1
|
Tawfik DM, Lankelma JM, Vachot L, Cerrato E, Pachot A, Wiersinga WJ, Textoris J. Comparison of host immune responses to LPS in human using an immune profiling panel, in vivo endotoxemia versus ex vivo stimulation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9918. [PMID: 32555232 PMCID: PMC7303162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients that suffer from sepsis exhibit an early hyper-inflammatory immune response which can lead to organ failure and death. In our study, we assessed the immune modulation in the human in vivo endotoxemia model and compared it to ex vivo LPS stimulation using 38 transcriptomic markers. Blood was collected before and after 4 hours of LPS challenge and tested with the Immune Profiling Panel (IPP) using the FilmArray system. The use of IPP showed that markers from the innate immunity dominated the response to LPS in vivo, mainly markers related to monocytes and neutrophils. Comparing the two models, in vivo and ex vivo, revealed that most of the markers were modulated in a similar pattern (68%). Some cytokine markers such as TNF, IFN-γ and IL-1β were under-expressed ex vivo compared to in vivo. T-cell markers were either unchanged or up-modulated ex vivo, compared to a down-modulation in vivo. Interestingly, markers related to neutrophils were expressed in opposite directions, which might be due to the presence of cell recruitment and feedback loops in vivo. The IPP tool was able to capture the early immune response in both the human in vivo endotoxemia model, a translational model mimicking the immune response observed in septic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina M Tawfik
- EA7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression", PI3, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1 Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux, Lyon, France
- Open Innovation and Partnerships (OIP), bioMérieux S.A, Lyon, France
| | - Jacqueline M Lankelma
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence Vachot
- Open Innovation and Partnerships (OIP), bioMérieux S.A, Lyon, France
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Cerrato
- Open Innovation and Partnerships (OIP), bioMérieux S.A, Lyon, France
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Pachot
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Textoris
- Open Innovation and Partnerships (OIP), bioMérieux S.A, Lyon, France.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liwu Li, Jacinto R, Yoza B, McCall CE. Distinct post-receptor alterations generate gene- and signal-selective adaptation and cross-adaptation of TLR4 and TLR2 in human leukocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519030090010401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gene- and signal-specific adaptation/tolerance of blood leukocytes to lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) occurs during human and animal septicemia. These phenotypes can be modeled in vitro. LPS-TLR4-adapted human THP-1 promonocytic cells cross-adapt to lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-TLR2-induced IL-1β/TNF-α production, suggesting disruption of a common intracellular signaling event(s). A plausible explanation for homologous adaptation of TLR4 with heterologous adaptation of TLR2 is a persistent inactivation and degradation of IRAK1 following TLR4 activation. LTA stimulation of TLR2 also produces homologous adaptation of TLR2 with inactivation of IRAK1, but there is no detectable degradation of IRAK1. Strikingly, such LTA-adapted cells still respond to LPS stimulation of TLR4 with rapid activation and degradation of IRAK1, and robust IL-1β/TNFα production. Moreover, cells adapted to either LTA- or LPS-production of IL-1β/TNF-α normally produce soluble interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1Ra) anti-inflammatory protein when stimulated by either agonist. We conclude that: (i) disruption of a unique TLR2 signaling component upstream of IRAK1, but downstream of TLR2 sensing, induces homologous adaptation to LTA; (ii) disruption of IRAK1 may induce homologous adaptation of TLR4 to LPS and cross-adaptation of TLR2 to LTA; and (iii) TLR2/TLR4 signaling events that control sIL-1Ra translation do not adapt to LPS or LTA, indicating that TLR4 and TLR2 can still function. We present a hypothetical model of adaptation based on a signalsome, with IRAK1 evolving after IRAK4 to regulate TLR4 adaptation tightly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwu Li
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Randy Jacinto
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barbara Yoza
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles E. McCall
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli elicit different innate immune responses from bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:245-52. [PMID: 24018311 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are the most important pathogenic bacteria causing bovine clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis, respectively. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the different host response patterns caused by these bacteria. The aim of this study was to characterize the different innate immune responses of bovine mammary epithelium cells (MECs) to heat-inactivated E. coli and S. aureus. Gene expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 was compared. The activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and the kinetics and levels of cytokine production were analyzed. The results show that the mRNA for TLR2 and TLR4 was up-regulated when the bovine MECs were stimulated with heat-inactivated E. coli, while only TLR2 mRNA was up-regulated when the bovine MECs were stimulated with heat-inactivated S. aureus. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 increased more rapidly and higher when the bovine MECs were stimulated with heat-inactivated E. coli than when they were stimulated with heat-inactivated S. aureus. E. coli strongly activated NF-κB in the bovine MECs, while S. aureus failed to activate NF-κB. Heat-inactivated S. aureus could induce NF-κB activation when bovine MECs cultured in medium without fetal calf serum. These results were confirmed using TLR2- and TLR4/MD2-transfected HEK293 cells and suggested that differential TLR recognition and the lack of NF-κB activation account for the impaired immune response elicited by heat-inactivated S. aureus.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 disrupts proinflammatory protein synthesis in endotoxin-adapted monocytes. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1396-404. [PMID: 23825193 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00264-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Autotoxic production of proinflammatory mediators during early sepsis induces excessive inflammation, and their later suppression may limit the immune response. We previously reported that sepsis differentially represses transcription and translation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) to reprogram sepsis inflammation. This switch is gene specific and plays a crucial role in the clinically relevant syndrome of endotoxin adaptation/tolerance, multiorgan failure, and poor sepsis outcome. To further define the mechanisms responsible for translation disruption that follows inflammation induction, we used THP-1 human promonocytes as a model of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) responses found in sepsis. We showed that phosphorylation-dependent activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and translation disruption of TNF-α and IL-6 follow increased MAPK phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) expression and that MKP-1 knockdown rephosphorylates p38 and restores the capacity to translate TNF-α and IL-6 mRNAs. We also observed that the RNA-binding protein motif 4 (RBM4), a p38 MAPK target, accumulates in an unphosphorylated form in the cytosol in endotoxin-adapted cells, suggesting that dephosphorylated RBM4 may function as a translational repressor. Moreover, MKP-1 knockdown promotes RBM4 phosphorylation, blocks its transfer from the nucleus to the cytosol, and reverses translation repression. We also found that microRNA 146a (miR-146a) knockdown prevents and miR-146a transfection induces MKP-1 expression, which lead to increases or decreases in TNF-α and IL-6 translation, respectively. We conclude that a TLR4-, miR-146a-, p38 MAPK-, and MKP-1-dependent autoregulatory pathway regulates the translation of proinflammatory genes during the acute inflammatory response by spatially and temporally modifying the phosphorylation state of RBM4 translational repressor protein.
Collapse
|
5
|
Differential ex vivo and in vivo endotoxin tolerance kinetics following human endotoxemia*. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:1866-70. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3182190d5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
6
|
Facultative heterochromatin formation at the IL-1 beta promoter in LPS tolerance and sepsis. Cytokine 2011; 53:145-52. [PMID: 21078560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The clinical phenotype in sepsis that is observed as LPS tolerance is determined by silencing of pro-inflammatory genes like IL-1 beta (IL-1β). This study shows that facultative heterochromatin (fHC) silences IL-1β expression during sepsis, where we find dephosphorylated histone H3 serine 10 and increased binding of heterochromatin protein-1 (HP-1) to the promoter. In both human sepsis blood leukocytes and an LPS tolerant human THP-1 cell model, we show that IκBα and v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog B (RelB) function as dominant labile mediators of fHC formation at the IL-1β promoter. Protein synthesis inhibition decreases levels of IκBα and RelB, converts silent fHC to euchromatin, and restores IL-1β transcription. We further show TLR dependent NFκB p65 and histone H3 serine 10 phosphorylation binding at the promoter. We conclude that the resolution phase of sepsis, which correlates with survival in humans, may depend on the plasticity of chromatin structure as found in fHC.
Collapse
|
7
|
McCall CE, Yoza B, Liu T, El Gazzar M. Gene-specific epigenetic regulation in serious infections with systemic inflammation. J Innate Immun 2010; 2:395-405. [PMID: 20733328 DOI: 10.1159/000314077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a fundamental biologic process that is evolutionally conserved by a germ line code. The interplay between epigenetics and environment directs the code into temporally distinct inflammatory responses, which can be acute or chronic. Here, we discuss the epigenetic processes of innate immune cells during serious infections with systemic inflammation in four stages: homeostasis, incitement, evolution, and resolution. We describe feed-forward loops of serious infections with systemic inflammation that create gene-specific silent facultative heterochromatin and active euchromatin according to gene function, and speculate on the role of epigenetics in survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E McCall
- Translational Science Institute, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
RelB sustains IkappaBalpha expression during endotoxin tolerance. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 16:104-10. [PMID: 19020113 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00320-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors and chromatin structural modifiers induce clinically relevant epigenetic modifications of blood leukocytes during severe systemic inflammation (SSI) in humans and animals. These changes affect genes with distinct functions, as exemplified by the silencing of a set of acute proinflammatory genes and the sustained expression of a group of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory genes. This paradigm is closely mimicked in the THP-1 human promonocyte cell model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin tolerance. We previously reported that LPS-induced de novo expression of RelB is required for generating tolerance to interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) expression. RelB represses transcription by binding with heterochromatic protein 1 alpha (HP1alpha) to the proximal promoters of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. In contrast, we report herein that RelB is required for sustained expression of anti-inflammatory IkappaBalpha in LPS-tolerant THP-1 cells. RelB transcription activation requires binding to the IkappaBalpha proximal promoter along with NF-kappaB p50 and is associated with an apparent dimer exchange with p65. We also observed that RelB induced during human SSI binds to the IkappaBalpha proximal promoter of circulating leukocytes. We conclude that RelB functions as a dual transcription regulator during LPS tolerance and human SSI by activating and repressing innate immunity genes.
Collapse
|
9
|
Draisma A, Dorresteijn M, Pickkers P, van der Hoeven H. The effect of systemic iNOS inhibition during human endotoxemia on the development of tolerance to different TLR-stimuli. Innate Immun 2008; 14:153-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425908091959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of repeated exposure to endotoxin resulting in diminished release of pro-inflammatory cytokines is called endotoxin tolerance, in which there is a putative role for nitric oxide (NO). We investigated the effect of selective inducible NO-synthase (iNOS) inhibition during experimental human endotoxemia on the development of tolerance to various Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists ex vivo. Volunteers received 2 ng/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin in the absence ( n = 7) or presence ( n = 7) of the selective iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (bolus 5 mM followed by a continuous infusion of 1.5 mmol/h). At 0, 2 and 4 h, blood samples were drawn for ex vivo stimulation with different TLR agonists. Experimental endotoxemia did not induce tolerance to TLR-2 and TLR-7 stimulation. In TLR-3, TLR-4 and TLR-5 stimulated whole blood, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine release was attenuated at 4 h, indicating that endotoxin-induced tolerance is not confined to subsequent TLR-4 stimulation alone. Aminoguanidine-treated subjects also developed tolerance to TLR-4 stimulation. In contrast, tolerance to TLR-3 stimulation did not occur for IL-10, and tolerance in TLR-5 stimulated blood did not develop for both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The role of NO in the development of tolerance is different for the various TLRs stimulated and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Draisma
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre
| | - Mirrin Dorresteijn
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre,
| | - Hans van der Hoeven
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gottipati S, Rao NL, Fung-Leung WP. IRAK1: A critical signaling mediator of innate immunity. Cell Signal 2008; 20:269-76. [PMID: 17890055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is equipped with sensitive and efficient machineries to provide an immediate, first line defense against infections. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect pathogens and the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) family enables cells to quickly respond to inflammatory cytokines by mounting an efficient protective response. Interleukin-1 receptor activated kinases (IRAKs) are key mediators in the signaling pathways of TLRs/IL-1Rs. By means of their kinase and adaptor functions, IRAKs initiate a cascade of signaling events eventually leading to induction of inflammatory target gene expression. Due to this pivotal role, IRAK function is also highly regulated via multiple mechanisms. In this review, we focus on IRAK1, the earliest known and yet the most interesting member of this family. An overview on its structure, function and biology is given, with emphasis on the different novel mechanisms that regulate IRAK1 function. We also highlight several unresolved questions in this field and evaluate the potential of IRAK1 as a target for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Gottipati
- Immunology, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yoza BK, Hu JYQ, Cousart SL, Forrest LM, McCall CE. Induction of RelB Participates in Endotoxin Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4080-5. [PMID: 16951372 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.4080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using a THP-1 human promonocyte model of endotoxin tolerance that simulates the sepsis leukocyte phenotype, we previously showed that tolerant cells remain responsive to LPS endotoxin with degradation of IkappaB in the cytosol and nuclear translocation and accumulation of p50 and p65 NF-kappaB transcription factors. Despite this, endotoxin-inducible NF-kappaB-dependent innate immunity genes, like IL-1beta, remained transcriptionally unresponsive in the tolerant phenotype, similar to the endotoxin tolerance observed in sepsis patients. In this study, we examined this paradox and found that RelB, another member of the NF-kappaB family, is induced during the establishment of tolerance. RelB expression correlated with IL-1beta repression, and sepsis patients showed increased RelB when compared with normal controls. Transient expression of RelB inhibited IL-1beta in endotoxin-responsive cells. In the inverse experiment, small inhibitory RNAs decreased RelB expression in tolerant cells and restored endotoxin induction of IL-1beta. When we examined tolerant cell extracts, we found transcriptionally inactive NF-kappaB p65/RelB heterodimers. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that RelB can repress proinflammatory gene expression, and suggest that RelB expression in sepsis patient blood leukocytes may play a role in the endotoxin-tolerant phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Yoza
- Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Heurtaux T, Benani A, Moulin D, Muller N, Netter P, Minn A. Induction of UGT1A6 isoform by inflammatory conditions in rat astrocytes. Neuropharmacology 2006; 50:317-28. [PMID: 16274708 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Alteration of drug metabolism under diseased conditions is of clinical importance. We have investigated the effects of inflammatory conditions on phase II drug-metabolizing enzyme activity in rat cultured astrocytes. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment was used to promote inflammatory conditions. Thus, we reported that LPS initiates an inflammatory response, which is mediated by pro-inflammatory mediators and free radical generation. An increase in astrocyte glucuronidation activity was observed after a 48-h LPS treatment. This increase in glucuronidation activity was associated with an up-regulation of the UGT1A6 isoform mRNA level as shown by RT-PCR and gene reporter assay. Moreover, this endotoxin-induced increase in UGT1A6 expression level was blocked by actinomycin D and cycloheximide, indicating the requirement for RNA and protein synthesis. The UGT1A6 expression enhancement could be prevented by anti-inflammatory drugs (dexamethasone and NS398) or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (L-NAME and L-NMMA). Moreover, gel shift assay revealed increased activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding activity after LPS treatment. We propose, based on the data presented, that the action of LPS to induce UGT1A6 isoform up-regulation may be mediated by pro-inflammatory mediator accumulation, and AP-1 binding activity increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Heurtaux
- Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS - Université Henri Poincaré Nancy 1, No 7561, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, BP 184, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chan C, Li L, McCall CE, Yoza BK. Endotoxin Tolerance Disrupts Chromatin Remodeling and NF-κB Transactivation at the IL-1β Promoter. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:461-8. [PMID: 15972680 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The NF-kappaB family plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of highly lethal septicemia by modulating transcription of many innate and adaptive immunity genes. Two phases of NF-kappaB activation occur: cytosolic activation and nuclear transactivation. Septicemia with multiorgan failure is associated with chronic activation of cytosolic NF-kappaB with translocation and accumulation of increased levels of nuclear p65 in blood leukocytes. Paradoxically, NF-kappaB-dependent transcription of many proinflammatory genes responding to bacterial LPS endotoxin (LPS) is persistently repressed during septicemia; this phenomenon of LPS tolerance is associated with immunosuppression and poor prognosis. This report suggests an explanation for this paradox. Using an in vitro human leukocyte model and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we find that both the cytosolic activation and nuclear transactivation phases of NF-kappaB occur in LPS responsive THP-1 promonocytes with recruitment and binding of NF-kappaB p65 at the IL-1beta promoter. However, transcriptionally repressed LPS-tolerant THP-1 cells do not bind NF-kappaB p65 at the IL-1beta promoter, despite cytosolic activation and accumulation of p65 in the nucleus. In contrast, NF-kappaB p50, which also accumulates in the nucleus, constitutively binds to the IL-1beta promoter NF-kappaB site in both LPS-responsive and LPS-tolerant cells. The level of p65 binding correlates with a binary shift in nucleosome remodeling between histone H3 phosphorylation at serine 10 and methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9. We conclude that LPS tolerance disrupts the transactivating stage of NF-kappaB p65 and altered nucleosome remodeling at the IL-1beta promoter in human leukocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chan
- Molecular Genetics Program and Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Prucha M, Ruryk A, Boriss H, Möller E, Zazula R, Herold I, Claus RA, Reinhart KA, Deigner P, Russwurm S. Expression profiling: toward an application in sepsis diagnostics. Shock 2005; 22:29-33. [PMID: 15201698 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000129199.30965.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a common and serious health problem whereby improvements in diagnosis are crucial in increasing survival rates. To test whether profiling transcription is applicable to sepsis diagnosis, we analyzed whole blood using a microarray containing probes for 340 genes relevant to inflammation. The patient's gene expression pattern was highly homogenous, resulting in 69% of differentially expressed genes. With a positive predictive value of 98%, a list of 50 differentially expressed genes was compiled, and randomly chosen transcripts were confirmed by PCR. Here, we present the first evidence that microarrays can identify typical gene expression profiles in the blood of patients with severe sepsis. Regardless of the heterogeneity of the patients, we observed a striking correlation between the conventional diagnostic classification and our approach. The unity of responses suggests that the principle of this multiparameter approach can be adapted to early stage sepsis diagnosis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Härter L, Mica L, Stocker R, Trentz O, Keel M. Increased expression of toll-like receptor-2 and -4 on leukocytes from patients with sepsis. Shock 2005; 22:403-9. [PMID: 15489631 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000142256.23382.5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The reduced responsiveness of monocytes or granulocytes toward endotoxin (endotoxin tolerance) during sepsis may depend on Toll-like receptors (TLR). The expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 was measured on neutrophils (PMN) and monocytes from patients with sepsis (n = 21) or healthy controls (n = 12). Leukocytes (1 x 10/mL) were incubated at 37 degrees C with or without a TLR-4 (LPS 1 microg/mL) or a TLR-2 ligand (MALP-2 2 nM). Surface expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 at 0, 4, and 16 h was determined in FACS after staining with specific antibodies. The release of IL-8 and TNF-alpha was measured by ELISA. Freshly isolated PMN from patients with sepsis exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher mean fluorescence for TLR-2 (78.0 +/- 18.6) and TLR-4 (11.4 +/- 2.3) than controls (12.8 +/- 2.2 and 2.3 +/- 0.4). Similarly, monocytes from patients exhibited higher TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression (300.8 +/- 40.6 and 92.7 +/- 12.1) than cells from controls (149.5 +/- 27.1 and 52.2 +/- 7.6). In patients with sepsis, expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 on PMN increased during 16 h of incubation (106.2 +/- 22.1 and 34.5 +/- 5.3), whereas it remained unchanged in controls (19.3 +/- 6.1 and 5.4 +/- 1.9). Incubation with LPS or MALP-2 had no effect on TLR-4 or TLR-2 expression in cells from either controls or patients. Despite increased TLR expression in cells from patients with sepsis, the endotoxin-induced release of TNF-alpha and IL-8 was indistinguishable from that in controls. Therefore, the endotoxin tolerance seen in patients with sepsis does not depend solely on TLR-2 or TLR-4 expression, and other mechanisms must be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Härter
- Division of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang Y, Li T, Sane DC, Li L. IRAK1 Serves as a Novel Regulator Essential for Lipopolysaccharide-induced Interleukin-10 Gene Expression. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:51697-703. [PMID: 15465816 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410369200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Being one of the key kinases downstream of Toll-like receptors, IRAK1 has initially thought to be responsible for NFkappaB activation. Yet IRAK1 knock-out mice still exhibit NFkappaB activation upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, suggesting that IRAK1 may play other un-characterized function. In this report, we show that IRAK1 is mainly involved in Stat3 activation and subsequent interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene expression. Splenocytes from IRAK1-deficient mice fail to exhibit LPS-induced Stat3 serine phosphorylation and IL-10 gene expression yet still maintain normal IL-1beta gene expression upon LPS challenge. Mechanistically, we observe that IRAK1 modification upon LPS challenge leads to its modification, nuclear distribution, and interaction with Stat3. IRAK1 can directly use Stat3 as a substrate and cause Stat3 serine 727 phosphorylation. In addition, nuclear IRAK1 binds directly with IL-10 promoter in vivo upon LPS treatment. Atherosclerosis patients usually have elevated serum IL-10 levels. We document here that IRAK1 is constitutively modified and localized in the nucleus in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from atherosclerosis patients. These observations reveal the mechanism for the novel role of IRAK1 in the complex Toll-like receptor signaling network and indicate that IRAK1 regulation may be intimately linked with the pathogenesis and/or resolution of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arteriosclerosis/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Enzyme Activation
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/chemistry
- Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Phosphorylation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Kinases/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Serine/chemistry
- Serine/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingsu Huang
- Department of Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Motobe T, Hashiguchi T, Uchimura T, Yamakuchi M, Taniguchi N, Komiya S, Maruyama I. Endogenous cannabinoids are candidates for lipid mediators of bone cement implantation syndrome. Shock 2004; 21:8-12. [PMID: 14676677 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000094766.36694.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Acute hypotension, hypoxemia, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, (or a combination of these), and sudden death are well-recognized complications of the cemented hip arthroplasty procedure. Collectively, these are known as the bone cement implantation syndrome (BCIS). The endogenous cannabinoids, anandamide (ANA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), are reported to be strong vasodilators and play a role in the hypotension associated with hemorrhagic and septic shock. In the present study, a potential role for the endogenous cannabinoids in influencing hemodynamic variables in BCIS was investigated. Thirty-five patients (35 hips) entered a prospective, randomized clinical trial. The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 comprised 16 patients who had the component inserted using a conventional cementing technique, whereas group 2 consisted of 19 patients who had the femoral component inserted without cement. Blood samples were taken at six consecutive time points: before anesthesia, after reaming the femur, 2 min after insertion of stems with or without cement into the femur, and 10 min, 20, and 30 min after stem insertion. In group 1 (with cement), the mean levels of ANA and 2-AG significantly increased after stem insertion. In a comparison of each group after stem insertion, mean ANA and 2-AG levels in group 1 also significantly differed from those in group 2. By contrast, in group 2 (without cement) neither ANA nor 2-AG levels exhibited a significant increase or change at any point in time. In conclusion, we have shown for the first time that endogenous cannabinoids are candidates for lipid mediators of BCIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Motobe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jacinto R, Hartung T, McCall C, Li L. Lipopolysaccharide- and lipoteichoic acid-induced tolerance and cross-tolerance: distinct alterations in IL-1 receptor-associated kinase. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:6136-41. [PMID: 12055225 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2 receptors recognize LPS or lipoteichoic acid (LTA), respectively. Prolonged exposure of human macrophages/monocytes to bacterial LPS induces a state of adaptation/tolerance to subsequent LPS challenge. Inflammatory gene expressions such as IL-1beta and TNF-alpha are selectively repressed, while certain anti-inflammatory genes such as secretory IL-1R antagonist are still induced in LPS-adapted/tolerant cells. In this report, we demonstrate that LPS-tolerized human promonocytic THP-1 cells develop cross-tolerance and no longer respond to LTA-induced IL-1beta/TNF-alpha production, indicating that disruption of common intracellular signaling is responsible for the decreased IL-1beta/TNF-alpha production. We observe that down-regulation of IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) protein level and kinase activity closely correlates with the development of cross-tolerance. IRAK protein levels and kinase activities in LPS-tolerized cells remain low and hyporesponsive to subsequent LPS or LTA challenges. We also demonstrate that THP-1 cells with prolonged LTA treatment develop LTA tolerance and do not express IL-1beta/TNF-alpha upon further LTA challenge. Strikingly, cells tolerized with LTA are only refractory to subsequent LTA challenge and can still respond to LPS stimulation. Correspondingly, stimulation of TLR2 by LTA, although activating IRAK, does not cause IRAK degradation. IRAK from LTA-tolerized cells can be subsequently activated and degraded by further LPS challenge, but not LTA treatment. Our studies reveal that LTA-induced tolerance is distinct compared with that of LPS tolerance, and is likely due to disruption of unique TLR2 signaling components upstream of MyD88/IRAK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randy Jacinto
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Departments of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Biochemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|