vivo role of ALDH1B1, we generated and characterized a global Aldh1b1 knockout mouse line. These knockout (KO) mice are fertile and show overtly good health. However, ethanol pharmacokinetic analysis revealed ∼40% increase in blood acetaldehyde levels in KO mice. Interestingly, the KO mice exhibited higher fasting blood glucose levels. Collectively, we show for the first time the functional in vivo role of ALDH1B1 in acetaldehyde metabolism and in maintaining glucose homeostasis. This mouse model is a valuable tool to investigate the mechanism by which alcohol may promote the development of diabetes.
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van Zyl P, Joubert G. Acetaldehyde production capacity of salivary microflora in alcoholics during early recovery. Alcohol 2015; 49:283-90. [PMID: 25819530 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether a relationship exists between the acetaldehyde production capacity of salivary microflora (sAPC) in recovering alcoholics, and craving, and/or resumption of drinking within 12 weeks after embarking on an abstinence-based treatment program. Serial sAPC measurements were determined by gas chromatography on spontaneous saliva samples of 30 male alcoholics on days 2, 4, 11, and 18 during a 21-day in-patient treatment program. Craving was measured simultaneously with the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale. Outcome over 12 weeks was assessed by telephone interviews. There was no significant change in sAPC values from day 2 to day 18, while craving scores decreased markedly between day 2 to day 4. Sixteen participants remained abstinent for the full 12 weeks. Statistically significant differences were found between the sAPC values of the group that remained abstinent and the group that resumed drinking within 12 weeks. The highest sAPC value measured on day 2 had a strong predictive value for maintained abstinence at 12 weeks for beer-only drinkers or drinkers consuming less than 320 g of alcohol per week. The study is the first investigation into a potential relationship between the acetaldehyde production capacity of salivary microflora and early resumption of drinking in recovering alcoholics. The findings suggest that such a relationship indeed exists for beer-only drinkers, possibly linked to lower alcohol intake, and that it is unrelated to withdrawal craving. sAPC is proposed as a candidate biomarker with diagnostic and/or prognostic potential.
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20
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D'Souza Y, Elharram A, Soon-Shiong R, Andrew RD, Bennett BM. Characterization of Aldh2 (-/-) mice as an age-related model of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Brain 2015; 8:27. [PMID: 25910195 PMCID: PMC4409701 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study of late-onset/age-related Alzheimer’s disease (AD)(sporadic AD, 95% of AD cases) has been hampered by a paucity of animal models. Oxidative stress is considered a causative factor in late onset/age-related AD, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is important for the catabolism of toxic aldehydes associated with oxidative stress. One such toxic aldehyde, the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), accumulates in AD brain and is associated with AD pathology. Given this linkage, we hypothesized that in mice lacking ALDH2, there would be increases in HNE and the appearance of AD-like pathological changes. Results Changes in relevant AD markers in Aldh2-/- mice and their wildtype littermates were assessed over a 1 year period. Marked increases in HNE adducts arise in hippocampi from Aldh2-/- mice, as well as age-related increases in amyloid-beta, p-tau, and activated caspases. Also observed were age-related decreases in pGSK3β, PSD95, synaptophysin, CREB and pCREB. Age-related memory deficits in the novel object recognition and Y maze tasks begin at 3.5-4 months and are maximal at 6.5-7 months. There was decreased performance in the Morris Water Maze task in 6 month old Aldh2-/- mice. These mice exhibited endothelial dysfunction, increased amyloid-beta in cerebral microvessels, decreases in carbachol-induced pCREB and pERK formation in hippocampal slices, and brain atrophy. These AD-associated pathological changes are rarely observed as a constellation in current AD animal models. Conclusions We believe that this new model of age-related cognitive impairment will provide new insight into the pathogenesis and molecular/cellular mechanisms driving neurodegenerative diseases of aging such as AD, and will prove useful for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic agents for improving memory and for slowing, preventing, or reversing AD progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-015-0117-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan D'Souza
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Ahmed Elharram
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Raquel Soon-Shiong
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - R David Andrew
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Brian M Bennett
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Heit C, Dong H, Chen Y, Shah YM, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Transgenic mouse models for alcohol metabolism, toxicity, and cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 815:375-87. [PMID: 25427919 PMCID: PMC4323349 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09614-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse leads to tissue damage including a variety of cancers; however, the molecular mechanisms by which this damage occurs remain to be fully understood. The primary enzymes involved in ethanol metabolism include alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), cytochrome P450 isoform 2E1, (CYP2E1), catalase (CAT), and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH). Genetic polymorphisms in human genes encoding these enzymes are associated with increased risks of alcohol-related tissue damage, as well as differences in alcohol consumption and dependence. Oxidative stress resulting from ethanol oxidation is one established pathogenic event in alcohol-induced toxicity. Ethanol metabolism generates free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and has been associated with diminished glutathione (GSH) levels as well as changes in other antioxidant mechanisms. In addition, the formation of protein and DNA adducts associated with the accumulation of ethanol-derived aldehydes can adversely affect critical biological functions and thereby promote cellular and tissue pathology. Animal models have proven to be valuable tools for investigating mechanisms underlying pathogenesis caused by alcohol. In this review, we provide a brief discussion on several animal models with genetic defects in alcohol-metabolizing enzymes and GSH-synthesizing enzymes and their relevance to alcohol research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Heit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Matsumoto A, Vasiliou V, Kawamoto T, Tanaka K, Ichiba M. Ethanol reduces lifespan, body weight, and serum alanine aminotransferase level of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 knockout mouse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:1883-93. [PMID: 24930774 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Aldh2) knockout mouse is an animal model of a polymorphism at the human ALDH2 locus (ALDH2*2). To detect differences in the basic phenotype of this animal model, lifespan, body weight (BW), and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level were evaluated. METHODS Aldh2(+/+) , Aldh2(+/-) , and Aldh2(-/-) mice were maintained, from 10 weeks of age, on standard solid food, with liquid supplied as ethanol (EtOH) solution at a concentration of 0 to 20% (forced EtOH consumption). RESULTS For animals provided with water (without EtOH), mice of the distinct genotypes exhibited no difference in lifespan, with the mean values ranging from 90 to 96 weeks for female mice and 97 to 105 weeks for male mice. For animals provided with EtOH, there was a dose-dependent reduction of lifespan in Aldh2(-/-) mice with p for trend <0.001. For example, the mean lifespans of the Aldh2(-/-) females in the 0, 3, 10, and 20% groups were 95, 85, 70, and 29 weeks, respectively. No influence on lifespan was found for Aldh2(+/+) and Aldh2(+/-) mice. BW and ALT level of Aldh2(-/-) mice were significantly lower than those of Aldh2(+/+) mice when the mice were treated with EtOH. While multiple regression analysis suggested that the BW and ALT level in Aldh2(-/-) mice correlated with lifespan, adjustment for EtOH concentration revealed that this correlation was not significant (i.e., reflected EtOH dependence). CONCLUSIONS Aldh2(-/-) mice were unchanged in terms of their basic phenotype under standard laboratory conditions. However, chronic EtOH administration (forced consumption) in these mice resulted in dose-dependent reductions in lifespan, BW, and serum ALT level.
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23
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Chen CH, Ferreira JCB, Gross ER, Mochly-Rosen D. Targeting aldehyde dehydrogenase 2: new therapeutic opportunities. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1-34. [PMID: 24382882 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of detoxifying enzymes called aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) has been a subject of recent interest, as its role in detoxifying aldehydes that accumulate through metabolism and to which we are exposed from the environment has been elucidated. Although the human genome has 19 ALDH genes, one ALDH emerges as a particularly important enzyme in a variety of human pathologies. This ALDH, ALDH2, is located in the mitochondrial matrix with much known about its role in ethanol metabolism. Less known is a new body of research to be discussed in this review, suggesting that ALDH2 dysfunction may contribute to a variety of human diseases including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and cancer. Recent studies suggest that ALDH2 dysfunction is also associated with Fanconi anemia, pain, osteoporosis, and the process of aging. Furthermore, an ALDH2 inactivating mutation (termed ALDH2*2) is the most common single point mutation in humans, and epidemiological studies suggest a correlation between this inactivating mutation and increased propensity for common human pathologies. These data together with studies in animal models and the use of new pharmacological tools that activate ALDH2 depict a new picture related to ALDH2 as a critical health-promoting enzyme.
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Sha K, Choi SH, Im J, Lee GG, Loeffler F, Park JH. Regulation of ethanol-related behavior and ethanol metabolism by the Corazonin neurons and Corazonin receptor in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87062. [PMID: 24489834 PMCID: PMC3904974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired ethanol metabolism can lead to various alcohol-related health problems. Key enzymes in ethanol metabolism are alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH); however, neuroendocrine pathways that regulate the activities of these enzymes are largely unexplored. Here we identified a neuroendocrine system involving Corazonin (Crz) neuropeptide and its receptor (CrzR) as important physiological regulators of ethanol metabolism in Drosophila. Crz-cell deficient (Crz-CD) flies displayed significantly delayed recovery from ethanol-induced sedation that we refer to as hangover-like phenotype. Newly generated mutant lacking Crz Receptor (CrzR(01) ) and CrzR-knockdown flies showed even more severe hangover-like phenotype, which is causally associated with fast accumulation of acetaldehyde in the CrzR(01) mutant following ethanol exposure. Higher levels of acetaldehyde are likely due to 30% reduced ALDH activity in the mutants. Moreover, increased ADH activity was found in the CrzR(01) mutant, but not in the Crz-CD flies. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed transcriptional upregulation of Adh gene in the CrzR(01) . Transgenic inhibition of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) also results in significantly increased ADH activity and Adh mRNA levels, indicating PKA-dependent transcriptional regulation of Adh by CrzR. Furthermore, inhibition of PKA or cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in CrzR cells leads to comparable hangover-like phenotype to the CrzR(01) mutant. These findings suggest that CrzR-associated signaling pathway is critical for ethanol detoxification via Crz-dependent regulation of ALDH activity and Crz-independent transcriptional regulation of ADH. Our study provides new insights into the neuroendocrine-associated ethanol-related behavior and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sha
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Seung-Hoon Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jeongdae Im
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gyunghee G. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Frank Loeffler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jae H. Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Genome Science Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lee HS, Isse T, Kawamoto T, Baik HW, Park JY, Yang M. Effect of Korean pear (Pyruspyrifolia cv. Shingo) juice on hangover severity following alcohol consumption. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:101-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Tsuchiya T, Sakai A, Menuki K, Mori T, Takeuchi Y, Kanoh S, Utsunomiya H, Murai T, Isse T, Kawamoto T, Nakamura T. Disruption of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene results in altered cortical bone structure and increased cortical bone mineral density in the femoral diaphysis of mice. Bone 2013; 53:358-68. [PMID: 23313283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) degrades acetaldehyde produced by the metabolism of alcohol. The inactive ALDH2 phenotype is prevalent in East Asians, and an association between this ALDH2 polymorphism and osteoporosis has been reported. In our previous study, we found that alcohol consumption results in decreased trabecular bone volume in aldh2 knockout (aldh2(-/-)) mice compared with the volume in wild-type (aldh2(+/+)) mice. However, the effect of aldh2 gene on the skeletal phenotype in the absence of alcohol consumption remains unknown. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of aldh2 disruption on femoral bone structure and dynamics in aldh2-disrupted mice in the absence of alcohol consumption. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined aldh2(-/-) and aldh2(+/+) mice at the ages of 4, 8 and 12weeks. The femoral bone length and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. The mechanical strength was assessed by the three-point bending test at 12weeks, and cortical bone histomorphometry at the femur diaphysis was performed at all three time points. Osteogenic activities in aldh2(-/-) and aldh2(+/+) mice were assessed by osteoblast culture from calvariae of the neonatal mice. Bilateral femoral and tibial bones containing no bone marrow cells of 8-week-old mice were used for analysis of mRNA expression. In addition, mRNA expression in aldh2(-/-) and aldh2(+/+) mice after tail suspension or climbing exercise for 7days from 8weeks was analyzed to clarify the response to mechanical loading. RESULTS At 12weeks, there were no significant differences in femoral bone length, trabecular BMD in the distal metaphyses of the femurs, or mechanical strength between aldh2(-/-) and aldh2(+/)(+) mice, whereas cortical BMD and cortical thickness were significantly increased and cross-sectional area and bone marrow area were significantly decreased in the femoral diaphysis of aldh2(-/-) mice relative to the corresponding values in aldh2(+/+) mice. At 8weeks, bone formation rate and mineral apposition rate on the periosteal and endocortical surfaces were significantly increased in aldh2(-/-) mice relative to the rates in aldh(+/+) mice. Calvarial osteoblast culture study revealed that the percentage of alkaline phosphatase stained cells was significantly higher in aldh2(-/-) mice compared to that in aldh(+/+) mice. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed a significant increase in the expressions of bmp2, osterix, runx2, and col1a1 mRNA in aldh2(-/-) mice, along with an increase in the expression of wnt5a mRNA and the lrp5/sost mRNA ratio. The mRNA expressions of bmp2, osterix, runx2 and pthr in aldh2(-/-) mice were significantly decreased after climbing exercise compared to those in the control, although the mRNA expressions of bmp2, osterix, runx2 were not significantly decreased and pthr mRNA expression was increased in aldh(+/+) mice after climbing exercise. CONCLUSION Our results show that disruption of aldh2 gene resulted in altered cortical bone structure and dynamics in mice. Cross-sectional area was decreased. Cortical BMD was increased owing to the promotion of cortical bone formation on the periosteal and endocortical surfaces of the femoral diaphysis. The possible mechanisms underlying altered cortical bone structure in aldh2(-/-) mice were gene-related higher osteogenic activity of osteoblasts and weakened osteogenice response to mechanical loading in growth period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
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Lee HT, Jung KH, Baek M, Chung MK, Choi MR, Chai YG. Artificial microRNA-based aldehyde dehydrogenase gene silencing in mice. Mol Cell Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-012-0024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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de Wit H, Phillips TJ. Do initial responses to drugs predict future use or abuse? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1565-76. [PMID: 22542906 PMCID: PMC3372699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Individuals vary in their initial reactions to drugs of abuse in ways that may contribute to the likelihood of subsequent drug use. In humans, most drugs of abuse produce positive subjective states such as euphoria and feelings of well-being, which may facilitate repeated use. In nonhumans, many drugs initially increase locomotor activity and produce discriminative stimulus effects, both of which have been considered to be models of human stimulant and subjective states. Both humans and nonhumans vary in their sensitivity to early acute drug effects in ways that may predict future use or self-administration, and some of these variations appear to be genetic in origin. However, it is not known exactly how the initial responses to drugs in either humans or nonhumans relate to subsequent use or abuse. In humans, positive effects of drugs facilitate continued use of a drug while negative effects discourage use, and in nonhumans, greater genetic risk for drug intake is predicted by reduced sensitivity to drug aversive effects; but whether these initial responses affect escalation of drug use, and the development of dependence is currently unknown. Although early use of a drug is a necessary step in the progression to abuse and dependence, other variables may be of greater importance in the transition from use to abuse. Alternatively, the same variables that predict initial acute drug effects and early use may significantly contribute to continued use, escalation and dependence. Here we review the existing evidence for relations between initial direct drug effects, early use, and continued use. Ultimately, these relations can only be determined from systematic longitudinal studies with comprehensive assessments from early drug responses to progression of problem drug use. In parallel, additional investigation of initial responses in animal models as predictors of drug use will shed light on the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC3077, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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29
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Lee HS, Isse T, Kawamoto T, Woo HS, Kim AK, Park JY, Yang M. Effects and action mechanisms of Korean pear (Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Shingo) on alcohol detoxification. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1753-8. [PMID: 22451246 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Korean pear (Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Shingo) has been used as a traditional medicine for alleviating alcohol hangover. However, scientific evidence for its effectiveness or mechanism is not clearly established. To investigate its mechanism of alcohol detoxification, both in vitro and in vivo studies were performed with an aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) alternated animal model. The pear extract (10 mL/kg bw) was administered to Aldh2 normal (C57BL/6) and deficient (Aldh2 -/-) male mice. After 30 min, ethanol (1 g or 2 g/kg bw) was administered to the mice via gavage. Levels of alcohol and acetaldehyde in blood were quantified by GC/MS. First, it was observed that the pears stimulated both alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and ALDH activities by 2∼3- and 1.3-fold in in vitro studies, respectively. Second, mouse PK data (AUC(∞) and C(max) ) showed that the pear extract decreased the alcohol level in blood regardless of ALDH2 genotype. Third, the pear increased the acetaldehyde level in blood in Aldh2 deficient mice but not in Aldh2 normal mice. Therefore, the consistent in vitro and in vivo data suggest that Korean pears stimulate the two key alcohol-metabolizing enzymes. These stimulations could be the main mechanism of the Korean pear for alcohol detoxification. Finally, the results suggest that polymorphisms of human ALDH2 could bring out individual variations in the effects of Korean pear on alcohol detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 140-742, Republic of Korea
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30
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Correa M, Salamone JD, Segovia KN, Pardo M, Longoni R, Spina L, Peana AT, Vinci S, Acquas E. Piecing together the puzzle of acetaldehyde as a neuroactive agent. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:404-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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31
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Escrig MA, Pardo M, Aragon CM, Correa M. Anxiogenic and stress-inducing effects of peripherally administered acetaldehyde in mice: similarities with the disulfiram-ethanol reaction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:404-12. [PMID: 22005600 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Peripheral accumulation of acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, produces autonomic responses in humans called "flushing". The aversive characteristics of flushing observed in some populations with an isoform of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) less active, are the basis for treating alcoholics with disulfiram, an ALDH inhibitor. Although ethanol and centrally formed acetaldehyde have anxiolytic effects, peripheral accumulation of acetaldehyde may be aversive in part because it is anxiogenic. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of direct administration of acetaldehyde on behavioral measures of anxiety and on hormonal markers of stress in mice. The impact of disulfiram on the anxiolytic actions of ethanol was evaluated. Acetate (a metabolite of acetaldehyde) was also studied. METHODS CD1 male mice received acetaldehyde (0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 mg/kg) at different time intervals and were assessed in the elevated plus maze and in the dark-light box. Corticosterone release after acetaldehyde administration was also assessed. Additional experiments evaluated the impact of disulfiram on the anxiolytic effect of ethanol (0 or 1 mg/kg), and the effect of acetate on the plus maze. RESULTS Direct administration of acetaldehyde (100 mg/kg) had an anxiogenic effect at 1, 11 or 26 min after IP administration. Acetaldehyde was ten times more potent than ethanol at inducing corticosterone release. Disulfiram did not affect behavior on its own, but blocked the anxiolytic effect of ethanol at doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg, and had an anxiogenic effect at the highest dose (90 mg/kg) when co-administered with ethanol. Acetate did not affect any of the anxiety parameters. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral administration or accumulation of acetaldehyde produces anxiogenic effects and induces endocrine stress responses. This effect is not mediated by its metabolite acetate.
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Shimizu Y, Sakai A, Menuki K, Mori T, Isse T, Oyama T, Kawamoto T, Nakamura T. Reduced bone formation in alcohol-induced osteopenia is associated with elevated p21 expression in bone marrow cells in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2-disrupted mice. Bone 2011; 48:1075-86. [PMID: 21256255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High consumption of alcohol is one of the risk factors for osteoporosis. Approximately 45% of Chinese and Japanese individuals have the inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Aldh2) phenotype. The absence of the ALDH2*2 allele is found to adversely influence the risk of osteoporosis. The aim of this study is to clarify the effects of alcohol consumption on osteoblast differentiation in bone marrow and trabecular bone formation in Aldh2-disrupted mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven-week-old male Aldh2 knockout mice (Aldh2(-/-)) and wild-type (Aldh2(+/+)) mice were fed with water (groups Aldh2(-/-)/Wa and Aldh2(+/+)/Wa) or with 5% ethanol (groups Aldh2(-/-)/Al and Aldh2(+/+)/Al) for 4 weeks. At the age of 12 weeks, bone histomorphometry was performed at the secondary spongiosa of the tibias. Bone marrow cells from the bilateral femurs and tibias were used for mRNA expression analysis. RESULTS Histomorphometrical study revealed that trabecular bone was significantly reduced in the Aldh2(-/-)/Al group compared with that in the Aldh2(-/-)/Wa and Aldh2(+/+)/Wa groups. Bone formation rate was significantly decreased in Aldh2(-/-)/Al compared with the other three groups. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed a significant decrease in type I collagen, osterix, osteopontin, and osteocalcin mRNA expressions in Aldh2(-/-)/Al compared with Aldh2(-/-)/Wa. In bone marrow cell cultures, mineralized nodule formation in Aldh2(-/-)/Al was significantly decreased compared with that in Aldh2(+/+)/Wa and Aldh2(-/-)/Wa, while PAK18, a p21-activated kinase inhibitor, recovered the decreased mineralized nodule formation in Aldh2(-/-)/Al. CONCLUSION Alcohol consumption suppressed the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts and then reduced trabecular bone formation and bone volume in association with the elevated p21 expression in bone marrow cells, especially in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2-disrupted mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shimizu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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Endo J, Sano M, Katayama T, Hishiki T, Shinmura K, Morizane S, Matsuhashi T, Katsumata Y, Zhang Y, Ito H, Nagahata Y, Marchitti S, Nishimaki K, Wolf AM, Nakanishi H, Hattori F, Vasiliou V, Adachi T, Ohsawa I, Taguchi R, Hirabayashi Y, Ohta S, Suematsu M, Ogawa S, Fukuda K. Metabolic Remodeling Induced by Mitochondrial Aldehyde Stress Stimulates Tolerance to Oxidative Stress in the Heart. Circ Res 2009; 105:1118-27. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.206607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale
:
Aldehyde accumulation is regarded as a pathognomonic feature of oxidative stress–associated cardiovascular disease.
Objective
:
We investigated how the heart compensates for the accelerated accumulation of aldehydes.
Methods and Results
:
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) has a major role in aldehyde detoxification in the mitochondria, a major source of aldehydes. Transgenic (Tg) mice carrying an
Aldh2
gene with a single nucleotide polymorphism (
Aldh2*2
) were developed. This polymorphism has a dominant-negative effect and the Tg mice exhibited impaired ALDH activity against a broad range of aldehydes. Despite a shift toward the oxidative state in mitochondrial matrices,
Aldh2*2
Tg hearts displayed normal left ventricular function by echocardiography and, because of metabolic remodeling, an unexpected tolerance to oxidative stress induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mitochondrial aldehyde stress stimulated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α phosphorylation. Subsequent translational and transcriptional activation of activating transcription factor-4 promoted the expression of enzymes involved in amino acid biosynthesis and transport, ultimately providing precursor amino acids for glutathione biosynthesis. Intracellular glutathione levels were increased 1.37-fold in
Aldh2*2
Tg hearts compared with wild-type controls. Heterozygous knockout of
Atf4
blunted the increase in intracellular glutathione levels in
Aldh2*2
Tg hearts, thereby attenuating the oxidative stress–resistant phenotype. Furthermore, glycolysis and NADPH generation via the pentose phosphate pathway were activated in
Aldh2*2
Tg hearts. (NADPH is required for the recycling of oxidized glutathione.)
Conclusions
:
The findings of the present study indicate that mitochondrial aldehyde stress in the heart induces metabolic remodeling, leading to activation of the glutathione–redox cycle, which confers resistance against acute oxidative stress induced by ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Endo
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Motoaki Sano
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Takaharu Katayama
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Takako Hishiki
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Ken Shinmura
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Shintaro Morizane
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Tomohiro Matsuhashi
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Yoshinori Katsumata
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Yan Zhang
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Hideyuki Ito
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Yoshiko Nagahata
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Satori Marchitti
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Kiyomi Nishimaki
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Alexander Martin Wolf
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Hiroki Nakanishi
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Fumiyuki Hattori
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Takeshi Adachi
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Ikuroh Ohsawa
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Ryo Taguchi
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Yoshio Hirabayashi
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Shigeo Ohta
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics (J.E., M. Sano, T.K., S. Morizane, T.M., Y.K., Y.Z., H.I., F.H., K.F.); Cardiology Division (J.E., T.K., T.M., Y.K., S. Ogawa), Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology (T.H., Y.N., T.A., M. Suematsu); and Division of Geriatric Medicine (K.S.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (M. Sano),
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Abstract
The putative contribution of brain acetaldehyde (AcH) to ethanol (EtOH) tolerance and dependence (addiction) is reviewed. Although the role of AcH in EtOH addiction has been controversial, there are data showing a relationship. AcH can be formed in the brain tissues through the peroxidatic activity of catalase and by oxidation via other oxidizing enzymes such as cytochrome P-4502E1. Significant formation of AcH occurs in vitro in brain tissue at concentrations of EtOH that can be achieved by voluntary consumption of EtOH by rodents. AcH itself possesses reinforcing properties, which suggests that some of the behavioral pharmacological effects attributed to EtOH may be a result of the formation of AcH, and supports the involvement of AcH in EtOH addiction. Modulation of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and brain catalase activity can change EtOH-related addictive behaviors presumably by changing AcH levels. Moreover, some condensation reaction products of AcH may promote some actions of EtOH and its consumption. On the basis of the findings, it can be concluded that AcH may mediate some of the CNS actions of EtOH including tolerance and dependence, although further exploration the involvement of AcH in EtOH addiction is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-sheng Deng
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, Department of Pharmacology, Alcohol Research Center, Mail Stop 8303, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045-0511, USA.
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Arolfo MP, Overstreet DH, Yao L, Fan P, Lawrence AJ, Tao G, Keung WM, Vallee BL, Olive MF, Gass JT, Rubin E, Anni H, Hodge CW, Besheer J, Zablocki J, Leung K, Blackburn BK, Lange LG, Diamond I. Suppression of heavy drinking and alcohol seeking by a selective ALDH-2 inhibitor. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:1935-44. [PMID: 19673742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited human aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH-2) deficiency reduces the risk for alcoholism. Kudzu plants and extracts have been used for 1,000 years in traditional Chinese medicine to treat alcoholism. Kudzu contains daidzin, which inhibits ALDH-2 and suppresses heavy drinking in rodents. Decreased drinking due to ALDH-2 inhibition is attributed to aversive properties of acetaldehyde accumulated during alcohol consumption. However, daidzin can reduce drinking in some rodents without necessarily increasing acetaldehyde. Therefore, a selective ALDH-2 inhibitor might affect other metabolic factors involved in regulating drinking. METHODS Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 inhibitors were synthesized based on the co-crystal structure of ALDH-2 and daidzin. We tested the efficacy of a highly selective reversible ALDH-2 inhibitor, CVT-10216, in models of moderate and high alcohol drinking rats. We studied 2-bottle choice and deprivation-induced drinking paradigms in Fawn Hooded (FH) rats, operant self-administration in Long Evans (LE), FH, and inbred P (iP) rats and in cue-induced reinstatement in iP rats. We also assayed blood acetaldehyde levels as well as dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and tested possible rewarding/aversive effects of the inhibitor in a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. RESULTS CVT-10216 increases acetaldehyde after alcohol gavage and inhibits 2-bottle choice alcohol intake in heavy drinking rodents, including deprivation-induced drinking. Moreover, CVT-10216 also prevents operant self-administration and eliminates cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking even when alcohol is not available (i.e., no acetaldehyde). Alcohol stimulates DA release in the NAc, which is thought to contribute to increased drinking and relapse in alcoholism. CVT-10216 prevents alcohol-induced increases in NAc DA without changing basal levels. CVT-10216 does not show rewarding or aversive properties in the CPP paradigm at therapeutic doses. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that selective reversible ALDH-2 inhibitors may have therapeutic potential to reduce excessive drinking and to suppress relapse in abstinent alcoholics.
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Ethanol intake and ethanol-induced locomotion and locomotor sensitization in Cyp2e1 knockout mice. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2009; 19:217-25. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328324e726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Boyd KN, O'Buckley TK, Morrow AL. Role of acetaldehyde in ethanol-induced elevation of the neuroactive steroid 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:1774-81. [PMID: 18652594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic ethanol administration increases neuroactive steroid levels that increase ethanol sensitivity. Acetaldehyde is a biologically active compound that may contribute to behavioral and rewarding effects of ethanol. We investigated the role of acetaldehyde in ethanol-induced elevations of 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (3alpha,5alpha-THP) levels in cerebral cortex. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered ethanol, and plasma acetaldehyde concentrations were measured by gas chromatography to determine relevant concentrations. Rats were then administered acetaldehyde directly, acetaldehyde plus cyanamide to block its degradation, or ethanol in the presence of inhibitors of ethanol metabolism, to determine effects on 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels in cerebral cortex. RESULTS Ethanol administration (2 g/kg) to rats results in a peak acetaldehyde concentration of 6-7 microM at 10 minutes that remains stable for the duration of the time points tested. Direct administration of acetaldehyde eliciting this plasma concentration does not increase cerebral cortical 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels, and inhibition of ethanol-metabolizing enzymes to modify acetaldehyde formation does not alter ethanol-induced 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels. However, higher doses of acetaldehyde (75 and 100 mg/kg), in the presence of cyanamide to prevent its metabolism, are capable of increasing cortical 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels. CONCLUSIONS Physiological concentrations of acetaldehyde are not responsible for ethanol-induced increases in 3alpha,5alpha-THP, but a synergistic role for acetaldehyde with ethanol may contribute to increases in 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels and ethanol sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin N Boyd
- Curriculum in Toxicology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Kunugita N, Isse T, Oyama T, Kitagawa K, Ogawa M, Yamaguchi T, Kinaga T, Kawamoto T. Increased frequencies of micronucleated reticulocytes and T-cell receptor mutation in Aldh2 knockout mice exposed to acetaldehyde. J Toxicol Sci 2008; 33:31-6. [PMID: 18303182 DOI: 10.2131/jts.33.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) metabolizes acetaldehyde produced from ethanol into acetate and plays a major role in the oxidation of acetaldehyde in vivo. About half of all Japanese people have inactive ALDH2. We generated homozygous Aldh2 null (Aldh2-/-) mice by gene targeting knockout as a model of ALDH2-deficient humans. To investigate the mutagenicity of acetaldehyde, a micronucleus assay and a T-cell receptor (TCR) gene mutation assay were performed in Aldh2-/- mice and wild-type (Aldh2 +/+) mice exposed to acetaldehyde. The mice were continuously exposed to 125 and 500 ppm of acetaldehyde vapor for 2 weeks. Another group was orally administered 100 mg/kg once a day for 2 weeks continuously. The mice were killed after 2 weeks of exposure to acetaldehyde, and the frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes was measured by flow cytometry. We also observed the incidence of TCR gene mutations in T-lymphocytes by measuring the variant CD3(-CD4+) expression by flow cytometry. The frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes induced by acetaldehyde was significantly increased in Aldh2 -/- mice, but not in Aldh2 +/+ mice. TCR mutant frequency was also associated with acetaldehyde exposure in Aldh2-/ - mice, especially after oral administration; however, it was not associated with acetaldehyde exposure in Aldh2 +/+ mice. In conclusion, Aldh2 -/- mice showed high sensitivity in the micronuclei and TCR mutation assays compared with Aldh2 +/+ mice after exposure to acetaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kunugita
- Department of Health Information Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iseigaoka, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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Kim YD, Eom SY, Ogawa M, Oyama T, Isse T, Kang JW, Zhang YW, Kawamoto T, Kim H. Ethanol-induced oxidative DNA damage and CYP2E1 expression in liver tissue of Aldh2 knockout mice. J Occup Health 2008; 49:363-9. [PMID: 17951967 DOI: 10.1539/joh.49.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with increased risks of many diseases including cancer. We evaluated oxidative DNA damage in Aldh2 +/+ and Aldh2 -/- mice after they had been subjected to acute ethanol exposure. Olive tail moment, which was measured using a comet assay, was not increased by ethanol treatment in both Aldh2 +/+ and Aldh2 -/- mice. However, after controlling for the effect of ethanol exposure, the Aldh2 genotype was a significant determinant for Olive tail moments. Although the ethanol treatment significantly increased the hepatic 8-OHdG generation in only Aldh2 +/+ mice, the level of 8-OHdG was the highest in Aldh2 -/- ethanol treated mice. The increase in the level of 8-OHdG was associated with hepatic expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). The levels of Olive tail moment and the hepatic 8-OHdG in the Aldh2 -/- control group were significantly higher than those of the Aldh2 +/+ control group. The level of CYP2E1 in liver tissue showed a similar pattern to those of the oxidative DNA damage markers. This study shows that acute ethanol consumption increases oxidative DNA damage and that expression of CYP2E1 protein may play a pivotal role in the induction of oxidative DNA damage. The finding that oxidative DNA damage was more intense in Aldh2 -/- mice than in Aldh2 +/+ mice suggests that ALDH2-deficient individuals may be more susceptible than wild-type ALDH2 individuals to ethanol-mediated liver disease, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Dae Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Republic of Korea
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Moon KH, Abdelmegeed MA, Song BJ. Inactivation of cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase via S-nitrosylation in ethanol-exposed rat liver. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:3967-72. [PMID: 17673211 PMCID: PMC2693367 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozymes are critically important in the metabolism of acetaldehyde, thus preventing its accumulation after ethanol-exposure. We previously reported that mitochondrial ALDH2 could be inactivated via S-nitrosylation in ethanol-exposed rats. This study was aimed at investigating whether cytosolic ALDH1, with a relatively-low-Km value (11-18 microM) for acetaldehyde, could be also inhibited in ethanol-exposed rats. Chronic or binge ethanol-exposure significantly decreased ALDH1 activity, which was restored by addition of dithiothreitol. Immunoblot analysis with the anti-S-nitroso-Cys antibody showed one immunoreactive band in the immunoprecipitated ALDH1 only from ethanol-exposed rats, but not from pair-fed controls, suggesting S-nitrosylation of ALDH1. Therefore inactivation of ALDH1 via S-nitrosylation can result in accumulation of acetaldehyde upon ethanol-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Byoung-Joon Song
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. B. J. Song, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9410, USA, Phone: +1-301-496-3985; Fax: +1-301-594-3113; E-mail:
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Marchitti SA, Deitrich RA, Vasiliou V. Neurotoxicity and metabolism of the catecholamine-derived 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde: the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 59:125-50. [PMID: 17379813 DOI: 10.1124/pr.59.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehydes are highly reactive molecules formed during the biotransformation of numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds, including biogenic amines. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde is the aldehyde metabolite of dopamine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde is the aldehyde metabolite of both norepinephrine and epinephrine. There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that these compounds are neurotoxic, and it has been recently hypothesized that neurodegenerative disorders may be associated with increased levels of these biogenic aldehydes. Aldehyde dehydrogenases are a group of NAD(P)+ -dependent enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes, such as those derived from catecholamines, to their corresponding carboxylic acids. To date, 19 aldehyde dehydrogenase genes have been identified in the human genome. Mutations in these genes and subsequent inborn errors in aldehyde metabolism are the molecular basis of several diseases, including Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, type II hyperprolinemia, gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria, and pyridoxine-dependent seizures, most of which are characterized by neurological abnormalities. Several pharmaceutical agents and environmental toxins are also known to disrupt or inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase function. It is, therefore, possible to speculate that reduced detoxification of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde from impaired or deficient aldehyde dehydrogenase function may be a contributing factor in the suggested neurotoxicity of these compounds. This article presents a comprehensive review of what is currently known of both the neurotoxicity and respective metabolism pathways of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde with an emphasis on the role that aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes play in the detoxification of these two aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satori A Marchitti
- Molecular Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Ishikawa H, Ishikawa T, Yamamoto H, Fukao A, Yokoyama K. Genotoxic effects of alcohol in human peripheral lymphocytes modulated by ADH1B and ALDH2 gene polymorphisms. Mutat Res 2007; 615:134-42. [PMID: 17207821 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is almost totally broken down by oxidative metabolism in vivo. Ethanol per se is considered to be neither carcinogenic, mutagenic nor genotoxic. However, during the metabolic conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde and acetate, the organism is exposed to both ethanol and acetaldehyde and therefore ethanol is suspected to be co-carcinogenic. The genetic polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase-2 (ADH1B) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) influence the metabolism of alcohol. The ADH1B*1/*1 genotype encodes the low-activity form of ADH1B, and ALDH2*1/*2 and ALDH2*2/*2 genotype encode inactive ALDH2. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that polymorphisms of the ADH1B and ALDH2 genes are significantly associated with genotoxicity induced by alcohol drinking, measured using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay, an established biomarker of genome instability, in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 286 healthy Japanese men. There was a significant trend for the mean micronuclei (MN) frequency in habitual or moderate drinkers without a smoking habit to increase as the numbers of the *1 allele in ADH1B increased (P=0.039 or P=0.029) and the *2 allele in ALDH2 increased (P=0.019 or P=0.037). A logistic regression analysis showed that the number of subjects with MN frequency levels more than median value of MN (3.0) was significantly higher in the subjects with the ADH1B*1 allele as adjusted estimates (OR 2.08, 95% C.I. 1.24-3.48), when the OR for the subjects with the ADH1B*2/*2 genotype was defined as 1.00. The number of subjects with MN frequency levels more than median value of MN was also significantly higher in the subjects with the ALDH2*2 allele as adjusted estimates (OR 1.79, 95% C.I. 1.04-3.11), when the OR for the subjects with the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype was defined as 1.00. The results of this study have identified important novel associations between ADH1B/ALDH2 polymorphisms and genotoxicity in alcohol drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ishikawa
- Department of Public Health and Occupational Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan.
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Eom SY, Zhang YW, Ogawa M, Oyama T, Isse T, Kang JW, Lee CJ, Kim YD, Kawamoto T, Kim H. Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes Induced by Ethanol Exposure in Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Knockout Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.53.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Eom
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Yan Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Masanori Ogawa
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Tsunehiro Oyama
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Toyohi Isse
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Jong-Won Kang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Chung-Jong Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Toshihiro Kawamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Heon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University
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Fernandez E, Koek W, Ran Q, Gerhardt GA, France CP, Strong R. Monoamine metabolism and behavioral responses to ethanol in mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase knockout mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30:1650-8. [PMID: 17010132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely accepted that, in addition to removing acetaldehyde produced during the metabolism of ethanol, mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) functions in the pathway by which aldehyde metabolites of the monoamines dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) are converted to their acidic metabolites. Moreover, studies of ALDH2 inhibitors used for treating alcoholism suggest that their antidipsotropic effects may be related to inhibition of monoamine metabolism. Therefore, we examined the hypothesis that altered brain monoamine metabolism is related to the influence of ALDH2 on behavioral responses to ethanol. METHODS Mice were generated with a gene-trap mutation of the ALDH2 gene. ALDH2 mRNA was absent in ALDH2-/- mice. Western blot analysis of liver mitochondria confirmed the absence of ALDH2 protein in the ALDH2-/- mice. Wild-type and ALDH2-deficient mice were tested for the effects of different doses of ethanol on locomotor activity, ataxia, and a 2-bottle ethanol-water preference test. RESULTS Wild-type and ALDH2+/- mice preferred ethanol to water. However, ALDH2-/- mice drank significantly less ethanol than wild-type or ALDH2+/- mice. Locomotor activity and ataxia were significantly more affected by ethanol in ALDH2-/- mice than in wild-type or ALDH2+/- mice. There was no effect of genotype on levels of 5-HT, DA, or their precursors or metabolites in several brain regions, as measured by HPLCec. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that: (1) the effect of the mutant genotype on behavioral responses to ethanol is unrelated to altered brain monoamine metabolism and (2) ALDH2 is not required for the metabolism of brain monoamines in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fernandez
- Research Service and Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Isse T, Matsuno K, Oyama T, Kitagawa K, Kawamoto T. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene targeting mouse lacking enzyme activity shows high acetaldehyde level in blood, brain, and liver after ethanol gavages. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 29:1959-64. [PMID: 16340452 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000187161.07820.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we created an aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene transgenic (Aldh2-/-) mouse as an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 2 inactive human model and demonstrated low alcohol preference. In addition, after a free-choice drinking test, no difference in the acetaldehyde level was observed between the Aldh2-/- and wild type (Aldh2+/+) mice. The actual amounts of free-choice drinking were so low that it is uncertain whether these levels are pharmacologically and/or behaviorally relevant in either strain. To elucidate this uncertainty, we compared the ethanol and acetaldehyde concentration in the blood, brain, and liver between the Aldh2-/- and Aldh2+/+ mice after ethanol gavages at the same dose and time. METHOD We measured differences in the ethanol and acetaldehyde levels between the Aldh2-/- and Aldh2+/+ mice by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after ethanol gavages at the same dose and time. RESULTS Significantly higher blood acetaldehyde concentrations were found in the Aldh2-/- mice than in the Aldh2+/+ mice 1 hr after the administration of ethanol gavages at doses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 g/kg. The blood acetaldehyde concentrations in the two strains were 2.4 vs. 0.5, 17.8 vs. 1.9, 108.3 vs. 4.3, and 247.2 vs. 14.0 (microM), respectively. In contrast, no significant difference was observed in the blood ethanol concentrations between the Aldh2+/+ and Aldh2-/- mice. The aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 enzyme metabolized 94% of the acetaldehyde produced from the ethanol as calculated from the area under the curve (AUC) of acetaldehyde when ethanol was administered at a dose of 5.0 g/kg. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that mouse ALDH2 is a major enzyme for acetaldehyde metabolism, and the Aldh2-/- mice have significantly high acetaldehyde levels after ethanol gavages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyohi Isse
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, the Bio-information Research Center, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Crabbe JC, Phillips TJ, Harris RA, Arends MA, Koob GF. Alcohol-related genes: contributions from studies with genetically engineered mice. Addict Biol 2006; 11:195-269. [PMID: 16961758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since 1996, nearly 100 genes have been studied for their effects related to ethanol in mice using genetic modifications including gene deletion, gene overexpression, gene knock-in, and occasionally by studying existing mutants. Nearly all such studies have concentrated on genes expressed in brain, and the targeted genes range widely in their function, including most of the principal neurotransmitter systems, several neurohormones, and a number of signaling molecules. We review 141 published reports of effects (or lack thereof) of 93 genes on responses to ethanol. While most studies have focused on ethanol self-administration and reward, and/or sedative effects, other responses studied include locomotor stimulation, anxiolytic effects, and neuroadaptation (tolerance, sensitization, withdrawal). About 1/4 of the engineered mutations increase self-administration, 1/3 decrease it, and about 40% have no significant effect. In many cases, the effects on self-administration are rather modest and/or depend on the specific experimental procedures. In some cases, genes in the background strains on which the mutant is placed are important for results. Not surprisingly, review of the systems affected further supports roles for serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, opioids and dopamine, all of which have long been foci of alcohol research. Novel modulatory effects of protein kinase C and G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels are also suggested. Some newer research with cannabinoid systems is promising, and has led to ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Crabbe
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
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47
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Hao Q, Maret W. Aldehydes release zinc from proteins. A pathway from oxidative stress/lipid peroxidation to cellular functions of zinc. FEBS J 2006; 273:4300-10. [PMID: 16930132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, hyperglycemia-induced glycations and environmental exposures increase the cellular concentrations of aldehydes. A novel aspect of the molecular actions of aldehydes, e.g. acetaldehyde and acrolein, is their reaction with the cysteine ligands of zinc sites in proteins and concomitant zinc release. Stoichiometric amounts of acrolein release zinc from zinc-thiolate coordination sites in proteins such as metallothionein and alcohol dehydrogenase. Aldehydes also release zinc intracellularly in cultured human hepatoma (HepG2) cells and interfere with zinc-dependent signaling processes such as gene expression and phosphorylation. Thus both acetaldehyde and acrolein induce the expression of metallothionein and modulate protein tyrosine phosphatase activity in a zinc-dependent way. Since minute changes in the availability of cellular zinc have potent effects, zinc release is a mechanism of amplification that may account for many of the biological effects of aldehydes. The zinc-releasing activity of aldehydes establishes relationships among cellular zinc, the functions of endogenous and xenobiotic aldehydes, and redox stress, with implications for pathobiochemical and toxicologic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Hao
- Departments of Preventive Medicine & Community Health and Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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48
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Isse T, Oyama T, Matsuno K, Uchiyama I, Kawamoto T. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 activity affects symptoms produced by an intraperitoneal acetaldehyde injection, but not acetaldehyde lethality. J Toxicol Sci 2006; 30:315-28. [PMID: 16404140 DOI: 10.2131/jts.30.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is an important enzyme that oxidizes acetaldehyde. Approximately 45% of Chinese and Japanese individuals are inactive ALDH2 phenotype; acute acetaldehyde toxicity has not been evaluated in these populations. We compared the acute acetaldehyde toxicity between wild-type (Aldh2+/+) and Aldh2-inactive transgenic (Aldh2-/-) mice who were administered an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of a single dose of acetaldehyde. This comparison was made based on the LD(50) values of acetaldehyde and the symptoms following the ip injection. Blood acetaldehyde level was measured in the 400 mg/kg dose group. Immediately after administration of acetaldehyde, the mice exhibited hypoactivity and staggering gait. Subsequently, symptoms such as pale skin, prone position, coma, and abnormal deep respiration were observed. In cases of death, dyspnea, wheezing, and hypothermia were observed from 15 to 30 min after the administration. In cases of survival, crouching, bradypnea, flushing and piloerection were observed. Significant latency of symptom recovery was found in the Aldh2+/- mice as compared with the Aldh2+/+ mice; however, no statistical difference was observed in the acetaldehyde LD(50) values. This might be attributable to the absence of a significant difference in the blood acetaldehyde concentrations in both mice during the first 0-15 min following administration; however, acetaldehyde elimination delay was observed in the Aldh2-/- mice as compared with the Aldh2+/+ mice. Acetaldehyde toxicity difference was observed between the Aldh2+/+ and Aldh2-/- mice; however, no difference in acetaldehyde lethality was observed by administration of a single dose of an ip acetaldehyde injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyohi Isse
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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49
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Isse T, Oyama T, Matsuno K, Ogawa M, Narai-Suzuki R, Yamaguchi T, Murakami T, Kinaga T, Uchiyama I, Kawamoto T. Paired acute inhalation test reveals that acetaldehyde toxicity is higher in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 knockout mice than in wild-type mice. J Toxicol Sci 2006; 30:329-37. [PMID: 16404141 DOI: 10.2131/jts.30.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is an important enzyme that oxidizes acetaldehyde. Approximately 45% of Chinese and Japanese individuals have the inactive ALDH2 genotypes (ALDH2*2/*2 and ALDH2*1/*2); acute inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde has not been evaluated in these populations. We compared the toxicity between wild-type (Aldh2+/+) and Aldh2-inactive transgenic (Aldh2-/-) mice by using the paired acute inhalation test modified from the acute toxic class method (OECD TG433). Blood acetaldehyde level was measured 4 hr after the inhalation. A pair of Aldh2+/+ and Aldh2-/- mice was put into a chamber and was exposed to 5000 ppm of acetaldehyde. At the start of the inhalation, the mice exhibited hypoactivity and closing of the eyes. Subsequently, symptoms such as crouching, bradypnea, and piloerection were observed. Flushing was observed only in the Aldh2+/+ mice. Symptoms such as tears, straggling gait, prone position, pale skin, abnormal deep respiration, dyspnea, and one case of death were observed only in the Aldh2-/- mice. The symptoms did not change 1 hr after inhalation in the Aldh2+/+ mice. In contrast, in the Aldh2-/- mice, the symptoms became more severe until the end of the inhalation. The blood acetaldehyde level in the Aldh2-/- mice was approximately twice that in the Aldh2+/+ mice 4 hr after inhalation. The Aldh2-/- mice evidently showed more severe toxicity as compared with the Aldh2+/+ mice due to acute inhalation of acetaldehyde at a concentration of 5000 ppm. Acetaldehyde toxicity in Aldh2+/+ and Aldh2-/- mice was estimated and classified one class different. Based on this study, acetaldehyde inhalations were inferred to pose a higher risk to ALDH2-inactive human individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyohi Isse
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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50
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Quintanilla ME, Tampier L, Sapag A, Israel Y. Polymorphisms in the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (Aldh2) determine peak blood acetaldehyde levels and voluntary ethanol consumption in rats. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2005; 15:427-31. [PMID: 15900217 DOI: 10.1097/01213011-200506000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dependence on alcohol, a most widely used drug, has a heritability of 50-60%. Wistar-derived rats selectively bred as low-alcohol consumers for many generations present an allele (Aldh2(2)) of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase that does not exist in high-alcohol consumers, which mostly carry the Aldh2(1) allele. The enzyme coded by Aldh2(2) has a four- to five-fold lower affinity for NAD than that coded by Aldh2(1). The present study was designed to determine whether these polymorphisms account for differences in voluntary ethanol intake and to investigate the biological mechanisms involved. Low-drinker F0 Aldh2(2)/Aldh2(2) rats were crossed with high-drinker F0 Aldh2(1)/Aldh2(1) rats to obtain an F1 generation, which was intercrossed to obtain an F2 generation that segregates the Aldh2 alleles from other genes that may have been coselected in the breeding for each phenotype. Data show that, with a mixed genetic background, F2 Aldh2(1)/Aldh2(1) rats voluntarily consume 65% more alcohol (P<0.01) than F2 Aldh2(2)/Aldh2(2) rats. A major phenotypic difference was a five-fold higher (P<0.0025) peak blood acetaldehyde level following ethanol administration in the lower drinker F2 Aldh2(2)/Aldh2(2) compared to the higher drinker F2 Aldh2(1)/Aldh2(1) animals, despite the existence of identical steady-state levels of blood acetaldehyde in animals of both genotypes. Polymorphisms in Aldh2 play an important role in: (i) determining peak blood acetaldehyde levels and (ii) modulating voluntary ethanol consumption. We postulate that the markedly higher peak of blood acetaldehyde generated in Aldh2(2)/Aldh2(2)(2) animals is aversive, leading to a reduced alcohol intake in Aldh2(2)/Aldh2(2) versus that in Aldh2(1)/Aldh2(1) animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Quintanilla
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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