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Sellyn GE, Millan SH, Harmon KG, Karpinos A. A survey of sun safety habits among Division I National Collegiate Athletic Association golfers and tennis players. Clin Dermatol 2023; 41:729-734. [PMID: 37717796 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Collegiate athletes who play tennis and golf spend significant time outdoors and increase their risk of skin cancer. This study aimed to gain insight into the sun protection behaviors of collegiate golfers and tennis players competing in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I. A survey was distributed to NCAA Division I golf and tennis teams within Power 5 collegiate conferences. Of the 84 respondents, 50% indicated sunscreen use more than 75% of the time while playing their sport, but only 4.8% engaged in sunscreen reapplication. The main barriers to reapplication were due primarily to slippery hands (70.2%) or forgetfulness (63.4%). Most athletes do not apply sunscreen to hands, ears, chest, or lips, and either never or rarely wear sunscreen while outside when they are not playing their sport (54.8%). Thirty-three percent were unsure or did not believe they were at an increased risk for skin cancer, and 16.6% were unsure or did not believe that sunscreen can prevent skin cancer. Most collegiate athletes recognize their increased risk of skin cancer; nevertheless, they are unlikely to reapply sunscreen and often do not apply sunscreen to commonly missed areas. Increased education and resources may help promote lifelong safe sun exposure habits and reduce skin cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina E Sellyn
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Sarah H Millan
- Department of Dermatology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kimberly G Harmon
- Department of Family Medicine, Orthopedics, and Sports Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ashley Karpinos
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Orthopedics, and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Kliniec K, Tota M, Zalesińska A, Łyko M, Jankowska-Konsur A. Skin Cancer Risk, Sun-Protection Knowledge and Behavior in Athletes-A Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3281. [PMID: 37444391 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Outdoor sports are associated with increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation, which may result in sunburn, solar damage, and skin cancers. Water and winter sports create additional adverse conditions, such as washing away sunscreen by water and reflection of UV rays by the water and snow. Sweating-increased skin photosensitivity and activity-induced immunosuppression are associated with a greater risk of developing skin cancers. In this review, we focus on a group of athletes and sports participants and analyze 62 articles concerning sun exposure during outdoor sports, the risk of developing skin cancer, and knowledge and behavior regarding photoprotection methods. Various practices have been linked to an increased risk of developing basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), malignant melanoma (MM), or UV-induced skin damage. Water sports and mountaineering increase the risk of BCC. Surfing and swimming are risk factors for SCC. Melanoma is more common in swimmers, surfers, and marathon runners. Photoprotection behaviors can reduce potential skin damage and skin cancers. Athletes' knowledge about the risk of malignant lesions was satisfactory, but despite the risks, outdoor sports participants seem not to protect themselves from the sun adequately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kliniec
- Student Research Group of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Tota
- Student Research Group of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Zalesińska
- Student Research Group of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Łyko
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alina Jankowska-Konsur
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
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Fernandez-Ruiz J, Montero-Vilchez T, Buendia-Eisman A, Arias-Santiago S. Knowledge, Behaviour and Attitudes Related to Sun Exposure in Sportspeople: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191610175. [PMID: 36011808 PMCID: PMC9407896 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
People who practice outdoor sports have an increased risk of skin cancer as they are exposed to high doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Recent studies have shown that in many athletes, sun protection behaviours are inadequate, with the risk that this entails. The aim of this review is to collect the information published to date about the knowledge, attitudes and habits of athletes in relation to sun exposure and its risks. A systematic review was conducted using PubMed and Embase with the search algorithm "(skin cancer OR melanoma) AND (exercise OR sport OR athletes)". All studies analysing the knowledge, attitudes and habits of photoprotection in athletes were included. A total of 2,365 publications were found, of which 23 were selected, including a total of 10,445 sportspeople. The majority of participants declared their voluntary intention to tan and stated that the sun made them feel better, although they also showed concern about possible damage associated with UV radiation. In most studies, less than half of the participants made adequate use of photoprotective measures. In general, most athletes had a high level of knowledge regarding the risk of skin cancer associated with sun exposure. In conclusion, most athletes are aware of the risks associated with UV radiation but do not make adequate use of photoprotective cream. New training programs on photoprotection could help improve athletes' photoprotective behaviour, reducing the incidence of skin cancer and precancerous lesions in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Fernandez-Ruiz
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Trinidad Montero-Vilchez
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-958-023-422
| | - Agustin Buendia-Eisman
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Arias-Santiago
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
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Doncel Molinero D, Ruiz Paulano M, Rivas Ruiz F, Blázquez Sánchez N, de Gálvez Aranda MV, de Castro Maqueda G, de Troya Martín M. Sun Protection Behaviour and Sunburns in Spanish Cyclists. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2022; 37:957-964. [PMID: 33108803 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-020-01906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sunburn caused by overexposure to ultraviolet radiation is the main cause of preventable skin cancer. This study aimed to describe the sun protection habits and rate of sunburns associated with the practice of cycling and to identify predictive factors of sunburn among cyclists. A descriptive observational study based on online surveys was conducted. Recruitment of participants was conducted through the Andalusian Cycling Federation (Spain). A questionnaire on behaviour, attitudes, and knowledge related to sun exposure was used. A bivariate analysis was carried out with sunburn episodes during the previous year as outcome variable, and a multivariate logistic regression model was built. Of the 1018 surveys returned, 87.6% were answered by men, mean age was 41.8 years (SD: 11.0), and 37.6% of the participants had phototype I or II. Sunburns during the previous year were reported by 45.6% (95% CI: 42.5-48.7) of the respondents. Sunscreen use was reported by 39.2%, and 61.0% did not examine their skin regularly despite the fact that 34 subjects (3.4%) reported a personal history of skin cancer. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that there was a negative correlation between episodes of sunburn and age, phototypes I-II, more than 2 h of sun exposure, and inconsistent use of sunscreen. Cyclists have high rates of sunburns and thus constitute a high-risk group for developing skin cancer. Educational interventions specifically aimed at this group of athletes would improve sun protection knowledge and practices, particularly the use of sunscreen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Ruiz Paulano
- Area of Dermatology, Costa del Sol Health Agency, 29603, Marbella- Malaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Rivas Ruiz
- Area of Dermatology, Costa del Sol Health Agency, 29603, Marbella- Malaga, Spain
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de Castro Maqueda G, Gutiérrez-Manzanedo JV, González-Montesinos JL, Vaz Pardal C, Rivas Ruiz F, de Troya Martín M. Sun Exposure and Photoprotection: Habits, Knowledge and Attitudes Among Elite Kitesurfers. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2022; 37:517-523. [PMID: 32720132 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-020-01838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Kitesurfing is one of many water sports that are growing in popularity throughout the world. In such sports, practitioners are exposed not only to direct sunlight but also to reflection from the water surface, which aggravates the impact of solar radiation on the skin. This study sought to analyse the photoprotection and photoexposure habits and knowledge of elite kitesurfers and their beliefs and attitudes in this respect. A sample of convenience of 72 male kitesurfers completed a validated questionnaire in full. By Fitzpatrick phototype, the most common classes were types I and II (69.4%). On average, kitesurfers had been practising their sport for 10.93 years, at a rate of 13.93 h per week. During the last sports season, 84.7% of respondents had suffered at least one sunburn, while 43.1% had been sunburned at least three times. The sun protection practice most commonly adopted was the use of sunscreen cream, which was used by 79.2% of respondents. Although 43.2% of respondents recognized to be worried about they might get skin cancer from the sun, 31.9% does not like using sunscreen and 44.4% like sunbathing. Regarding the respondents' knowledge of facts about sun exposure, the average rate of correct answers for the items evaluated was 66.9%. In conclusion, elite kitesurfers are potentially exposed to dangerous levels of UV radiation, which caused numerous sunburn episodes during the last sports season. It is necessary to raise these athletes' awareness of their risk of developing skin cancer and of the need to improve their sun protection and skin surveillance practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo de Castro Maqueda
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Avda República Saharaui s/n, 11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - José Vicente Gutiérrez-Manzanedo
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Avda República Saharaui s/n, 11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - José Luis González-Montesinos
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Avda República Saharaui s/n, 11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Correlates Between Physical Activity and Sunburn Prevalence Among a Nationally Representative Sample of US High School Students, 2015-2017. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:1113-1119. [PMID: 34186506 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity is associated with greater odds of sunburn in adults, increasing harmful sun exposure and skin cancer risk. The authors sought to investigate parallel associations between sunburn and physical activity among US high school students. METHODS The authors examined pooled cross-sectional data from the 2015 and 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. A nationally representative sample of 21,894 US high school students who responded to the sunburn question was included. RESULTS Prevalence of sunburn was 56.6% between 2015 and 2017. Sunburn prevalence was higher in physically active students (88.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 86.7%-90.0%; P < .0001) and student athletes (63.0%; 95% CI, 59.4%-66.7%; P < .0001). Among male students who were vigorously physically active (≥5 d) or on ≥3 teams, the odds of sunburn were 2.33 (95% CI, 1.81-3.00; P < .0001) and 2.52 (95% CI, 1.96-3.23; P < .0001), respectively. Among female students who were vigorously physically active (≥5 d) or on ≥3 teams, the odds of sunburn were 1.65 (95% CI, 1.36-2.02; P < .0001) and 2.92 (95% CI, 2.07-4.13; P < .0001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Many US high school students are affected by sunburn, and the odds of sunburn are elevated during physical activity and team sports participation. Efforts are needed to improve sun safety regulations, education, and resources for youth during school and physical activity.
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Ibrahim NA, Daraz N, Ali ZS. Awareness of pharmacists and consumers towards protective effects of sunscreens against skin cancer. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2021; 28:1363-1367. [PMID: 34266332 DOI: 10.1177/10781552211029358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess the awareness level of individuals on the use of sunscreen products, and pharmacists' perception of sunscreen safety. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Participants involved included 224 female undergraduates of Ajman University (aged 18-25 years old), 234 patients visiting numerous pharmacies, and 58 pharmacists from the private sector in Dubai. Questionnaires were designed and distributed to all participants. Data entry and analysis were performed using SPSS (Statistical Program for Social Sciences) version 20. Among female undergraduate students, 94.7% used sun protection, 81.1% understood what is meant by SPF (Sun Protection Factor) Value, and 70.2% used the optimal SPF (15-20). Additionally, 95.2% reported that sunscreens do not have any side effects. Out of the 234 patients who participated in the study, 86.8% used sun protection, 56.8% understood what is meant by SPF, and 43.2% used the optimal SPF. Furthermore, 93.2% stated that sunscreens do not have any side effects. Female patients were found to use sunscreens with higher SPF values (above 50) as compared to male patients (P ≤ 0.024). Patients above the age of 40 also used sunscreens with high SPF (P ≤ 0.001). As for pharmacists, they all agreed that sunscreens have a marked safety profile, with no side effects, and that the optimal SPF for use is 15-20. Most pharmacists (80%) reported that consumers are in fact aware and knowledgeable about the proper use and application of sunscreens. Optimal use of routine sunscreen is of paramount importance to prevent skin damage as well as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Abdalla Ibrahim
- Clinical Sciences Department, Clinical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University. Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research.,College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, UAE
| | - Nada Daraz
- Clinical Sciences Department, Clinical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University. Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research.,College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, UAE
| | - Zeena Sameer Ali
- Clinical Sciences Department, Clinical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University. Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research.,College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, UAE
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Downs NJ, Parisi AV, Schouten PW, Igoe DP, De Castro-Maqueda G. The Simulated Ocular and Whole-Body Distribution of Natural Sunlight to Kiteboarders: A High-Risk Case of UVR Exposure for Athletes Utilizing Water Surfaces in Sport. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:926-935. [PMID: 31883381 DOI: 10.1111/php.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Kiteboarding is an aquatic sporting discipline that has not yet been considered in the literature to date in terms of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) measurement. Kiteboarders need to look upward and are placed obliquely relative to the horizon when towed behind an overhead kite over a reflective water surface. This research defines the typical body surface orientation of a kiteboarder in motion through video vector analysis and demonstrates the potential risk to ocular and skin surface damage through practical measurement of solar UVR using a manikin model. Video analysis of 51 kiteboarders was made to construct skeletal wireframes showing the surface orientation of the leg, thigh, spine, humerus, lower arm and head of a typical kiteboarder. Solar UVR dosimeter measurements made using a manikin model demonstrate that the vertex and anterior surfaces of the knee, lower leg and lower humerus received 89%, 90%, 80% and 63% of the available ambient UVR, respectively, for a typical kiteboarder who is tilted back more than 15° from vertical while in motion. Ocular (periorbital) exposures ranged from 56% to 68% of ambient. These new findings show that the anterior skin surfaces of kiteboarders and the eye are at elevated risk of solar UVR damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Downs
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Alfio V Parisi
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter W Schouten
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Damien P Igoe
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
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A characterization of sun protection attitudes and behaviors among children and adolescents in the United States. Prev Med Rep 2019; 16:100988. [PMID: 31660287 PMCID: PMC6807366 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Children and adolescents may be vulnerable to increased ultraviolet radiation exposure and greater risk for subsequent sun-related pathologies. This study examined the demographic, geographic, and phenotypic factors influencing sun exposure and protective behaviors among children and adolescents living in the United States. A cross-sectional survey on perceived sun exposure and protective behaviors was administered at three sports medicine clinics in California, Colorado, and Hawaii. Responses were measured with a 5-item frequency scale: Never, Rarely (25% of the time or less), Sometimes (50% of the time), Often (75% of the time or more), and Always. Sun protective behavior was examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. In total, 860 surveys were collected (52% female, 48% male; mean age 12.7 years). Females reported significantly greater frequency of using sunscreen (p = 0.001), staying in the shade or using an umbrella while in the sun (p = 0.004), and tanning (p < 0.001). Age was inversely associated with sunscreen use frequency (p < 0.001); the percentage of participants who reported always wearing sunscreen decreased as age increased. Participants in Hawaii reported using sunscreen less frequently than those in California and Colorado (p < 0.001). These results identify high-risk populations such as males, older adolescents, and Hawaii's youth who may not be practicing frequent sun protective behaviors. While it is important for youth to stay active, they must also be reminded to adopt protective behaviors while outdoors to prevent unnecessary sun damage and lower the risk of sun exposure complications.
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10
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De Castro-Maqueda G, Gutierrez-Manzanedo JV, Lagares-Franco C, Linares-Barrios M, de Troya-Martin M. Photoprotection practices, knowledge and sun-related skin damage in Spanish beach handball players. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7030. [PMID: 31249733 PMCID: PMC6587929 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outdoor sports are a risk activity for skin cancer, especially if adequate sun protection measures are not used. The aim of this study is to examine the photoprotection habits of outdoor (beach) handball players, and to determine the relation between duration of sports practice, photoprotection behaviour and sun-related damage to the skin. Methods This cross-sectional study is based on a health survey of sun exposure and protection habits and practices conducted among beach handball players in southern Spain. This survey provided data for a descriptive and comparative analysis, by groups and gender, of photoprotection and skin self-examination practices. Results Among the whole sample, 76.9% had suffered at least one sunburn event during the last year. By groups, 73.97% of the older participants (Group I, University students) and 81.25% of the younger ones (Group II, youngers players) reported this outcome, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.003). With respect to photoprotection, 68.5% of the players in group I and 66.7% of those in group II used sun cream with a protection factor of 30 or higher, although 52.1% of group I and 35.4% of group II did not reapply it. As concerns self-examination, 94.5% of group I and 87.5% of group II had not examined their body for skin damage during the previous year. Medical examination revealed the presence of lentigines and freckles among many players, with no significant differences between the two groups. Conclusions Beach handball players are highly exposed to the effects of ultraviolet radiation and often take insufficient measures of sun protection. Programmes should be designed and implemented to raise awareness among adolescent and young adult sport competitors of the risks of skin cancer associated with their sports activity and to encourage them to improve their photoprotection and skin monitoring practices.
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Fernández-Morano T, de Troya-Martín M, Rivas-Ruiz F, Fernández-Peñas P, Padilla-España L, Sánchez-Blázquez N, Buendía-Eisman A. Sun Exposure Habits and Sun Protection Practices of Skaters. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2017; 32:734-739. [PMID: 27085551 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-016-1036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Beach activities and outdoor sports are risk factors for developing skin cancer. Skateboarding is among the most popular sports among adolescents. The aim was to analyse the sun exposure habits and sun protection practices of skaters, in comparison with corresponding sun exposure and protection practices on the beach. This cross-sectional study is based on health surveys carried out into sun exposure and protection practices among young skateboarders. The study population was composed of 102 skaters, of whom 84 (82.4 %) were male. Fifty-eight (56.8 %) of the participants reported having suffered at least one sunburn event the previous summer. Eighty-seven (91.6 %) said they practiced outdoor sports more than 90 days per year, while only six (6.1 %) spent this long at the beach. Forty-nine (52.1 %) practiced outdoor sports for 5 or more hours a day compared to 42 (43.3 %) who spent comparable periods at the beach. A long-sleeved shirt was worn more frequently during sports than at the beach. Keen skaters are a risk group for the development of skin cancer due to excessive sun exposure, high rates of sunburn and scant use of sun protection measures. Specific educational and behavioural interventions should be aimed at this risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Fernández-Morano
- Dermatology Department, Costa del Sol Hospital, Marbella, Spain.
- Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Magdalena de Troya-Martín
- Dermatology Department, Costa del Sol Hospital, Marbella, Spain
- Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas - REDISSEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Rivas-Ruiz
- Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas - REDISSEC, Madrid, Spain
- Research Department, Costa del Sol Hospital, Marbella, Spain
| | - Pablo Fernández-Peñas
- Westmead Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Dermatology Department, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Ally MS, Swetter SM, Hirotsu KE, Gordon J, Kim D, Wysong A, Donnelly L, Li S, Nord KM. Promoting sunscreen use and sun-protective practices in NCAA athletes: Impact of SUNSPORT educational intervention for student-athletes, athletic trainers, and coaches. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 78:289-292.e2. [PMID: 28993006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Student-athletes (SAs) have an increased skin cancer risk on account of significant ultraviolet exposure; however, their sun-protective practices are suboptimal. A novel program, Stanford University Network for Sun Protection, Outreach, Research, and Teamwork (SUNSPORT), was designed to target SAs, coaches, and athletic trainers (ATs). OBJECTIVE To measure the impact of educational intervention on sun protection beliefs and practices of SAs. METHODS A survey of sun protection beliefs and practices was administered to National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes before and after intervention. SUNSPORT dermatologists educated SAs, coaches, and ATs regarding skin cancer risk and prevention methods. The main outcome was frequency of sunscreen use by SAs before versus after intervention. RESULTS A total of 846 National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes were surveyed between September 23, 2012, and September 20, 2015. After intervention, significant increases were observed in sunscreen use 4 or more days per week by SAs (from 26% to 39% [P = .02]), SAs spoken to by their coach about sun safety (from 26% to 57% [P = .0001]), and SA recognition of higher skin cancer risk (from 54% to 67% [P = .04]). LIMITATIONS Intervention in only 1 West Coast university and no paired data. CONCLUSIONS Following the SUNSPORT intervention, SAs were significantly more likely to use sunscreen, especially if encouraged by their coach. This study emphasizes that education directed to SAs, ATs, and coaches can improve sun-protective practices in SAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina S Ally
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Department of Dermatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Susan M Swetter
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Department of Dermatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Kelsey E Hirotsu
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Justin Gordon
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - David Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Ashley Wysong
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Lindsy Donnelly
- Department of Sports Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Shufeng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Kristin M Nord
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Department of Dermatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California.
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College Students' Perceptions of Worry and Parent Beliefs: Associations with Behaviors to Prevent Sun Exposure. J Skin Cancer 2017; 2017:4985702. [PMID: 28804653 PMCID: PMC5540521 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4985702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
More research is needed to understand how attitudes impact behaviors that afford sun protection. The current study examined the impact of students' perceptions of parental beliefs about sun exposure and its influence on their practiced sun protection behaviors and worry about sun exposure. Participants were college students (N = 462) at a large Midwestern university. They completed a survey to examine their perceptions of risks and messages about sun exposure and sun exposure behaviors. Results indicated that gender and students' perceptions of parental beliefs about sun exposure were related to sun protection behaviors and their own worry over sun exposure. Specifically, males showed lower levels of sun protection behaviors, with the exception of wearing a hat with a brim, and lower levels of worry about sun exposure compared to females. Roughly a third of our sample had a family history of skin cancer, and this variable was related to worry about sun exposure and parental beliefs. Prevention messages and interventions to reduce sun risk for college students should address risks of sun exposure as well as educating young adults about the importance of wearing sunscreen, protective clothing, and hats to improve sun protection.
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14
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Skin cancer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in collegiate athletes. J Skin Cancer 2014; 2014:248198. [PMID: 24782927 PMCID: PMC3982453 DOI: 10.1155/2014/248198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Outdoor athletes represent an important group at risk for skin cancer because they are routinely exposed to high levels of ultraviolet radiation. The purpose of this study was to assess current skin cancer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among collegiate athletes. A modified version of the Melanoma Risk Behavior Survey was completed by 343 athletes attending a Southern University in the USA, generating an 87% response rate. Survey results demonstrated that the majority of the athletes do not limit their sun exposure and reported low levels of sun protective behaviors. In addition, athletes lacked knowledge about skin cancer and sun protection. Eighty-three percent of the athletes stated that tanning beds improve one's overall health. Race was significantly associated with skin cancer knowledge, whereas, gender was found to be significantly associated with knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards skin cancer. Additionally, there was a significant relationship between knowledge and behavior, but not between attitude and behavior. This study highlights the need to educate athletes about the hazards of tanning to minimize UV exposure and promote sun protection habits. Moreover, athletes should be educated on the dangers of indoor tanning facilities and encouraged to avoid these facilities.
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15
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Ultraviolet radiation and the athlete: risk, sun safety, and barriers to implementation of protective strategies. Sports Med 2014; 43:531-7. [PMID: 23568372 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation plays a pivotal role in the development of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Numerous factors potentially place athletes at high risk for developing these cancers. Various prevention strategies ameliorate this risk, including avoiding sun exposure during peak UV exposure hours, applying sunscreen with a sun protection factor of 30 or above before participating in outdoor sports, wearing hats and sunglasses, and reducing exposure with long pants and long-sleeve shirts. The literature, however, cites several barriers to these prevention approaches, including sports' competition rules, the lack of availability of sunscreen, and the lack of information about sun safety behaviors. Sun safety education programs prove effective in getting athletes to participate in prevention strategies. This article reviews the effect of UV radiation on athletes' skin and provides sports medicine clinicians with suggestions to improve the sun safety behaviors of their athletes.
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16
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Assessment of knowledge, behaviour and sun protection practices among health services vocational school students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:2378-85. [PMID: 22851949 PMCID: PMC3407910 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9072378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There has been a significant increase in the cases of skin cancer throughout the world in the last few decades. Although the mortality rate of skin cancer is relatively low, its impact on other health aspects is high and the treatment of undesired aesthetic damage is costly. According to disability-adjusted life year rates (DALY), 1.5 million days are estimated to be lost from people’s lives every year worldwide due to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The purpose of this study was to raise sun health awareness levels among health services vocational school students. A total of 414 students were included in the analysis. A questionnaire form was used to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and behaviours among the survey sample. The average level of knowledge concerning the effects of the sun was found to be 8.64 ± 2.5 out of 15 points. All socio-demographic factors were analysed, but the only significant variables found were age and the possible presence of skin cancer within the immediate family (p < 0.05).
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17
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Berndt NC, O'Riordan DL, Winkler E, McDermott L, Spathonis K, Owen N. Social Cognitive Correlates of Young Adult Sport Competitors’ Sunscreen Use. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2010; 38:6-14. [DOI: 10.1177/1090198110367996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Young adults participating in outdoor sports represent a high-risk group for excessive sun exposure. The purpose of this study was to identify modifiable social cognitive correlates of sunscreen use among young adult competitors. Participants aged 18 to 30 years who competed in soccer ( n = 65), surf-lifesaving ( n = 63), hockey ( n = 61), and tennis ( n = 48) completed a sun habits survey. Almost half ( n = 113) of the participants used sunscreen inadequately and 30% ( n = 70) reported not using sunscreen. In fully adjusted models, social cognitive attributes significantly ( p < .05) associated with inadequate sunscreen use (vs. nonuse) included skin cancer risk perceptions (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.3, 1.0), perceived barriers to sunscreen use (OR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3, 0.9), and stronger personal norms for applying sunscreen (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.0, 3.2). These findings provide insight into the attributes that enable or inhibit the use of sunscreen among young competitors and as a result may be useful in informing behavior change interventions within the sporting context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Neville Owen
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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18
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Abstract
As outdoor sports continue to gain popularity, understanding the environmental factors that may influence athletes is becoming a more important aspect of medical care for team physicians. Temperature, ultraviolet light, lightning, and altitude are some of the most common elements that cause illness. Understanding how to prevent, diagnose, and promptly treat conditions caused by environmental factors is essential to optimizing athletic performance in outdoor sports and avoiding morbidity.
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