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Al-Lamki RS, Bradley JR, Pober JS. Human Organ Culture: Updating the Approach to Bridge the Gap from In Vitro to In Vivo in Inflammation, Cancer, and Stem Cell Biology. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:148. [PMID: 28955710 PMCID: PMC5601956 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human studies, critical for developing new diagnostics and therapeutics, are limited by ethical and logistical issues, and preclinical animal studies are often poor predictors of human responses. Standard human cell cultures can address some of these concerns but the absence of the normal tissue microenvironment can alter cellular responses. Three-dimensional cultures that position cells on synthetic matrices, or organoid or organ-on-a-chip cultures, in which different cell spontaneously organize contacts with other cells and natural matrix only partly overcome this limitation. Here, we review how human organ cultures (HOCs) can more faithfully preserve in vivo tissue architecture and can better represent disease-associated changes. We will specifically describe how HOCs can be combined with both traditional and more modern morphological techniques to reveal how anatomic location can alter cellular responses at a molecular level and permit comparisons among different cells and different cell types within the same tissue. Examples are provided involving use of HOCs to study inflammation, cancer, and stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafia S Al-Lamki
- Department of Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John R Bradley
- Department of Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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2
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Gómez-Hernández A, Escribano Ó, Perdomo L, Otero YF, García-Gómez G, Fernández S, Beneit N, Benito M. Implication of insulin receptor A isoform and IRA/IGF-IR hybrid receptors in the aortic vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation: role of TNF-α and IGF-II. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2352-64. [PMID: 23677929 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To assess the role of insulin receptor (IR) isoforms (IRA and IRB) in the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) involved in the atherosclerotic process, we generated new VSMC lines bearing IR (wild-type VSMCs; IRLoxP(+/+) VSMCs), lacking IR (IR(-/-) VSMCs) or expressing IRA (IRA VSMCs) or IRB (IRB VSMCs). Insulin and different proatherogenic stimuli induced a significant increase of IRA expression in IRLoxP(+/+) VSMCs. Moreover, insulin, through ERK signaling, and the proatherogenic stimuli, through ERK and p38 signaling, induced a higher proliferation in IRA than IRB VSMCs. The latter effect might be due to IRA cells showing a higher expression of angiotensin II, endothelin 1, and thromboxane 2 receptors and basal association between IRA and these receptors. Furthermore, TNF-α induced in a ligand-dependent manner a higher association between IRA and TNF-α receptor 1 (TNF-R1). On the other hand, IRA overexpression might favor the atherogenic actions of IGF-II. Thereby, IGF-II or TNF-α induced IRA and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) overexpression as well as an increase of IRA/IGF-IR hybrid receptors in VSMCs. More importantly, we observed a significant increase of IRA, TNF-R1, and IGF-IR expression as well as higher association of IRA with TNF-R1 or IGF-IR in the aorta from ApoE(-/-) and BATIRKO mice, 2 models showing vascular damage. In addition, anti-TNF-α treatment prevented those effects in BATIRKO mice. Finally, our data suggest that the IRA isoform and its association with TNF-R1 or IGF-IR confers proliferative advantage to VSMCs, mainly in response to TNF-α or IGF-II, which might be of significance in the early atherosclerotic process.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Immunoprecipitation
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Gómez-Hernández
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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3
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Pryshchep S, Sato K, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. T Cell Recognition and Killing of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Acute Coronary Syndrome. Circ Res 2006; 98:1168-76. [PMID: 16601227 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000220649.10013.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Loss of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) has been proposed to destabilize the atherosclerotic plaque and contribute to plaque rupture, superimposed thrombosis, and acute coronary syndromes (ACSs). We examined whether VSMCs are susceptible to T cell-induced apoptosis and found that CD4 T cells are highly effective in establishing cell-cell contact with VSMCs and triggering apoptotic death. Visualization of the T cell-VSMC contact zone on the single-cell level revealed that both patient-derived and control CD4 T cells reorganized their cell membrane to assemble an immunologic synapse with the VSMCs. Within 4 to 10 minutes, the membrane proximal signaling molecule ZAP-70 was recruited and phosphorylated. However, only patient-derived CD4 T cells sustained an intact immunologic synapse beyond 10 minutes and generated intracellular calcium signals. CD4 T cells that maintained a synaptic contact and appeared to be responsible for VSMC apoptosis accounted for approximately 20% of the circulating memory T cell population in ACS patients and were rare in the blood of age-matched controls. CD4 T cells from ACS patients were also hyperresponsive to T cell receptor-mediated stimulation when triggered by a superantigen and non-VSMC target cells. Lowered setting of the T cell activation threshold, attributable to excessive amplification of proximal CD3-mediated signals, may contribute to CD4 T cell-mediated killing of VSMCs and promote plaque instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Pryshchep
- Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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4
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Wagenaar LJ, Rahel BM, van Boven AJ, Voors AA, van der Wal AC, Plokker HWM, van Gilst WH. Pre-procedural ACE-activity does not predict symptomatic in-stent restenosis. Int J Cardiol 2005; 103:73-7. [PMID: 16061127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Revised: 06/14/2004] [Accepted: 08/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies indicate that ACE-activity is related to atherosclerosis. We investigated the correlation between ACE-activity, in plasma as well as in the atherosclerotic plaque, and in-stent restenosis. METHODS AND RESULTS ACE-activity was measured in blood samples from 178 patients who underwent a percutaneous coronary intervention with stent placement. During 8 months follow-up, 51 of these patients had an adverse clinical event. ACE-activity did not differ between patients with or without adverse events (21.5 vs. 23.1 nM/ml/min; P=0.36). Tissue samples were obtained with an atherectomy catheter before elective stent placement in another group of 13 patients with de novo stenosis. In this tissue, we determined the ACE-content immunohistologically. These patients were scheduled for follow-up quantitative coronary angiography after 12 months. In this group, the quantity of ACE was not correlated to the late luminal loss (0.31 vs. 0.38 mm; P=0.76). CONCLUSION In this study, pre-procedural ACE-activity, in plasma as well as in the atherosclerotic plaque, does not predict the occurrence of in-stent restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Wagenaar
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Zhang A, Ding G, Huang S, Wu Y, Pan X, Guan X, Chen R, Yang T. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase mediation of angiotensin II-induced proliferation of human mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 288:F1118-24. [PMID: 15701817 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00220.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (ANG II) has been shown to activate c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) in cultured mesangial cells, but the functional implication of this phenomenon remains to be determined, largely due to the lack of an effective approach to block JNK. Therefore, the present study was carried out to examine whether JNK is involved in ANG II-induced cell proliferation in cultured human mesangial cells (HMCs) with the use of a newly developed JNK-selective blocker, SP-600125. Within minutes, treatment with 100 nM ANG II activated all three members of MAP kinase family, including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (Erk) 1/2, JNK, and p38 in cultured HMCs, as assessed by immunoblotting detection of phosphorylation of MAP kinases. ANG II-dependent activation of JNK was further confirmed by detection of increased phosphorylation and transcription activity of c-Jun after the ANG II treatment. SP-600125 ranging from 5 to 10 μM almost completely abolished the activation of JNK by ANG II without affecting the activities of Erk1/2 and p38. After treatment with 100 ng ANG II, there was a steady increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation that was blocked by SP-60025 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Similarly, SP-600125 dose dependently reduced the ANG II-induced increase in cell number. The antiproliferative effect of SP-60025 was further determined by cell-cycle analysis with flow cytometry. Twenty-four hours after ANG II treatment, 50% of the quiescent HMCs (G0/G1) progressed into the S phase, and the cell cycle progression was almost completely prevented in the presence of SP-60025. Our data suggest that JNK mediates the proliferative effect of ANG II in cultured HMCs and thus represents a novel therapeutic target for treatment of chronic renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, China
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6
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Wang Z, Rao PJ, Shillcutt SD, Newman WH. Angiotensin II induces proliferation of human cerebral artery smooth muscle cells through a basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) dependent mechanism. Neurosci Lett 2004; 373:38-41. [PMID: 15555773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Revised: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling of cerebral arteries in hypertension produces thickened vessel walls associated with atherosclerotic plaque formation. In both thickening and plaque formation, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells is a hallmark. Genetically hypertensive rats treated with an angiotensin II (Ang II) AT1 receptor antagonist inhibited thickening of cerebral arteries suggesting a mitogenic action of Ang II on cerebral arterial VSMC (CVSMC). However, in studies using smooth muscle cells cultured from peripheral arteries, Ang II causes cell hypertrophy, but not proliferation. We determined the effect of Ang II on proliferation of cultured human CVSMC. CVSMC were cultured from the basilar artery obtained at autopsy. Ang II (10(-7) M) stimulated proliferation determined by counting cells and mitochondrial activity assay. Synthesis and release of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was essential for Ang II-stimulated proliferation. These findings are consistent with the notion that Ang II stimulates CVSMC proliferation thereby contributing to vessel remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbiao Wang
- Division of Basic Medical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine and Medical Center of Central Georgia, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA 31207, USA.
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7
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Hafizi S, Wang X, Chester AH, Yacoub MH, Proud CG. ANG II activates effectors of mTOR via PI3-K signaling in human coronary smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H1232-8. [PMID: 15317677 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00040.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the vasoconstrictive peptide angiotensin II (ANG II) is a hypertrophic agent for human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (cSMCs), which suggests that it plays a role in vascular wall thickening. The present study investigated the intracellular signal transduction pathways involved in the growth response of cSMCs to ANG II. The stimulation of protein synthesis by ANG II in cSMCs was blocked by the immunosuppressant rapamycin, which is an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway that includes the 70-kDa S6 kinase (p70(S6k)) and plays a key role in cell growth. The inhibitory effect of rapamycin was reversed by a molar excess of FK506; this indicates that both agents act through the common 12-kDa immunophilin FK506-binding protein. ANG II caused a rapid and sustained activation of p70(S6k) activity that paralleled its phosphorylation, and both processes were blocked by rapamycin. In addition, both of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY-294002 abolished the ANG II-induced increase in protein synthesis, and wortmannin also blocked p70(S6k) phosphorylation. Furthermore, ANG II triggered dissociation of the translation initiation factor, eukaryotic initiation factor-4E, from its regulatory binding protein 4E-BP1, which was also inhibited by rapamycin and wortmannin. In conclusion, we have shown that ANG II activates components of the rapamycin-sensitive mTOR signaling pathway in human cSMCs and involves activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, p70(S6k), and eukaryotic initiation factor-4E, which leads to activation of protein synthesis. These signaling mechanisms may mediate the growth-promoting effect of ANG II in human cSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sassan Hafizi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
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8
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Stenhoff J, Dahlbäck B, Hafizi S. Vitamin K-dependent Gas6 activates ERK kinase and stimulates growth of cardiac fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 319:871-8. [PMID: 15184064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The protein product of growth arrest specific gene 6 (Gas6), is the biological ligand for the Axl subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases. We investigated the effects of exogenous Gas6 on growth of cardiac fibroblasts isolated from genetically Gas6-deficient mice. Recombinant Gas6, containing N terminal gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues formed from a vitamin K-dependent reaction, stimulated both DNA synthesis and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts under serum-free conditions. Gas6 also markedly enhanced survival of cells during prolonged serum starvation. Gas6 stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Axl as well as phosphorylation of ERK kinase. The mitogenic effects of Gas6 were inhibited by neutralising anti-Gas6 antibodies and by a soluble Axl ectodomain fusion protein. In contrast, recombinant Gas6 from cells treated with warfarin, which prevents the gamma-carboxylation reaction, neither stimulated fibroblast proliferation nor activated Axl tyrosine phosphorylation. Gas6-induced cell proliferation was additive to the effects of epidermal growth factor, suggesting activation of discrete signalling pathways. In conclusion, Gas6 appears to be a unique growth factor for fibroblasts and post-translational gamma-carboxylation is necessary for its biological activity. These findings implicate vitamin K-dependent biochemical reactions in growth processes in development and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Stenhoff
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Lund University, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
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9
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Hafizi S, Mordi VN, Andersson KM, Chester AH, Yacoub MH. Differential effects of rapamycin, cyclosporine A, and FK506 on human coronary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and signalling. Vascul Pharmacol 2004; 41:167-76. [PMID: 15607500 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppressive agents are at the forefront of preventing organ rejection after transplantation. However, their effects on vascular smooth muscle cell-mediated intimal hyperplasia that occurs in post-transplant coronary artery disease are less well known. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the in vitro effects of three immunosuppressive agents cyclosporine A (CsA), FK506 (tacrolimus), and rapamycin (sirolimus, Rapa) on cultured human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (cSMC). CsA inhibited both platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated DNA synthesis and serum-induced proliferation at high concentrations (> or =1000 ng/ml). The growth-inhibitory effect of CsA was not altered by anti-TGF-beta neutralising antibodies nor was autocrine TGF-beta release detected in CsA-treated culture medium. At inhibitory doses, CsA inhibited ERK kinase activation by PDGF, although cytotoxicity was also apparent. Most notably, CsA visibly prevented PDGF-induced altered cell morphology. Rapa was a highly potent and effective inhibitor of cSMC proliferation (reduction in DNA synthesis by >50% from 0.01 ng/ml), acting through inhibition of 70-kDa S6 kinase (p70S6k). FK506 (1-1000 ng/ml) did not affect cSMC proliferation alone, although a > or =250-fold excess of FK506 over Rapa completely reversed the inhibitory effect of Rapa, confirming that these two agents share a common intracellular receptor, the FK506-binding protein (FKBP). CONCLUSION Rapa is a powerful inhibitor of cSMC proliferation, while CsA slighly inhibits cSMC proliferation, although only at higher concentrations that may be toxic. These results indicate that therapeutic immunosuppression with Rapa may be additionally useful in prevention or delay of posttransplant coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sassan Hafizi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine at the Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
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Tahara A, Tsukada J, Tomura Y, Wada KI, Kusayama T, Ishii N, Yatsu T, Uchida W, Taniguchi N, Tanaka A. Effect of YM471, a nonpeptide AVP receptor antagonist, on human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Peptides 2002; 23:1809-16. [PMID: 12383869 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(02)00138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The antagonistic properties of YM471, a potent nonpeptide vasopressin (AVP) V(1A) and V(2) receptor antagonist, were characterized using human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMC). YM471 potently inhibited specific binding of 3H-AVP to V(1A) receptors on human CASMC, exhibiting a K(i) value of 0.49 nM. Furthermore, YM471 inhibited the AVP-induced increase in intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration with an IC(50) value of 1.42 nM, but exerted no agonistic activity on CASMC. Additionally, while AVP concentration-dependently induced hyperplasia and hypertrophy in CASMC, YM471 prevented these AVP-induced growth effects, exhibiting IC(50) values of 0.93 and 2.64 nM, respectively. These results indicate that YM471 has high affinity for V(1A) receptors on, and high potency in inhibiting AVP-induced physiologic responses of, human CASMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Tahara
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, 305-8585 Ibaraki, Japan.
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11
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Scott S, O'Sullivan M, Hafizi S, Shapiro LM, Bennett MR. Human vascular smooth muscle cells from restenosis or in-stent stenosis sites demonstrate enhanced responses to p53: implications for brachytherapy and drug treatment for restenosis. Circ Res 2002; 90:398-404. [PMID: 11884368 DOI: 10.1161/hh0402.105900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor gene regulates growth arrest and apoptosis after DNA damage. Recent studies suggest that p53 is inactive in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in human angioplasty restenosis, promoting VSMC accumulation and vessel stenosis. In contrast, the success of irradiation (brachytherapy) for in-stent restenosis argues that DNA-damage p53 responses are intact. We examined p53 expression and function in human VSMCs from normal vessels (n-VSMCs) and angioplasty/in-stent restenosis sites (r-VSMCs). p53 expression was uniformly low in all VSMCs and was induced by DNA damage. However, p53 induced profoundly different biological effects in r-VSMCs versus n-VSMCs, causing growth arrest and apoptosis in r-VSMCs only. In addition, dominant-negative p53 promoted cell proliferation and apoptosis in r-VSMCs but not n-VSMCs. Cytotoxic drug-- or irradiation-induced growth arrest and apoptosis in both cell types was mediated only partly by p53. In contrast, cyclin D degradation in response to DNA damage, a critical early mediator of growth arrest, was impaired in r-VSMCs, an effect that required p53. We conclude that p53 expression and function are normal or increased in r-VSMCs and may underlie the success of brachytherapy. We also identify a restenosis VSMC-specific defect in cyclin D degradation induced by DNA damage.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/radiation effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/radiation effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Restenosis/metabolism
- Coronary Restenosis/pathology
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- Cyclin D
- Cyclins/metabolism
- DNA Damage
- Etoposide/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/radiation effects
- Gene Transfer, Horizontal
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Genetic Vectors/pharmacology
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/drug therapy
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/metabolism
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/pathology
- Humans
- Microscopy, Video
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/radiation effects
- Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Ultraviolet Rays
- Viral Plaque Assay
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Scott
- Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Rivera E, Arrieta O, Guevara P, Duarte-Rojo A, Sotelo J. AT1 receptor is present in glioma cells; its blockage reduces the growth of rat glioma. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1396-9. [PMID: 11720480 PMCID: PMC2375243 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignancy of neoplasms is partly dependent on angiogenesis. Angiotensin II mediates angiogenesis and transcription of growth-related factors through stimulation of the AT1 receptor (AT1R). Losartan, a drug used mostly for treatment of hypertension, binds strongly to this receptor. We found the presence of AT1 receptor on C6 glioma cells and studied the effect of Losartan on the growth and angiogenesis of C6 rat glioma; Losartan in dose of 80 mg/kg induced 79% reduction of tumoural volume with a significant decrease of vascular density, mitotic index and cell proliferation. Our results demonstrate the conspicuous presence of AT1R in malignant glial cells and a favourable therapeutic response in experimental glioma by selective blockage of the AT1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rivera
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico, Mexico City
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13
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Watanabe T, Pakala R, Katagiri T, Benedict CR. Mildly oxidized low-density lipoprotein acts synergistically with angiotensin II in inducing vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Hypertens 2001; 19:1065-73. [PMID: 11403355 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200106000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Considerable attention has been focused on both mildly oxidized low-density lipoprotein (mox-LDL) and highly oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) as important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Further, angiotensin II (Ang II) appears to play a crucial role in the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis. We assessed the effect of oxidatively modified LDL and its major oxidative components, i.e., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and their interaction with Ang II on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) DNA synthesis. METHODS Growth-arrested rabbit VSMCs were incubated in serum-free medium with different concentrations of native LDL, mox-LDL, ox-LDL, H2O2, LPC, or HNE with or without Ang II. DNA synthesis in VSMCs was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. RESULTS Ang II stimulated DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal effect at a concentration of 1 micromol/l (173%). Ang II (0.5 micromol/l) amplified the effect of native LDL at 500 ng/ml, ox-LDL at 100 ng/ml, and mox-LDL at 50 ng/ml on DNA synthesis (108 to 234%, 124 to 399%, 129 to 433%, respectively). H2O2 had a maximal effect at a concentration of 5 micromol/l (177%), LPC at 15 micromol/l (156%), and HNE at 0.5 micromol/l (137%). Low concentrations of H2O2 (1 micromol/l), LPC (5 micromol/l), or HNE (0.1 micromol/l) also acted synergisitically with Ang II (0.5 micromol/l) in inducing DNA synthesis to 308, 304, or 238%, respectively. Synergistic interactions of Ang II (0.5 micromol/l) with mox-LDL, ox-LDL (both 50 ng/ml), H2O2 (1 micromol/l), LPC (5 micromol/l), or HNE (0.1 micromol/l) on DNA synthesis were completely reversed by the combined use of probucol (10 micromol/l), a potent antioxidant and candesartan (0.1 micromol/l), an AT1 receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that mox-LDL, ox-LDL, and their major components H2O2, LPC, and HNE act synergistically with Ang II in inducing VSMC DNA synthesis. A combination of antioxidants with AT1 receptor blockade may be effective in the treatment of VSMC proliferative disorders associated with hypertension and atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcysteine/administration & dosage
- Aldehydes/administration & dosage
- Angiotensin II/administration & dosage
- Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists
- Animals
- Antioxidants/administration & dosage
- Benzimidazoles/administration & dosage
- Biphenyl Compounds
- Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA/biosynthesis
- Drug Synergism
- Flavonoids/administration & dosage
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/administration & dosage
- Lipoproteins, LDL/administration & dosage
- Lysophosphatidylcholines/administration & dosage
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Probucol/administration & dosage
- Rabbits
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Tetrazoles/administration & dosage
- Tyrphostins/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- T Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, 77030, USA
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14
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Ibrahim J, Hughes AD, Sever PS. Action of angiotensin II on DNA synthesis by human saphenous vein in organ culture. Hypertension 2000; 36:917-21. [PMID: 11082167 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.36.5.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II), an effector peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, has been reported to stimulate growth of blood vessels in vivo and smooth muscle cells in culture. In this study, the effect of Ang II on DNA synthesis was examined in deendothelialized human saphenous vein in organ culture. After 7 days' exposure to medium containing 0.4% fetal calf serum plus Ang II, there was a marked increase in DNA synthesis. The effect of Ang II was comparable to the response to platelet-derived growth factor. Responses to Ang II were partially inhibited by the AT(1) receptor antagonist candesartan. An AT(2) receptor antagonist, PD123319, had no effect on Ang II-induced DNA synthesis, either alone or in combination with candesartan. The Ang II peptide analogues [Sar(1), Ile(8)]-Ang II (saralasin) and [Sar(1),Thr(8)]-Ang II (sarthran) acted as agonists, increasing DNA synthesis. In the presence of saralasin, responses to Ang II were inhibited. Tyrphostin-23, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, prevented Ang II-induced DNA synthesis and reduced DNA synthesis in tissues incubated in medium containing only 0.4% fetal calf serum. In conclusion, Ang II stimulates DNA synthesis in human saphenous vein in organ culture. The effect of Ang II was more marked than has been previously reported in isolated cultured saphenous vein smooth muscle cells, and this effect is mediated in part by an angiotensin type 1 receptor. It is possible that an undefined receptor for Ang II may also be involved in the stimulation of DNA synthesis in this preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ibrahim
- Clinical Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
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15
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Abstract
Angiotensin II activates multiple signalling pathways in vascular smooth muscle. The precise pattern of signals and their relative importance to a particular functional response depends on both cell type and differentiation state. Although the contractile and trophic effects of Ang II are often thought of as distinct responses it is increasingly difficult to differentiate them in terms of signalling pathways. Since vasoconstriction and abnormal growth are both features of circulatory diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis a better understanding of the signalling pathways responsible for the vasoconstrictor and trophic actions of this peptide may help define novel therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease.
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16
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Hou M, Pantev E, Möller S, Erlinge D, Edvinsson L. Angiotensin II type 1 receptors stimulate protein synthesis in human cardiac fibroblasts via a Ca2+-sensitive PKC-dependent tyrosine kinase pathway. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2000; 168:301-9. [PMID: 10712568 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2000.00684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the proliferative effects of Ang II in human cardiac fibroblasts. The effects of Ang II in human cardiac fibroblasts on the 3H-thymidine incorporation, the cell number, the 3H-leucine incorporation and the total protein content were measured. The expression of receptor mRNA was performed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Ang II increased 3H-leucine incorporation in a concentration-dependent manner but not 3H-thymidine incorporation in primary cultures of human cardiac fibroblasts. The maximum effect (24 +/- 3% over control) was obtained at a concentration of 10 nM. There were no significant alterations of cell number or total protein content, suggesting that Ang II stimulated protein synthesis but did not induce hypertrophy. The accumulation of 3H-leucine was blocked by the AT1 receptor antagonist candesartan but not by the AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319. By using RT-PCR, both AT1 and AT2 receptors mRNA were found to be expressed in human cardiac fibroblasts. The selective MAPKK inhibitor PD098059, the protein kinase C inhibitor K252a or the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 did not significantly inhibit Ang II augmented 3H-leucine incorporation. However, this was significantly blocked by the Ca2+-dependent protein kinase C inhibitor GO6976, the non-selective protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin 25. The effects of Ang II were unaffected by the Gi-protein blocker pertussis toxin, indicating a Gi-protein-independent pathway. Ang II was synergistic with insulin but showed no significant increase on 3H-leucine incorporation when combined with PDGF or EGF. In summary, Ang II stimulates protein synthesis through AT1 receptors in human cardiac fibroblasts, but has no hypertrophic or hyperplastic effect. The response is mediated by a MAPKK-independent and Ca2+-sensitive PKC-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hou
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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17
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Hafizi S, Allen SP, Goodwin AT, Chester AH, Yacoub MH. Endothelin-1 stimulates proliferation of human coronary smooth muscle cells via the ET(A) receptor and is co-mitogenic with growth factors. Atherosclerosis 1999; 146:351-9. [PMID: 10532691 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on growth of cultured human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (cSMC). ET-1 alone stimulated DNA synthesis in growth-arrested cSMC as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation, with a maximum 63 +/- 23% increase above control by 10(-7) M (P < 0.05). ET-1 (10(-7) M) also stimulated increases in cyclin D1 protein levels after 24 h, and in absolute cell number after 4 days. Furthermore, ET-1 stimulated protein synthesis (maximum 73 +/- 32% increase in [3H]leucine incorporation by 10(-7) M (P < 0.05)), as well as triggering intracellular calcium transients in human cSMC, as visualised under fura-2 fluorescence microscopy. The selective ET(A) receptor antagonist BQ123 inhibited the increases in DNA synthesis, cell number, protein synthesis and intracellular calcium concentration in response to ET-1, whereas the ET(B) receptor antagonist BQ788 had no such effects. Furthermore, the ET(B) agonist sarafotoxin 6c had no effect on cSMC DNA synthesis. In addition, co-incubation of ET-1 with threshold concentrations of the growth factors, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), resulted in pronounced synergistic increases in DNA synthesis over that observed with the factors alone. In conclusion, we have shown that ET-1 stimulates proliferation of human cSMC via the ET(A) receptor and is also a co-mitogen with the growth factors tested. These findings indicate a role for ET-1 in the development of coronary intimal hyperplasia in man.
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MESH Headings
- Becaplermin
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Count
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA/drug effects
- Endothelin Receptor Antagonists
- Endothelin-1/pharmacology
- Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology
- Growth Substances/pharmacology
- Heart Diseases/metabolism
- Heart Diseases/pathology
- Humans
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Mitosis/drug effects
- Mitosis/genetics
- Muscle Development
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/growth & development
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Proteins/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- Receptor, Endothelin A
- Receptors, Endothelin/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins
- Thymidine
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hafizi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science, Harefield, Middlesex, UK
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18
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Hafizi S, Chester AH, Yacoub MH. Inhibition of human cardiac fibroblast mitogenesis by blockade of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1999; 26:511-3. [PMID: 10405775 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.03071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Interstitial fibroblast proliferation is an elemental feature in the development of cardiac fibrosis. The effects of inhibitors of the intracellular signalling proteins, MEK, a kinase involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), were tested on growth of cultured human cardiac fibroblasts. 2. Cardiac fibroblasts were isolated from transplant recipient myocardium and made quiescent by serum deprivation for 48 h. Cells were incubated for 24 h with the inhibitors PD 098059 (0.3-30 mumol/L) and LY294002 (1-25 mumol/L) in the presence and absence of platelet-derived growth factor-AB (PDGF-AB, 10 ng/mL). DNA synthesis was measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay (20-24 h). 3. Both compounds markedly inhibited both basal and PDGF-stimulated increases in DNA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. Cardiac fibroblast DNA synthesis was reduced to near control levels by PD 098059, while it was inhibited completely by LY294002. 4. These results implicate the importance of MAPK and PI3-K activation in the signal transduction pathways necessary for cardiac fibroblast replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hafizi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Middlesex, United Kingdom
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19
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Hafizi S, Wharton J, Morgan K, Allen SP, Chester AH, Catravas JD, Polak JM, Yacoub MH. Expression of functional angiotensin-converting enzyme and AT1 receptors in cultured human cardiac fibroblasts. Circulation 1998; 98:2553-9. [PMID: 9843462 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.98.23.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin II (Ang II) has been implicated in the development of cardiac fibrosis. The aims of the present study were to examine expression and activity of ACE and of angiotensin receptors in human cardiac fibroblasts cultured from dilated cardiomyopathic and ischemic hearts. The effects of Ang II on fibroblasts were also investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Human cardiac fibroblasts were cultured from ventricular and atrial myocardium and characterized immunohistochemically. Expression of ACE and the angiotensin AT1 receptor was demonstrated in cardiac fibroblasts by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and radioligand binding. Functional ACE activity, measured by radiolabeled substrate conversion assay, was detected in both ventricular (Vmax. Km-1. mg-1, 0.031+/-0.010; n=13) and atrial (0. 034+/-0.012; n=6) fibroblasts. Fibroblast ACE activity was increased after 48 hours of treatment with basic fibroblast growth factor, dexamethasone, and phorbol ester. Ang II did not affect DNA synthesis but stimulated [3H]proline incorporation in cardiac fibroblasts (20.0+/-4.0% increase above control by 10 micromol/L; P<0.05, n=7), which was abolished by losartan 10 micromol/L but not PD123319 1 micromol/L. Ang II also stimulated a rise in intracellular calcium (basal, 56+/-1 nmol/L; Ang II, 355+/-24 nmol/L) via the AT1 receptor, as shown by complete inhibition with losartan. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated expression and activity of ACE and AT1 receptor in cultured human cardiac fibroblasts. In addition, cardiac fibroblasts respond to Ang II with AT1 receptor-mediated collagen synthesis. The presence of local ACE and AT1 receptors in human fibroblasts suggests their involvement in the development of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hafizi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine at the Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Middlesex, UK
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20
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Hafizi S, Nobin R, Allen SP, Chester AH, Yacoub MH. Contrasting effects of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isomers on mitogenesis, contraction and intracellular calcium concentration in human vascular smooth muscle. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1998; 164:191-9. [PMID: 9805106 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.1998.00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at characterizing the responses of human vascular smooth muscle to all three dimeric isomers of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA, -AB and -BB) in terms of mitogenesis, contraction and intracellular calcium concentration. The potential of interaction between PDGF and endothelin-1 (ET-1) was also investigated. All three PDGF isoforms (0.1-20 ng mL-1) stimulated DNA synthesis in cultured human coronary artery and saphenous vein vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. PDGF-AB and -BB elicited comparable large increases in DNA synthesis of maximum 595 +/- 149% (P = 0.001, n = 9) and 576 +/- 17% (P < 0.001, n = 5), respectively, whereas PDGF-AA was only weakly mitogenic (61 +/- 16% increase; P < 0.05, n = 3). At a threshold concentration, PDGF acted in synergy with ET-1 to enhance DNA synthesis (816 +/- 337% increase; P < 0.05, n = 7). In contrast to mitogenesis, none of the three PDGF isomers had any effect on contraction of human saphenous veins in vitro, nor did they affect the contractile response to ET-1, 5-HT or the thromboxane mimetic U46619. The effects of the three PDGF isomers on intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) rises in cultured human VSMC were heterogeneous, with PDGF-BB inducing the largest increase in [Ca2+]i (442 +/- 53 nmol L-1) vs. PDGF-AB (290 +/- 28 nmol L-1), whilst PDGF-AA had no effect. Both the responses to PDGF-AB and-BB relied upon intracellular calcium release, whilst only PDGF-AB showed additional dependence on influx of extracellular calcium. In summary, PDGF is strongly mitogenic and comitogenic with ET-1, despite not being a vasoconstrictor, for human VSMC. Also, human VSMC showed heterogeneous responses to the three PDGF isoforms. These results implicate PDGF, and in particular the PDGF receptor-beta, as important role players in the development of vascular smooth muscle-mediated intimal thickening in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hafizi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Imperial College School of Medicine, Harefield Hospital, Middlesex, UK
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