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Dudenko D, Gómez R, García-Pérez MÁ, Tarín JJ, Cano A. Bazedoxifene increases the proliferation of human arterial endothelial cells but does not affect the expression of cyclins A, B, and D1 and of p27 Kip1. Gynecol Endocrinol 2021; 37:269-272. [PMID: 33480311 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1876653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial dysfunction and denudation are considered a first step in atherosclerosis. Endothelial proliferation is key for cellular repair. The effect of bazedoxifene on the vascular endothelium has not been explored. We investigated the effect of bazedoxifene on endothelial cell proliferation. METHODS Primary cultures from human umbilical artery endothelial cells were used in dose-response experiments (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 EC50 dose) with bazedoxifene, estradiol, raloxifene and a combination of bazedoxifene and estradiol. Proliferation was assessed with the XTT colorimetric cell-proliferation assay. The possible participation of cyclins A, B, D1 and p27Kip1 was analyzed by the measurement of their expression at both the protein and the gene levels. RESULTS A significant increase of similar size for cell proliferation was obtained with bazedoxifene, estradiol and raloxifene, but no significant change was observed for the association of bazedoxifene and estradiol. The impact was detected at the first 0.1 EC50 dose and was not dose-dependent. Estradiol achieved a significant increase in the protein expression of cyclin A and p27Kip1, but no change was detected for the other compounds at either the gene or protein level. CONCLUSION Bazedoxifene demonstrated a proliferative effect of similar size to estradiol in cultured human umbilical artery endothelial cells. The molecular mechanisms need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Dudenko
- Research Unit on Women's Health-Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Gómez
- Research Unit on Women's Health-Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel-Ángel García-Pérez
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, and INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J Tarín
- Department of Cellular Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Cano
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Sobrino A, Vallejo S, Novella S, Lázaro-Franco M, Mompeón A, Bueno-Betí C, Walther T, Sánchez-Ferrer C, Peiró C, Hermenegildo C. Mas receptor is involved in the estrogen-receptor induced nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 129:67-72. [PMID: 28131844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Mas receptor is involved in the angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) vasodilatory actions by increasing nitric oxide production (NO). We have previously demonstrated an increased production of Ang-(1-7) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) exposed to estradiol (E2), suggesting a potential cross-talk between E2 and the Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis. Here, we explored whether the vasoactive response and NO-related signalling exerted by E2 are influenced by Mas. HUVEC were exposed to 10nM E2 for 24h in the presence or absence of the selective Mas receptor antagonist A779, and the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI182780 (ICI). E2 increased Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA and protein expression, measured by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Furthermore, E2 increased Akt activity (determined by the levels of phospho-Ser473) and eNOS activity (by the enhanced phosphorylation of Ser1177, the activated form), resulting in increased NO production, which was measured by the fluorescence probe DAF-2-FM. These signalling events were dependent on ER and Mas receptor activation, since they were abolished in the presence of ICI or A779. In ex-vivo functional experiments performed with a small-vessel myograph in isolated mesenteric vessels from wild-type mice pre-contracted with noradrenaline, the relaxant response to physiological concentrations of E2 was blocked by ICI and A779, to the same extent to that obtained in the vessels isolated from Mas-deficient. In conclusion, E2 induces NO production and vasodilation through mechanisms that require Mas receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agua Sobrino
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Clínico de Valencia, and Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Susana Vallejo
- Department of Pharmacology, University Autonoma of Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Novella
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Clínico de Valencia, and Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Macarena Lázaro-Franco
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Clínico de Valencia, and Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Mompeón
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Clínico de Valencia, and Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Bueno-Betí
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Clínico de Valencia, and Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Thomas Walther
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine & School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Concepción Peiró
- Department of Pharmacology, University Autonoma of Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Hermenegildo
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Clínico de Valencia, and Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Spain.
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Oviedo PJ, Sobrino A, Novella S, Rius C, Laguna-Fernandez A, García-Pérez MA, Tarín JJ, Cano A, Hermenegildo C. Progestogens reduce thromboxane production by cultured human endothelial cells. Climacteric 2010; 14:41-8. [PMID: 20443717 DOI: 10.3109/13697131003602496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Progestogens have been poorly studied concerning their roles in endothelial physiology. Prostanoids are vasoactive compounds, such as thromboxane A2, a potent vasoconstrictor, and prostacyclin, a vasodilator. We examined the effects of two progestogens used clinically, progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate, on thromboxane A2 production by cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and investigated the role of progesterone receptors and the enzymes involved in production of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin. METHODS Cells were exposed to 1-100 nmol/l of either progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate, and thromboxane A2 production was measured in culture medium by enzyme immunoassay. Gene expression of prostacyclin synthase and thromboxane synthase was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Expression of prostacyclin synthase protein was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Both progestogens decreased thromboxane A2 release after 24 h. Protein and gene expression of prostacyclin synthase were increased after exposure to both progestogens, without changes in thromboxane synthase expression. These effects induced by progestogens were mediated through progesterone receptors, since they were decreased in the presence of the progesterone receptor antagonist RU486. The cyclo-oxygenase-1 selective inhibitor reduced thromboxane release. CONCLUSION Progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate decreased HUVEC thromboxane release in a progesterone receptor-dependent manner, without changes in thromboxane synthase expression and enhanced prostacyclin synthase gene and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Oviedo
- Research Foundation, Hospital Clínico Universitario, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Bruce D, Frick A, Rymer J, Robinson J, Ylikorkala O. A comparison of hormone therapies on the urinary excretion of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2. Climacteric 2009; 11:447-53. [DOI: 10.1080/13697130802387619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Nishida M, Hasegawa Y, Tanida I, Nakagawa E, Inaji H, Ohkita M, Matsumura Y. Preventive effects of raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in intact and ovariectomized female rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 614:70-6. [PMID: 19379725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether the chronic treatment with raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, prevents the development of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in ovary-intact and ovariectomized female rats. Four weeks after a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline (60 mg/kg), right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricle-to-left ventricle plus septal weight ratio, pulmonary arterial medial thickening and endothelin-1 levels in right ventricular tissue increased significantly in both female rats, compared with saline-treated control rats. These monocrotaline-induced alterations were much greater in ovariectomized rats than the changes in intact females. Daily oral administration of raloxifene (10 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks) significantly attenuated the increase in right ventricular systolic pressure to the same levels in both groups of animals, but raloxifene suppressed the increases in right ventricle-to-left ventricle plus septal weight ratio and pulmonary arterial medial thickness more efficiently in ovariectomized females than the case with intact females. In addition, raloxifene completely suppressed the increase in right ventricular endothelin-1 levels in ovariectomized rats, but not in intact females. These data suggest that chronic treatment with raloxifene effectively prevents the development of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in ovariectomized female rats than in intact females, at least in part, by suppressing right ventricular endothelin-1 overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nishida
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Abu-Fanne R, Brzezinski A, Golomb M, Grad E, Foldes AJ, Shufaro Y, Varon D, Brill A, Lotan C, Danenberg HD. Effects of estradiol and raloxifene on arterial thrombosis in ovariectomized mice. Menopause 2008; 15:98-104. [PMID: 17549036 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318054e2ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators (eg, raloxifene) on arterial thrombosis are not well defined. This study assessed the manner and mechanism by which estrogen and raloxifene affect homeostatic pathways in ovariectomized mice after acute arterial injury. DESIGN Female mice (3 weeks old) underwent ovariectomy or sham operation. Five days after surgery, mice were assigned to treatment with estradiol (5.3 nmol/kg), raloxifene (2.7 micromol/kg), or placebo (n = 10-12/group). The biological effects of both treatments were assessed by measurements of bone mass and the degree of uterine atrophy. After 4 months of therapy, carotid artery thrombosis was induced by photochemical injury, and the time to vascular occlusion was measured. RESULTS Both treatments increased bone mineral density (4.1%-7.85%). Reversal of macroscopic uterine atrophy was observed only in estrogen-treated mice. Ovariectomized mice had a shorter time to occlusion compared with sham-operated mice (70.8 +/- 7.4 vs 103 +/- 11.3 min), suggesting accelerated thrombosis. Both estradiol and raloxifene significantly inhibited intra-arterial thrombosis in ovariectomized mice, prolonging the time to occlusion to 136.33 +/- 13.5 and 141.43 +/- 9.26 min, respectively. Cyclooxygenase-2 levels in the lung tissue were significantly increased by both raloxifene and estradiol with endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression being unaltered. Platelet adhesion (measured by surface coverage under a shear rate of 1,800 s for 2 min) was significantly reduced in ovariectomized animals, being 4.63% +/- 1.47%, 5.78% +/- 1.58%, and 10.04% +/- 1.33% for raloxifene, estradiol, and placebo, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Ovariectomy amplifies thrombosis. We found that 4 months of treatment with both estradiol and raloxifene attenuates intravascular thrombosis. The antithrombotic effect was accompanied by increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and suppression of platelet surface adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Abu-Fanne
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Kiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
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Leung FP, Tsang SY, Wong CM, Yung LM, Chan YC, Leung HS, Yao X, Huang Y. Raloxifene, tamoxifen and vascular tone. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34:809-13. [PMID: 17600563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Oestrogen deficiency causes progressive reduction in endothelial function. Despite the benefits of hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) evident in earlier epidemiological studies, recent randomized trials of HRT for the prevention of heart disease found no overall benefit. Instead, HRT users had higher incidences of stroke and heart attack. Most women discontinue HRT because of its many side-effects and/or the increased risk of breast and uterine cancer. This has contributed to the development of selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as tamoxifen and raloxifene, as alternative oestrogenic agents. 2. A SERM is a molecule that binds with high affinity to oestrogen receptors but has tissue-specific effects distinct from oestrogen, acting as an oestrogen agonist in some tissues and as an antagonist in others. Clinical and animal studies suggest multiple cardiovascular effects of SERMs. For example, raloxifene lowers serum levels of cholesterol and homocysteine, attenuates oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, inhibits endothelial-leucocyte interaction, improves endothelial function and reduces vascular smooth muscle tone. 3. Available evidence suggests that raloxifene and tamoxifen are capable of acting directly on both endothelial cells and the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells and cause a multitude of favourable modifications of the vascular wall, which jointly contribute to improved local blood flow. The outcome of the Raloxifene Use for the Heart (RUTH) trial will determine whether raloxifene, currently approved for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis, could substitute for HRT in alleviating cardiovascular symptoms in post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fung Ping Leung
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Cano A, Hermenegildo C, Oviedo P, Tarín JJ. Selective estrogen receptor modulators and risk for coronary heart disease. Climacteric 2007; 10:97-111. [PMID: 17453858 DOI: 10.1080/13697130701258804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in women in most countries. Atherosclerosis is the main biological process determining CHD. Clinical data support the notion that CHD is sensitive to estrogens, but debate exists concerning the effects of the hormone on atherosclerosis and its complications. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are compounds capable of binding the estrogen receptor to induce a functional profile distinct from estrogens. The possibility that SERMs may shift the estrogenic balance on cardiovascular risk towards a more beneficial profile has generated interest in recent years. There is considerable information on the effects of SERMs on distinct areas that are crucial in atherogenesis. The complexity derived from the diversity of variables affecting their mechanism of action plus the differences between compounds make it difficult to delineate one uniform trend for SERMs. The present picture, nonetheless, is one where SERMs seem less powerful than estrogens in atherosclerosis protection, but more gentle with advanced forms of the disease. The recent publication of the Raloxifene Use for The Heart (RUTH) study has confirmed a neutral effect for raloxifene. Prothrombotic states may favor occlusive thrombi at sites occupied by atheromatous plaques. Platelet activation has received attention as an important determinant of arterial thrombogenesis. Although still sparse, available evidence globally suggests neutral or beneficial effects for SERMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cano
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Oviedo PJ, Hermenegildo C, Tarín JJ, Cano A. Raloxifene increases proliferation of human endothelial cells in association with increased gene expression of cyclins A and B1. Fertil Steril 2007; 88:326-32. [PMID: 17445807 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the proliferative effect of of raloxifene on human umbilical-vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and to investigate whether there is an associated increased expression of some key regulators of the cell cycle. DESIGN Cell culture for different incubation times. SETTING University research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Sources of HUVECs. INTERVENTION(S) Measurement of cell proliferation, of protein levels of cyclin A, cyclin B1, cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) 2, CDK4, and p27(Kip1), and of messenger RNA expression of cyclin A, cyclin B1, and p27(Kip1). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Cell proliferation was measured by the 3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, the bromo-2'-deoxyuridine assay, and the sodium 3'-[1-(phenylaminocarbonyl)-3,4-tetrazolium]-bis (4-methoxy-6-nitro) benzene sulfonic acid hydrate assay. Changes in protein expression were measured by immunoblotting, and modifications in gene expression were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULT(S) Both 1 nM and 10 nM of either E(2) or raloxifene achieved a similar increase in cell proliferation. The pure antiestrogen ICI 182780 only blocked the E(2)-induced proliferative effect. Western blot experiments detected an increase in the expression of only cyclin A and B1, and a decreasing trend for p27(Kip1). Enhancements in gene expression were observed in response to E(2) and raloxifene for cyclin A and B1. No significant changes were found for p27(Kip1). The ICI 182780 effectively abrogated the increased gene expression associated with E(2) for cyclin B1, but not for cyclin A. In contrast, ICI 182780 was ineffective in the case of raloxifene. CONCLUSION(S) Raloxifene increased the proliferation of HUVECs in association with enhanced gene expression of cyclins A and B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar J Oviedo
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Bolego C, Vegeto E, Pinna C, Maggi A, Cignarella A. Selective Agonists of Estrogen Receptor Isoforms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:2192-9. [PMID: 16917104 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000242186.93243.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cloning of estrogen receptors (ERs) and generation of ER-deficient mice have increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular effects of estrogen. It is conceivable that clinical trials of estrogens so far failed to improve cardiovascular health because of the poor ER isoform selectivity and tissue specificity of endogenous hormones as well as incorrect treatment timing and regimens. Tissue-selective ER modulators (SERMs) may be safer agents than endogenous estrogens for cardiovascular disease. Yet, designing isoform-selective ER ligands (I-SERMs) with agonist or antagonist activity is required to pursue improved pharmacological control of ERs, especially taking into account emerging evidence for the beneficial role of vascular ER alpha activation. Ideally, the quest for unique ER ligands targeted to the vascular wall should lead to compounds that merge the pharmacological profiles of SERM and I-SERM agents. This review highlights the current bases for and approaches to selective ER modulation in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bolego
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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Oviedo PJ, Hermenegildo C, Tarín JJ, Cano A. Raloxifene promotes prostacyclin release in human endothelial cells through a mechanism that involves cyclooxygenase-1 and -2. Fertil Steril 2005; 83:1822-9. [PMID: 15950656 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Revised: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of raloxifene on prostacyclin production by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and to shed light on the molecular details of that action. DESIGN Cell culture for 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 hours. SETTING University research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Source of HUVEC. INTERVENTION(S) Measurement of prostacyclin production and of protein levels and mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Prostacyclin production was measured by enzyme immunoassay, the mRNA expression of COX-1 was measured by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction, and the protein levels of COX-1 and -2 were measured by immunoblotting. RESULT(S) Raloxifene significantly increased prostacyclin release in a time- and dose-dependent manner, being higher than control after 24 hours. Raloxifene, at 0.1-10 nM, increased the mRNA expression of COX-1 and the protein content of both COX-1 as well as COX-2. All of these effects were independent of the classical pathway for estrogen receptor (ER) activation because the treatment of cells with the ER antagonist ICI 182780 did not eliminate any of the effects. Although treatment with either the selective COX-1 inhibitor SC-560 or the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 significantly diminished prostacyclin release (20% +/- 5% and 24% +/- 7%, respectively), co-treatment with raloxifene and either SC-560 or NS-398 was followed by a smaller increase than that achieved by raloxifene alone. The nonselective COX inhibitor indomethacin, however, reduced prostacyclin production to 37% +/- 11% of control values. CONCLUSION(S) Raloxifene increased HUVEC prostacyclin release through a mechanism possibly distinct from the classical ER pathway and involving enhanced COX-1 and COX-2 expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar J Oviedo
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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