1
|
Li P, Fu R, Yang X, Wang K, Chen H. Finite element method-based study for spinal vibration characteristics of the scoliosis and kyphosis lumbar spine to whole-body vibration under a compressive follower preload. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38532635 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2024.2333925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the dynamic response of the lumbosacral vertebrae structure of a scoliosis spine and a kyphosis spine under whole-body vibration. METHODS Typical Lenke4 (kyphosis) and Lenke3 (scoliosis) spinal columns were used as research objects. A finite element model of the lumbosacral vertebrae segment was established and validated based on CT scanning images. Modal, harmonic response, and transient dynamic analyses were performed on the lumbar-sacral scoliosis model using the finite element software abaqus. RESULTS The first four resonance frequencies of kyphosis spine extracted from modal analysis were 0.86, 1.45, 8.51, and 55.71 Hz. The first four resonance frequencies of scoliosis spine extracted from modal analysis were 0.76, 1.45, 10.51, and 63.82 Hz. The scoliosis spine had the maximum resonance amplitude in the transverse direction, while the kyphosis spine had the maximum resonance amplitude in the anteroposterior direction. The dynamic response in transient analysis exhibited periodic response over time at all levels. CONCLUSION The scoliosis and kyphosis deformity of the spine significantly complicates the vibration response in the scoliosis and kyphosis areas at the top of the spine. Scoliosis and kyphosis patients are more likely to experience vibrational spinal diseases than healthy people. Besides, applying vertical cyclic loads on a malformed spine may cause further rotation of scoliosis and kyphosis deformities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Rongchang Fu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaozheng Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Huiran Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Skidanov A, Ashukina N, Maltseva V, Skidanov M, Danyshchuk Z, Radchenko V. The relationship between structural changes in paraspinal muscles and intervertebral disc and facet joint degeneration in the lumbar spine of rats. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:58. [PMID: 38217024 PMCID: PMC10785363 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degenerative spine disease is one of the largest causes of disability worldwide and has a multifactorial aetiology. Determining the leading causes of this multifactorial disease could help create new treatment approaches. PURPOSE Study the impact of degenerative changes in the paraspinal muscles caused by local (prolonged compression) or systemic (high-fat diet) factors on the structure of the intervertebral discs (IVDs) and facet joints of the lumbar spine in rats. METHODS The study was conducted using two animal models to create degenerative changes in the paraspinal muscles of 10 white laboratory rats for 90 days and five control rats: 1) high-fat diet model (model 1) involved keeping the rats on a high calorie diet; 2) compression model (model 2) involved binding the paraspinal muscles from L2 to S1 using non-absorbable sutures. Histological analysis for the facet joints and IVDs of rats (at the L1-L4 level) with semi-quantitative analysis of the structure conducted used by degeneration grading system for IVDs and cartilage degeneration score (OARSI) for facet joint. RESULTS In both models, 90 days after the experiment, the degenerative changes observed in the rats' IVDs were more severe in the annulus fibrosus than in the nucleus pulposus. The height of the IVD in model 1 did not differ from the control group, but in the model 2 was 1.3 times greater (p < 0.001) compared with control. Degenerative changes in the IVD were scored out 5.3 ± 1.7 in model 1 and 5.32 ± 2.1 in model 2 of a possible 16. The height of the articular cartilage of the facet joints was smaller by 1.5 times (p < 0.001) and 1.4 times (p < 0.001) in model 1 and model 2, respectively, compared to the control. Degenerative changes of facet joint were scored out 3.7 ± 0.6 in model 1 and 3.8 ± 0.6 in model 2 of five points according to the cartilage degeneration score. CONCLUSIONS It was determined that rats who had structural changes in the lumbar paraspinal muscles as a result of being kept on a high-fat diet or subjected to prolonged compression for 90 days, showed degenerative changes in intervertebral discs and osteoarthritis in facet joints of lumbar spine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artem Skidanov
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue Morphology, Sytenko Institute of Spine and Joint Pathology National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 80 Pushkinska St., Kharkiv, 61024, Ukraine
| | - Nataliya Ashukina
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue Morphology, Sytenko Institute of Spine and Joint Pathology National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 80 Pushkinska St., Kharkiv, 61024, Ukraine
| | - Valentyna Maltseva
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue Morphology, Sytenko Institute of Spine and Joint Pathology National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 80 Pushkinska St., Kharkiv, 61024, Ukraine.
| | - Mykyta Skidanov
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue Morphology, Sytenko Institute of Spine and Joint Pathology National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 80 Pushkinska St., Kharkiv, 61024, Ukraine
| | - Zinaida Danyshchuk
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue Morphology, Sytenko Institute of Spine and Joint Pathology National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 80 Pushkinska St., Kharkiv, 61024, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Radchenko
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue Morphology, Sytenko Institute of Spine and Joint Pathology National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 80 Pushkinska St., Kharkiv, 61024, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu S, Dong R, Liu Z, Liu H, Lu Z, Guo Y. A finite element method study of the effect of vibration on the dynamic biomechanical response of the lumbar spine. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2024; 111:106164. [PMID: 38159326 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.106164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies focusing on lumbar spine biomechanics are very limited, and the mechanism of the effect of vibration on lumbar spine biodynamics is unclear. To provide guidance and reference for lumbar spine biodynamics research and vibration safety assessment, this study aims to investigate the effects of different vibrations on lumbar spine biodynamics. METHODS A validated finite element model of the lumbosacral spine was utilized. The model incorporated a 40 kg mass on the upper side and a 400 N follower preload. As a comparison, another model without a coupled mass was also employed. A sinusoidal acceleration with an amplitude of 1 m/s2 and a frequency of 5 Hz was applied to the upper and lower sides of the model respectively. FINDINGS When the coupled mass point is not introduced: in the case of upper-side excitation, the lumbar spine shows a significantly larger response in the x-direction than in the z-direction, while in the case of lower-side excitation, the lumbar spine experiences rigid body displacement in the z-direction without any movement, deformation, rotation, or stress changes in the x-direction. When the coupled mass point is introduced: both upper and lower-side excitations result in significant differences in z-directional displacement, with relatively small differences in vertebral rotation angle, disc deformation, and stress. Under upper excitation, low-frequency oscillations occur in the x-direction. In both types of excitations, the anterior-posterior deformation of the L2-L3 and L4-L5 intervertebral discs is greater than the vertical deformation. The peak (maximum) disc stress exceeds the average stress and stress amplitude across the entire disc. Regardless of the excitation type, the stress distribution within the disc at the moment of peak displacement remains nearly identical, with the maximum stress consistently localized on the anterior side of the L4-L5 disc. INTERPRETATION Accurately simulating lumbar spine biodynamics requires the inclusion of the upper body mass in the lumbosacral spine model. The physiological curvature of the lumbar spine could escalate the risk of lumbar spine vibration injuries. It is more instructive to apply local high stress in the disc as a lumbar spine vibration safety evaluation parameter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, PR China
| | - RuiChun Dong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, PR China.
| | - Zhong Liu
- Oncology Department, ZiBo Central Hospital, Zibo 255000, PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- Oncology Department, ZiBo Central Hospital, Zibo 255000, PR China
| | - ZhuangQi Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, PR China
| | - YunQiang Guo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Doulgeris J, Lin M, Lee W, Aghayev K, Papanastassiou ID, Tsai CT, Vrionis FD. Inter-Specimen Analysis of Diverse Finite Element Models of the Lumbar Spine. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 11:24. [PMID: 38247901 PMCID: PMC10813462 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been a growing popularity in utilizing finite element analysis to study the spine. However, most current studies tend to use one specimen for their models. This research aimed to validate multiple finite element models by comparing them with data from in vivo experiments and other existing finite element studies. Additionally, this study sought to analyze the data based on the gender and age of the specimens. For this study, eight lumbar spine (L2-L5) finite element models were developed. These models were then subjected to finite element analysis to simulate the six fundamental motions. CT scans were obtained from a total of eight individuals, four males and four females, ranging in age from forty-four (44) to seventy-three (73) years old. The CT scans were preprocessed and used to construct finite element models that accurately emulated the motions of flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Preloads and moments were applied to the models to replicate physiological loading conditions. This study focused on analyzing various parameters such as vertebral rotation, facet forces, and intradiscal pressure in all loading directions. The obtained data were then compared with the results of other finite element analyses and in vivo experimental measurements found in the existing literature to ensure their validity. This study successfully validated the intervertebral rotation, intradiscal pressure, and facet force results by comparing them with previous research findings. Notably, this study concluded that gender did not have a significant impact on the results. However, the results did highlight the importance of age as a critical variable when modeling the lumbar spine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Doulgeris
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.D.); (W.L.)
| | - Maohua Lin
- Department of Ocean & Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA;
| | - William Lee
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.D.); (W.L.)
| | - Kamran Aghayev
- Department of Neurosurgery, Esencan Hospital, Baglarcesme Mahallesi, Istanbul 34510, Turkey;
| | | | - Chi-Tay Tsai
- Department of Ocean & Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA;
| | - Frank D. Vrionis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Marcus Neuroscience Institute, Boca Raton Regional Hospital, Boca Raton, FL 33486, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Orbach MR, Mahoney J, Bucklen BS, Balasubramanian S. In vitro coupled motions of the whole human thoracic and lumbar spine with rib cage. JOR Spine 2023; 6:e1257. [PMID: 37780824 PMCID: PMC10540827 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Study design In vitro biomechanical study investigating the coupled motions of the whole normative human thoracic spine (TS) and lumbar spine (LS) with rib cage. Objective To quantify the region-specific coupled motion patterns and magnitudes of the TS, thoracolumbar junction (TLJ), and LS simultaneously. Background Studying spinal coupled motions is important in understanding the development of complex spinal deformities and providing data for validating computational models. However, coupled motion patterns reported in vitro are controversial, and no quantitative data on region-specific coupled motions of the whole human TS and LS are available. Methods Pure, unconstrained bending moments of 8 Nm were applied to seven fresh-frozen human cadaveric TS and LS specimens (mean age: 70.3 ± 11.3 years) with rib cages to elicit flexion-extension (FE), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR). During each primary motion, region-specific rotational range of motion (ROM) data were captured. Results No statistically significant, consistent coupled motion patterns were observed during primary FE. During primary LB, there was significant (p < 0.05) ipsilateral AR in the TS and a general pattern of contralateral coupled AR in the TLJ and LS. There was also a tendency for the TS to extend and the LS to flex. During primary AR, significant coupled LB was ipsilateral in the TS and contralateral in both the TLJ and LS. Significant coupled flexion in the LS was also observed. Coupled LB and AR ROMs were not significantly different between the TS and LS or from one another. Conclusions The findings support evidence of consistent coupled motion patterns of the TS and LS during LB and AR. These novel data may serve as reference for computational model validations and future in vitro studies investigating spinal deformities and implants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattan R. Orbach
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health SystemsDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jonathan Mahoney
- Musculoskeletal Education and Research CenterA Division of Globus Medical, IncAudubonPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Brandon S. Bucklen
- Musculoskeletal Education and Research CenterA Division of Globus Medical, IncAudubonPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sriram Balasubramanian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health SystemsDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Beukers M, Grinwis GCM, Vernooij JCM, van der Hoek L, Tellegen AR, Meij BP, Veraa S, Samartzis D, Tryfonidou MA, Bach FC. Epidemiology of Modic changes in dogs: Prevalence, possible risk factors, and association with spinal phenotypes. JOR Spine 2023; 6:e1273. [PMID: 37780831 PMCID: PMC10540828 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic low back pain, a leading contributor to disease burden worldwide, is often caused by intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Modic changes (MCs) are MRI signal intensity changes due to lesions in vertebral bone marrow adjacent to degenerated IVDs. Only a few studies described the histopathological changes associated with MC to date. MC type 1 is suggested to be associated with bone marrow infiltration of fibrovascular tissue, type 2 with fatty infiltration, and type 3 with bone sclerosis in humans. Methods This study investigated whether the dog can be a valuable animal model to research MCs, by examining the prevalence, imaging, and histological characteristics of lumbar MCs in dogs (340 dogs, 2496 spinal segments). Results Logistic regression analysis indicated that the presence of lumbosacral MCs was associated with age and disc herniation (annulus fibrosis protrusion and/or nucleus pulposus extrusion). According to MRI analysis, MCs were mostly detected at the lumbosacral junction in dogs. Most signal intensity changes represented MC type 3, while previous spinal surgery seemed to predispose for the development of MC type 1 and 2. Histological analysis (16 dogs, 39 spinal segments) indicated that IVDs with MCs showed more histopathological abnormalities in the endplate and vertebral bone marrow than IVDs without MCs. Mostly chondroid proliferation in the bone marrow was encountered, while the histologic anomalies described in humans associated with MCs, such as fibrovascular or fatty infiltration, were scarcely detected. Conclusions Dogs spontaneously develop MCs, but may exhibit other pathological processes or more chronic bone marrow pathologies than humans with MCs. Therefore, more research is needed to determine the translatability of the MCs encountered in dog low-back-pain patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Beukers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Guy C. M. Grinwis
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Pathology Division, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Johannes C. M. Vernooij
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Lisanne van der Hoek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Anna R. Tellegen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Björn P. Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Veraa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Dino Samartzis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush Medical CollegeRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Marianna A. Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Frances C. Bach
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Biomechanical and clinical studies on lumbar spine fusion surgery: a review. Med Biol Eng Comput 2023; 61:617-634. [PMID: 36598676 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain is associated with degenerative disc diseases of the spine. Surgical treatment includes fusion and non-fusion types. The gold standard is fusion surgery, wherein the affected vertebral segment is fused. The common complication of fusion surgery is adjacent segment degeneration (ASD). The ASD often leads to revision surgery, calling for a further fusion of adjacent segments. The existing designs of nonfusion type implants are associated with clinical problems such as subsidence, difficulty in implantation, and the requirement of revision surgeries. Various surgical approaches have been adopted by the surgeons to insert the spinal implants into the affected segment. Over the years, extensive biomechanical investigations have been reported on various surgical approaches and prostheses to predict the outcomes of lumbar spine implantations. Computer models have been proven to be very effective in identifying the best prosthesis and surgical procedure. The objective of the study was to review the literature on biomechanical studies for the treatment of lumbar spinal degenerative diseases. A critical review of the clinical and biomechanical studies on fusion spine surgeries was undertaken. The important modeling parameters, challenges, and limitations of the current studies were identified, showing the future research directions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hedlund J, Ekström L, Thoreson O. Porcine Functional Spine Unit in orthopedic research, a systematic scoping review of the methodology. J Exp Orthop 2022; 9:54. [PMID: 35678892 PMCID: PMC9184692 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-022-00488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic scoping review of previous in vitro spine studies that used pig functional spinal units (FSU) as a model to gain an understanding of how different experimental methods are presented in the literature. Research guidelines are often used to achieve high quality in methods, results, and reports, but no research guidelines are available regarding in vitro biomechanical spinal studies. Methods A systematic scoping review approach and protocol was used for the study with a systematic search in several data bases combined with an extra author search. The articles were examined in multiple stages by two different authors in a blinded manner. Data was extracted from the included articles and inserted into a previously crafted matrix with multiple variables. The data was analyzed to evaluate study methods and quality and included 70 studies. Results The results display that there is a lack of consensus regarding how the material, methods and results are presented. Load type, duration and magnitude were heterogeneous among the studies, but sixty-seven studies (96%) did include compressive load or tension in the testing protocol. Conclusions This study concludes that an improvement of reported data in the present field of research is needed. A protocol, modified from the ARRIVE guidelines, regarding enhanced report-structure, that would enable comparison between studies and improve the method quality is presented in the current study. There is also a clear need for a validated quality-assessment template for experimental animal studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Hedlund
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Ekström
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Olof Thoreson
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Research and Development Primary Health Care, R&D Centre Gothenburg and Södra Bohuslän, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Terai H, Tamai K, Takahashi S, Umano M, Iwamae M, Toyoda H, Suzuki A, Hoshino M, Nakamura H. Clinical Comparison of Combined Cortical Bone Trajectory and Transarticular Surface Screw Versus Standard Pedicle Screw Insertion by Wiltse Approach for L5 Isthmic Spondylolisthesis. Clin Spine Surg 2021; 34:E580-E587. [PMID: 33769975 DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0000000000001170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and invasiveness of a combined screw insertion technique [using cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screw and transarticular surface screw (TASS)] for patients with L5 isthmic spondylolisthesis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Lumbosacral posterior fixation using TASS is safe, with high biomechanical strength. However, data regarding its clinical outcomes, effectiveness, and invasiveness, are lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 111 patients who underwent single-level L5-S1 posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) for L5 isthmic spondylolisthesis. The cohort was stratified into 2 groups: the Wiltse group included patients who underwent PLIF between 2008 and 2013 with standard pedicle screw fixation via Wiltse approach and the CBT/TASS group included those who underwent PLIF from 2014 onward with CBT/TASS fixation. After propensity score matching of the CBT/TASS and Wiltse groups, the surgical times, estimated blood loss (EBL), length of in-hospital stays, clinical scores, serum creatine kinase concentration, radiographic parameters, and bone union rate were compared using the χ2 test or Mann-Whitney U test. In addition, multivariate linear regression analyses, with surgical time and EBL as objective variables applied after Box-Cox transformation, were performed. RESULTS The matched CBT/TASS group showed significantly shorter surgical times (P<0.001), lower EBL (P=0.032), shorter in-hospital stays (P=0.005), and lower 3-day postoperative serum creatine kinase concentrations (P=0.014) than the matched Wiltse group. However, neither the postoperative grade of spondylolisthesis, the L5-S1 lordotic angle, nor the clinical scores were significantly different between matched groups. The bone union rates were 94.7% and 96.2% in the matched CBT/TASS and Wiltse groups, respectively (P=1.000). Regression analysis showed that CBT/TASS was an independent factor significantly related to shorter surgical times and lower EBL (P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION Compared with Wiltse approach, CBT/TASS is a less invasive technique, with a shorter surgical time and sufficient clinical outcomes for patients with L5 isthmic spondylolisthesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III-treatment benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidetomi Terai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Koji Tamai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Shinji Takahashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Masayuki Umano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shimada Hospital, Habikino, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Iwamae
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Hiromitsu Toyoda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Akinobu Suzuki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Masatoshi Hoshino
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fasser MR, Jokeit M, Kalthoff M, Gomez Romero DA, Trache T, Snedeker JG, Farshad M, Widmer J. Subject-Specific Alignment and Mass Distribution in Musculoskeletal Models of the Lumbar Spine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:721042. [PMID: 34532314 PMCID: PMC8438119 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.721042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal modeling is a well-established method in spine biomechanics and generally employed for investigations concerning both the healthy and the pathological spine. It commonly involves inverse kinematics and optimization of muscle activity and provides detailed insight into joint loading. The aim of the present work was to develop and validate a procedure for the automatized generation of semi-subject-specific multi-rigid body models with an articulated lumbar spine. Individualization of the models was achieved with a novel approach incorporating information from annotated EOS images. The size and alignment of bony structures, as well as specific body weight distribution along the spine segments, were accurately reproduced in the 3D models. To ensure the pipeline’s robustness, models based on 145 EOS images of subjects with various weight distributions and spinopelvic parameters were generated. For validation, we performed kinematics-dependent and segment-dependent comparisons of the average joint loads obtained for our cohort with the outcome of various published in vivo and in situ studies. Overall, our results agreed well with literature data. The here described method is a promising tool for studying a variety of clinical questions, ranging from the evaluation of the effects of alignment variation on joint loading to the assessment of possible pathomechanisms involved in adjacent segment disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Rosa Fasser
- Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Jokeit
- Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Tudor Trache
- Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jess G Snedeker
- Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mazda Farshad
- Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Widmer
- Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee NN, Salzer E, Bach FC, Bonilla AF, Cook JL, Gazit Z, Grad S, Ito K, Smith LJ, Vernengo A, Wilke H, Engiles JB, Tryfonidou MA. A comprehensive tool box for large animal studies of intervertebral disc degeneration. JOR Spine 2021; 4:e1162. [PMID: 34337336 PMCID: PMC8313180 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies involving large animal models aim to recapitulate the clinical situation as much as possible and bridge the gap from benchtop to bedside. To date, studies investigating intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and regeneration in large animal models have utilized a wide spectrum of methodologies for outcome evaluation. This paper aims to consolidate available knowledge, expertise, and experience in large animal preclinical models of IVD degeneration to create a comprehensive tool box of anatomical and functional outcomes. Herein, we present a Large Animal IVD Scoring Algorithm based on three scales: macroscopic (gross morphology, imaging, and biomechanics), microscopic (histological, biochemical, and biomolecular analyses), and clinical (neurologic state, mobility, and pain). The proposed algorithm encompasses a stepwise evaluation on all three scales, including spinal pain assessment, and relevant structural and functional components of IVD health and disease. This comprehensive tool box was designed for four commonly used preclinical large animal models (dog, pig, goat, and sheep) in order to facilitate standardization and applicability. Furthermore, it is intended to facilitate comparison across studies while discerning relevant differences between species within the context of outcomes with the goal to enhance veterinary clinical relevance as well. Current major challenges in pre-clinical large animal models for IVD regeneration are highlighted and insights into future directions that may improve the understanding of the underlying pathologies are discussed. As such, the IVD research community can deepen its exploration of the molecular, cellular, structural, and biomechanical changes that occur with IVD degeneration and regeneration, paving the path for clinically relevant therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi N. Lee
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Elias Salzer
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Frances C. Bach
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Andres F. Bonilla
- Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityColoradoUSA
| | - James L. Cook
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Zulma Gazit
- Department of SurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Lachlan J. Smith
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Andrea Vernengo
- AO Research Institute DavosDavosSwitzerland
- Department of Chemical EngineeringRowan UniversityGlassboroNew JerseyUSA
| | - Hans‐Joachim Wilke
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and BiomechanicsUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
| | - Julie B. Engiles
- Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Marianna A. Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Talukdar RG, Mukhopadhyay KK, Dhara S, Gupta S. Numerical analysis of the mechanical behaviour of intact and implanted lumbar functional spinal units: Effects of loading and boundary conditions. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2021; 235:792-804. [PMID: 33832355 DOI: 10.1177/09544119211008343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop an improved finite element (FE) model of a lumbar functional spinal unit (FSU) and to subsequently analyse the deviations in load transfer owing to implantation. The effects of loading and boundary conditions on load transfer in intact and implanted FSUs and its relationship with the potential risk of vertebral fracture were investigated. The FE models of L1-L5 and L3-L4 FSUs, intact and implanted, were developed using patient-specific CT-scan dataset and segmentation of cortical and cancellous bone regions. The effect of submodelling technique, as compared to artificial boundary conditions, on the elastic behaviour of lumbar spine was examined. Applied forces and moments, corresponding to physiologic movements, were used as loading conditions. Results indicated that the loading and boundary conditions considerably affect stress-strain distributions within a FSU. This study, based on an improved FE model of a vertebra, highlights the importance of using the submodelling technique to adequately evaluate the mechanical behaviour of a FSU. In the intact FSU, strains of 200-400 µε were observed in the cancellous bone of vertebral body and pedicles. High equivalent stresses of 10-25 MPa and 1-5 MPa were generated around the pars interarticularis for cortical and cancellous regions, respectively. Implantation caused reductions of 85%-92% in the range of motion for all movements. Insertion of the intervertebral cage resulted in major deviations in load transfer across a FSU for all movements. The cancellous bone around cage experienced pronounced increase in stresses of 10-15 MPa, which indicated potential risk of failure initiation in the vertebra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Gautam Talukdar
- Advanced Technology and Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Santanu Dhara
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lee NN, Kramer JS, Stoker AM, Bozynski CC, Cook CR, Stannard JT, Choma TJ, Cook JL. Canine models of spine disorders. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1109. [PMID: 33392448 PMCID: PMC7770205 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neck and low back pain are common among the adult human population and impose large social and economic burdens on health care and quality of life. Spine-related disorders are also significant health concerns for canine companions with etiopathogeneses, clinical presentations, and diagnostic and therapeutic options that are very similar to their human counterparts. Historically, induced and spontaneous pathology in laboratory rodents, dogs, sheep, goats, pigs, and nonhuman primates have been used for study of human spine disorders. While each of these can serve as useful preclinical models, they all have inherent limitations. Spontaneously occurring spine disorders in dogs provide highly translatable data that overcome many of the limitations of other models and have the added benefit of contributing to veterinary healthcare as well. For this scoping review, peer-reviewed manuscripts were selected from PubMed and Google Scholar searches using keywords: "intervertebral disc," "intervertebral disc degeneration," "biomarkers," "histopathology," "canine," and "mechanism." Additional keywords such as "injury," "induced model," and "nucleus degeneration" were used to further narrow inclusion. The objectives of this review were to (a) outline similarities in key features of spine disorders between dogs and humans; (b) describe relevant canine models; and (c) highlight the applicability of these models for advancing translational research and clinical application for mechanisms of disease, diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, and treatment, with a focus on intervertebral disc degeneration. Best current evidence suggests that dogs share important anatomical, physiological, histological, and molecular components of spinal disorders in humans, such that induced and spontaneous canine models can be very effective for translational research. Taken together, the peer-reviewed literature supports numerous advantages for use of canine models for study of disorders of the spine when the potential limitations and challenges are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi N. Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Comparative Medicine ProgramUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jacob S. Kramer
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Aaron M. Stoker
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Chantelle C. Bozynski
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Cristi R. Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - James T. Stannard
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Theodore J. Choma
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - James L. Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Barba N, Ignasiak D, Villa TMT, Galbusera F, Bassani T. Assessment of trunk muscle activation and intervertebral load in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis by musculoskeletal modelling approach. J Biomech 2020; 114:110154. [PMID: 33279818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine, the aetiology and pathogenesis of which are poorly understood. Unfortunately, biomechanical data describing trunk muscle activation and intervertebral load, which can contribute to understanding the pathomechanics of the AIS spine, cannot be measured in vivo due to the invasiveness of the procedures. The present study provides the biomechanical characterization of the spinal loads in scoliotic subjects by exploiting musculoskeletal modelling approach, allowing for calculating biomechanical measures in an assigned posture. A spine model with articulated ribcage previously developed in AnyBody software was applied. The predicted outcomes were evaluated in the upright posture, depending on scoliosis severity and curve type, in a population of 132 scoliotic subjects with mild, moderate, and severe scoliosis. Radiographic-based three dimensional reconstruction of vertebral orientations and scaling of body segments and trunk muscle cross-section area guaranteed geometrical subject-specificity. Validation analysis supporting the application of the model was performed. Trunk muscles were found more activated in the convex side of the scoliotic curve, in agreement with reference in vivo measurements, with progressive increase with scoliosis severity. The intervertebral lateral shear was found positively correlated with the severity of the scoliosis, demonstrating that the transferred load is not a priori orthogonal to vertebral endplate in the frontal plane, and thus questioning the assumption of the 'follower load' approach in case of experimental or computational study on the scoliotic spine. The study opens the way for the subject-specific characterization of scoliosis in assigned loading and motion conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Barba
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Tomaso Maria Tobia Villa
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Galbusera
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy. LABS - Laboratory of Biological Structures Mechanics
| | - Tito Bassani
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy. LABS - Laboratory of Biological Structures Mechanics..
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Larson CM, Wilcox GL, Fairbanks CA. The Study of Pain in Rats and Mice. Comp Med 2019; 69:555-570. [PMID: 31822322 PMCID: PMC6935695 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a clinical syndrome arising from a variety of etiologies in a heterogeneous population, which makes successfully treating the individual patient difficult. Organizations and governments recognize the need for tailored and specific therapies, which drives pain research. This review summarizes the different types of pain assessments currently being used and the various rodent models that have been developed to recapitulate the human pain condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Larson
- Comparative and Molecular Biosciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - George L Wilcox
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota;,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Galbusera F, Bassani T. The Spine: A Strong, Stable, and Flexible Structure with Biomimetics Potential. Biomimetics (Basel) 2019; 4:E60. [PMID: 31480241 PMCID: PMC6784295 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics4030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
From its first appearance in early vertebrates, the spine evolved the function of protecting the spinal cord, avoiding excessive straining during body motion. Its stiffness and strength provided the basis for the development of the axial skeleton as the mechanical support of later animals, especially those which moved to the terrestrial environment where gravity loads are not alleviated by the buoyant force of water. In tetrapods, the functions of the spine can be summarized as follows: protecting the spinal cord; supporting the weight of the body, transmitting it to the ground through the limbs; allowing the motion of the trunk, through to its flexibility; providing robust origins and insertions to the muscles of trunk and limbs. This narrative review provides a brief perspective on the development of the spine in vertebrates, first from an evolutionary, and then from an embryological point of view. The paper describes functions and the shape of the spine throughout the whole evolution of vertebrates and vertebrate embryos, from primordial jawless fish to extant animals such as birds and humans, highlighting its fundamental features such as strength, stability, and flexibility, which gives it huge potential as a basis for bio-inspired technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Galbusera
- Laboratory of Biological Structures Mechanics, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy.
| | - Tito Bassani
- Laboratory of Biological Structures Mechanics, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Significance of spine stability criteria on trunk muscle forces following unilateral muscle weakening: A comparison between kinematics-driven and stability-based kinematics-driven musculoskeletal models. Med Eng Phys 2019; 73:51-63. [PMID: 31378640 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Two optimization-driven approaches were employed to develop kinematics-driven (KD) and stability-based kinematics-driven (SKD) musculoskeletal models of an adult thoracolumbar to ascertain the significance of spine stability in holding the upright-standing posture after muscular disuse atrophy. Both models were used to estimate muscle forces of the trunk with intact and unilaterally reduced longissimus thoracis pars thoracic (LGPT) and multifidus lumborum (MFL) muscles strength. A finite element model of the L5-S1 segment of the same kinematics was also developed to compare the joint stresses predicted by the KD and SKD models. Matching well with in vivo data, the SKD model predicted a 15% and 33% reduction in contralateral muscle forces to the 95% debilitated LGPT and MFL muscles, respectively. In contrast, the contralateral muscle force enhancement to the debilitated MFL muscle in the KD model was in contradiction with in vivo data, implying that the KD model is incapable of correctly predicting the muscular disorders. However, the similarity of both models' predictions of intradiscal pressures and intervertebral discs' stresses, which matched well with in vivo data, does indicate the feasibility of the KD model to investigate trunk muscle weakness effects on spinal loads, which could offer additional tools for research in ergonomics. Nonetheless, SKD models can be employed for assessment of contralateral muscle impotence in spinal neuromuscular disorders.
Collapse
|
18
|
Finite element analysis comparing short-segment instrumentation with conventional pedicle screws and the Schanz pedicle screw in lumbar 1 fractures. Neurosurg Rev 2019; 43:301-312. [DOI: 10.1007/s10143-019-01146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
19
|
Shah BS, Chahine NO. Dynamic Hydrostatic Pressure Regulates Nucleus Pulposus Phenotypic Expression and Metabolism in a Cell Density-Dependent Manner. J Biomech Eng 2019; 140:2666887. [PMID: 29247254 DOI: 10.1115/1.4038758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic hydrostatic pressure (HP) loading can modulate nucleus pulposus (NP) cell metabolism, extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and induce transformation of notochordal NP cells into mature phenotype. However, the effects of varying cell density and dynamic HP magnitude on NP phenotype and metabolism are unknown. This study examined the effects of physiological magnitudes of HP loading applied to bovine NP cells encapsulated within three-dimensional (3D) alginate beads. Study 1: seeding density (1 M/mL versus 4 M/mL) was evaluated in unloaded and loaded (0.1 MPa, 0.1 Hz) conditions. Study 2: loading magnitude (0, 0.1, and 0.6 MPa) applied at 0.1 Hz to 1 M/mL for 7 days was evaluated. Study 1: 4 M/mL cell density had significantly lower adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen content, and increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). HP loading significantly increased ATP levels, and expression of aggrecan, collagen I, keratin-19, and N-cadherin in HP loaded versus unloaded groups. Study 2: aggrecan expression increased in a dose dependent manner with HP magnitude, whereas N-cadherin and keratin-19 expression were greatest in low HP loading compared to unloaded. Overall, the findings of the current study indicate that cell seeding density within a 3D construct is a critical variable influencing the mechanobiological response of NP cells to HP loading. NP mechanobiology and phenotypic expression was also found to be dependent on the magnitude of HP loading. These findings suggest that HP loading and culture conditions of NP cells may require complex optimization for engineering an NP replacement tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhranti S Shah
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Nadeen O Chahine
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, 14-1408E, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang H, Zhu W. The Path to Deliver the Most Realistic Follower Load for a Lumbar Spine in Standing Posture: A Finite Element Study. J Biomech Eng 2019; 141:2720655. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4042438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A spine is proven to be subjected to a follower load which is a compressive load of physiologic magnitude acting on the whole spine. The path of the follower load approximates the tangent to the curve of the spine in in vivo neutral standing posture. However, the specific path location of the follower load is still unclear. The aim of this study is to find out the most realistic location of the follower load path (FLP) for a lumbar spine in standing. A three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear finite element model (FEM) of lumbosacral vertebrae (L1-S1) with consideration of the calibrated material properties was established and validated by comparing with the experimental data. We show that the shape of the lumbosacral spine is strongly affected by the location of FLP. An evident nonlinear relationship between the FLP location and the kinematic response of the L1-S1 lumbosacral spine exists. The FLP at about 4 and 3 mm posterior to the curve connecting the center of the vertebral bodies delivers the most realistic location in standing for healthy people and patients having low back pains (LPBs), respectively. Moreover, the “sweeping” method introduced in this study can be applicable to all individualized FEM to determine the location of FLP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Weiping Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, China e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Scheibler AG, Götschi T, Widmer J, Holenstein C, Steffen T, Camenzind RS, Snedeker JG, Farshad M. Feasibility of the annulus fibrosus repair with in situ gelating hydrogels - A biomechanical study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208460. [PMID: 30521633 PMCID: PMC6283563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The surgical standard of care for lumbar discectomy leaves the annulus fibrosus (AF) defect unrepaired, despite considerable risk for a recurrent herniation. Identification of a viable defect repair strategy has until now been elusive. The scope of this ex vivo biomechanical study was to evaluate crosslinking hydrogels as potentially promising AF defect sealants, and provide a baseline for their use in combination with collagen scaffolds that restore disc volume. This study directly compared genipin crosslinked fibrin hydrogel (FibGen) as a promising preclinical candidate against a clinically available adhesive composed of glutaraldehyde and albumin (BioGlue). Forty-two bovine coccygeal functional spine units (FSU) were randomly allocated into four groups, namely untreated (control, n = 12), repaired with either one of the tested hydrogels (BioGlue, n = 12; FibGen, n = 12), or FibGen used in combination with a collagen hydrogel scaffold (FibGen+Scaffold, n = 6). All specimens underwent a moderate mechanical testing protocol in intact, injured and repaired states. After completion of the moderate testing protocol, the samples underwent a ramp-to-failure test. Lumbar discectomy destabilized the FSU as quantified by increased torsional range of motion (28.0° (19.1, 45.1) vs. 41.39° (27.3, 84.9), p<0.001), torsional neutral zone (3.1° (1.2, 7.7) vs. 4.8° (2.1, 12.1), Z = -3.49, p < 0.001), hysteresis(24.4 J (12.8, 76.0) vs. 27.6 J (16.4, 54.4), Z = -2.61, p = 0.009), with loss of both disc height (7.0 mm (5.0, 10.5) vs 6.1 mm (4.0, 9.3), Z = -5.16, p < 0.001) and torsional stiffness (0.76 Nmdeg-1 (0.38, 1.07) vs. 0.66 Nmdeg-1 (0.38, 0.97), Z = -3.98, p < 0.001). Most FibGen repaired AF endured the entire testing procedure whereas only a minority of BioGlue repaired AF and all FibGen+Scaffold repaired AF failed (6/10 vs. 3/12 vs. 0/6 respectively, p = 0.041). Both BioGlue and FibGen+Scaffold repaired AF partially restored disc height (0.47 mm (0.07, 2.41), p = 0.048 and 1.52 mm (0.41, 2.57), p = 0.021 respectively) compared to sham treatment (0.08 mm (-0.63, 0.88)) whereas FibGen-only repaired AF had no such effect (0.04 mm (-0.73, 1.13), U = 48.0, p = 1). The AF injury model demonstrated considerable change of FSU mechanics that could be partially restored by use of an AF sealant. While inclusion of a volumetric collagen scaffold led to repair failure, use of FibGen alone demonstrated clinically relevant promise for prevention of mechanical reherniation, outperforming an FDA approved sealant in this ex vivo test series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Gita Scheibler
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Götschi
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Widmer
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claude Holenstein
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Steffen
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit (MSRU), Center for Applied Biotechnology & Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland S. Camenzind
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jess G. Snedeker
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mazda Farshad
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Effect of Compression Loading on Human Nucleus Pulposus-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:1481243. [PMID: 30402107 PMCID: PMC6196892 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1481243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mechanical loading plays a vital role in the progression of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, but little is known about the effect of compression loading on human nucleus pulposus-derived mesenchymal stem cells (NP-MSCs). Thus, this study is aimed at investigating the effect of compression on the biological behavior of NP-MSCs in vitro. Methods Human NP-MSCs were isolated from patients undergoing lumbar discectomy for IVD degeneration and were identified by immunophenotypes and multilineage differentiation. Then, cells were cultured in the compression apparatus at 1.0 MPa for different times (0 h, 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h). The viability-, differentiation-, and differentiation-related genes (Runx2, APP, and Col2) and colony formation-, migration-, and stem cell-related proteins (Sox2 and Oct4) were evaluated. Results The results showed that the isolated cells fulfilled the criteria of MSC stated by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT). And our results also indicated that compression loading significantly inhibited cell viability, differentiation, colony formation, and migration. Furthermore, gene expression suggested that compression loading could downregulate the expression of stem cell-related proteins and lead to NP-MSC stemness losses. Conclusions Our results suggested that the biological behavior of NP-MSCs could be inhibited by compression loading and therefore enhanced our understanding on the compression-induced endogenous repair failure of NP-MSCs during IVDD.
Collapse
|
23
|
The effect of follower load on the intersegmental coupled motion characteristics of the human thoracic spine: An in vitro study using entire rib cage specimens. J Biomech 2018; 78:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
24
|
Abstract
Mechanical loading of the intervertebral disc (IVD) initiates cell-mediated remodeling events that contribute to disc degeneration. Cells of the IVD, nucleus pulposus (NP) and anulus fibrosus (AF), will exhibit various responses to different mechanical stimuli which appear to be highly dependent on loading type, magnitude, duration, and anatomic zone of cell origin. Cells of the NP, the innermost region of the disc, exhibit an anabolic response to low-moderate magnitudes of static compression, osmotic pressure, or hydrostatic pressure, while higher magnitudes promote a catabolic response marked by increased protease expression and activity. Cells of the outer AF are responsive to physical forces in a manner that depends on frequency and magnitude, as are cells of the NP, though they experience different forces, deformations, pressure, and osmotic pressure in vivo. Much remains to be understood of the mechanotransduction pathways that regulate IVD cell responses to loading, including responses to specific stimuli and also differences among cell types. There is evidence that cytoskeletal remodeling and receptor-mediated signaling are important mechanotransduction events that can regulate downstream effects like gene expression and posttranslational biosynthesis, all of which may influence phenotype and bioactivity. These and other mechanotransduction events will be regulated by known and to-be-discovered cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions, and depend on composition of extracellular matrix ligands for cell interaction, matrix stiffness, and the phenotype of the cells themselves. Here, we present a review of the current knowledge of the role of mechanical stimuli and the impact upon the cellular response to loading and changes that occur with aging and degeneration of the IVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bailey V Fearing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Paula A Hernandez
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lori A Setton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nadeen O Chahine
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Coupled motions in human and porcine thoracic and lumbar spines. J Biomech 2018; 70:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
26
|
Dynamic Response of the Lumbar Spine to Whole-body Vibration Under a Compressive Follower Preload. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018; 43:E143-E153. [PMID: 28538593 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A finite element study of dynamic response of the lumbar spine to whole-body vibration. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop and validate a finite element model for exploring the impact of whole-body vibration on the entire lumbar spine with a compressive follower preload applied. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Several finite element studies have investigated the biodynamic characteristics of the human lumbar spine when exposed to whole-body vibration. However, very limited studies have been performed to quantitatively describe dynamic response in time domain of the entire lumbar spine to vibration loading under a compressive follower preload. METHODS A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model of the human lumbar spine (L1-sacrum) subjected to the compressive follower preload was created. Transient dynamic analysis was conducted on the model to compute the spinal response to a sinusoidal vertical vibration load of ±40 N under a 400 N preload. The obtained dynamic response results at all spinal levels were collected and plotted as a function of time. As a comparison, the corresponding results for vertical static loads (-40 and 40 N) under the preload (400 N) were also computed. RESULTS Plots of the dynamic response at all levels showed a cyclic response with time, and their vibration amplitudes (peak-to-bottom variations) were markedly higher than the corresponding changing amplitudes of static load cases. The increasing effect of the vibration load reached 314.5%, 263.2%, 242.4%, and 232.7%, respectively, in axial displacement of vertebral center, disc bulge, intradiscal pressure, and annulus stress (von-Mises stress). In addition, increasing the compressive follower preload led to an increase in the dynamic response and a decrease in their vibration amplitudes. CONCLUSION This study may be useful to help quantify the effect of cyclic loading on the entire lumbar spine under physiologic compressive loading, and better understand vibration characteristics of the spine. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
Collapse
|
27
|
Influence of different frequencies of axial cyclic loading on time-domain vibration response of the lumbar spine: A finite element study. Comput Biol Med 2017; 86:75-81. [PMID: 28511121 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Very few studies have quantitatively analyzed influence of the loading frequency on time-domain vibration response of the whole lumbar spine in the presence of a physiologic compressive preload. In this study, a three-dimensional non-linear finite element model of ligamentous L1-S1 segment was developed to predict time-domain dynamic response of the whole lumbar spine to axial cyclic loading with different frequencies. A compressive follower preload of 400 N was applied to the model to simulate the physiologic compressive load. Modal analysis was initially performed to extract axial resonant frequency of the model under a 40 kg upper body mass and the 400 N preload. The result showed that the axial resonant frequency was 7.77 Hz. Subsequently, transient dynamic analyses were performed on the model under a sinusoidal axial load of ±40 N at frequencies of 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 Hz with the 400 N preload and 40 kg mass. The computational results (strains and stresses in the spinal components) were collected and plotted as a function of time. These predicted results were found to be frequency-dependent and consistent with the notion in engineering dynamics texts that the closer the loading frequency approaches the resonant frequency, the larger the response is. For example, the results for 5 Hz load compared to 3 Hz load showed a 68.6-111.5% increase in peak-to-bottom variations of the predicted response parameters, and the results for 13 Hz load compared to 11 Hz load showed a 26.4-37.8% decrease in these variations.
Collapse
|
28
|
Shih KS, Weng PW, Lin SC, Chen YT, Cheng CK, Lee CH. Biomechanical comparison between concentrated, follower, and muscular loads of the lumbar column. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 135:209-218. [PMID: 27586492 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and numerical methods have been extensively used to simulate the lumbar kinematics and mechanics. One of the basic parameters is the lumbar loads. In the literature, both concentrated and distributed loads have been assumed to simulate the in vivo lumbar loads. However, the inconsistent loads between those studies exist and make the comparison of their results controversial. Using finite-element method, this study aimed to numerically compare the effects of the concentrated, follower, and muscular loads on the lumbar biomechanics during flexion. Two conditions of equivalent and simple constraints were simulated. The equivalent condition assumes the identical flexion at the L1 level and loads at the L5 level for the three types of loads. Another condition is to remove such kinematic and mechanical constraints on the lumbar. The comparison indices were flexed profile, distributed stress, and transferred loads of the discs and vertebrae at the different levels. The results showed that the three modes in the equivalent condition show the nearly same flexed profiles. In the simple condition, however, the L1 vertebra of the concentrated mode anteriorly translates about 3 and 5 times that of the follower and muscular mode, respectively. By contrast, the flexion profiles of the follower and muscular are comparable. In the equivalent condition, all modes consistently show the gradually increasing stress and loads toward the caudal levels. The results of both concentrated and muscular modes exhibit the quite comparable trends and even magnitudes. In the simple condition, however, the removal of flexion and load constraints makes the results of the concentrated mode significantly different from its counterparts. In both conditions, the predictedindices of the follower mode are more uniform along the lumbar. In conclusion, the kinematic and mechanical constraints significantly affect the profile, stress, and loads of the three modes. In the equivalent condition, the concentrated mode can simulate the similar results to the muscular mode and top-loading fashion seems to be more practicable for experimental setup. In the simple condition, the follower mode can serve as the alternative to avoid the unreasonably higher flexion at the L1 level and shear at the L5 level. In the future, the detailed studies about the load-related effects on both load-transferring mechanism and failure mode of the lumbar-implant construct should be conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kao-Shang Shih
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wei Weng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Orthopaedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Chih Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tzu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Kung Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Her Lee
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lee YP, Ihn HE, McGarry MH, Farhan SD, Bhatia N, Lee TQ. Biomechanical Analysis of an S1 Pedicle Screw Salvage Technique via a Superior Articulating Process Entry Point. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016; 41:E778-E784. [PMID: 26679872 PMCID: PMC5962033 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Biomechanical, cadaveric study. OBJECTIVE To compare the fixation strength of a novel S1 pedicle screw insertion technique in a revision setting to a standard S1 pedicle screw and an L5 pedicle screw. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Fusions to the sacrum remain a difficult clinical challenge. Very few salvage techniques exist when a nonunion occurs. METHODS The biomechanical integrity of three screw fixations, L5 pedicle screws, a standard S1 pedicle screw, and an S1 pedicle screw placed via a superior articulating process entry point (SAP S1), was characterized by performing pullout tests using cadaveric specimens including L5 and sacrum. RESULTS SAP S1 constructs (735.5 ± 110.1 N/mm) were significantly stiffer than standard S1 (P = 0.005) and L5 (P = 0.02) constructs. There was no statistically significant difference between the L5 constructs and the standard S1 constructs for linear stiffness. There was no statistical difference between the three fixations for yield load, displacement at yield load, and energy absorbed to yield load.The ultimate pullout force for the SAP S1 was statistically higher than the standard S1 (1213.7 ± 579.6 vs. 478.6 ± 452.9 N; P = 0.004). Displacement at ultimate load was significantly greater for L5 screw fixation (3.3 ± 1.1 mm) compared to the other two constructs. Both the L5 (2277.4 ± 1873.3 N-mm) and SAP S1 (2628.2 ± 2054.4 N-mm) constructs had significantly greater energy absorbed to ultimate load than the standard S1 construct (811.7 ± 937.6 N-mm), but there was no statistical difference between the L5 and SAP S1 constructs. CONCLUSION S1 pedicle screw fixation via an SAP entry point provides biomechanical advantages compared to screws placed via the standard S1 or L5 entry point and may be a viable option for revision of a failed L5-S1 fusion with a compromised standard S1 entry point. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Po Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA
| | - Hansel E Ihn
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, VA Long Beach Healthcare System and University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Michelle H McGarry
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, VA Long Beach Healthcare System and University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Saifal-Deen Farhan
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, VA Long Beach Healthcare System and University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Nitin Bhatia
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, VA Long Beach Healthcare System and University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Thay Q Lee
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, VA Long Beach Healthcare System and University of California, Irvine, CA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xu M, Yang J, Lieberman IH, Haddas R. Lumbar spine finite element model for healthy subjects: development and validation. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2016; 20:1-15. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2016.1193596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Human-Centric Design Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - James Yang
- Human-Centric Design Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Ram Haddas
- Texas Back Institute Research Foundation, Plano, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
A Review of Animal Models of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Pathophysiology, Regeneration, and Translation to the Clinic. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5952165. [PMID: 27314030 PMCID: PMC4893450 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5952165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lower back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Discogenic pain secondary to intervertebral disc degeneration is a significant cause of low back pain. Disc degeneration is a complex multifactorial process. Animal models are essential to furthering understanding of the degenerative process and testing potential therapies. The adult human lumbar intervertebral disc is characterized by the loss of notochordal cells, relatively large size, essentially avascular nature, and exposure to biomechanical stresses influenced by bipedalism. Animal models are compared with regard to the above characteristics. Numerous methods of inducing disc degeneration are reported. Broadly these can be considered under the categories of spontaneous degeneration, mechanical and structural models. The purpose of such animal models is to further our understanding and, ultimately, improve treatment of disc degeneration. The role of animal models of disc degeneration in translational research leading to clinical trials of novel cellular therapies is explored.
Collapse
|
32
|
Anderson DE, Mannen EM, Sis HL, Wong BM, Cadel ES, Friis EA, Bouxsein ML. Effects of follower load and rib cage on intervertebral disc pressure and sagittal plane curvature in static tests of cadaveric thoracic spines. J Biomech 2016; 49:1078-1084. [PMID: 26944690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The clinical relevance of mechanical testing studies of cadaveric human thoracic spines could be enhanced by using follower preload techniques, by including the intact rib cage, and by measuring thoracic intervertebral disc pressures, but studies to date have not incorporated all of these components simultaneously. Thus, this study aimed to implement a follower preload in the thoracic spine with intact rib cage, and examine the effects of follower load, rib cage stiffening and rib cage removal on intervertebral disc pressures and sagittal plane curvatures in unconstrained static conditions. Intervertebral disc pressures increased linearly with follower load magnitude. The effect of the rib cage on disc pressures in static conditions remains unclear because testing order likely confounded the results. Disc pressures compared well with previous reports in vitro, and comparison with in vivo values suggests the use of a follower load of about 400N to approximate loading in upright standing. Follower load had no effect on sagittal plane spine curvature overall, suggesting successful application of the technique, although increased flexion in the upper spine and reduced flexion in the lower spine suggest that the follower load path was not optimized. Rib cage stiffening and removal both increased overall spine flexion slightly, although with differing effects at specific spinal locations. Overall, the approaches demonstrated here will support the use of follower preloads, intact rib cage, and disc pressure measurements to enhance the clinical relevance of future studies of the thoracic spine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Anderson
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Erin M Mannen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Hadley L Sis
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Benjamin M Wong
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Eileen S Cadel
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Friis
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Salvi G, Aubin CE, Le Naveaux F, Wang X, Parent S. Biomechanical analysis of Ponte and pedicle subtraction osteotomies for the surgical correction of kyphotic deformities. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2015; 25:2452-60. [PMID: 26467339 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-4279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Biomechanical analysis of Ponte (PO) and pedicle subtraction osteotomies (PSO) in kyphotic deformity instrumentation. METHODS Patient-specific biomechanical model was used to computationally simulate seven hyperkyphotic instrumentation cases with three osteotomy strategies-1-level PSO, 3-level PO, or 6-level PO; forces within the instrumented spine were assessed and results were analyzed through rANOVA tests. RESULTS Corrections with multi-level PO were close to those with one-level PSO. In upright position, average implant forces were from 225 to 280 N and rod bending moments were around 10 Nm with no significant difference between the three strategies (p < 0.05). In simulations of 30° flexion, rod bending moments increased by 38, 2, and 8 %, implant forces increased by 28, 23 and 26 % for the 1-level PSO, 3-level PO, and 6-level PO, respectively. Correction per vertebral level was smaller than the maximum correction allowed by PO and PSO. CONCLUSIONS Multi-level PO allows similar kyphotic correction to 1-level PSO in spinal deformities with mixed indications for PO and PSO. Loads on the instrumentation constructs in PSO were higher than multi-level PO and higher in 6-level PO than 3-level PO. High loads were located more on the osteotomy sites. The rod shape should be adapted to the anticipated spine correction on the osteotomy sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuditta Salvi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, P.O. Box 6079, Downtown Station, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada.,Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175, Cote Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Carl-Eric Aubin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, P.O. Box 6079, Downtown Station, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada. .,Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175, Cote Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - Franck Le Naveaux
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, P.O. Box 6079, Downtown Station, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada.,Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175, Cote Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, P.O. Box 6079, Downtown Station, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada.,Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175, Cote Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Stefan Parent
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175, Cote Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Holsgrove TP, Nayak NR, Welch WC, Winkelstein BA. Advanced Multi-Axis Spine Testing: Clinical Relevance and Research Recommendations. Int J Spine Surg 2015; 9:34. [PMID: 26273552 DOI: 10.14444/2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Back pain and spinal degeneration affect a large proportion of the general population. The economic burden of spinal degeneration is significant, and the treatment of spinal degeneration represents a large proportion of healthcare costs. However, spinal surgery does not always provide improved clinical outcomes compared to non-surgical alternatives, and modern interventions, such as total disc replacement, may not offer clinically relevant improvements over more established procedures. Although psychological and socioeconomic factors play an important role in the development and response to back pain, the variation in clinical success is also related to the complexity of the spine, and the multi-faceted manner by which spinal degeneration often occurs. The successful surgical treatment of degenerative spinal conditions requires collaboration between surgeons, engineers, and scientists in order to provide a multi-disciplinary approach to managing the complete condition. In this review, we provide relevant background from both the clinical and the basic research perspectives, which is synthesized into several examples and recommendations for consideration in increasing translational research between communities with the goal of providing improved knowledge and care. Current clinical imaging, and multi-axis testing machines, offer great promise for future research by combining invivo kinematics and loading with in-vitro testing in six degrees of freedom to offer more accurate predictions of the performance of new spinal instrumentation. Upon synthesis of the literature, it is recommended that in-vitro tests strive to recreate as many aspects of the in-vivo environment as possible, and that a physiological preload is a critical factor in assessing spinal biomechanics in the laboratory. A greater link between surgical procedures, and the outcomes in all three anatomical planes should be considered in both the in-vivo and in-vitro settings, to provide data relevant to quality of motion, and stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Holsgrove
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nikhil R Nayak
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - William C Welch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Beth A Winkelstein
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
LIN CHIENYU, CHEN WENGPIN, LAI POLIANG, CHUANG SHIHYOUENG, JU DATONG, CHIANG CHANGJUNG. THE BIOMECHANICAL EFFECTS OF CEMENT AUGMENTATION AND PARTIAL VERTEBRAL HEIGHT RESTORATION ON THE LOAD TRANSFER CHANGE OF ADJACENT VERTEBRAE IN VERTEBROPLASTY. J MECH MED BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519415500256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vertebroplasty is commonly used to treat vertebral wedge fractures (VWFs). However, differing degrees of vertebral height restoration (VHR) have been reported after vertebroplasty, and little is known about how grades (steepness) of VWF deformities affect loadings on the fractured and adjacent unfractured vertebrae. Therefore, the goal of this study was to create a non-linear finite element (FE) model of the T10–L2 thoracolumbar segments. With this model, we aimed to evaluate the biomechanical outcomes of three different collapse models (25%, 50%, and 75%) at the T12 vertebra before and after cement augmentation (CA) and with and without VHR. In these VWF simulations, the forces of the erector spinae, the intradiscal pressure, and the maximum von Mises stresses in the endplates and vertebral bodies increased as vertebral deformation increased. Performing CA alone, without restoring vertebral height for the fractured vertebra, did not change the stiffness of multiple spinal segments or the pressures on the adjacent disc, but it did decrease stresses on the endplates and the vertebral bone. A 10% restoration of vertebral height after CA reduced the maximum von Mises stress in the endplates and bone structures more than when CA did not restore vertebral height (no VHR). These results suggest that achieving partial VHR during vertebroplasty may help prevent postvertebroplasty fractures in the fractured and adjacent vertebrae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CHIEN-YU LIN
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - WENG-PIN CHEN
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - PO-LIANG LAI
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - SHIH-YOUENG CHUANG
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - DA-TONG JU
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - CHANG-JUNG CHIANG
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shuang Ho Hospital Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
A novel stability and kinematics-driven trunk biomechanical model to estimate muscle and spinal forces. Med Eng Phys 2014; 36:1296-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
37
|
Likhitpanichkul M, Dreischarf M, Illien-Junger S, Walter BA, Nukaga T, Long RG, Sakai D, Hecht AC, Iatridis JC. Fibrin-genipin adhesive hydrogel for annulus fibrosus repair: performance evaluation with large animal organ culture, in situ biomechanics, and in vivo degradation tests. Eur Cell Mater 2014; 28:25-37; discussion 37-8. [PMID: 25036053 PMCID: PMC4409328 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v028a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Annulus fibrosus (AF) defects from annular tears, herniation, and discectomy procedures are associated with painful conditions and accelerated intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Currently, no effective treatments exist to repair AF damage, restore IVD biomechanics and promote tissue regeneration. An injectable fibrin-genipin adhesive hydrogel (Fib-Gen) was evaluated for its performance repairing large AF defects in a bovine caudal IVD model using ex vivo organ culture and biomechanical testing of motion segments, and for its in vivo longevity and biocompatibility in a rat model by subcutaneous implantation. Fib-Gen sealed AF defects, prevented IVD height loss, and remained well-integrated with native AF tissue following approximately 14,000 cycles of compression in 6-day organ culture experiments. Fib-Gen repair also retained high viability of native AF cells near the repair site, reduced nitric oxide released to the media, and showed evidence of AF cell migration into the gel. Biomechanically, Fib-Gen fully restored compressive stiffness to intact levels validating organ culture findings. However, only partial restoration of tensile and torsional stiffness was obtained, suggesting opportunities to enhance this formulation. Subcutaneous implantation results, when compared with the literature, suggested Fib-Gen exhibited similar biocompatibility behaviour to fibrin alone but degraded much more slowly. We conclude that injectable Fib-Gen successfully sealed large AF defects, promoted functional restoration with improved motion segment biomechanics, and served as a biocompatible adhesive biomaterial that had greatly enhanced in vivo longevity compared to fibrin. Fib-Gen offers promise for AF repairs that may prevent painful conditions and accelerated degeneration of the IVD, and warrants further material development and evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Likhitpanichkul
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Rupture Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland
| | - M. Dreischarf
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Illien-Junger
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Rupture Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland
| | - B. A. Walter
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - T. Nukaga
- Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Rupture Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - R. G Long
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Rupture Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland
| | - D. Sakai
- Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Rupture Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - A. C. Hecht
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J. C. Iatridis
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Rupture Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland,Address for correspondence: James C. Iatridis, PhD, Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box1188, New York, NY 10029, USA, Telephone Number: 1-212-241-1517, FAX Number: 1-212-876-3168,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
The basis of mechanical instability in degenerative disc disease: a cadaveric study of abnormal motion versus load distribution. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2014; 39:1032-43. [PMID: 24583744 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A biomechanical study in cadaveric lumbar spine. OBJECTIVE To establish the basis of mechanical stability in degenerative disc disease from the relationship between range of motion (ROM), neutral zone motion (NZ), intradiscal pressure profile, and instantaneous axis or rotation (IAR) in advancing grades of disc degeneration. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The basis of mechanical instability in lumbar disc degeneration remains poorly understood. Controversy exists between abnormal motion and abnormal loading theories. METHODS Thirty-nine lumbar motion segments were graded for staging of disc degeneration with magnetic resonance scan. These specimens were tested for ROM and NZ in a 6 df spine simulator, with 7.5 N·m unconstrained, cyclical loading. Continuous tracking of IAR was derived from ROM data. Intradiscal pressure profiles were determined using needle-mounted pressure transducer, drawn across the disc space under constant loading. RESULTS The ROM showed insignificant change, but a trend of increase from grade I through III and a decrease with advanced degeneration. NZ increased significantly with advancing disc degeneration. Intradiscal pressure profile showed an even distribution of the load in normal discs but a depressurized nucleus and irregular spikes of excessive loading, with advancing degeneration. The IAR showed a smooth excursion in normal versus irregular jerky excursion in degenerated discs, without significant change in excursion. The center of rotation, derived from IAR, showed significantly increased vertical translation with advancing degeneration, indicating an abnormal quality of motion. CONCLUSION The study established a basis of mechanical instability in the lumbar spine with advancing disc degeneration as an abnormal quality of motion represented by variation in IAR and center of rotation, increased NZ motion without any increase in quantity of motion, and abnormal load distribution across the disc space with spikes of high load amidst depressurized nucleus. The study cannot identify clinical instability but finds an association between the abnormal motions and the abnormal load distribution in mechanical instability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
Collapse
|
39
|
Dreischarf M, Zander T, Shirazi-Adl A, Puttlitz CM, Adam CJ, Chen CS, Goel VK, Kiapour A, Kim YH, Labus KM, Little JP, Park WM, Wang YH, Wilke HJ, Rohlmann A, Schmidt H. Comparison of eight published static finite element models of the intact lumbar spine: predictive power of models improves when combined together. J Biomech 2014; 47:1757-66. [PMID: 24767702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Finite element (FE) model studies have made important contributions to our understanding of functional biomechanics of the lumbar spine. However, if a model is used to answer clinical and biomechanical questions over a certain population, their inherently large inter-subject variability has to be considered. Current FE model studies, however, generally account only for a single distinct spinal geometry with one set of material properties. This raises questions concerning their predictive power, their range of results and on their agreement with in vitro and in vivo values. Eight well-established FE models of the lumbar spine (L1-5) of different research centers around the globe were subjected to pure and combined loading modes and compared to in vitro and in vivo measurements for intervertebral rotations, disc pressures and facet joint forces. Under pure moment loading, the predicted L1-5 rotations of almost all models fell within the reported in vitro ranges, and their median values differed on average by only 2° for flexion-extension, 1° for lateral bending and 5° for axial rotation. Predicted median facet joint forces and disc pressures were also in good agreement with published median in vitro values. However, the ranges of predictions were larger and exceeded those reported in vitro, especially for the facet joint forces. For all combined loading modes, except for flexion, predicted median segmental intervertebral rotations and disc pressures were in good agreement with measured in vivo values. In light of high inter-subject variability, the generalization of results of a single model to a population remains a concern. This study demonstrated that the pooled median of individual model results, similar to a probabilistic approach, can be used as an improved predictive tool in order to estimate the response of the lumbar spine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dreischarf
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - T Zander
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Shirazi-Adl
- Division of Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - C M Puttlitz
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Colorado State University, USA
| | - C J Adam
- Paediatric Spine Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - C S Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - V K Goel
- Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, University of Toledo, USA
| | - A Kiapour
- Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, University of Toledo, USA
| | - Y H Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - K M Labus
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Colorado State University, USA
| | - J P Little
- Paediatric Spine Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - W M Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Y H Wang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H J Wilke
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm, Germany
| | - A Rohlmann
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - H Schmidt
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Walter BA, Illien-Jünger S, Nasser PR, Hecht AC, Iatridis JC. Development and validation of a bioreactor system for dynamic loading and mechanical characterization of whole human intervertebral discs in organ culture. J Biomech 2014; 47:2095-101. [PMID: 24725441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a common cause of back pain, and attempts to develop therapies are frustrated by lack of model systems that mimic the human condition. Human IVD organ culture models can address this gap, yet current models are limited since vertebral endplates are removed to maintain cell viability, physiological loading is not applied, and mechanical behaviors are not measured. This study aimed to (i) establish a method for isolating human IVDs from autopsy with intact vertebral endplates, and (ii) develop and validate an organ culture loading system for human or bovine IVDs. Human IVDs with intact endplates were isolated from cadavers within 48h of death and cultured for up to 21 days. IVDs remained viable with ~80% cell viability in nucleus and annulus regions. A dynamic loading system was designed and built with the capacity to culture 9 bovine or 6 human IVDs simultaneously while applying simulated physiologic loads (maximum force: 4kN) and measuring IVD mechanical behaviors. The loading system accurately applied dynamic loading regimes (RMS error <2.5N and total harmonic distortion <2.45%), and precisely evaluated mechanical behavior of rubber and bovine IVDs. Bovine IVDs maintained their mechanical behavior and retained >85% viable cells throughout the 3 week culture period. This organ culture loading system can closely mimic physiological conditions and be used to investigate response of living human and bovine IVDs to mechanical and chemical challenges and to screen therapeutic repair techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Walter
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Illien-Jünger
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - P R Nasser
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - A C Hecht
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J C Iatridis
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
McCann MR, Patel P, Beaucage KL, Xiao Y, Bacher C, Siqueira WL, Holdsworth DW, Dixon SJ, Séguin CA. Acute vibration induces transient expression of anabolic genes in the murine intervertebral disc. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1853-64. [PMID: 23661269 DOI: 10.1002/art.37979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low-amplitude whole-body vibration has been adopted for the treatment of back pain and spinal disorders. However, there is limited knowledge of the impact of vibration on the intervertebral disc (IVD). This study was undertaken to examine the effects of acute vibration on anabolic and catabolic pathways in the IVD and to characterize the dependence of these changes on time and frequency. METHODS Custom-designed platforms were developed to apply acute vibration to ex vivo and in vivo mouse models. Spinal segments (ex vivo) or mice (in vivo) were subjected to vibration (for 30 minutes at 15-90 Hz with peak acceleration at 0.3g), and IVDs were examined at specific time points after vibration. Gene expression was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels were examined by quantitative mass spectrometry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS In the ex vivo model, acute vibration at 15 Hz induced expression of anabolic genes (aggrecan, biglycan, decorin, type I collagen, and Sox9) and suppressed expression of Mmp13, with the most pronounced changes detected 6 hours following vibration. These beneficial effects were frequency dependent and were no longer evident between 45 and 90 Hz. In vivo, the effects on anabolic gene expression were even more robust and were accompanied by decreased expression of Adamts4, Adamts5, and Mmp3. Moreover, significant increases in the protein levels of aggrecan, biglycan, decorin, and type I collagen were detected in vivo. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate dramatic anabolic effects of acute vibration on IVD tissue, responses that are dependent on frequency. The similarity of the in vivo and ex vivo responses indicates that at least some effects of vibration are tissue autonomous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R McCann
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Reitmaier S, Schmidt H, Ihler R, Kocak T, Graf N, Ignatius A, Wilke HJ. Preliminary investigations on intradiscal pressures during daily activities: an in vivo study using the merino sheep. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69610. [PMID: 23894509 PMCID: PMC3722231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Currently, no studies exist, which attest the suitability of the ovine intervertebral disc as a biomechanical in vivo model for preclinical tests of new therapeutic strategies of the human disc. By measuring the intradiscal pressure in vivo, the current study attempts to characterize an essential biomechanical parameter to provide a more comprehensive physiological understanding of the ovine intervertebral disc. Methods Intradiscal pressure (IDP) was measured for 24 hours within the discs L2-L3 and L4-L5 via a piezo-resistive pressure sensor in one merino sheep. The data were divided into an activity and a recovery phase and the corresponding average pressures for both phases were determined. Additionally, IDPs for different static and dynamic activities were analyzed and juxtaposed to human data published previously. After sacrificing the sheep, the forces corresponding to the measured IDPs were examined ex vivo in an axial compression test. Results The temporal patterns of IDP where pressure decreased during activity and increased during rest were comparable between humans and sheep. However, large differences were observed for different dynamic activities such as standing up or walking. Here, IDPs averaged 3.73 MPa and 1.60 MPa respectively, approximately two to four times higher in the ovine disc compared to human. These IDPs correspond to lower ex vivo derived axial compressive forces for the ovine disc in comparison to the human disc. For activity and rest, average ovine forces were 130 N and 58 N, compared to human forces of 400-600 N and 100 N, respectively. Conclusions In vivo IDPs were found to be higher in the ovine than in the human disc. In contrast, axial forces derived ex vivo were markedly lower in comparison to humans. Both should be considered in future preclinical tests of intradiscal therapies using the sheep. The techniques used in the current study may serve as a protocol for measuring IDP in a variety of large animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Reitmaier
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Neidlinger-Wilke C, Galbusera F, Pratsinis H, Mavrogonatou E, Mietsch A, Kletsas D, Wilke HJ. Mechanical loading of the intervertebral disc: from the macroscopic to the cellular level. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2013; 23 Suppl 3:S333-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-013-2855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
44
|
Iatridis JC, Nicoll SB, Michalek AJ, Walter BA, Gupta MS. Role of biomechanics in intervertebral disc degeneration and regenerative therapies: what needs repairing in the disc and what are promising biomaterials for its repair? Spine J 2013; 13:243-62. [PMID: 23369494 PMCID: PMC3612376 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Degeneration and injuries of the intervertebral disc (IVD) result in large alterations in biomechanical behaviors. Repair strategies using biomaterials can be optimized based on the biomechanical and biological requirements of the IVD. PURPOSE To review the present literature on the effects of degeneration, simulated degeneration, and injury on biomechanics of the IVD, with special attention paid to needle puncture injuries, which are a pathway for diagnostics and regenerative therapies and the promising biomaterials for disc repair with a focus on how those biomaterials may promote biomechanical repair. STUDY DESIGN A narrative review to evaluate the role of biomechanics on disc degeneration and regenerative therapies with a focus on what biomechanical properties need to be repaired and how to evaluate and accomplish such repairs using biomaterials. Model systems for the screening of such repair strategies are also briefly described. METHODS Articles were selected from two main PubMed searches using keywords: intervertebral AND biomechanics (1,823 articles) and intervertebral AND biomaterials (361 articles). Additional keywords (injury, needle puncture, nucleus pressurization, biomaterials, hydrogel, sealant, tissue engineering) were used to narrow the articles down to the topics most relevant to this review. RESULTS Degeneration and acute disc injuries have the capacity to influence nucleus pulposus (NP) pressurization and annulus fibrosus (AF) integrity, which are necessary for an effective disc function and, therefore, require repair. Needle injection injuries are of particular clinical relevance with the potential to influence disc biomechanics, cellularity, and metabolism, yet these effects are localized or small and more research is required to evaluate and reduce the potential clinical morbidity using such techniques. NP replacement strategies, such as hydrogels, are required to restore the NP pressurization or the lost volume. AF repair strategies including cross-linked hydrogels, fibrous composites, and sealants offer promise for regenerative therapies to restore AF integrity. Tissue engineered IVD structures, as a single implantable construct, may promote greater tissue integration due to the improved repair capacity of the vertebral bone. CONCLUSIONS IVD height, neutral zone characteristics, and torsional biomechanics are sensitive to specific alterations in the NP pressurization and AF integrity and must be addressed for an effective functional repair. Synthetic and natural biomaterials offer promise for NP replacement, AF repair, as an AF sealant, or whole disc replacement. Meeting mechanical and biological compatibilities are necessary for the efficacy and longevity of the repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C. Iatridis
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Steven B. Nicoll
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY
| | - Arthur J. Michalek
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Benjamin A. Walter
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY
| | - Michelle S. Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
The presence of long spinal muscles increases stiffness and hysteresis of the caprine spine in-vitro. J Biomech 2012; 45:2506-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
46
|
Patwardhan AG, Havey RM, Wharton ND, Tsitsopoulos PP, Newman P, Carandang G, Voronov LI. Asymmetric motion distribution between components of a mobile-core lumbar disc prosthesis: an explanation of unequal wear distribution in explanted CHARITÉ polyethylene cores. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012; 94:846-54. [PMID: 22552675 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.j.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biconvex mobile core of the CHARITÉ lumbar disc prosthesis forms two joints (spherical bearings) with the metal end plates. We quantified the intra-prosthesis motion to test the hypothesis that the total prosthesis motion would not be equally distributed between the two bearings of implanted CHARITÉ discs, which might explain the unequal wear distribution reported in explanted cores. METHODS The hypothesis was tested by studying the flexion-extension motion responses of (1) twenty-six monosegmental CHARITÉ III discs implanted in nineteen human cadaveric lumbar spines, and (2) twenty-one CHARITÉ III discs (fifteen monosegmental, six bisegmental) implanted in eighteen patients in other published clinical studies. Intra-prosthesis motions were quantified with use of a radiographic image analysis technique. RESULTS Eighty-eight percent of the CHARITÉ discs implanted in cadaveric specimens exhibited larger motion at the superior bearing, with 54% demonstrating more than twice as much motion at the superior bearing as at the inferior bearing. The ratio of motion at the superior bearing to motion at the inferior bearing averaged 2.68 ± 1.84, which was significantly larger than 1.0 (p < 0.001). Ninety percent of prostheses implanted in patients showed larger motion at the superior bearing. The motion ratio averaged 2.39 ± 2.47 for monosegmental cases and 2.55 ± 2.66 for all cases; both ratios were significantly larger than 1.0 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We found preferentially larger motion at the superior bearing of the CHARITÉ discs implanted in human cadaveric lumbar spines and in patients, regardless of the implanted level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash G Patwardhan
- Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Laboratory, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Biomechanical evaluation of the Total Facet Arthroplasty System® (TFAS®): loading as compared to a rigid posterior instrumentation system. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2012; 21:1660-73. [PMID: 22407270 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-012-2253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To gain insight into a new technology, a novel facet arthroplasty device (TFAS) was compared to a rigid posterior fixation system (UCR). The axial and bending loads through the implants and at the bone-implant interfaces were evaluated using an ex vivo biomechanical study and matched finite element analysis. Kinematic behaviour has been reported for TFAS, but implant loads have not. Implant loads are important indicators of an implant's performance and safety. The rigid posterior fixation system is used for comparison due to the extensive information available about these systems. METHODS Unconstrained pure moments were applied to 13 L3-S1 cadaveric spine segments. Specimens were tested intact, following decompression, UCR fixation and TFAS implantation at L4-L5. UCR fixation was via standard pedicle screws and TFAS implantation was via PMMA-cemented transpedicular stems. Three-dimensional 10 Nm moments and a 600 N follower load were applied; L4-L5 disc pressures and implant loads were measured using a pressure sensor and strain gauges, respectively. A finite element model was used to calculate TFAS bone-implant interface loads. RESULTS UCR experienced greater implant loads in extension (p < 0.004) and lateral bending (p < 0.02). Under flexion, TFAS was subject to greater implant moments (p < 0.04). At the bone-implant interface, flexion resulted in the smallest TFAS (average = 0.20 Nm) but greatest UCR (1.18 Nm) moment and axial rotation resulted in the greatest TFAS (3.10 Nm) and smallest UCR (0.40 Nm) moments. Disc pressures were similar to intact for TFAS but not for UCR (p < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS These results are most applicable to the immediate post-operative period prior to remodelling of the bone-implant interface since the UCR and TFAS implants are intended for different service lives (UCR--until fusion, TFAS--indefinitely). TFAS reproduced intact-like anterior column load-sharing--as measured by disc pressure. The highest bone-implant moment of 3.1 Nm was measured in TFAS and for the same loading condition the UCR interface moment was considerably lower (0.4 Nm). For other loading conditions, the differences between TFAS and UCR were smaller, with the UCR sometimes having larger values and for others the TFAS was larger. The long-term physiological meaning of these findings is unknown and demonstrates the need for a better understanding of the relationship between spinal arthroplasty devices and the host tissue as development of next generation motion-preserving posterior devices that hope to more accurately replicate the natural functions of the native tissue continues.
Collapse
|
48
|
Inter-laboratory variability in in vitro spinal segment flexibility testing. J Biomech 2011; 44:2383-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
49
|
Clouet J, Pot-Vaucel M, Grimandi G, Masson M, Lesoeur J, Fellah BH, Gauthier O, Fusellier M, Cherel Y, Maugars Y, Guicheux J, Vinatier C. Characterization of the age-dependent intervertebral disc changes in rabbit by correlation between MRI, histology and gene expression. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12:147. [PMID: 21726455 PMCID: PMC3150337 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study was conducted to address whether the intervertebral disc of rabbit could be considered (i) as a valuable model to provide new insights into the tissue and cellular changes of Nucleus pulposus aging and (ii) as an appropriate tool to investigate the efficacy of Nucleus pulposus cell-based biotherapies. Methods Lumbar intervertebral disc from rabbits with increasing ages (1, 6 and 30 month-old) were compared by MRI and histological observation using Pfirrmann's grading and Boos' scoring respectively. The expression of transcripts (COL2A1, AGC1, COL1A1, MMP13, BMP2, MGP and p21) in Nucleus pulposus cells were analysed by quantitative real-time PCR. Results MRI analysis indicated an early age-dependent increase in the Pfirrmann's grading. Histological Boos' scoring was also increased. The analysis of transcript expression levels showed that COL2A1 and AGC1 were down-regulated as a function of age. Conversely, COL1A1, MMP-13, BMP-2, MGP and p21 were significantly up-regulated in the Nucleus pulposus cells of aged rabbit intervertebral disc. Conclusions Our study describes the consistency of the rabbit as a model of intervertebral disc changes as a function of age by correlating tissue alteration with cellular modification measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Clouet
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U791, LIOAD, Group Skeletal Tissue Engineering and Physiopathology (STEP), University of Nantes, Nantes F-44042, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Han KS, Rohlmann A, Yang SJ, Kim BS, Lim TH. Spinal muscles can create compressive follower loads in the lumbar spine in a neutral standing posture. Med Eng Phys 2011; 33:472-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|